» SNC-LAVALIN ‘Surge and Lightning Protection Study of Date:17 February 201 WANETA EXPANSION PROJECT Page 3 of 36 Document No. 020655-0000-47E3-001 Revision No.: 0 ao PN OTaEVeas TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction. Scope of Studies Methodolog) Basic Data... ‘Surge Protection to be Provided for 230 and 13.8 kV System: Surge Arrester & Capacitor Ratings. Main Transformer Surge Protection EMTP Simulation & Result Generator Surge Protection Conelusion e ‘Appendix A —EMTP Plots Appendix B - Generator Surge Protection Calculation Appendix C - References» SNC-LAVALIN Surge and Lightning Protection WANETA EXPANSION PROJECT Page 4 of 36 Study of Date:17 February 2011 Document No. (020655-0000-47E3-001 Revision No.:_0 a | 1.2 INTRODUCTION SCOPE OF STUDIES This study is performed to examine the surge protection and insulation coordination for the WAX Generating Plant. The terms of reference is specified in Section 24.4 (a) (iv) of the Owner's Requirements as follows: * calculations of surge and lightning protection characteristics, and demonstration of equipment protection. The study examines the adequacy of protective margin of equipment BIL level specified in the OR in conjunction with the characteristic of the surge arrester to be chosen for the protection of the following equipment: a) 230 KV gas insulated switchgear (GIS) b) The 230/13.8 kV, 117/156/195 MVA generator step up transformers — ¢) The 186 MVA generators» d) The 15 kV switchgear including the generator breaker, isolated bus duct (IPB) and the station service switchgear The transmission line insulation coordination is not part of this study. -<}- METHODOLOGY Classical method is used in the study. However, due to the complexity in analyzing the incident and reflection surge voltage entering the GIS, an electromagnetic transient program (EMTP) is used to study the overvoltage on the 230 KV switchgear and transformer due to a lightning strike on the transmission line. The following standards are used in the study. Complete citations can be found in Appendix B: 1. IEEE 062.11 — IEEE standard for metal-oxide ssp to AC power circuits (>1 kV) / 2 IEEE C6222 - IEEE guide for the appifation,metaldxide surge artesters for altemating-current systems \ \» Study of : ' SNC-LAVALIN Surge and Lightning Protection Cece an Document No. (020655-0000-47E3-001 Revision Nos 0 WANETA EXPANSION PROJECT Page 5 of 36 3. IEEE 57.12.00 — General requirements for liquid-immersed distribution, power, and regulating transformers BASIC DATA The following basic data specified in Section 24 and other relevant sections of the OR are used in the study and are summarized as follows: a) 230 KV System Voltage * Nominal voltage 230 kV * Maximum voltage 253 kV b) 230 KV GIS * Rated voltage 245 kV * BIL 1050 kV (section 44 — applicable to GIS and AIS equipment) ©) 230 kV Generator Transformer + HVnominal voltage 230 kV + HV winding BIL 900 kV + HV bushing BIL 950 kV * LV nominal voltage 13.8 KV + LV winding BIL 110 kV * LV bushing BIL 110 kV d) 13.8 kV Generator © Rated voltage 13.8 kV ) MV Apparatus (generator breaker, station service MV breaker! disconnect, IPB, VT/surge cubicle) * Rated voltage 13.8 kV * BIL 110 kV ‘* Switching surge 0.83 x 110 = 91.3 kVp [ref: 2 Table 5] (Assumed value as manufacturer data is usually not published for this voltage level) Details of the insulation level as specified/offered for the above equipment in the OR is depicted on Fig. 1 below:» SNC-LAVALIN Document No. WANETA EXPANSION PROJECT Page 6 of 36 Study of Date:17 F 2011 Surge and Lightning Protection eae ae 020655-0000-47E3-001 Revision No.: 0 Tee sere, ATE VOLT, Tae OUT ISTINCE fe tose 1xKE TRF WY BUSHING BIL: i rst SOE WIMISTAN) voLTsce BEES OPEN SaiTCHING OBC To stanon sence FIGURE 1 INSULATION LEVELS 1 FOR GLARE ONT 2 IS NG SHOWN BUT ENTIAL To MT 1 Note Nan Foc) babs Ce dijen afe :» SNC+LAVALIN Surge and Lightning Protection WANETA EXPANSION PROJECT Page 7 of 36 Study of Date:17 February 2011 Document No. 020655-0000-47E3-001 Revision No.:_0 3. SURGE PROTECTION TO BE PROVIDED FOR 230 AND 13.8 KV SYSTEMS 230 kV Systems A set of air insulated surge arresters will be provided at the interface between the overhead connection and the GIS air entrance bushing to protect the GIS from overvoltage due to lightning. In addition two sets of SF6 insulated surge arresters will also be provided at the junction of the gas insulated bus duct connections