G. S.

Mandal’s
MARATHWADA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
POLYTECHNIC, ROTEGAON
COMPUTER ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
Subject – Data Communication and Computer Network (22414) Subject Teacher: Mr.Arvind Sardar
EXPERIMENT NO. - 03
Date: - / /

Name of Experiment – connect computer using Topology with wired media

Connect computer using Topology with wired media-

Introduction –
Network topology refers to the arrangement of computers connected in a network
through some physical medium such as cable, optical fiber etc. Topology generally
determines the shape of the network.

Discription:-
The various types of network topologies are as follows:

1. Bus topology
2. Star topology
3. Ring topology
4. Mesh topology

1. Bus Topology:-
In the linear bus topology, all the nodes are connected to the single backbone or
bus with some medium such as twisted pair, coaxial cable etc.

When a node wants to communicate with the other nodes in the network, it simply
sends a message to the common bus. All the nodes in the network then receive the
message but the node for which it was actually sent only processes it. The other nodes
discard the message. Figure 2 shows the arrangement of computers in the linear bus
topology.

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 G. S. Mandal’s
MARATHWADA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
POLYTECHNIC, ROTEGAON
COMPUTER ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
Subject – Data Communication and Computer Network (22414) Subject Teacher: Mr.Arvind Sardar

Advantages of bus topology are:

 The linear bus topology usually requires less cabling.

 The linear bus topology is relatively simple to configure and install.
 In the linear bus topology, the failure of one computer does not affect the other
computers in the network.

disadvantages of bus topology:

 In the linear bus topology, the failure of the backbone cable results in the
breakdown of entire network.
 Addition of computers in the linear bus topology results in the performance
degradation of the network.
 The bus topology is difficult to reconstruct in case of faults.

2. Star Topology
In the star topology, all the nodes are connected to a common device
known as hub. Nodes are connected with the help of twisted pair, coaxial cable
or optical fiber.

 When a node wants to send a message to the other nodes, it first sends the
message to the hub, which in turn forwards the message to the intended node.
Each node in the network is connected with a point-to-point link to the
centralized hub. The task of hub is to detect the faulty node present in the

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 G. S. Mandal’s
MARATHWADA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
POLYTECHNIC, ROTEGAON
COMPUTER ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
Subject – Data Communication and Computer Network (22414) Subject Teacher: Mr.Arvind Sardar
network. On the other hand, it also manages the overall data transmission in the
network. Figure 3 shows the arrangement of computers in the star topology.

Advantages of star topology are:

 This topology allows easy error detection and correction.

 In the star topology, the failure of one computer does not affect the other
computers in the network.
 Star topology is easy to install.

disadvantages of star topology:

 In the star topology, the hub failure leads to the overall network crash.
 The star topology requires more amount of cable for connecting the nodes.
 It is expensive due to the cost of the hub.

3. Ring Topology
 In the ring topology, the nodes are connected in the form of a ring with the
help of twisted pair cable.
 Each node is connected directly to the other two nodes in the network. The node,
which wants to send a message, first passes the message to its consecutive node
in the network. Data is transmitted in the clockwise direction from one node to
another.

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 G. S. Mandal’s
MARATHWADA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
POLYTECHNIC, ROTEGAON
COMPUTER ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
Subject – Data Communication and Computer Network (22414) Subject Teacher: Mr.Arvind Sardar

Advantages of ring topology are:

 Each node has an equal access to other nodes in the network.

 Addition of new nodes does not degrade the performance of the network.
 Ring topology is easy to configure and install.

The following are the disadvantages of ring topology:

 It is relatively expensive to construct the ring topology.

 The failure of one node in the ring topology affects the other nodes in the ring.

4. Mesh Topology
 In mesh topology, each computer is connected to every other computer in
point-to-point mode as shown in figure 5. For example, if we have four
computers, we must have six links. If we have n computers, we must have
n(n-1)/2 links.
 A message can take several possible paths to reach a destination.

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 G. S. Mandal’s
MARATHWADA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
POLYTECHNIC, ROTEGAON
COMPUTER ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
Subject – Data Communication and Computer Network (22414) Subject Teacher: Mr.Arvind Sardar

Advantages of mesh topology are:

 Message delivery is more reliable.

 Network congestion is minimum due to large number of links.

The following are the disadvantages:

 It is very expensive to implement.

 It is very difficult to configure and install.

