For Whom The Bell Tolls

For Whom the
Bell Tolls
Study Guide by Course Hero
ABOUT THE TITLE

What's Inside The title, For Whom the Bell Tolls, comes from a text called
Devotions Upon Emergent Occasions by John Donne, a 17th-
century English poet and Anglican priest. The 17th of Donne's
j Book Basics ................................................................................................. 1 meditations begins with the words "No man is an island, entire
of itself," and ends with the line "Therefore never send to know
d In Context ..................................................................................................... 1
for whom the bell tolls; it tolls for thee." Donne refers to funeral
a Author Biography ..................................................................................... 2 bells: since everyone meets the end of life at some point, the
bells toll for everyone as a metaphor for death. Ernest
h Characters .................................................................................................. 3 Hemingway sided with the fight against fascism, as most
Americans did. He chose the excerpt to express his support
k Plot Summary ............................................................................................. 6
for the Republican side in the Spanish Civil War and to
emphasize the theme of sacrifice for a cause that is greater
c Chapter Summaries .............................................................................. 12
than any one individual.
g Quotes ........................................................................................................ 36
l Symbols ..................................................................................................... 40
m Themes ....................................................................................................... 41
d In Context
e Suggested Reading .............................................................................. 42
The Great Depression
j Book Basics
The Great Depression was one of the worst economic
downturns that the industrialized world had ever experienced.
Beginning with the crash of the U.S. stock market in October
AUTHOR 1929, what was supposed to be just another recession kept
Ernest Hemingway getting worse with every year. Panic ensued after the crash.
People rushed to pull their money out of financial institutions in
YEAR PUBLISHED
the hope that they could save their investments from being
1940
devalued, prices dropped to unheard-of deflationary levels,
GENRE businesses closed, and jobs and homes were lost. In the United
War Literature States, the entire decade of the 1930s marked a time of
extreme suffering and poverty on a level that landed working
PERSPECTIVE AND NARRATOR class families in unemployment lines and breadlines just to
For Whom the Bell Tolls is told from the third-person point of avoid starvation.
view by an omniscient narrator.
In Europe the recovery from the crash was similarly slow, but
TENSE countries like France, Italy, and Spain were in even bigger
For Whom the Bell Tolls is told primarily in the past tense. trouble. Economic woes were compounded by political
For Whom the Bell Tolls Study Guide Author Biography 2
upheaval and the rise of fascism. Spain, which had already belt of Spain, Italy, and Germany. Hemingway's time as a war
been experiencing clashes between right-wing Nationalists correspondent in the Spanish Civil War was fresh in his mind,
and left-wing Republicans, became a hotbed of economic and and he wrote For Whom the Bell Tolls to express his antifascist
political conflict. The working class and peasant republicans, beliefs. However the novel was not released in Spain until
who were hit hardest by the depression, clamored for 1968, as it was censored by the Franco government until then.
government support, but the elite, supporters of the monarchy,
business owners, and the Catholic Church increasingly leaned
toward fascism. The year 1929 marked the end of the royal
a Author Biography
dictatorship and the election of a Republican government, but
the next few years saw a power struggle between the two
Ernest Hemingway was born near Chicago, Illinois, on July 21,
parties.
1899. As a teenager, he worked as a reporter for the Kansas
City Star. In 1918, during World War I, Hemingway volunteered
to join the Italian army as an ambulance driver. When he was
The Spanish Civil War injured, he returned to the United States and stayed in
Michigan, at his family's home.
In 1936 the conflict in Spain came to a violent head: the army,
which sided with the right-wing Nationalists, overthrew the Hemingway married his first wife, Hadley Richardson, and they
Republicans and took over the government. This act plunged moved to Paris in 1921, where he was mentored by Gertrude
Spain into civil war, during which the Nationalists slaughtered Stein, an American writer living in Paris who hosted a salon
entire families of peasants and the Republicans lashed out at where writers and artists would meet. He also began spending
the Church, killing priests and nuns. time in Pamplona, Spain, where he became fond of bullfighting.
He and Hadley had one son, John, in 1923. He divorced Hadley
Germany and Italy, ruled by Hitler and Mussolini, respectively,
to marry his second wife, Pauline Pfeiffer, with whom he had a
were already Fascist dictatorships, so a Fascist Spain would
son named Patrick in 1928 after they moved to Key West,
create a foothold in Europe that would help fascism spread,
Florida.
surrounding and likely taking over France. Germany didn't want
Soviet communism to spread so Germany and Italy officially Hemingway spent quite a bit of time searching for big
supported the Nationalist forces. adventures in the outdoors, hunting, fishing, and continuing to
attend bullfights in Spain. He covered the Spanish Civil War as
Other European countries refused to get involved, depriving
a foreign correspondent for the North American Newspaper
the already strapped Republicans of much-needed support.
Alliance in 1937 and met his third wife, journalist Martha
The only official support the Republicans obtained was from
Gellhorn, to whom he dedicated For Whom the Bell Tolls. His
Russia, which meant that they had to endure Joseph Stalin
experience covering the war informed the novel a great deal,
(leader of the Soviet Union from the mid-1920s until 1953), who
and his political leanings were in line with the Republicans.
doled out forces and materials just enough to keep Germany
Martha divorced Hemingway after he became infatuated with
out of the Soviet Union. Antifascist and socialist volunteers
yet another war correspondent, Mary Welsh, who became his
formed the International Brigade with soldiers coming in from
fourth wife.
the United States, France, the United Kingdom, and elsewhere
to shore up the Republicans. However the effort was For Whom the Bell Tolls was nominated for a Pulitzer Prize in
disorganized and severely underfunded compared to that of 1941. It was thought by many American critics to be his best
the Nationalists under General Franco who took over rule of book, and it further solidified his place in the American literary
Spain in 1939. canon. Hemingway finally received the Pulitzer in 1953 for his
short novel, The Old Man and the Sea (1952), and in 1954, he
won the Nobel Prize in Literature. In the United States, the
The Beginning of World War II reception of For Whom the Bell Tolls was extremely positive,
but there were detractors who felt that Hemingway had taken
When World War II began in 1939, fascism formed the powerful advantage of the Spanish people, becoming what some called
a "military tourist" and portraying some historical characters in
Copyright © 2019 Course Hero, Inc.

For Whom the Bell Tolls Study Guide Characters 3
very negative lights. Marty, for example, was a real person and duty.
was, to the dismay of French veterans of the Civil War,
portrayed as crazy. Hemingway also insulted La Pasionaria, a
major figure in the Republican movement, by portraying her in a Maria
negative light. In addition some of the descriptions of the
peasantry were stereotypical, and the formal English Maria, who has been traumatized by her treatment at the
translations of Spanish phrasing could be confusing. hands of Nationalist soldiers, acts as a dutiful daughter to Pilar.
But when she meets Robert Jordan, she recognizes something
These personal digs and cultural oversights cost Hemingway a
in him that makes her fall in love with him. With Jordan, Maria is
place in an anthology of literature on the Spanish Civil War
not only able to feel real love and pleasure with him as they
entitled Heart of Spain, edited by American writer Alvah Bessie.
make love, but she also wants to become his wife. They
A few writers protested the decision to exclude Hemingway by
"marry" under his sleeping robe, and dream of truly marrying in
pulling their work from the anthology. In 1968 For Whom the
Madrid, though Jordan believes they will probably die in the
Bell Tolls would finally get beyond the censorship of the
bridge explosion mission.
Spanish government and be released in Spain. Francisco
Franco led the rebellion to overthrow the Spanish democratic
republic during the Spanish Civil War, replacing it with a harsh
dictatorship that would reign for many years. Franco's regime
Pilar
censored literature deemed critical of Catholicism or Spanish
Pilar is the real leader of Pablo's guerrillas because Pablo, a
politics. In 1966, two years before the Spanish release of the
heavy drinker, has lost his ability to set aside his fear. He
novel, Republican general Enrique Lister wrote in his memoir of
doesn't want to die, and he lets that get in the way, but he tells
the war that Hemingway, though a great writer, did not have a
Pilar about it and hands over the leadership to her. Pilar takes
deep understanding of the forces at work both during and
care of all of the guerrillas, making food and good decisions.
after the civil war.
She also serves as Maria's guardian, making sure that Maria
Accident-prone throughout his lifetime of adventures, and Robert Jordan have time together once she realizes they
Hemingway self-medicated and drank heavily. When are truly in love.
Hemingway and Welsh moved to Ketchum, Idaho, after buying
a house in 1959, his mental health disintegrated. On July 2,
1961, Hemingway committed suicide, a fate that fell upon Pablo
several members of Hemingway's family over the years.
Pablo begins the novel by refusing to blow up the bridge or
help with the mission in any way because it would alert the
h Characters Fascists to his band's position in the mountains, and he wants

to keep them safe. Anselmo shames him into agreeing to take
Robert Jordan in, and later, Pilar shames the drunken Pablo
into agreeing to help. Pablo ruins the original explosion plan by
Robert Jordan stealing the detonator and fuses and tossing them in the river,
but he tries to make up for it by gathering help and horses, in
At the beginning of the novel, Robert Jordan prides himself on order not to have to live without Pilar, despite her tendency to
getting the job done without thinking. He has no time for berate him for his drinking.
women in his life, and values being cold and fearless unlike the
last man, Kashkin, who was sent to blow up a bridge with
Pablo. However he doesn't count on meeting Maria, who Anselmo
immediately makes him feel things he hasn't felt before, and it
confuses him. When she responds to his touch, and later Anselmo begins the novel asleep, and sleeps on the ride to the
comes to him under his sleeping robe, he knows he is in love mountains, but he is an excellent guide for Robert Jordan. He
with her. But even being in love doesn't stop him from doing his remains with Jordan throughout his exploration of the bridge

and helps to blow it up, but loses his life in the process.