to the generator transformer HV terminals for the transformer overvoltage protection. The line terminal arresters will limit the voltage build-up caused by incident and reflected surges as the lightning strike enters the GIS busbar. Since the GIS busbar has lower surge impedance than that of the overhead line (71 vs. 380 chm), the incident wave at the GIS busbar will be attenuated to a fraction of the lightning surge. However, when the transmitted surge encounters a high impedance, such as the ovethead/GIS interface and the generator transformer winding, overvoltage can occur at those locations due to multiple reflections of the travelling wave at the terminations, 13.8 kV Systems The transmitted wave travelling through the transformer winding will appear as slow front oscillatory surges on the 13.8 kV side typical of switching surge. When this surge encounters an open circuit (with the generator breaker and station service disconnect opened), an overvoltage may occur at this location and may exceed the transformer LV winding switching impulse withstand, A set of arresters located on the LV side of the generator transformer would provide the overvoltage protection for this contingency. Thus, by placing the station service surge arresters at the VT cubicle as indicated on Fig. 1, both the generator transformer LV winding and the station service transformer will be protected. This arrangement will be similar to the Brilliant Station setup. SURGE ARRESTER & CAPACITOR RATINGS Metal oxide arresters will be employed. The surge arrester ratings chosen are greatly influenced by the method of grounding adopted and are as follows:» WANETA EXPANSION PROJECT Page 8 of 36 Study of SNC+LAVALIN Surge and Lightning Protection pomeeeee eee Document No. 020655-0000-47E3-001 Revision No.: 0 230 KV Systems Maximum system voltage 253 KV L-L Required minimum arrester MCOV rating for effective grounded system 253/V3 = 146 kV L-N Select the next standard ratings (IEEE C62.11 Table 1) MCOV rating 182 kV L-N Corresponding duty-cycle rating 4192 LN (details of the 192 kV arrester characteristic are shown below and can be found on tender offer) 13.8 kV Systems Generator Protection Maximum continuous voltage 1.05 pu 14.5 KV LL Estimated temporary maximum voltage @ full load | 15.2 kV L-L rejection 1.10 pu ‘Surge arrester MCOV 15.3 kV" NB: Since the generator is high resistance grounded through the neutral grounding resistor, the selected arresters must be able to withstand the full L-L voltage expected under the condition of stator ground fault Grading capacitor 13.8 KV, 0.25 HF ** ** customarily provided for large 13.8 kV generators MV Switchgear The arresters to be selected will be the same as those of the generator, as the grounding method is the same.(However, when the generator breaker ‘opens, the generator neutral grounding reference will be lost and the MV system will become ungrounded.) 15 kV Class (L-N)» WANETA EXPANSION PROJECT Page 9 of 36 Study of Date:17 February 2011 SNC-LAVALIN Surge and Lightning Protection = Document No. 020655-0000-47E3-001 Revision No. 0 230 KV Arrester Characteristics: Description Unit fect Maximum service voltage Ww | ated voltage w Maximum contiiuous operating veltage (MCOV) w | Nominal discharge curent (wave 8/20 ps) ta 20 | High impulse current (wave 4/10 1s) ap. 100 | Long duration (rectangular wave 2000 us) Joa 1600 Discharge class | 5 Maxismam residual voltage : “lightning suc (wave 8/20 3) = SKA wv 419 Kv 46 KV 482 wv 531 = Stoop current imnuize (ront time 1/2 4s) =8t 10 KA ~ = Sal 20 KA, kv 528 - Switching imptise (ont time 20770 ys) wat TRA wv 375 Tal 2A, wv 388 15 kV Arrester Characteristics (Typical) GE Tranquell Porcelain Station Arrester Characteristics 0.5usec | Switching ‘8/20 Max Discharge Voltage - kVpeak a Mcov | 10kA | surge Kyo | Kvims | Max IR- | max IR- 3kA | SkA | 10kA | 20kA | 40kA kVorest |_kVerest ia_| 163 | 63.3 36.8 42.3 | aad | 471 | 52.8 Protective Margin a) 280 KV Switchgear The 230 kV GIS and AIS will have a BIL level of 1050 kV and a chopped wave between 1.15 - 1.29 of BIL level [Table 5 of ref. 2]. Therefore, the protective margin offered by the 192 kV arrester with the characteristic as shown in Section 4, will adequately protect this equipment with the arrester residual voltage less than 50% of the equipment BIL level.» WANETA EXPANSION PROJECT Page 10 of 36 Study of . SNC+LAVALIN Surge and Lightning Protection Date:17 