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    The Effects of Training History, Player Position, And Body Composition on Exercise Performance in Collegiate Football Players

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    16 views6 pages

    The Effects of Training History, Player Position, and Body Composition On Exercise Performance in Collegiate Football Players

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    JJ Lewis
    The Effects of Training History, Player Position, And Body Composition on Exercise Performance in Collegiate Football Players

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    Journal of Strength and Conaltioning Research, 2002 16(1), 4-49 (© 2002 National Strength & Conditioning Association The Effects of Training History, Player Position, and Body Composition on Exercise Performance in Collegiate Football Players TODD A. MILLER,? EDWARD D. WHITE? KEITH A. KINLEY? JEROME J. CONGLETON,? AnD MICHAEL J. CLARK? *Department of Health and Kinesiology, *Department of Statistics, ‘Department of Athletics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, ABSTRACT Performance data for 261 NCAA Division 1A collegiate foot- ball players were analyzed to determine if player position, body weight, body fat, and training time were correlated ‘with changes in performance in the following events: power clean (PQ), bench press (BP), squat ($0), vertical jump (VJ), 40eyd dash (40yd), and 20-yd shuttle (20yd) Individual po- sitions were combined into the following groups: (A) wide receivers, defensive backs, and running backs, (B)lineback- 5, kickers, tight ends, quarterbacks, and specialists, and (C) Tinemen. Increases in body weight were positively correlated with increases in BP and PC performance forall groups. Increases in body fat were negatively correlated with per- formance in the PC and VJ forall groups. For group C, in- creases in body fat were also negatively correlated with per formance in the 40yd and 20yd. Group and training time exhibited no linear relationship with performance in any of the tested events. No linea relationships were abserved be- tween the independent variables and performance in the SQ. ‘When individual training data were analyzed longitudinally, 4 nonlinear increase in performance in the PC, BP, and SQ ‘was observed as training time increased, with the greatest rate of change occurring between the first and second se- esters of traning. Key Words: bench press, squat, power clean, vertical jump, sprinting Reference Data: Miller, T.A., E-D. White, K.A. Kinley, JJ. Congleton, and MJ. Clark. The effects of training history, player position, and body composition on ex= ercise performance in’ collegiate football players. j Strength Cond. Res. 16(1):44-49. 2002, Introduction merican football is a sport that is typified by par- ticipants who possess a relatively high degree of strength, power, speed, and. agility. Because of the physical demands of the game, a great deal of time 4 and effort is spent on the development and implemen- tation of strength and conditioning programs de- signed to optimize physical athletic development. A popular practice among most strength and condition ing coaches is to implement some type of testing pro- tocol that enables them to quantify each participant's physical progress. Previous efforts have been made to analyze rela tionships between physical attributes and specific ex- ercise performance, as well as football playing ability (2-5, 7, 8). Changes in strength, power, speed, agility, and the physical attributes of American football play- cers have not been examined during a typical 4-year collegiate career. A multitude of reasons may exst that have made the long-term study of these American football-related performance tests prohibitive. Despite an increased recognition of the importance of strength and conditioning, these programs are usually mini- mally staffed, with staff members commonly training hundreds of athletes. This situation allows little time for extensive performance research. Furthermore, ta- tistical investigation is difficult, since data collection times are limited by strict periodization regimens, which are often incorporated in strength and condi tioning programs. Further statistical analysis problems exist because high within-athlete correlation is un- avoidable, resulting in the existence of nonindependent samples. The purpose of the present study was to examine the relationships among body composition, body weight, player position, and training time and describe how these relationships correlate with performance in some common physical tests that are often used to measure athletic progress in American football. These relationships were identified using standard linear re- gression techniques and a new statistical technique specifically designed to analyze nonindependent data that are recorded at unequal test intervals, Methods Performance data for 261 American football players who participated in the strength and conditioning pro- ‘gram at Texas A&M University between 1993 and 1998, were included in the statistical analysis. Before partic- ipation in the training program, all subjects completed an informed consent document in compliance with the rules and regulations set forth by the Texas A&M Uni- versity Athletic Department. Individual positions were combined into the following groups: (A) wide receiv- ers, defensive backs, and running backs; (B) lineback- ers, kickers, tight ends, quarterbacks, and specialists; and (C) linemen. Athletes were tested in the bench press (BP), back squat (SQ), power clean (PC), vertical jump (VP), 20-yd shuttle (20yd), and 40-yd (40yd) dash at 2 specific periods throughout each year. Height, body mass, and body composition were also recorded at these intervals. Testing in the BP, PC, and VJ was performed in March, following a S-week off-season training program, and in August, following a 10-week summer training program. The SQ, 40yd, and 20yd ‘were tested in March only. It is believed by the Texas A&M coaching staff that the risks of injury, although low, are elevated during the execution of these exercis- es and are therefore avoided before the start of the fall, football season. Freshmen athletes typically reported in August and did not participate in the summer testing session. Therefore, the first performance testing period for Lh ——— training program, approximately 6 months after their initial reporting dates. On reporting, height, body weight, and body composition via 3-site skinfolds were measured. All athletes participated in a twice- weekly strength and conditioning program during the football season and trained 