Character Map
Maria
Young woman whose family
has been killed
Lovers Admirer
Robert Jordan Agustín

American teacher; Guerrilla fighter in
guerrilla fighter Pablo's band
Comrades
Comrades
Friends
Pablo
Supposed leader of the
guerrillas; drinks too much
Anselmo Comrades Rafael

Old man; guides Jordan Guerrilla fighter in
through the mountains Pablo's band
Comrades
Spouses
Fernando Pilar
Guerrilla fighter in Real leader of the band
Pablo's band of guerrillas
Main Character
Other Major Character
Minor Character

For Whom the Bell Tolls Study Guide Plot Summary 6
Full Character List Joaquín Joaquín is one of El Sordo's guerrillas.
Ignacio Ignacio is one of Pablo's guerrillas.

Character Description
Karkov is a correspondent for Pravda,

Robert Jordan is an American professor Karkov the Russian newspaper, and a friend of
Robert teaching in Spain who has volunteered Robert Jordan.
Jordan with the International Brigade as an
explosives specialist.
Kashkin was the Russian explosives
specialist whom Robert Jordan
Maria is a young woman who has been Kashkin
replaced; Jordan shot him to end his
taken in by Pablo's band after seeing suffering.
Maria
her family killed and being raped by
Nationalist soldiers.
Marty is a paranoid French commissar
Marty
considered crazy by everyone.
Pilar is a heavyset woman who is
Pilar emotionally strong enough to be the
real leader of Pablo's guerrilla band. Miranda is a Republican Lieutenant-
Miranda commander who only wants to keep his
rank.
Pablo is a heavyset Republican whose
band of guerrillas hides in the
Pablo Mora Mora is a Fascist commander.
mountains, but he is losing his ability to
lead well because he drinks too much.
Primitivo is an older guerrilla with a flat
Primitivo
Anselmo is an old guerrilla who leads face because his nose has been broken.
Robert Jordan into the mountains to
Anselmo
Pablo's band and who helps him blow
Rafael is a half-gypsy guerrilla in Pablo's
up the bridge.
band who is not reliable at all and leaves
Rafael
his station frequently, but is a very good
Agustín is a foul-mouthed guerrilla in guitarist.
Agustín Pablo's band who loves Maria and
keeps an eye out for her.
Andrés
Andrés is a young, intelligent, and fast
guerrilla in Pablo's band.
k Plot Summary
Berrendo Berrendo is a Fascist lieutenant.

The First Day
Eladio is a young guerrilla in Pablo's
Eladio
band. For Whom the Bell Tolls is set in May 1937 in the mountains of
Spain during the Spanish Civil War. American Robert Jordan,
El Sordo is the half-deaf leader of an explosives specialist, is a volunteer with the International
El Sordo
another guerrilla band in the hills. Brigade and takes orders from Golz, a Russian general doing
his best to stage attacks with limited support from his
Fernando Fernando is a guerrilla in Pablo's band. superiors. Golz has ordered Jordan to blow up a bridge near
Segovia with the help of guerrilla forces hiding in the
Golz is a Russian general who gives mountains nearby. Anselmo, an old guerrilla, guides Jordan
Golz
orders to Robert Jordan.
through the mountains to meet up with Pablo, the leader of one
of the guerrilla bands. Pablo is a heavy drinker who speaks his
Gomez is a Republican commander who
Gomez mind rudely and does not want to risk the lives of his band by
helps Andrés find Golz.
engaging in what he thinks is a foolhardy mission.

Jordan and Anselmo go to Pablo's camp where they meet Pilar, band in the hills and realizes that the Fascists know about their
Pablo's wife, and the six remaining guerrillas of varying age and plan, hence the early attack. He is convinced that they have to
ability. The camp is in a well-hidden cave that is up the cancel the bridge operation and the Republicans have to put
mountain from the steel bridge that traverses the gorge. There off their attack. The Fascist planes arrive, dropping bombs on
is also a young woman named Maria whose family was killed by El Sordo's hill. It's clear that El Sordo's band are all dead, and
the Nationalists and who was brutally raped before being Jordan now knows that he must get word to Golz. Andrés, who
rescued. Maria and Jordan immediately lock eyes, and Jordan is the fastest and quite intelligent, is sent to tell Golz to cancel
falls for her. Meanwhile Pilar and the other guerrillas are on the attack, but Gomez takes him to various stations. No one
board for blowing up the bridge, and Pilar forces Pablo to will lead him directly to Golz. That night Jordan and Maria
agree to it. Pilar, the real leader of the guerrilla band, tells fantasize about their married life in Madrid, but Jordan feels
Jordan that El Sordo, the leader of another band, will be there the pressure of losing everything he has. Still he feels that with
that evening and can help. Anselmo and Jordan go to the Maria, his life has been complete, even if only for a few days.
bridge to plan out their attack. That night after dinner it is clear
that El Sordo is not coming, so Jordan goes to bed. Maria joins
him later under his sleeping robe, and they make love. The Last Day
At two in the morning, Pilar tells Jordan that Pablo has
The Second Day disappeared, taking with him the means necessary to detonate
the explosives. Jordan tries to put together a plan with what he
The next morning Pilar takes Jordan to see El Sordo, and has left, and he realizes he and Anselmo will have to wire the
Maria accompanies them. El Sordo agrees to help with the bridge using grenades under the cover of darkness. They rise
bridge plan, though he feels that it is dangerous to do so in before dawn, and Pablo, who feels bad about what he did,
daylight as Fascists could discover them. Jordan agrees, but returns with five men on horses to make up for the fact that he
he has to go by Golz's plan, which is to wait for the tossed the explosives into a river. He still hates Jordan for
Republicans to attack before blowing the bridge. On the way making them go through with this operation, but he's willing to
back to the camp, Pilar sits down to nap, and Jordan and Maria help again in order to stay with Pilar. Jordan and Anselmo blow
make love in the woods. Maria tells Pilar later that the earth the bridge, and Anselmo dies in the explosion. Jordan is
moved for her, and Pilar says that only happens three times in astonished he has lived through it.
a lifetime. Pilar teases Jordan asking if it moved for him too,
and he says it did. Meanwhile Gomez and Andrés meet Miranda who sends them
to André Marty, a crazy and paranoid French commissar. Marty
When they are back at the camp, a drunk Pablo begins to stops them from getting to Golz on time, but Karkov steps in
harangue Jordan, and several of the guerrillas try to goad him and forces his hand, because he knows Jordan and knows of
into provoking Jordan to kill him, because they want him dead the operation. When they finally reach Golz, it's too late to stop
but don't want to do it themselves. Agustín, the foul-mouthed the Republican attack. Later that morning Pablo comes back
guerrilla who also loves Maria, hits Pablo but that still doesn't from fighting, bringing horses. He shot their riders, members of
move him. Pablo wanders off, and when he comes back, his own party, to provide horses to help his remaining band
suddenly he has changed his mind and wants to help. Jordan is members escape. Pablo, Pilar, Primitivo, Rafael, and Agustín
suspicious. Maria and Jordan make love that night and decide ride with Maria and Jordan to escape, and they are shot at. No
they are husband and wife, one body. one but Jordan is hurt: Jordan's horse falls on him and breaks
his leg so badly he can't move. Jordan decides that he must
stay behind, so as not to hamper their progress, sending Maria
The Third Day to escape with Agustín, Primitivo, Rafael, Pablo, and Pilar. Maria
tries to stay with Jordan, but he tells her he is with her
Jordan wakes up and discovers a Fascist cavalryman has wherever she goes, and he makes her leave. Jordan lies down
found their camp and he shoots him, waking the camp. Later in the pines and points his gun on the Fascists, hoping to at
that morning he can hear Fascist troops attacking El Sordo's least make a little bit of a difference before he is caught.

Plot Diagram
Climax
11
10
12
9
Falling Action
Rising Action 8
13
7
6 14
5
15
4
Resolution
3
2
1
Introduction
8. Drunk Pablo berates Robert Jordan, who wants to kill Pablo.

Introduction
9. Maria and Robert Jordan decide they are husband and wife.
1. Golz orders Robert Jordan to blow up a bridge near Segovia. 10. Fascist planes bomb El Sordo and ruin the bridge plan.
Rising Action Climax
2. Anselmo guides Robert Jordan to find Pablo in mountains. 11. Robert Jordan sends Andrés to have Golz cancel the
attack.
3. Robert Jordan meets Pilar, Maria, and guerrillas at camp.
4. Pablo refuses to blow up the bridge, but Pilar will do it.
5. Robert Jordan and Anselmo scout the bridge to plan the Falling Action
job.
12. Pablo throws out some explosives but feels bad and
6. Robert Jordan and Maria make love under his sleeping robe. returns.
7. Pilar takes Robert Jordan and Maria to meet El Sordo band. 13. Robert Jordan and Anselmo blow the bridge, and Anselmo

dies.
14. Most of Pablo's band dies; Robert Jordan breaks his leg.
Resolution
15. Robert Jordan stays, sending Maria with Agustín and Pilar.

Timeline of Events
Day 1, morning
Golz orders Robert Jordan to blow up a bridge near

Segovia, sending Anselmo to guide him.
Several hours later
Anselmo brings Robert Jordan to find Pablo and meet

Pilar, Maria, and guerrillas at Pablo's camp.
Early that evening
Pablo won't agree to help blow the bridge; Pilar and the
others make him agree to help.
That evening
Robert Jordan and Anselmo scout the bridge and plan

how to blow it up.
That night
Maria comes to Robert Jordan to make love under his

sleeping robe.
Day 2, morning
Pilar takes Robert Jordan and Maria to meet El Sordo's

band and discuss the bridge plan.
That afternoon
Robert Jordan and Maria make love, and Maria tells Pilar
the earth moved.
Later that evening
Pablo changes his mind and decides he will help with the
bridge plan.
That night
Maria and Robert Jordan make love and decide they are
husband and wife.
Day 3, morning

Robert Jordan shoots a Fascist soldier.
Later that morning
Fascist troops attack El Sordo's band in the hills.
Afternoon
Fascist planes bomb El Sordo's band and kill them.
That evening
Robert Jordan sends Andrés to get Golz to cancel the

attack.
Day 4, before dawn
Pablo, who had stolen and abandoned explosives,

returns with five men.
Early morning
Robert Jordan and Anselmo blow up the bridge, and

Anselmo dies.
Later
Gomez and Andrés meet Miranda.
Later
Marty stops Gomez and Andrés from getting to Golz on

time.
Later that morning
Pablo returns with the horses, having shot their riders,

his own party.
Later
Pablo, Pilar, Maria, and the other survivors escape, but

Robert Jordan breaks his leg.
Afternoon
Robert Jordan stays behind, sending Maria to escape

with Agustín and the others.