Februsty 2011 Document No. 020655-0000-47E3-001 Revision No.: 0 b) MV Switchgear The generator breaker offered is Areva type FKG1N and is rated as follows’ Maximum system voltage 27.5 KV Power frequency withstand voltage 60 kV Lightning impulse withstand voltage 125 kVp The same is true for the IPB and station service switchgear which is specified with a BIL of 110 kV. The MV switchgear will have a chopped wave between 1.15 - 1.29 of BIL level [Table 5 of ref. 2]. The protective margin offered by the 18kV arrester with the characteristic as shown in section 4 will be at least 108%. MAIN TRANSFORMER SURGE PROTECTION For the specified transformer BIL of 900 KV, the transformer insulation strength (impulse curves) can be estimated as indicated on Table 5 of IEEE 62.22 a) b) and their values are summarized as follows: Front-of-Wave (FOW) Withstand Voltage As indicated by IEEE 62.22, the FOW strength range should be between 1.3 and 1.5 times the BIL rating, with time-to-chop occurring at 0.5 psec. A FOW strength of 1.4 times BIL is chosen. BILKV FOW Strength kV ‘900 1.4 x 900 = 1260 Chopped-Wave (CWW) Withstand Voltage Chopped-wave withstands voltages for different transformer high voltage BIL ratings are listed in Table 6 of IEEE C57.12.00. These levels correspond to 1.1 x BIL, and the time-to-chop occurs at 3.0 psec. BIL KV CWW Strength kV» WANETA EXPANSION PROJECT Page 11 of 36 Study of : SNC-LAVALIN Surge and Lightning Protection oem denme ene Document No. 020655-0000-47E3-001 Revision No.:_0 900 71x 900 = 990 °) a) f) Full-Wave (BIL) Withstand Voltage The full wave withstand voltage is equivalent to the high voltage BIL rating of the transformer. This withstand voltage occurs as a straight line from 8 to 50 usec. Switching Impulse Level (BSL) Withstand Voltage Switching impulse withstand voltages for different transformer high voltage BIL ratings are listed in Table 6 of IEEE C57.12.00. These levels correspond to 0.88 x BIL, and extend from 50 to 2000 sec. BIL KV BSL Strength kV ‘900 0.83 x 900 = 745 Applied Voltage Test Level Applied voltage test level for different transformer high voltage BIL ratings are listed in Table 6 of IEEE C57.12.00. At 900 KV BIL, the applied voltage strength is 395 kV. Protective Margin Calculation (Section 5.7.1 - IEEE 62.22) The graphical presentation of protective margins provided by the 192 KV arrester vs. the transformer insulation strength are shown in Fig. 2 and protective margins are shown in the table below.» WANETA EXPANSION PROJECT Page 12 of 36 Study of SNC+LAVALIN Surge and Lightning Protection eae Document No. 020655-0000-47E3-001 Revision No.:_ 0 BL ar Pye | | FIGURE 2 - TRANSFORMER BIL/SURGE ARRESTER C@ORDINATION PLOTS. Where FOW : front of wave protection level LPL : lightning impulse protective level SPL: switching impulse protective level» SNC-+LAVALIN Document No. WANETA EXPANSION PROJECT Page 13 of 36 Study of Surge and Lightning Protection eee armen ce (020655-0000-47E3-001 Flevision Now 0 The protective margins for lightning and switching overvoltage are shown in the table below: Protection Margin % % Corresp, Duration (Reference 2) (As New) (Aged condition with the | Arrester sec transformer insulating | Discharge strength equal to 75% of | Current original values) (See Note 1) | 4 Lightning (Front of Wave) (172 use0) PM, = ((cowwirow). | (200/482)-1)"100= 105 | (742r482)-1)'100=54 [4 0-05 4100 {@9026) 100 = 88 | ((74526) I TOO=47 a9 Lightning (Full Wave) (e120 psec) PM. = (BILLPL)—1)"100 | (G00/418) 1) 100= 114 | (G7S/419) 1100-61 | 5 3-50 (007446) -1)°100 = 102 | (6751486) -1)"10 10 (9007482) -1)"100= 87 | (6757482) -1)"100 20 (@001531)-1)°100= 68 | (E7SEBI) =A) 10 0 ‘Switching (0170 ise0) PMs = (BSUSPL)— 1)"700 | ((745i375)-1)'100=88 | (6581875) 1) 100 7 30-2000 (7451388) i100 = 82 | (5868) i 100= 43 > Note 1: The transformer impulse curve shown above represents as-new values. Industrial standard takes the position that these values will degrade over time to about 75% of the original values. [ref. 7] Discussion ; The above table shows that the selected HV surge arrester provides a healthy protective margin against lightning and switching overvoltage for the transformer HV winding protection. A minimum safety margin of 15% for lightning and 20% for switching overvoltage protection is considered acceptable. [ref. 2 - IEEE C62.22] For the protection of the LV winding, refer to Section 6 for details.» WANETA EXPANSION