Wired media:-

Types of Transmission Media

In data communication terminology, a transmission medium is a physical path between the
transmitter and the receiver i.e it is the channel through which data is sent from one place to
another. Transmission Media is broadly classified into the following types:

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 G. S. Mandal’s
MARATHWADA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
POLYTECHNIC, ROTEGAON
COMPUTER ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
Subject – Data Communication and Computer Network (22414) Subject Teacher: Mr.Arvind Sardar
1. Guided Media:
It is also referred to as Wired or Bounded transmission media. Signals being transmitted are
directed and confined in a narrow pathway by using physical links.
Features:
 High Speed
 Secure
 Used for comparatively shorter distances
There are 3 major types of Guided Media:
(i) Twisted Pair Cable –
It consists of 2 separately insulated conductor wires wound about each other. Generally, several such
pairs are bundled together in a protective sheath. They are the most widely used Transmission Media.
Twisted Pair is of two types:
1. Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP):
This type of cable has the ability to block interference and does not depend on a physical
shield for this purpose. It is used for telephonic applications.
Advantages:
 Least expensive
 Easy to install
 High speed capacity
Disadvantages:
 Susceptible to external interference
 Lower capacity and performance in comparison to STP
 Short distance transmission due to attenuation
2. Shielded Twisted Pair (STP):
This type of cable consists of a special jacket to block external interference. It is
used in fast-data-rate Ethernet and in voice and data channels of telephone lines.
Advantages:
 Better performance at a higher data rate in comparison to UTP
 Eliminates crosstalk
 Comparitively faster
Disadvantages:
 Comparitively difficult to install and manufacture
 More expensive
 Bulky
(ii) Coaxial Cable –
It has an outer plastic covering containing 2 parallel conductors each having a separate
insulated protection cover. Coaxial cable transmits information in two modes: Baseband
mode(dedicated cable bandwidth) and Broadband mode(cable bandwidth is split into separate
ranges). Cable TVs and analog television networks widely use Coaxial cables.
Advantages:
 High Bandwidth
 Better noise Immunity

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 G. S. Mandal’s
MARATHWADA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
POLYTECHNIC, ROTEGAON
COMPUTER ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
Subject – Data Communication and Computer Network (22414) Subject Teacher: Mr.Arvind Sardar
 Easy to install and expand
 Inexpensive
Disadvantages:
 Single cable failure can disrupt the entire network
(iii) Optical Fibre Cable –
It uses the concept of reflection of light through a core made up of glass or plastic. The
core is surrounded by a less dense glass or plastic covering called the cladding. It is used for
transmission of large volumes of data.
Advantages:
 Increased capacity and bandwidth
 Light weight
 Less signal attenuation
 Immunity to electromagnetic interference
 Resistance to corrosive materials
Disadvantages:
 Difficult to install and maintain
 High cost
 Fragile
 unidirectional, ie, will need another fibre, if we need bidirectional communication
2. Unguided Media:
It is also referred to as Wireless or Unbounded transmission media.No physical medium is
required for the transmission of electromagnetic signals.
Features:
 Signal is broadcasted through air
 Less Secure
 Used for larger distances
There are 3 major types of Unguided Media:
(i) Radiowaves –
These are easy to generate and can penetrate through buildings. The sending and receiving
antennas need not be aligned. Frequency Range:3KHz – 1GHz. AM and FM radios and
cordless phones use Radiowaves for transmission.
Further Categorized as (i) Terrestrial and (ii) Satellite.
(ii) Microwaves –
It is a line of sight transmission i.e. the sending and receiving antennas need to be
properly aligned with each other. The distance covered by the signal is directly proportional to
the height of the antenna. Frequency Range:1GHz – 300GHz. These are majorly used for
mobile phone communication and television distribution.
(iii) Infrared –
Infrared waves are used for very short distance communication. They cannot penetrate
through obstacles. This prevents interference between systems. Frequency Range:300GHz –
400THz. It is used in TV remotes, wireless mouse, keyboard, printer, etc.

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 G. S. Mandal’s
MARATHWADA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
POLYTECHNIC, ROTEGAON
COMPUTER ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
Subject – Data Communication and Computer Network (22414) Subject Teacher: Mr.Arvind Sardar

Conclusion:-.
.  Computers in a network have to be connected in some logical manner.
The layout pattern of the interconnections between computers in a network
is called network topology. You can think of topology as the virtual shape or
structure of the network. Network topology is also referred to as 'network
architecture.'
Devices on the network are referred to as 'nodes.' The most common nodes
are computers and peripheral devices. Network topology is illustrated by
showing these nodes and their connections using cables. There are a
number of different types of network topologies, including point-to-point,
bus, star, ring, mesh, tree and hybrid. Let's review these main types.