For Whom the Bell Tolls Study Guide Chapter Summaries 12
Robert Jordan is a man who doesn't want to get emotionally

c Chapter Summaries involved with anyone or anything, so as not to ruin his ability to
do his job well. He says he has no time for women, and he
prides himself on remaining cold. However his interior
Chapter 1 monologue is extremely involved: he thinks deeply about

everyone he meets, trying to assess their personalities and
their possibilities as friends or foes.
Summary Pablo is a mess, a very heavy drinker who had a reputation for
being absolutely ruthless in killing Fascists, but is now afraid of
The first chapter of For Whom the Bell Tolls opens in the death. His explanation to Anselmo, Jordan's guide, about why
Pyrenees, near Segovia, Spain. Robert Jordan, an American he doesn't want to help with the mission is all about protecting
teacher who has volunteered as an explosives expert for the his band of guerrillas. Anselmo, however, is not about to go
Republican side in the Spanish Civil War, has been ordered by against Republican orders. Anselmo is a man who hates to kill
Golz, his Russian general, to blow up a bridge on the road to people but recognizes that in war he has no choice. His
Segovia. However the mission has not been well thought out: dialogue with Jordan shows his intelligence and his level-
Jordan suspects it won't turn out well, and Golz thinks it is headed personality, but with Pablo he knows exactly which
bound to fail, but he has his order, and must pass on the order buttons to push to shame him into doing what he is asked.
to Jordan, whether or not they have the materials to do the job
correctly. More often than not, they don't have the right
materials, because Golz can only order a limited supply, and it's Chapter 2
never enough.
Right at the start of the chapter, the reader is introduced to

Anselmo, an old guerrilla with a band hiding in the mountains. Summary
Anselmo has been asked to be Jordan's guide, and he brings
Robert Jordan is introduced to Rafael, the gypsy who traps
Jordan to meet Pablo, the leader of the guerrilla band. Pablo is
animals for their meat; Maria, the girl the guerrillas found by a
a big, dangerous character who drinks more than he should,
rock when they blew up a train with prisoners on it; and Pilar,
and he doesn't look happy. When Anselmo asks him to take
Pablo's wife. Jordan learns part of the story about Maria from
one of the bags that Jordan has brought, Pablo won't do it, and
Rafael, who tells him that Maria was in terrible shape when
Pablo accuses Jordan of bringing danger and death to his
they found her, and they all had to take turns carrying her up
band. He thinks that blowing up the bridge will bring attention
the mountain. Maria has hair a "little longer than the fur on a
to where he and his group are hiding, and the Fascists will find
beaver pelt" because she was regularly shaved as a prisoner.
them. Pablo doesn't want any part of the bridge operation, but
Rafael says that Maria has only just started to act normal, and
Anselmo shames him into picking up the bag and moving up
she's fine around Jordan. Jordan tells Rafael and Maria that he
the mountain.
has been sent to replace Kashkin, the man who blew up the
train, because Kashkin is dead.
Analysis Pilar tells Jordan that Maria was also regularly raped as a
prisoner. Pilar is a woman in her fifties who is considered ugly,
Hemingway introduces four characters in the first chapter,
but is extremely funny, has a tendency to insult the guerrillas
using dialogue. The first, Golz, described by Jordan as the best
with foul language, and is clearly the real leader of the group.
general he's ever served under, is a man who likes to do things
Pilar asks Jordan to take Maria to a home for young women
right, and yet he can't given that he gets all of his supplies from
like her once the mission is over, because Pablo is starting to
Russia, and he can never order as much as he actually needs.
obsess over her, and the camp is no place for her. Jordan
The reader gets a sense from the dialogue of how frustrated
agrees to do it. When Jordan speaks with Maria and tells her
Golz is and how doomed the mission is.
that he has no time for women, she laughs, but then they look

at each other and she blushes. Jordan gets a thickness in his actually a Fascist patrol and Jordan knows it. After Jordan
throat every time he talks with her or talks about her with Pilar. makes his sketches, they figure out how many men are at the
bridge and where they are stationed. Anselmo says that
Pilar tells Jordan that El Sordo, the leader of another band that Jordan should hunt with him when the war is over, and he
will help them, is coming that evening, and Jordan goes to admits to Jordan that he doesn't like killing people at all.
check out the bridge with Anselmo before El Sordo is
supposed to arrive. Once the men are done at the bridge, they run into Agustín on
the way to the camp. Agustín stops them, and Jordan
introduces himself. Jordan is somewhat horrified at the fact
Analysis that Agustín can't say a full sentence without including a
particular unprintable obscenity, but Agustín says that's just
Again Hemingway uses dialogue to introduce each new the way he speaks. As Anselmo and Jordan come to the cave,
character to the reader. Pilar seems like a battleaxe, but she is Anselmo tells Jordan that Agustín is foulmouthed but is a very
also the one who keeps everyone honest and keeps the camp good man. He says that Pilar and Agustín are both trustworthy
running smoothly. Rafael keeps telling Robert Jordan that he enough to guard Jordan's explosives, and that Jordan must
shouldn't mess with Pilar, and that she's brutal, but Jordan make sure they are guarded at all times, because Pablo has
wants to meet her, to get it over with. Jordan likes people who turned bad and is not to be trusted. Anselmo tells Jordan that
speak plainly, and Pilar is certainly a woman who doesn't mince El Sordo is "as good as the other is bad," but they have no
words. She is also fiercely protective of Maria and is afraid that choice but to deal with Pablo, because this is his country.
Pablo is going to make a move on the young girl if she doesn't
get her out of the camp soon.
Analysis
Pilar asks Jordan about the real difficulty of the bridge mission.
This interaction reveals that she doesn't trust Pablo to get the Hemingway uses dialogue and gestures to develop Anselmo's
job done right. Her revelation about Pablo tells the reader that character as well as that of Robert Jordan. Anselmo has had to
Pablo may not be all that he seems, and that he is capable of kill people before, but he is a gentle person and is deeply
being deceitful. affected every time he has to kill a man. When he pulls his
finger across his throat to signify that they are going to have to
Hemingway also uses a bit of dialogue to show the connection
kill the sentry in order to wire the bridge, Jordan nods and
between Maria and Jordan, but the description of how each of
smiles, but Anselmo doesn't return the smile. To Anselmo there
them look and how Jordan feels when he looks at her reveals
is nothing to smile about: killing another man is a sin. Jordan
that he is falling for her very quickly. It is more than her beauty,
has no such qualms about killing people, or so he thinks. As the
because he keeps telling himself that she would be beautiful if
novel progresses and he develops relationships with the
she had her hair. It is the way that she moves and speaks, and
people in his band, he is going to have to reevaluate how cold
this chapter shows the beginning of a relationship that will
he can be.
become central to the novel.
Agustín is a funny and caring person, but it's hard to tell just by
listening to him. By this time the reader will have noticed that
Chapter 3 Hemingway has the Spanish characters in this novel, as well as
Robert Jordan, use the translations of the informal Spanish
"you," as "thee" and "thou," and Agustín is no exception. It
Summary sounds weirdly formal to the English speaker, but Hemingway
wanted to distinguish between the informal and the polite
Robert Jordan and Anselmo go to check out the bridge, and second person in Spanish, and needed words that were clearly
Jordan makes sketches so that he knows exactly how to set singular rather than plural. Hemingway also uses the literal
up the explosives when the time comes. He and Anselmo see English translations of Spanish idioms for swear phrases to
planes overhead, and they both tell each other that they are give the reader an idea of just how insulting the Spanish
Republican planes to make themselves feel better, but it is language can be. Finally Hemingway uses literal translations of

Spanish phrasing into English to transmit the flavor of the past is full of murderous acts. Now the war has been going on
language and the character of the people. for a year, and he fears that the Fascists will find his band if
they blow up the bridge, and they will all die.
Chapter 4 Pilar, in stating that she is in command, is revealing what has

likely been the case for a long time, given that Pablo is a
drunkard and she is a woman with an extremely strong
personality. Jordan thinks that Pilar doesn't really understand
Summary how dangerous and prone to failure this mission is, but Pilar is
not stupid. She is, however, so loyal to the Republic that she
Robert Jordan and Anselmo are at the camp, and it becomes
knows one has to do what one has been ordered to do in order
clear to Jordan that Pablo has been talking about him with the
to serve the Republic, and she may be a guerrilla with no
rest of the guerrillas. Jordan brings his sacks of explosives into
general above her, but she knows that Jordan doesn't have the
the cave in order to keep an eye on them, and Pablo tells him
same luxury to give up on the mission.
he doesn't want explosives in the cave, but Jordan brushes it
off, offering him cigarettes. He looks around at the other
guerrillas; Primitivo, with a broken nose and flat face; and two
brothers.
Chapter 5
Pablo says that he and his band will not blow up the bridge,
and Jordan says that he will do it alone with Anselmo. Pablo Summary
tells him that there will be no blowing up the bridge. Jordan
wants to know what Pilar thinks, and she says she is for Robert Jordan goes outside to get some air, and Rafael follows
blowing the bridge and against Pablo, who is a drunkard and a him. Rafael asks him quietly, "Why didst thou not kill Pablo?"
coward. The rest of the guerrillas fall in step right behind Pilar, Jordan has no idea that this was the reason for the silence and
and Pablo is furious, because he is in command. Pilar tells him, tension in the cave: all of the guerrillas were expecting that
"Here I command!" Pablo says he wants to be safe, but Pilar Jordan would kill Pablo, since Pablo was refusing to help with
reminds him that no one is as safe as they think they are. She the mission. This is why Pilar sent the girl outside, he finds out.
uses her former lover, Finito, as an example, and his Rafael keeps egging him on to kill Pablo, but Jordan wants to
colleagues, who thought they knew when they had killed a bull know why someone else doesn't do it. He tells himself that
in the ring, but ended up being gored by the supposedly dead killing a man and then working with that man's group afterward
bull. Pablo eventually relents but reminds her, "I am not stupid." is not a good idea.
Pablo comes outside to smoke, and tells Jordan not to pay