PROJECT Page 14 of 36 Study of : SNC+LAVALIN Surge and Lightning Protection Littl lode Document No. 020655-0000-47E3-001 Revision No.: 0 6 EMTP SIMULATION & RESULTS EMTP Model EMTP simulation for the following network diagram was performed using the Altemate Transient Program (a non-commercial version of the EMTP program). This study replicates the insulation coordination study performed for the Arrow Lake GIS installation [7]. Except for the length of the GIS busduct, the model and the assumptions used in this study are identical to the Arrow Lake study. Study Network Diagram Study Cases A lightning strike (8/20 \1sec wave) at 100 m from the station on the 280 kV overhead line were simulated. Four study cases were performed: * Case 1: One transformer with arresters provided at the line/GIS terminal only * Case 2: One transformer with arresters provided at the line/GIS terminal and at the transformer terminal» WANETA EXPANSION PROJECT Page 15 of 36 ‘Study of Date:17 Febr 2011 SNC-LAVALIN Surge and Lightning Protection e:17 February 20 Document No. 020655-0000-47E3-001 Revision No.: 0 * Case 3: Two transformers with arresters provided at the line/GIS : terminal only What] (2 i * Case 4: Two transformers with arresters provided at the line/GIS the pele anche terminal and at each of the transformer terminals o tempo’ Calculated Results wit, 2] sett Results of the EMPT simulations are shown in Appendix A. y fete fofmee®, Surge overvoltages are calculated at the nodes (denoted by a voltmeter) ke en/q_ Shown on the above network diagram. The nodes include: side there/fs 3 WAX? © Lightning strike at 100 m from station Satin ARO) 6 aeTranstormer 1 At 10 m from station © Atthe line/GIS terminal © At Transformer 2 The calculated arrester discharge current and the energy are also shown in Appendix A. The results of the overvoltage are summarized in the following table. Table 6.1 Summary of EMTP Study Results ‘Number of Maximum Overvoltage (kV) Case | Transformers Arresters At reel ecear connected Line/@is | Transformer(s) 1 1 Line/GIS coe ca 2 1 Line/GIS+TX2 470 423 3 2 Line/@Is 578 620 4 2 Line/GIS+TX14TX2 424 398 With the transformer arresters, the overvoltage at the transformer will be reduced from 632 to 423 kV (Case 2). Comparing with case 2 and 4, a single transformer connected to the GIS will produce a higher overvoltage than with two transformers connected as the incident wave will be diverted into two paths in the later case.» WANETA EXPANSION PROJECT Page 16 of 36 Study of Date:17 Fe 2011 SNC+LAVALIN Surge and Lightning Protection ate:17 February Document No. 020655-0000-47E3-001 Revision No.: 0. Table 6.2 Maximum Overvoltage(kV) at transformers Danan Without Transformer | With Transformer Arresters Arresters 900 620/632 * 398/423 * * Two transformers connected/one transformer connected. Thus, the protective margin with the single transformer case (aged condition @ 75% of original values) becomes: ((675/428-1) x 100 = 59.5% Proposed Location for Transformer Arresters Although it is recommended to locate the transformer arresters as close to the transformer terminals as possible, due to space consideration preliminary equipment layout favours location of the arresters inside the GIS building. The layout of the GIS and transformer is shown on the sketches included in the 230 kV Facility DBM (020655-0716-47E1-002). ‘A comparison of the calculated overvoltage with the arresters located at 5 m and 10 m from the transformer terminals was performed and is shown on the plot below. The calculation shows that there is no significant difference in the overvoltage for the proposed arrester location.» WANETA EXPANSION PROJECT Page 17 of 36 Study of : SNC+LAVALIN Surge and Lightning Protection Date:17 February 2011 Document No. 020655-0000-47E3-001 Revision No.: 0 Voltage @ transformer (one transformer connected) 450. aed \ i) tev] 400. 