4 times per week in the off-season. Before testing, all athletes participated in a multi- ple-set, periodized strength and conditioning program, consisting of, but not limited to, the following exercis- es: PC, hang clean, power snatch, hang snatch, BP in- cline press, SQ, front squat, squat push press, lunges, single-leg squat, split squat, overhead squat, military press, lat pull-down, squat jumps, and box jumps. Fol- lowing each resistance training session, sprint and agility drills were also performed. Running volume ‘was kept high during the off-season but was progres- sively decreased asthe fall footbal season approached Run intensity was increased as distance volume was decreased in an attempt to maximize lower-body pow- er at the start of the football season. Performance Tests Testing in the lifts consisted of recording the amount cof weight the subject could lift and /or lower one time ‘unassisted and was referred to asthe 1 repetition max- Resistance Training for Football 45 imum. The exercise techniques used during execution of the BP, SQ, and PC have been previously described @. Bench Press. Execution of the BP was performed and. judged in the traditional manner. Subjects were per- iitted to choose any grip spacing they preferred. A. lift was considered valid if the bar was lowered in a controlled manner to the chest and retumed to the elbows-locked position in an equally controlled man- net Back Squat. A lift was considered acceptable if the femur became parallel with respect to the Hloor during. the lowering phase of the lift and the subject returned unassisted to an upright position. A member of the strength and conditioning staff visually determined if the femur achieved the parallel position. Failure of the femur to achieve the parallel position resulted in an unacceptable lift. Power Clean, A lift was considered acceptable ifthe barbell was moved from the floor to the “catch” po- sition in a continuous, unassisted motion. The barbell ‘must have been under control of the lifter during all phases of the lift, including the “catch” position. The ‘use of wrist straps was allowed during PC testing. Vertical Jump. Jump height was measured using a Vertec Vertical Jump Tester (Sports Imports, Colum- bus, OH), Subjects were instructed to stand flat-footed before jumping, and no step was allowed before the ‘execution of the jump. Running Sprint Tests. The 40yd and 20yd sprint tests were performed indoors on a synthetic turf sur- face. The 40yd was timed electronically, whereas the 20yd_ was timed with a stopwatch by one of the strength and conditioning staff Height, Weight, and Body Composition Height and weight were measured while the athletes were shoeless and wearing light clothing. Body com- position was measured using a Skyndex (Country ‘Technology, Gays Mills, WI electronic caliper. The ‘Skyndex device uses a modification of the jackson and Pollock equation (6) to estimate body density. Skinfold measurements were taken from the chest, abdomen, and midthigh. Statistical Analyses Linear Regression Analysis. The goal of this project was to determine if body fat, body weight, player position, and length of time in the training program had an effect on the outcome of general physical performance tests, The development of predictive models based on the technique of linear regression was the first analysis performed. The response variables to be predicted were performances in the PC, BP, SQ, VI. 40yd, and 20yd. The explanatory variables included body fat, body weight, player position, and the chronological point (year and semester) that the physical test was performed. 46 Miller, White, Kinley, Congleton, and Clack Percent change in performance data was used for the analysis, because this allowed standardization of results across all athletes and satisfied the requirement of indepenclent observations for linear regression anal- ysis. Athletes who had more than one test point for ‘each event were included in the analysis. For each per- formance test, subtracting the first from the last score (athletes final semester), then dividing by the first score, normalized the data. The same procedure was performed for the explanatory variables of body fat and body weight. For time, the semester difference was recorded between the first and last test points for each performance test Longitudinal Performance Analysis. As with the linear regression analysis, the raw data were transformed be- fore trend analysis. Athletes with more than one ob- servation per test were included in the analysis. For each performance test, the mean value for each athlete was calculated. This value was then subtracted from the individual scores for that test, thus standardizing, the results across athletes. Assigning the first tested point as semester 1, regardless of the actual semester that the first test took place, standardized the starting time for each athlete. Data analysis was performed us- ing an algorithm incorporated in the PCGrowth pro- gram (12). This software package is designed to ana- lyze unequally spaced, correlated data using previous- ly published statistical methods (9, 11). Because PCGrowth was developed for growth curves (data from which are always nonnegative), an arbitrary pos- itive number was added to all the transformed data The addition of this value did not affect the trends under investigation, Results Linear Regression Analysis Results of the linear regression analysis are presented in Table 1. For PC, percent changes in body mass and fat were significant explanatory variables. On average, percent change of body mass was positively related to percent change in weight lifted.. In contrast, percent change of body fat was inversely related to percent change in weight lifted. For BP, only percent change in body weight had a significant effect on the percent change in weight lifted. A positive relationship existed between percent change of body mass and percent change of weight lifted. For SQ, none of the explana- tory variables used in the linear regression analysis were significant in predicting percent change in weight lifted. For VL percent change of body fat was inversely related to percent change in jump height. For both the 40yd and 20yd tests, percent change in body fat had a significant effect on percent change in both activities in group C only. For groups A and B, none of the explanatory variables were significant in predicting percent change in either test.. On aver- ‘Table 1. Linear regression results for change data.* Pefor- Change in Change in mance body weight body ft fest Groupst oH) ce) Pc ABC oot ous Bp ABC

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