Analysis attention to Pilar, that she is devoted to the Republic, and that
he is welcome there and will be helped. Then Pablo goes to
The reader is introduced to Primitivo and the two brother check on his horses. Rafael says that Jordan should go kill him,
guerrillas who are not yet named. The dialogue is meant to give but Jordan sends him down to Agustín to tell him what
the reader a sense of the tension in the cave, which is already happened. Jordan goes to see what Pablo is doing in the
present when Robert Jordan arrives with Anselmo. Jordan tries meadow. He hears Pablo telling a horse how beautiful it is, as
to alleviate the tension, but discovers that even Rafael, who the horse stands there, annoyed, and tries to eat. Jordan
had been joking with him before, is suddenly no longer decides it isn't worth the risk to kill him, and that Pablo really is
interested in being cordial. checking on his horses, so Jordan goes back to the cave.
Pablo is determined not to have any part in blowing up the

bridge, and he is frustrated that no one is thinking the same: Analysis
"Am I the only one who sees the seriousness of this?" But he is
portrayed as protesting in a pitiful manner, partially because he This chapter is unsettling, in that Robert Jordan didn't realize
is drunk, and partially because, unbeknownst to Jordan, Pablo's what was happening earlier in the cave. He had thought of

killing Pablo, certainly, but he knew he didn't really want to take and it isn't necessary to kill Pablo: in fact his restraint has
the risk. The mission is more important to him, and he is smart ensured that he is safe with the band. She sends him to bed.
enough to know that in the heat of anger and frustration, one
can do things that have permanent consequences. Jordan
knows, first and foremost, that people's feelings change once Analysis
one of their own has been hurt or killed in front of their eyes.
The reality of the situation is very different than the fantasy. Pilar, realizing that there is a connection between Robert
Jordan and Maria, encourages Jordan to see Maria as
In addition while Jordan knows it's possible that either Agustín beautiful, which he already does. He runs his hand over Maria's
or Rafael might kill Pablo, he doesn't have that responsibility, as shorn head, and it affects him deeply, partly because she has
the foreigner who is already introducing a dangerous mission just told him that her father did not have the means to kill
into the mix. There is enough on Jordan's shoulders, and his himself to avoid torture as Jordan's father did, but also
emotional restraint, while being goaded all the while by the because he's in love with her. Hemingway uses gestures and
tension and Pablo's disagreeable attitude, is still intact: a connections between the two characters to show the
necessary trait in a person who is supposed to keep his cool development of their feelings for each other.
while blowing up a bridge. This levelheadedness will stand him
in good stead later in the novel. Hemingway also uses Pilar's joking as a way to show how the
Spanish use humor in nearly every situation. Jordan is offended
at her using "Don" jokingly as an honorific, because its roots
Chapter 6 are in the Church and royalty, and he believes that it isn't
appropriate given who they are fighting. Pilar explains to him
that the Spanish have joked about their old flag and now they
joke the same way about their new one, but he's not buying it.
Summary There is a cultural difference between them, as well as a
difference in age: Jordan is younger, and Pilar's years of
Chapter 6 opens inside the cave with Robert Jordan sitting
experience have taught her when to joke and when to hold
next to the fire, talking to Pilar and Maria. Pilar wonders why El
back. Pilar doesn't really hold back very much, though: she's a
Sordo hasn't come to the cave, and tells Jordan that they must
straightforward woman who speaks her mind no matter what
go see him the next day. Maria asks if she can come, and Pilar
the outcome might be.
says she can. Pilar then asks Jordan what he thinks of Maria's
looks. Jordan says, "To me she seems very well." Maria When Jordan and Pilar speak alone for a minute, Pilar tells
suggests that he needs to be fairly drunk on wine to see her as Jordan that he did the right thing by not acting against Pablo.
beautiful, but he tells her he already does see her that way. As Jordan had suspected, although he doesn't fully understand
Pilar is impressed by this talk, but then jokes and calls him "Don its extent, he would have damaged his ability to work with this
Roberto," which he takes offense to. Pilar teases him for not band of guerrillas to accomplish his mission. Jordan fears that
being able to joke, saying that she can joke about anything, and he has been weak, but Pilar tells him he has "passed all
Maria says it's because he's a Communist. But Jordan says capacity for danger" meaning that the fact that he restrained
he's not, he's an anti-Fascist. himself elevates him in their eyes. This level of respect will
come into play later in the novel.
They talk about republicanism, and Jordan tells them that his
father killed himself to avoid being tortured. Maria becomes
emotional, and wishes her father had the same option. She
thinks this is why she and Jordan have clicked. Jordan touches Chapter 7
her hair and says he has wanted to do that all day. Pilar
suggests that if Jordan is going to sleep outside, she should
sleep with his materials beside her. Jordan asks to speak with Summary
her privately, and tells her that Rafael urged him to kill Pablo.
Pilar tells Jordan that he did right by ignoring Rafael's request, This chapter is a love scene between Maria and Robert Jordan.
Maria comes to his sleeping robe and is barefoot but dressed.

Jordan tells her to get under the robe to stay warm, and he
kisses her, but she is uncomfortable, and worried that he
Summary
doesn't love her because of what the soldiers did to her, and
It is the morning of the second day, and Robert Jordan sees
she tells him how they held her down and hurt her. Jordan tells
Fascist planes flying overhead: first Fiats coming three at a
her that he loves her more now. She wants to be able to kiss
time, then Heinkel one-elevens, which are bombers. Everyone
him but has never kissed before, and wonders "where the
in the cave stands at the entrance, staring at the sky, and
noses would go." Jordan turns her head so that he can kiss
Jordan tells them there will be more planes. Sure enough there
her, and he calls her "my little rabbit." He asks her if she wants
are five more formations of three Fiats, following on the heels
to make love, and she tells him that she has thought that this
of the bombers. Jordan times their flight, but hears no bombs,
may help her to heal from her trauma, making love with
so he assumes that they have gone to bomb an airfield further
someone who truly loves her. He tells her, "thou art my woman
away. All the same, nervous about what is to come, Jordan tells
now," and they make love.
Anselmo he needs him to go monitor the road to the bridge
and write down everything he sees. He teaches Anselmo a
pictorial code to use for each type of vehicle or troop because
Analysis Anselmo can't write. Then he tells Rafael to watch the nearby
sawmill and bridge and record how often the guards and posts
The love story, which is central to the novel's plot, here comes
change.
to fruition. Hemingway uses Maria's inexperience combined
with her knowledge of what a woman does when she loves a As they head back into the cave, Jordan tells Pilar that he is
man to evoke the tenderness between Maria and Robert sure the planes were not searching for guerrillas. But Pilar
Jordan. The dialogue between them shows both Maria's fear worries about the unusually high number of planes. She asks
and the results of trauma, and her urge to overcome it so that Fernando, a very serious man whom Jordan hasn't seen before
she can fully love Jordan in a way she feels he deserves. and who is very preoccupied with being dignified, what he saw
in nearby La Granja, and he says there was no movement of
It is also interesting to note that although there is a level of
troops, but there is a rumor that the Republicans are about to
innocence lost because of the horrible things that were done
stage a big attack and blow up two bridges. Jordan is taken
to her in wartime, she still retains some of the innocence of a
aback by this, and realizes that the Fascists probably know
young girl experiencing her first love. In contrast to that
about the attack and the bridge mission.
innocence is her wisdom regarding healing. Love heals trauma,
and although Pilar told her this to educate her, she had already Pilar tells a story of a wonderful time she had with her former
been thinking in those terms, showing a wisdom that is beyond lover, Finito, at Valencia, and Pablo says that he has done
her years. things together with Pilar, too. While they couldn't go to
Valencia, they did blow up a train together. Pilar says that
Jordan also changes in this one night, going from being certain
amongst his "laziness, sloth and failure," the train is a good
that he is going to drop Maria off at a home when he finishes
moment, but for her, "no one can speak against Valencia either.
the mission, to telling her that she is his woman, and never
You hear me?"
wanting to leave her. His love for her deepens in such a short
time, which is how their love must unfold given how little time
they have before he carries out his mission and possibly loses
his life. This idea that they must live an entire lifetime with each
Analysis
other in four days comes up often throughout the novel.
Hemingway uses the planes to represent the fear and
vulnerability that the guerrillas experience hiding in the
mountains. Robert Jordan's response to the number of planes
Chapter 8 flying overhead, which is more than any of the guerrillas have
seen before, is a classic fear response in a person who is used
to keeping a cool head in war. Jordan immediately sends two
men to gather information for him to ensure the success of his