350-4 300-4 2004 18 i 0 7 2 3 4 lus) 8 waneta-test_pi_ramp_t0meter lt: v2XX0183 Waneta-test_pl ramp. Smoter.pl: vXX0183 Voltage at Transformer with arresters located at 5 m and 10 m from the transformer terminals GENERATOR SURGE PROTECTION Generator surge protection has to satisfy the following three requirements: a) Protection against arcing faults generated by single line to ground fault b) Protection against steep surges impinging on the line terminals of the generator winding from overvoltage on the HV system c) With the generator breaker open, the main transformer LV winding and all the apparatus between the generator breaker and transformer have to be protected against voltage surges transferred magnetically and capacitively from the HV side of the transformer. Protection Against Arcing Faults The first requirement is addressed by using the standard practice of grounding the generator with a neutral distribution transformer and a resistor connected across the secondary winding for a unit connected generator. The magnitude of the transient overvoltages depends on the ratio between the capacitive reactance, Xeg, and the effective resistance to ground, Rn. The» WANETA EXPANSION PROJECT Page 18 of 36 Study of ; SNC+LAVALIN Surge and Lightning Protection Date:17 February 2011 Document No. 020655-0000-47E3-001 Revision No.:_0 diagram shown below from IEEE C62.92 gives the peak transient voltages for this type of generator grounding. The grounding resistance is selected such that the ratio is kept to 1 or greater. The peak voltage will be limited to about 260% of normal peak line-to-neutral voltage, which is also less than 75 percent of the generator test voltage. With this arrangement, the voltage due to arcing is damped out and a build-up in transient voltage is prevented For an undergrounded system the temporary overvoltage due to an arcing fault could reach as high as 4 to 5 times the peak line-neutral voltage. This could happen for an arcing fault on the 15 kV IPB bus section during station backfeed with the opening of the generator breaker and loss of the generator neutral grounding. (Ref: 6] si (9 Ca) Ere room tomers Protection against Surges on the Generator Winding from the HV ‘System The second requirement of protecting the generator winding is achieved by a set of surge arresters and capacitors near the generator terminal, The surge capacitance of 0.25 IF, as customarily applied by many manufacturers, has given satisfactory results in the past. As shown in the calculation shown in Appendix B, the capacitor has a more dominating effect for the generator overvoltage protection. Thus, the selection criterion for a surge arrester is that it must be able to withstand the overvoltage without damage due to a LG fault for the above grounding method Protecting against Surges on the Main Transformer LV Winding and Related Apparatus The third requirement of protecting the generator transformer LV winding with the generator breaker open is achieved by providing a dedicated set of surge» WANETA EXPANSION PROJECT Page 19 of 36 Study of : SNC+LAVALIN Surge and Lightning Protection enandsnent aces Document No. 020655-0000-47E3-001 Revision No.:_ 0 arresters at the VT cubicle located between the generator breaker and the main transformer. The arresters will be located less than 15 m from the transformer LV terminal and will provide protection against the overvoltage created by the reflected wave when it hits an open circuit. The detection of ground fault on the 15 kV systems (with the generator breaker open) will be cleared with no intentional time delay by the zero sequence voltage detectors (59N) in the transformer relay. Thus the duration for this temporary overvoltage will be less than 200 msec. Discussion The calculation in Appendix B demonstrates that the specified generator surge arresters and capacitors will adequately protect the generator winding against lightning surge and line to ground fault induced from the HV system. The dedicated set of arresters at the VT cubicle will cover the contingency when the generator neutral grounding is disconnected due to the opening of the generator breaker. CONCLUSION The surge protection specified in the Owner's Requirement will adequately provide the overvoltage protection-for-the 230 kV switchgear, generator transformer, MV switchgear and the generator, Hand calculations And B6KET simifations Show that the equipment will be adequately protected and the entire contingency under different operating conditions are conskered in the design.» SNC-LAVALIN Document No. WANETA EXPANSION PROJECT Study of Surge and Lightning Protection Page 20 of 36 Date:17 February 2011 (020655-0000-47E3-001 Revision No: 0» WANETA EXPANSION PROJECT Page 21 of 36 Study of ' SNC-LAVALIN ‘Surge and Lightning Protection peer eeman eeu Document No. (020655-0000-47E3-001 Revision Nos 0 Case 1 - One Transformer with Arrester at Line/GIS Terminal Only Plot 1.1 - Line voltage at 100 m from station Peak=1.788MV Plot 1.2- Line voltage at 10 m from station Peak=579.9kV Plot 1.3 - Voltage @ line/GIS terminal Peak=601.9kV Plot 1.4- Voltage @ Transformer Peak=632.5kV» SNC-LAVALIN WANETA EXPANSION PROJECT Study of ‘Surge and Lightning Protection Page 22 of 36 Date:17 February 2011 Document No. 020655-0000-47E3-001 Revision No.: 0 Case 1 - One Transformer with Arrester at Line/GIS Terminal Only Plot 1.5 - Voltage at line/GIS arrester (same as plot 1.3) Peak=601.9kV Plot 1.6 - Discharge current @ line/GIS arrester Peak=8193A rom Plot 1.7 - Discharge energy Peak=7054.6Joules» WANETA EXPANSION PROJECT Page 23 of 36 reaehe Date:17 February 2011 SNC-LAVALIN Surge and Lightning Protection ee Document No. (020655-0000-47E3-001 Fovision Nos 0 Case 2 - One Transformer with Arresters at the Line/GIS Terminal and at Transformer Plot 2.1 - Line voltage at 100 m from station Peak=1.788MV Plot 2.2 - Line voltage at 10 m from station Peak=471.8kV a4 \\ dee L { Plot 2.3 - Voltage at Line/GIS - | Peak=470.4kV Plot 2.4- Voltage at Transformer TX2 Peak=422.9kVWANETA EXPANSION PROJECT » Page 24 of 36 Study of 17 Fe 2011 SNC-LAVALIN Surge and Lightning Protection Ce Document No. (020655-0000-47E3-001 Revision Noz_0 Case 2 - One Transformer with Arresters at the Line/GIS Terminal and at Transformer Plot 2.5 - Voltage @ line/GIS & @ Tx2 Peak=470.4kV@Line/GIS Wownamiot same servant wan _woO Plot 2.6 - Discharge current @ line/GIS & @ TX2 arresters Peak=3702A@line/GIS arrester (iwi Hmppiinary exer oaces neers ome 0 : Plot 2.7 - Discharge energy sa Oe Peak=3567.9Joules a eC) enfeeenss)» SNC-LAVALIN Document No. WANETA EXPANSION PROJECT Study of Surge and Lightning Protection Page 25 of 36 Date:17 February 2011 020655-0000-47E3-001 Revision No.: 0 Case 3 - Two Transformers with Arresters at the Line/GIS Terminal Only Plot 3.1 - Line voltage at 100 m from station Peak=1.786MV Plot 3.2 - Line voltage at 10 m from station Peak=555.4kV Plot 3.3 - Voltage at Line/Gis Peak=577.6kV Plot 3.4 - Voltage at TX1 and TX2 Peak=619.95kV@TX2(24 meters)» SNC-LAVALIN Document No. WANETA EXPANSION PROJECT Study of Surge and Lightning Protection Page 26 of 36 Date:17 February 2011 (020655-0000-47E3-001 Revision No.:_0 Case 3 - Two Transformers with Arresters at the Line/GIS Terminal Only ETTORE HORUS Plot 3.5 - voltage at line/GIS arrester Peak=577.6kV 3 {I i [ nan oe 08 : Plot 3.6 - Discharge current @ line/GIS arrester Peak=8038A Cig osm ramen maumzaniats tina(ozond a | energy Plot 3.7 - Discharge Peak=6386.4Jouses v» SNC-LAVALIN Document No. WANETA EXPANSION PROJECT Study of ‘Surge and Lightning Protection Page 27 of 36 Date:17 February 201 1 020655-0000-47E3-001 Revision No.: 0 Case 4 — Two Transformers with Arresters at the Line/GIS Terminal, TX1 and TX2 Plot 4.1 - Line voltage at 100 m from station Peak=1.788MV Plot 4.2- Line voltage at 10m from station Peak=437.1kV Plot 4.3 - Voltage at Line/Gis Peak=423.9kV Plot 4.4 - Voltage at TX and Peak=398.0kV fo] eek» SNC-LAVALIN Document No. WANETA EXPANSION PROJECT Study of ‘Surge and Lightning Protection Page 28 of 36 Date:17 February 2011 (020655-0000-47E3-001 Revision No. 0 Case 4 - Two Transformers with Arresters at the Line/GIS Terminal, TX1 and TX2 Plot 4.5 - Voltage line/GIS & @ TX2 arresters Peak=423.9kV@Line/GIS Plot 4.6 - Discharge current @ line/GIS & @ TX2 arresters Peak=2341A@TX1 Plot 4.7 - Discharge energy Peak=2295.0Joules» WANETA EXPANSION PROJECT Page 29 of 96 Study of . SNC-LAVALIN ‘Surge and Lightning Protection pom deeeran sane Document No. 020655-0000-47E3-001 Revision No.: 0 Appendix B Generator Surge Protection Calculation» WANETA EXPANSION PROJECT Page 0 of 36 Study of is SNC-LAVALIN ‘Surge and Lightning Protection ate:t7 February 2011 Document No. 020655-0000-47E3-001 Revision No.: 0 Generator Surge Protection Calculation Surge Capacitor The function of the capacitors connected to the generator terminal is to protect the generator and step-up transformer against capacitive overvoltages from the grid, The overvoltage may result from lightning transient * switching transient ‘+ short-circuit fault (e.g. earth fault) Generally, the HV grid equipment is protected against transient overvoltage by surge arresters. They limit the voltage amplitude so that the basic insulation level (BIL) of the appropriate voltage level is maintained. The wave will then travel until the energy content is exhausted, the coupling capacitance between primary and secondary