mission. does.
Jordan's conversation with Fernando is also revealing in a few Jordan says that he doesn't allow anything to interfere with his
different ways. Fernando's obsessive need to be dignified work, and that he has never found a woman who moved him,
makes him express everything he hears on his trips into town but Pilar says he lies. Jordan admits that he cares for Maria
as rumors, because of the way the information is passed as very much. He also tells Pilar that he cares for her. Agustín
town gossip. In addition Fernando is passing on information arrives and Jordan goes into the cave to see Maria. Jordan
that is deeply disturbing to Jordan. The whole town knows that kisses her on the mouth, and Fernando is upset until Pilar tells
there is a Republican attack coming, and that it will involve him Maria and Jordan are engaged. Then it's just fine with
blowing up at least one bridge right where they are. Somehow Fernando because dignity is upheld. A conversation ensues
the Fascists have learned of the attack, which, Jordan thinks to between Agustín and Pilar about guarding the explosives and
himself, they always do. This makes the attack almost a suicide seeing the planes, which is essentially a volley of insults and
mission, but Jordan has no choice but to continue to plan and foul language. But then Agustín becomes serious and tells her
go through with it. that something terrible is going to happen, and Pilar knows this
means they have to retreat as soon as the bridge is blown.
This dialogue also shows the relationships between Pilar, Agustín insists that Pablo is the one to lead them in retreat, and
Maria, and Fernando, which are affectionate, and yet the that Pilar is not smart, though she is many other things. He
women have a great time teasing Fernando about how serious urges her to get Pablo to study the best way to retreat, and
he is in every conversation. Unfortunately Pilar chooses this she says she will think about it. She departs to see El Sordo
time to bring up her former lover in Valencia and how accompanied by Jordan and Maria.
wonderful her time was with him. When Pablo protests she
uses his protests as an opportunity to tell him again that he is a
coward and a lazy man. He may have blown up a train before, Analysis
but his days of bravery are over.
This chapter is where the tension begins to rise within the
band as a result of their vulnerability. Pilar has made a
Chapter 9 judgment error in telling the Valencia story in front of Pablo,
and she knows it. It's one thing for her to accuse him of being a
coward, but it's another to flaunt a previous relationship in a
Summary way that sounds like her current one has never been as good.
Pablo tries to defend himself, but she snaps at him and links
Three more fighter planes fly over the treetops, close enough one of his successes, the train explosion, to his failures and
that everyone can see the pilots' faces. This is extremely what she views as his cowardice.
disturbing, and Pilar thinks that she and Robert Jordan and
The exchange with Agustín, however, foreshadows events that
Maria should walk to go see El Sordo. She asks Jordan if he
may prove that Pablo was right all along about the level of
and Maria made love, because Maria wouldn't tell her. Jordan
danger that this mission poses. Agustín says that Pablo is
won't either, so Pilar assumes they have, and tells him to be
smart and Pilar, while loyal and brave, is not smart. Pablo's
careful with her. Then she admits that the planes have brought
talent and intelligence is needed for being able to get out of
up a sadness in her and that many of them will not live to "see
this mess alive, he says, and urges Pilar to get Pablo to study
another Sunday." "We are nothing against such machines," she
how they're going to retreat once the attack happens.
says. She also thinks this sadness comes from the fact that
she "wounded [Pablo] much with the story" about Valencia. Pilar's exchange with Robert Jordan, however, shows she is
She tells Jordan that she made it clear to Pablo that she is in quite smart when it comes to relationships. Not only does she
charge, and that although he doesn't like Jordan, he didn't kill know when she's done something unacceptable to Pablo, but
him because he thinks Jordan is "a good boy." Pablo admits to she also knows that the relationship between Jordan and
Pilar that he is afraid to die, and Pilar may have fears, but she Maria is a lifelong love that will only last another four days if
doesn't let it affect her loyalty to the Republic the way Pablo they can't escape the mountains. She tells Jordan that she will

give him time alone with Maria during the day as they travel is disgusted by that aspect of him as well. She is definitely
back and forth from El Sordo's camp, because having time in disgusted with drunkenness, and says it causes people to do
the daylight as well as at night is important. She knows that awful things they would never do if they hadn't been drinking.
they are in grave danger. She is, however, not ready to trust The drunkenness may be the real issue behind her current
that Pablo can pull them out of it, because his fear has taken feelings for Pablo.
over.
Another passage that reveals much about Pilar is her thoughts
on her ugliness. Instead of just saying that she is ugly, she
Chapter 10 elaborates by describing what it is like to feel inside that one is

beautiful, and have someone be attracted to that, but then
begin to see the ugliness on the outside instead of the beauty
on the inside. It seems that Pilar, though she has loved many
Summary men, has also been hurt by almost all of them. Her revelations
about ugliness and beauty reveal that she, too, is capable of
Pilar, Robert Jordan, and Maria walk to El Sordo's camp, but
having her feelings hurt.
Pilar needs to stop partway to soak her feet in a stream.
Jordan asks her if she ever goes to Segovia, and she says she
can't because her ugly face is recognizable. She says she
would have made a handsome man, but she is "all woman and
Chapter 11
all ugly."
Then Jordan asks how she ended up with Pablo, and Pilar tells Summary
the horrific story of Pablo clearing out their town of Fascists
and starting the revolution there. Fascists were put through a Pilar, Maria, and Robert Jordan visit El Sordo and his band.
gauntlet, beaten to death by the townspeople so that no one They first meet up with Joaquín, who teases Maria about the
actually shot anyone and no one had to take complete fact that he helped to carry her from the train they blew up. He
responsibility for their deaths. The bodies were tossed over the also relates that his parents were shot, his sister jailed, and his
cliff into the river, dead or not. The drunkenness of the crowd brother-in-law is likely dead. Pilar's story of death made Jordan
turned them into vicious killers. Pilar tells Jordan and Maria that see the deaths and experience the violence, where Joaquín's
she slept with Pablo that night, but she saw one victim's wife story is similar to those he has heard so much, just a list of who
on her balcony, "kneeling and crying." Pilar says this was the was shot—and then Joaquín tears up. Joaquín apologizes for
worst day of her life until the Fascists attacked three days bringing up family in front of Maria, but has to turn away
later, and she didn't want to tell that story in front of Maria. because he is crying. Maria is moved by Joaquín's tears and
puts her arms around him, kissing him "as a brother" and telling
him he has a family with their band. He is embarrassed and
Analysis apologizes. He is even more embarrassed when Pilar says she
will kiss him, and this makes Pilar angry.
Readers see the personality Pablo had before Robert Jordan
met him, according to Pilar. Pablo is known among guerrillas as They meet up with El Sordo and send Maria away while they
being ruthless and fierce, intelligent and quick to mount an discuss business. Weirdly he speaks pidgin (a simplified
attack. Pilar's disgust with Pablo's fear of death now and his version of a language) Spanish with Jordan, who wonders if
interest in keeping his band safe by not fulfilling the mission of this is to make foreigners understand. They discuss how many
the Republic is an interesting contrast with the way she felt as men and horses they have, and realize they are short on men
people were being bludgeoned to death and tossed over the and shorter on horses. Pilar and El Sordo try to figure out
cliff that long ago. She was horrified by it, and began not to where their groups will flee to after the bridge is blown, and he
have the stomach for killing, even though the people going to suggests Gredos, but she wants to go to the Republic. Jordan
their deaths were Fascists. notices that his language changes with Pilar. Jordan says they
would be better off at Gredos, and Pilar breaks into a "flood of
Part of Pilar admires Pablo for his ruthlessness, but part of her

obscene invective." She tells Jordan to "leave us others alone expresses jealousy of Maria's beauty, making it clear that she
here to decide what part of these hills we'll die in." She isn't all is not attracted to Maria, but is jealous of the fact that she is
that kind to Maria, either, who hears her being insulting. Then beautiful and young, and tells Robert Jordan that she is also
El Sordo says that blowing the bridge in daylight is too jealous of him. Then she says that she will walk back to camp
dangerous, but Jordan says he will be shot if they do it any alone so that they can have time together. Jordan worries
other way, so El Sordo agrees to do it the way Jordan must. about her because she looks ill, but Maria says to let her go.
Pilar deeply wants to return to the Republic: El Sordo says, "Let
us win this and it will all be Republic."
Analysis
Analysis Pilar is struggling because she wants to make things easier for
the young lovers to spend time together, knowing that Robert
Readers are introduced to El Sordo, a man deaf in one ear Jordan may end up being killed in the bridge explosion, and
(hence his name, which means "the deaf one"). El Sordo treats they may all die as they try to escape from the Fascists.
Robert Jordan like a foreigner, unsure of his ability to However she is no longer able to feel what they feel in her
communicate, by speaking stilted Spanish, but when he speaks relationship with Pablo, as Pablo just keeps getting worse,
with Pilar, he changes to fluent Spanish. Jordan finds this odd, drinking more, and spending his time alternately living in fear,
but eventually El Sordo reverts completely to fluent Spanish as feeling ashamed of himself, and cuddling his horses, who
it becomes clear that Jordan is competent. receive far more attention than Pilar does.
The setup of the bridge mission, however, is as disastrous as Her sense of herself as ugly is also apparent again, and when
Jordan suspected it would be. El Sordo is not able to get as Maria is right there in her lap, close enough to stare at intently,
many men as they thought, and only half as many horses as it is extremely hard for her to feel anything but jealousy. She
men. In addition El Sordo says it is far better and safer to blow struggles with the fact that she has these feelings, but she also
the bridge in the middle of the night. But Jordan can't go loves Maria deeply and doesn't want to hurt her. To be jealous
against General Golz's orders, even though Golz knows this of a loved one is to be emotionally conflicted, torn between
mission is doomed. Jordan says the mission is simple "on hating and loving.
paper," and El Sordo knows at that point that Jordan is well
aware of the craziness of the mission. El Sordo says they
should execute the mission on paper, then. But he agrees to Chapter 13
help anyway, as it is for the Republic.
El Sordo's reactions to Jordan change throughout the visit

according to how Pilar treats him and how he responds. When
Summary
Jordan risks having his head torn off verbally by continuing to
Maria and Robert Jordan walk in the heather together, hand in
mention Gredos, El Sordo grins and begins to treat Jordan as
hand, and Jordan kisses her, holding her tight. They end up
an equal. Risking a dressing-down by Pilar shows that Jordan
making love in the heather and Jordan says he feels so
is part of the family and is much loved by Pilar. This
wonderful with her that he wants to die right there. Maria says
acceptance earns Jordan the respect of El Sordo.
she does die each time, and that she feels the earth move.
Jordan tells her she has magic in her that makes him love her.
Chapter 12 Maria says they have that happiness for one day. But then
Jordan begins to think of his job with the bridge, and how to
accomplish it. He worries he has brought her band into
something that will make them lose their lives, but he could not
Summary have refused to do the "impossible" mission either. He thinks
about why they are fighting for a just society, and about
On the way back to their camp, Pilar apologizes to Maria for marriage with Maria. He wants to have what he has with Maria
being rude, and when they rest, has Maria lay in her lap. She

his whole life.