winding the capacitance between secondary windings and earth the surge capacitors. Traveling waves in the HV grid running towards the generator step-up transformer (U;w) will be transmitted to the secondary side (U,.) determined by the transformer surge capacitances. This is shown in the above diagram. Ci.2, Cz and C, form a capacitor voltage divider. The secondary transient voltage Uaw is given by the following formula: Unw = {Cr.2/ (Cr.2+ Co + C2) Uw)? == ok Le The main Objective of sizing the surge capacitor is to keep the actual peak voltage below the basic insulation level. Assuming that the maximum peak voltage in the grid is limited to BILyy, BIL,, and is given by Chal (Cr2t C2 + C,) $ BlLiy/ BlLiy a» WANETA EXPANSION PROJECT Page 31 of 36 ‘Study of 7 SNC-LAVALIN Surge and Lightning Protection raedemeerieen Document No. 020655-0000-47E3-001 Revision Nc 0 In the case of an earth fault, there is also a power-frequency voltage, the neutral displacement voltage Uy, which is transferred to the secondary side of the step-up transformer (Use) The formulas for the transfer power-frequency voltages to the secondary side are also based on the capacitor voltage divider. Woe = {C121 (C12 Co + Ce)}* Uor Superimposed on Us. there is the normal operating voltage Uz at the generator level. Therefore the maximum line-to-earth voltage is U; max = Upe + Uz/ V3 The surge capacitors do have an impact on the pulse rate of rise. The steepness of the wave front will be lowered significantly because of the capacitors’ ability to store a portion of the energy. Calculation The following calculations use the above-derived formulae to demonstrate the effect of adding a surge arrester of 0.25 iF for transient and power frequency voltages. The capacitance values Ci2 and C, are fumished by the transformer manufacturer. The transformer impulse withstands voltages for the LV and HV windings are 110 and 900 kV, respectively. Transient voltage based on basic insulation level: Transient voltage Unit Result Basic transformer data Transformer MVA 195 Transformation ratio 230/ 13.8 = 16.67 Bil kV 110 Bily kv 900 Max permissible BIL ratio (BiLjv/ 7107900 = 0.122 Bil Capacitance Cra nF | Preliminary a4 Capacitance C; _|nF __| Preliminary 9.589 Ratio without surge cap (Cyal(Ci2+ 4.1/ (4.1 +9589) = | 0.2995 C)} ‘Surge arrester C, nF = 250 Ratio with grading and surge 4,11(4.149.589+250)= | 0.0155 capacitors {Cy 2/(Cy.2+ Ce + Cy)} Max peak ph-to-earth volt at LV side (900 kV primary) Without surge capacitor/ar ter: kv__| 900 x 0.2995 = 269.55» WANETA EXPANSION PROJECT Page 32 of 36 Study of . SNC+LAVALIN Surge and Lightning Protection Date:17 February 2011 Document No. 020655-0000-47E3-001 Revision No.: 0 Transient voltage Unit Result With surge capacitors: KV___|900x0,0155 = 13.95 Power Frequency Voltage: The same parameters shown above are used for the power frequency voltage calculation. With an earthing factor voltage is (253/V3 x0.8 =) 117 kV. 0.8, the maximum line-to-earth grid Power Frequency Voltage Unit Result Basic Data Transformer MVA 195 Transformation ratio 230/ 13.8 = 16.67 Highest voltage for equipment kv 253 (primary) Highest voltage for equipment kv | 253/16.67 = 15.2 (secondary) Capacitance C12 nF | Preliminary 44 Capacitance C2 nF | Preliminary 9.589 Capacitance C, nF 250 Without surge cap {C1.2/(C1.2+ ca)} 4.1/(4.1+9.589)= | 0.2995 Max primary ph-to-earth kV 253/V3 x0.8 7 displacement voltage Us: Max secondary ph-to-earth kv | 117x0.2995 35.04 displacement voltage Uce Secondary side operating voltage Us | kV 13.83 7.97 NB Max ph-to-earth voltage Uzmax kV __| 35.0447.97 43.01 Power frequency withstand voltage | kV__| From OR section 24 | 36 With surge cap {Cy.2/(C1.2+ C2 +Cn)} 4.1(4.1+9.5894+250)= | 0.0155 Max primary ph-to-earth kv | (from above) 117 displacement voltage Uo; Max secondary ph-to-earth kv | 117x0.0155 18 displacement voltage Use Secondary side operating voltage U2 | kV | 13.8/V3 7.97 NS Max ph-to-earth voltage Urn kv_|1.8+7.97 977 With surge capacitors rated 0.25 UF, the calculation shows that the maximum possible peak voltages are kept far below the permissible BIL values. In the case of earth fault in the HV grid the maximum voltage at the secondary side is also clearly below the power-frequency withstand voltage due to the surge capacitors.» WANETA EXPANSION PROJECT Page 33 of 36 Study of SNC-LAVALIN Surge and Lightning Protection emandcceneeeae Document No. 