Chapter 14
When they walk back, they find Pilar asleep under a tree. She
wakes up and is surly with them, but Maria tells her the earth
moved. She asks Jordan if it did for him, and he says it did. Pilar Summary
claims this only happens three times in a lifetime and they are
lucky. Jordan accuses her of giving him "chicken-crut," and she The snow is coming down, but the two men at their posts have
laughs at him. Then she looks at the sky and says it will snow. returned. Robert Jordan wants to go find them, as he told both
of them to stay put until they were relieved, but Pablo tells him
to stay put and refuses to help. Pablo, who has been drinking
Analysis all day, encourages Jordan to partake in the wine as well. He
tells Jordan he shouldn't sleep outside in the snow, making it
This chapter has some beautiful descriptions of the landscape, clear that he is also unhappy that Jordan is sleeping with
descriptions for which Hemingway is famous. The way he Maria, but Jordan tells him he is fine sleeping outside.
describes the field of heather places the reader right into the
scene, and while he never explicitly says what Robert Jordan Pablo tells Jordan he brought horses for the bull rings, which is
and Maria are doing as they make love, the emotional language where he met Pilar. One of the brothers in the cave says that
connected with the beauty of the landscape gives the reader a Finito, who was with Pilar at the time, wasn't much of a
sense of the intensity between them and their knowledge that matador, and Pilar has a vision of Finito fighting a bull,
they have very little time left before the attack begins. The remembering how fierce he was in the ring. Pablo says, "He
smell of the heather, the way the heather stalks become rough was handicapped by his short stature" and Primitivo says,
when bent, and the way Maria looks all blend together: "the sun "clearly he was tubercular." Pilar goes on a rant about how
bright on her closed eyes and all his life he would remember many of the poor had to end up being matadors to make a
the curve of her throat with her head pushed back into the living. To Pablo she says, "You are afraid to die now. You think
heather roots and her lips that moved smally and by that is something of importance. But Finito was afraid all the
themselves and the fluttering of the lashes on the eyes tight time and in the ring he was like a lion." She tells the story of the
closed against the sun and against everything." club named for him, and his fear of the bull's head on the wall.
Then Rafael comes in from the cold, and Jordan decides he is
Jordan's interior monologue afterward is also long and going to find Anselmo. Fernando goes with him.
detailed. There is so much to think about: for example, the job
of wiring the bridge itself, the orders from Golz that are
admittedly impossible, the idea of marrying Maria, of dying Analysis
before he can, of putting everyone's life at risk, and of
accepting that instead of having 70 years, he may only have 72 This chapter shows how much Finito meant to Pilar, and how
hours left to live and his life is beautiful now. With Maria he she ended up with a man whom she says to herself is exactly
feels "the earth move out and away from under them." like the bulls that Finito killed. Finito overcame his fears every
single time he got into the ring, and yet Pablo can't find it in him
Pilar, however, feels horrible: she is struggling with jealousy of
to continue to fight for the Republic.
the two lovers, of their beauty, and their intensity, along with
the knowledge that everything may be blown up right along Pablo's comments to Maria and his insistence that Robert
with the bridge soon. Her sadness about this possible future, Jordan shouldn't sleep outside in the snow are also signs that
along with her sadness about Pablo being such a Pablo is interested in Maria in a sexual way, which disturbs
disappointment to her, make her unavoidably mean, until she Pilar and is part of the reason she asks Jordan to take Maria
speaks for a while with Maria and Jordan and discovers that away. Hemingway uses these subtle turns of phrase in
they have both experienced something that is rare and dialogue to show how characters feel about each other or
precious. Her love for both of them makes her joke and laugh, about situations they are dealing with. Jordan notices this right
despite her feelings of misery. away and makes it very clear to Pablo that he intends to sleep
outside: that is, with Maria.

Pilar's visions of Finito explain much of her sadness as well, watching instead of Anselmo, he would have noticed many of
having lost someone for whom she had so much passion. In these things that will prove to be important later.
addition to this type of sadness, there is the sadness that for
poor people in Spain, there were very few ways to keep food Jordan's insistence that he go find Anselmo is also important.
on the table, and they were prone to diseases that the When Jordan finally does reach Anselmo, he tells him several
bourgeoisie could avoid, such as tuberculosis. Now the poor times that he is glad to see him, and the happiness of finding
were on both sides of the war, suffering an even greater risk to Anselmo where he left him is a feeling he holds onto for as long
their lives. as he can.
Chapter 15 Chapter 16
Summary Summary
Fernando and Robert Jordan go to find Anselmo, who is still at Maria takes care of Robert Jordan and Anselmo, and Pablo
his post. Anselmo sees motorcars going by and records them, begins to insult Jordan, insisting that he wears skirts. Primitivo
but he can't tell the difference between Division staff cars and tries to change the subject by asking Jordan about what his
General Staff, which would have given Jordan an idea of what country produces and how their economic system works, and
was happening with the Fascists. Anselmo sees the men in the they come to the subject of how Pablo got rid of the Fascists in
sawmill, warm and dry, and realizes that he will have to kill them his village. Pablo says he drinks because he is sad that he killed
the next day, which he doesn't want to do. They are poor, just so many people, and if he could, he would bring them back to
like he is, though they are protected and he is living in a cave. life. Pilar and Agustín are disgusted by him. Agustín asks why
He wishes he could atone right away for the one thing he feels Jordan is in Spain, and Jordan tells him he teaches Spanish.
ashamed of: having killed men. Suddenly Jordan shows up, and Pablo begins to insult Jordan again, calling him a false
he and Fernando bring Anselmo back to the cave to get warm professor because he has no beard. Jordan begins to suspect
and eat. that Pablo is not drunk. Agustín ends up punching Pablo three
times, but Pablo is not going to do anything to justify anyone
killing him. He goes out to his horses as Agustín flings
Analysis obscenities at him.
This chapter shows how Anselmo feels about his place in the
war, and what he knows he will have to do the next day. It also Analysis
shows that, even though he is against the Church because he
is a Republican, he can't help but miss the role of prayer in his The stress level in the cave is becoming problematic,
life, which helped ease his loneliness. The sight of the soldiers especially because everyone is stuck there during the freak
in the sawmill makes him realize that he is the same as these snowstorm. Pablo is supposedly drunker than usual, but Robert
people, equally poor, and yet there they are, warm and dry, and Jordan suspects that he isn't really drunk, and is trying to get
he is hiding out under a rock. Hemingway uses interior the band to either kill him now or side with him.
monologue with Anselmo, as he has done with Robert Jordan's

It is Agustín, however, who ends up being physically violent, but
character, to develop the character for readers.
Pablo says, "I do not provoke." Agustín can swear at him and
Hemingway also drops a few more clues about how much of a knock his cup out of his hands, but Pablo will not respond in
failure this operation is going to be, in that Anselmo only writes kind. His fear of death leads him to not care that the band will
down that he has seen a motorcar, but not what type. He also follow Jordan and Pilar, and he mocks both of them regarding
doesn't know that the guard hours might change if the storm how they will blow up the bridge and how they plan to escape
continues. There are a lot of unknowns, and if Jordan were death afterward with all of these "patriots." Pablo is certain that
if he stays behind with the horses, he will be safe and his

comrades will die. The dialogue between him and the rest of
the band builds tension until he tells them what he thinks: that Chapter 18
Pilar doesn't have the intelligence to lead, and the "foreigner" is
there to "destroy" them.
Summary
Chapter 17 Robert Jordan plans the bridge attack while Pablo supposedly
plans the escape, but is actually getting very drunk. Jordan
begins to think to himself about his plan to just blow up the
bridge and then go back and ask for three days in Madrid. He
Summary wanted to stay in a hotel, and go to Gaylord's, a restaurant
where he spent time with his friend Karkov, with whom he
The entire band votes on whether to kill Pablo, and they all
talked about what he would do after the war. He had been
want to. Robert Jordan and Anselmo are exempt from the vote.
certain that being a Communist, he would not get a teaching
They all fear that Pablo will do something to sabotage their
job in the United States nor get his job back in Spain, so Karkov
attack and their ability to defend themselves as they make
suggested he come to Russia. Jordan had met peasant leaders
their escape. But Jordan remembers that they can't have a
of the revolution there, and met Lister, Campesino, and
shooting match because there is dynamite in the sacks in the
Modesto, among others. This was when he still had the feeling
cave. He hauls Agustín out to talk with him and reminds him
of being in a "brotherhood with the others who were engaged
what is in the sacks. Agustín has also forgotten, and feels like a
in" war. After six months that feeling faded away. He learned
fool. He goes back into the cave and offers Pablo a drink,
from Karkov the cynicism and the lying that had to occur out of
asking after the horses. Pablo says the weather is changing,
necessity in wars. Karkov had reminded Jordan that there were
and he will help with the bridge. He has changed his mind, but
Fascists behind the Republican lines just as he was behind
no one trusts him. He says he can take them to Gredos better
Fascist lines. Jordan decides he should write a book when the
than anyone else can. Agustín goes outside, calling the cave a
war is over, but he realizes he will have to be a better writer in
manicomio, an insane asylum.
order to express the complexities of this particular war.
Analysis
Analysis
Robert Jordan has made a crucial mistake, allowing Pablo to
Robert Jordan experiences a long daydream, thinking to
get everyone worked up, as Pablo knows that no one can make
himself what his goals were before he met Maria, and what
a move unless they plan to blow up the cave with the dynamite
they are now. He is reminded of his time with Karkov, and how
that is in the sacks. Jordan has completely forgotten that point,
much simpler his ideas about war were, as well as how proud
so has Agustín, and Jordan feels they deserve what they get
he felt of himself when he was able to get through battles. Now
for having been so stupid.
he just wants to blow the bridge and get out. He doesn't want
The change of heart Pablo has is likely not real, because he to have the safety of Pablo's band on his shoulders.
has listened in on what everyone was saying, and will find his
Hemingway uses this interior monologue, as he has in previous
opportunity to sabotage the action later. He will lead the
chapters, to reveal the conflict in Jordan's mind about being
escape, but that still leaves the bridge explosion, and there are
friendly with the people he is staying with. Jordan is realizing
two sacks full of equipment for it in the cave, which he has
that his relationships with Pablo's band, and especially his
access to. He may have done a lot of thinking outside, but at
relationship with Maria, is making it difficult to stick to his
this point, such a fast turnaround in opinion is not believable.
mission without modifying it in order to keep these people safe.
Also such a fast turnaround in sobriety is not even possible.
But he can't just ditch them, either. Still an evening with Pablo
makes him feel like he is making a mistake, trusting anyone.

Summary Summary
The band asks questions about Kashkin, wondering if Robert Robert Jordan goes outside to go to bed, and makes a bed of
Jordan believes that a man can know what will happen in pine boughs to put his sleeping robe on. He waits for Maria to
advance. Jordan tells Maria, who had liked Kashkin very much come to bed, and meanwhile, thinks of Pilar and her description
though she had been sick at the time, that Kashkin "was a of the smell of death as he smells the crushed pine needles
good friend and comrade of mine ... I cared for him very much." below him. He thinks of all of the smells he loves, the pine
Pilar points out that Jordan shot Kashkin, and Jordan explains included. As he waits he begins to panic that Maria isn't going
that he did it at Kashkin's request because he was so badly to come to bed, and wonders if he was wrong about this love.
wounded. He explains that Kashkin had seen terrible things at But in a while Maria comes running to the robe, wearing
the front, and it had made him nervous and tired. Andrés asks nothing but her wedding shirt. They talk about how they feel as
again if Jordan believes that a man can know in advance what if they are one, and share a heart. Maria says she would be
will happen to him, and Jordan says it's "ignorance and Jordan if she could, she loves him so much. They make love,
superstition." He says that "fear produces evil visions," and and then sleep, but Jordan wakes up feeling as if he is about to
Primitivo says, "such as the airplanes today," while Pablo says lose her, and holds her tightly, "feeling she was all of life there
softly, "Such as thy arrival." Jordan believes that Kashkin was and it was true."
merely had a fear of the possibility of his being wounded and it
"became an obsession." Pilar says that Kashkin smelled of
death, and describes a combination of horrible smells that Analysis
make up the smell of death. As Jordan goes to check the
weather, he realizes that El Sordo will have left tracks in the Again the dialogue between Maria and Robert Jordan serves
snow if he has stolen horses. to express their love and tenderness for each other without
actually describing the act of making love. Hemingway's
technique of using dialogue in this way makes the love scenes
Analysis in this novel even more effective and moving than if they were
detailed descriptions of the act itself. Instead of describing
After all of the tension with Pablo, the talk of Kashkin seems to what the characters do, he has their words to each other tell
make the rest of the band almost suspicious of Robert Jordan the story of their love. The sleeping robe is again a symbol of
who doesn't believe that Kashkin knew he would die. The comfort and love, and Hemingway combines it with the pine
horrible smells that Pilar describes disgust him, but he simply symbol, another representation of shelter.
responds that it's a good thing he shot Kashkin if he had really
smelled of death. The pressure of what is going to unfold the day of the bridge
blowup is getting to Jordan and affecting his thinking. Jordan's
When Pablo says Jordan's arrival was a bad sign, it is fear that Maria won't arrive that night comes back in his fear
interesting to note the tone of his voice is described as soft that she is "being taken from him." It is interesting to note that
and not at all provocative. He is simply saying what he believes although he told Pilar he doesn't believe a man knows what is
and observes, without any malice. This may be because Jordan going to happen to him, this feeling of dread foreshadows the
was willing to shoot Kashkin, a good friend, to save him from a losses he will feel later in the novel.
slow and painful death. The band also has a better
understanding of why Kashkin was so nervous, because they
know of the horrible battles he was in and what he must have Chapter 21
seen there. The theme of the horrors of war is expressed in
their effects on Kashkin as he tried to complete a mission and
failed to do it well.

band has ever had to shoot a machine gun before, and they
Summary really don't know anything about it, despite the fact that they
took it apart to try to learn how it works. Jordan realizes that
Robert Jordan has to shoot a cavalryman first thing in the
he has to teach them how to strategize with a weapon like this.
morning, and then hears a plane overhead. Rafael was
He also has Anselmo get an axe to cut trees to plant as a
supposed to have been on watch, but the cavalryman got
screen. He puts pine boughs around the area and explains how
through. It appears he is just a lone rider patrolling the
the rocks will give them a place to hide if a plane flies
mountains, but Jordan is taking no chances. He gets Pablo to
overhead. Rafael shows up with two hares, having left his post
take the horse back down the mountain and hide it, and tells
to trap them, and Jordan tells Rafael that he is lucky Jordan
Pilar to ready horses and his sacks, with everything stripped
isn't going to shoot him. Rafael is not quite clear he has done
from the cavalryman in them. It is necessary to make
something wrong, but Jordan tells him never, ever to leave his
preparations to leave in case another patrol comes looking for
post again.
the missing cavalryman. Agustín takes the machine gun up
higher so they can shoot anyone who comes through. Maria
wants to go with Jordan, but he tells her to stay with Pilar. She
tries to get him to say he loves her, but he won't, because this
Analysis
is not the time.
The fast pace and short length of the chapter gives the reader
a sense of the increasing level of danger, given that there are
observation planes arriving and it is possible that another
Analysis patrol could follow the cavalryman's tracks. Robert Jordan is
still quite levelheaded, even with Rafael who left his post and
This chapter shows how serious Robert Jordan is in times of
put the rest of the band in danger. He has to use his
war, a trait of which he is very proud. He thinks he is able to
experience to prepare the band to defend themselves and take
split himself between his war personality and his love
down anyone who attacks, but learning on the fly like that
personality. As Maria gets dressed in the sleeping robe, he
rarely works if there is a great deal of panic or emotion
thinks, "She had no place in his life now." Maria is upset that he
involved. He does get angry at Rafael, and reprimands him,
won't say he loves her and won't let her help him, but she says,
swearing at him in a way that he doesn't usually do, but he also
"Good. I go. And if thou dost not love me, I love thee enough for
understands that it's already done, and the result is what he
both." When Jordan smiles, it indicates that he really can't
has to live with, so they may as well eat well.
separate the two parts of his life the way he thought was
possible. He is having true feelings of love, and no one can just Hemingway brings in the symbols of the pines again as a
set those aside completely. representation of shelter and safety. Jordan, after making all of
these preparations to mount a defense, feels positive about
Pablo is actually impressed with the quick reaction and solid
the next mission, and feels as if the Republicans will really be
thinking that Jordan has shown, and his leadership in a crisis.
able to take Segovia. However there are many unknowns on
Jordan is surprised that Pablo tells him so. It remains to be
the Fascist side, regarding what they know and where they will
seen, though, if this keeps him from trying to sabotage Jordan
position themselves the next day.
later.
Summary Summary
Four horsemen ride past, following the tracks of Pablo's horse.
Robert Jordan has to reposition the machine gun and teach
They stop and look directly where the machine gun is hidden.
Agustín how to shoot it properly, where to aim, and how far
They are close enough for Agustín to shoot them, and he
away the target must be. He realizes that no one in the entire

wants to but Robert Jordan puts his hand on his shoulder to support them both. Jordan tells him the best way to do that is
signal not to shoot. When they leave, Agustín asks why they to have confidence in his orders. Suddenly Jordan hears a
didn't just shoot them. Jordan says they don't know what the noise from far away. He realizes that it is automatic gunfire,
sound of the shots would bring. Sure enough, soon after, 20 and that El Sordo and his band are fighting. Agustín wants to
cavalrymen come through on the same trail. When all is clear, help them, but Jordan says they must stay where they are.
Jordan tells Anselmo to find a good post and report on
movement on the road. Jordan has to remind himself not to
idolize Anselmo for not wanting to shoot people, and he Analysis
discovers that half of the sweating Agustín did was not fear but
a desire to kill. Agustín's lecture about Maria lets the reader know how much
he cares for her, as well as how deeply sympathetic he is with
her situation. He knows what her previous experiences have
Analysis done to her emotionally, and the fact that she did not end up
with anyone in the band but went straight for Robert Jordan
The description of the cavalrymen and how much detail can be speaks to her deep love for him. Jordan's physical reaction, the
seen helps to give the reader a sense of what Robert Jordan thickness in his throat, when he says that he will marry her,
and Agustín are feeling as they hide and hold their fire. Agustín, shows he is still very much in love with Maria, despite his trying
who has never been very good at keeping his mouth shut, is to keep love separate from war. Jordan is not very advanced
also not very good at thinking ahead when it comes to emotionally when it comes to balancing his feelings and
defensive moves. understanding that often, he can't control them or push them
away.
Jordan's self-talk in his head is also revealing. He has to admit
to himself that he, too, has been corrupted by the desire to kill, The noise that tells Jordan that El Sordo is fighting makes
and his efforts to stay cold have not succeeded. Agustín want to help immediately, and tears him apart
emotionally. He knows that El Sordo is going to be defeated,
Anselmo says that he thinks he should go into La Granja, and and can't stand the idea of not defending his friends. But again
Jordan wonders what the chances are that Pablo has been Jordan is practicing restraint: in this case a wise choice. He
caught. The fact that he wishes he hadn't said anything shows knows they are outnumbered by the Fascists, and is pretty
that he knows Pablo was right about the bridge orders being sure that if they try to defend El Sordo, they will die, too. This
an impossible mission, and is finally forced to admit to himself will prove to have been the right decision, to stay calm and stay
that Pablo is extremely smart. Jordan has to use Anselmo's put.
request to shift the subject and hope the others aren't
offended.
Chapter 25
Chapter 24
Summary
Summary Robert Jordan leaves Anselmo with Agustín and the gun and
goes to Primitivo to explain why they can't help El Sordo. The
Agustín talks with Jordan about Maria, telling him that Maria firing is followed by grenade sounds, and it is a massacre.
does not sleep with him lightly. She has had a rough life so far, There is also a double line of cavalrymen headed in El Sordo's
and was treated very poorly. It is an act of great love and trust direction. Primitivo says they have to help: "We cannot leave
for her to give herself to Robert Jordan physically even though them alone to this." But Jordan says, "They are lost ... They
she has been traumatized, and if he thought Jordan was using were lost when the snow stopped. If we go there we are lost,
Maria, he would shoot him. Jordan reassures him that he wants too." Jordan says that in war, sometimes they have to endure
to marry Maria, and that he cares for her a great deal. Agustín things like this. Primitivo has tears in his eyes and is swearing.
admits that he, too, has cared for Maria a great deal, but will