020655-0000-47E3-001 Revision No.:_0 Surge Arrester The metal oxide gapless surge arresters are used in addition to the surge capacitors for transient overvoltage protection. The main ratings to be defined for choosing a surge arrester are + maximum continuous operating voltage (MCOV) + rated voltage © rated discharge current Firstly, the operation of the surge arresters needs to ensure that the protective margin for the associated equipment is high enough. That means that the remaining overvoltages are kept below the permissible insulation level. Secondly, the arresters need to operate continuously without any malfunction under normal voltage conditions. In other words, the thermal stability of the arrester is mandatory for normal operation as well as under grid fault conditions. Thermal instability would lead to the destruction of the arrester. These two basic requirements are dependent on each other. Lowering the protection level always causes higher continuous operational demands. As per IEC 60099-5 [10], section 5.3, the surge capacitors are of higher importance than the arresters. Therefore attention should be mainly focused on safe normal operation. The minimum continuous operating voltage Ucmin depends on the method of neutral point connection. The generator lead is connected to a high resistance grounded system via neutral grounding transformer and secondary resistor. Due to the fact that stator earth faults, which would lead to higher phase-to-earth voltages, are switched off within a short duration for the WAX application, Ucn can be calculated based on operating voltage U, including a safety factor of 5%. The upper generator voltage regulation range of 5% must also be taken into account for U,. Uncovmin= 1:1" Us = 1.1 * 18.8NS=8.76 RV / / Conservaniie, However, traditionally a more censervation MCOV rating of 15.3 kV is usually chosen such that it would allow the arrester to withstand continuously the overvoltage generated by airegfault—— As shown in Table 1 of GE Arrester Application Guide [11], for high impedance grounded, ungrounded or temporary ungrounded system, the arrester rating of 15 or 18 kV can be chosen. The characteristics of the residue voltage of select arrester is shown in Section 4. A safe protective margin is maintained.» WANETA EXPANSION PROJECT Page 34 of 36 Study of : SNC-LAVALIN Surge and Lightning Protection Date:17 February 2011 Document No. 020655-0000-47E3-001 Revision No.: 0 EMPT Simulation Simulation of overvoltage at the transformer secondary when the generator breaker is open with and without arrester at transformer LV side for a lightning surge from the system (isolated phase bus capacitance ignored to yield worst result) . art owarearest pusnna pH:xvert vxA007_ 900106 Without arrester at the transformer secondary side Peak = 422 KV (red - primary) Peak = 82.4 kV (green — secondary) SRE 5 ah te fron (AY SWS TSSRESY AST (emansnert pLianmngoivar) V:90Ir_ VOB With arrester at the transformer secondary side: Peak = 422 kV(red — primary) Peak = 35.7 kV (green — secondary)» SNC-+LAVALIN Document No. WANETA EXPANSION PROJECT Study of Surge and Lightning Protection Page 35 of 36 Date:17 February 2011 (020655-0000-47E3-001 Revision No.:_0 Appendix C References» WANETA EXPANSION PROJECT Page 36 of 36 Study of Date:17 February 2011 SNC-LAVALIN ‘Surge and Lightning Protection [ueeecreene Document No. 020655-0000-47E3-001 Revision No.:_ 0 References: 1. IEEE C62.11 — IEEE standard for metal-oxide surge arresters for AC power circuits (>1 kV) 2, IEEE 062.22 - IEEE guide for the application metal-oxide surge arresters for alternating-current systems 3. IEEE 057.12 - General requirements for liquid-immersed distribution, power, and regulating transformers 4, IEEE C57.12.90 — IEEE Standard test code for liquid-immersed distribution, power and regulating transformers 5. IEEE C57.98 - IEEE Guide for transformer impulse tests 6. IEEE C62.92.2 - IEEE Guide for application of neutral grounding in electrical utility systems Part Il - Grounding of synchronous generator systems 7. Arrow Lake Generating Station — GIS Surge Protection Report for Alstom by Dave Peelo, BCHIL 8. Balambano Overvoltage Study <> 9. IEC 60071-1:1993-11, Insulation Co-ordination - Part 1: Definitions, Principles and Rules 10. IEC 60099-5:2000-03, Surge Arresters - Part 5: Selection and Application recommendations 11, GE Tranquell Surge Arresters Product Selection & Application Guide