Pilar arrives with binoculars and expresses sympathy for to take another man's life unless it is to prevent something
Sordo. She realizes that it is because of the horse stealing and worse happening to other people." His conscience also tells
tracks in the snow. She also tells Jordan that Rafael told her him to stop fooling himself about Maria, that he has true love, is
about the cavalrymen. She tells Primitivo to stop being a lucky to have it, and is lucky even if he dies the next day. He
romantic and act like a man about Sordo. She says she'll send thinks of poor Sordo being surrounded. Then he hears the
food up for them, and tells Primitivo she was not trying to insult planes coming.
him.
Analysis
Analysis
Robert Jordan, with his self-talk, has to come to terms with the
Pilar shows she has much more good sense than Primitivo and ways in which he fools himself. He has tried to be cold about
the others, by understanding that it is impossible to save taking lives, and knows it's necessary in war, but his
Sordo, and that he got himself into this trouble. She feels conscience tells him to stop trying to smooth it over and make
horrible for him, and is sad that she is losing her friend, but she it normal, because it isn't normal to kill another human being.
knows that it is too dangerous to go help. Pilar has a fiery This is an idea he has struggled with for his entire adult life,
personality, but she often knows exactly what to do in such and he now realizes, because of Maria, that it was inevitable
situations, where the men tend to act first and think later. that he figure out how entwined human emotions are. The
morality issue comes up over and over again for him, and this
It seems strange that El Sordo, an experienced guerrilla leader, time he has to take it seriously. He has to realize that in the end
would not realize that the tracks of the horses would lead the everyone dies, and that war hastens and makes worse that
Fascists to his group. His actions lead the reader to surmise death. Why would he do that to another human being? He
that the Fascists have known about his location for a while, and knows now that he can't just sweep the immorality of so many
he is just doing what he can to minimize the damage he knows acts of war under the rug.
is coming. He also wanted to help Pablo's band, and he is
willing to put his life on the line for that. The overhead planes He also has to be honest with himself about his love for Maria.
are still running, and the number of planes earlier would have Instead of trying to act as if she has no place in his life during
spotted the horses he already had. He is smart enough to war, he needs to realize how lucky he is to have her love. With
know this is the case. the attack on Sordo, the idea that he may not live very much
longer also enters his mind. If he only has a short time left to
live, he needs to appreciate what he has more, and revel in it
Chapter 26 for as long as he can.
Summary Chapter 27
Robert Jordan reads the letters that were in the pocket of the
cavalryman he killed. The boy was from Talfalla, and Jordan is Summary
surprised that his regiment is this far south. Many letters are
from his sister, but there is a letter from the boy's fiancée, This chapter relates the battle against El Sordo on the hill
panicking that he will not return. Jordan doesn't want to read where he and his men are hiding. The horses are dead or
the rest of the letters after that. He begins to have an wounded, and the reader finds out that El Sordo was only able
argument with himself in his mind. The voice of his conscience to steal three horses. Only five men have reached the top of
tells him he has to realize what he is doing is serious and has to the hill and three are wounded, including El Sordo. Joaquín
understand the severity of taking lives. "Because if you are not keeps spouting slogans from La Pasionaria, his Communist
absolutely straight in your head you have no right to do the idol, and another of Sordo's men tells him that La Pasionaria
things you do for all of them are crimes and no man has a right has hidden a son in Russia to keep him safe. Joaquín doesn't

believe him. One of the men insults Pilar for not coming to save Maria has to go back to Pilar for "instruction" and when she
them, but El Sordo says she couldn't help them, as they are greets Primitivo, it is clear that he is still devastated by having
surrounded by about 150 men. The Fascists below start to to leave El Sordo to die. Robert Jordan says not to talk about it
insult them to try to get them to shoot, but they stay silent. anymore, because they had no other choice but to leave him.
Captain Mora forces a sniper to go up to look, though the The cavalrymen ride by at that point with the guns and a
sniper is afraid. Nothing happens and the sniper returns. Finally poncho full of heads lashed to the horses. Berrendo is at the
the captain orders Lieutenant Berrendo to go up there with front, and is still feeling awful about taking the heads. He prays
him, but Berrendo refuses, so the captain goes up alone. El for the loss of his friend Julián. Anselmo sees them pass, and
Sordo shoots him, to have that be the last thing he does rather doesn't know what is in the poncho, but recognizes El Sordo's
than hear all of the insults. Then the planes arrive and bomb gun. When he goes to the hill and sees the bodies, he realizes
the hillside, and everyone but Joaquín dies. Berrendo goes up what is in the poncho. He begins to pray for the souls of El
and gently shoots Joaquín in the back of the head to end his Sordo and the other men and pray that he will be able to follow
suffering. He gives the orders to cut the heads off of the Jordan's orders. When he comes upon Fernando, he asks if
victims but can't bear to see it happen. Fernando has been told about El Sordo. Fernando calls the
Fascists barbarians and says they lack dignity. This makes
Anselmo smile, which is somewhat miraculous.
Analysis
The description of the positioning and the troops surrounding Analysis
El Sordo make it clear that Pilar and Robert Jordan were wise
not to help El Sordo. He has put himself in a hopeless situation, The reactions from both sides to this battle are the same:
and he makes the best of it by shooting the foulmouthed horror and prayer. Anselmo, who is no longer religious, finds
Captain Mora before he and the others are bombed by the that prayers give him comfort, and help him keep moving
planes. forward after his discovery that the bodies of El Sordo and his
band have been beheaded. Berrendo, still disgusted at the
It is remarkable to read that El Sordo is laughing at the barbaric order to bring back heads and traumatized by the loss
Fascists who have been yelling at him and his band to shoot of his close friend, also turns to prayer. These similar reactions
them. He has known from the start that the discovery of the also show no matter which side one is on, causing the death of
tracks the stolen horses made was his downfall, and he knows others and being disrespectful about that act after the fact is
what he would do if he were on the other side, so he expects thoroughly immoral. The leaders for each side may try to avoid
to die. He wishes he hadn't chosen this particular hill to die on, talking about that part of war by emphasizing the glory, but the
but he makes the best of it by humoring himself. boots on the ground know their actions are going to haunt
them for the rest of their lives.
Joaquín's insistence on spouting La Pasionaria slogans causes
the other men to tease him, but interestingly he is the last to Fernando's obsession with dignity, rather than being annoying,
die. Berrendo shows a tenderness in trying to ease his misery comforts Anselmo and makes him smile at its predictability. But
quickly and without him seeing it happen. Berrendo is also instead of joking with Fernando or teasing him as he usually
horrified by what he has to do to prove the battle has been does, Anselmo acts as if he agrees with Fernando, which
won: taking heads feels wrong to him. comforts them both: an important effort on Anselmo's part to
be gentle with the people around him. In this passage
Hemingway uses the return to the familiar as a way of self-
Chapter 28 soothing in an otherwise deeply sad and violent time. He also
shows how good-hearted Anselmo is with this modification of
behavior to keep Fernando from being too affected by what's
Summary going on around him.
This chapter begins with Pilar's band eating lunch, but they
aren't hungry knowing that El Sordo and his band are dead.

confident that the letter will be convincing enough, but he has

Chapter 29 to try. He worries that it is too late, and he's right to worry.
Jordan has failed to keep on top of the situation, and he is
backpedaling, trying to fix his failures with that letter, knowing
Summary that it may never reach its destination, much less convince
Golz to stop the attack in time to save lives.
Robert Jordan sends Andrés to find General Golz and the
Estado Mayor of the Division, which is a hideout the general
has chosen to set up command. Jordan writes a letter to Golz Chapter 30
and seals it. The letter is to get Golz to cancel the attack
because the Fascists are waiting for them. He tries not to
make it about how doomed his own mission is, but there is
almost no way to avoid that fact. This letter should have been
Summary
sent earlier, and he knows it, so sending it now is an act of
Robert Jordan thinks of his grandfather, and wishes that he
sheer desperation. It isn't even certain that Andrés is going to
were there to advise him. Jordan is ashamed of his father for
find Golz, and Jordan is well aware of that fact, but he hopes
having married a woman who bullied him, and for having
that this young and fast man will use his speed and his
committed suicide. Jordan threw the gun that his father used
intelligence to get through the mire of border guards and other
to commit suicide into a lake. He thought of his father as a
blockades set up to protect Golz's position. Meanwhile Pablo
coward, but he realizes he can't know what led his father to do
keeps trying to tell Jordan that he has confidence in him—an
what he did. He wasn't in his father's shoes or in his marriage,
odd shift in attitude. Jordan has no confidence in himself,
and he doesn't know what relationship difficulties his father
though, because he knows even more than Pablo does that
may have had with other family members either. He realizes
this mission is now completely destined to fail.
that while he has been angry for a long time about the suicide,
he can't really be angry. He, himself, is tempted to die just to
avoid the inevitable torture ahead, though he won't be able to
Analysis follow that temptation.
It seems as if Pablo is trying to make amends to Robert Jordan, Jordan also realizes there is no choice: he has to blow the
but it is odd that he can't look him in the eye. He is saying all he bridge. Golz won't call off the attack, and Jordan feels oddly at
has to say to his wine bowl. He may or may not be drunk, and ease knowing what he has to do. When there is absolutely no
with Pablo, it is hard to tell sometimes if he has imbibed too choice left, Jordan feels that at least he will have done his duty
much or he is just being a nasty person. He is also trying to and made some kind of mark on the war effort.
convince Jordan they have enough people to take the posts
and blow up the bridge. Jordan is not convinced. It looks as if
Pablo is actually trying to convince himself, and keeping his Analysis
face in his wine bowl so that he doesn't have to show his face
to Jordan. If they look each other in the eye, Jordan will know Robert Jordan's conscience leads him in directions that
Pablo doesn't believe this mission will be anything but a failure. sometimes feel unproductive and are just a product of a racing
Pablo knows when one reveals a lack of faith to someone who brain. However the shift in his attitude toward his father
is about to lead a mission, that person is not only doomed to signifies he knows his own life is about to come to an end, and
fail, but they take that lack of faith to heart and fail in an even no one knows the exact path he has taken to come to this end
more dramatic and horrific way than they would have had they but him. His father's intentions to commit suicide, therefore, are
not seen the look of terror mixed with resignation in their impossible for him to surmise, because he was not in his
comrades' eyes. father's shoes. He realizes that no one really knows exactly
how it feels to be in another's shoes.
Jordan is trying to get Golz to cancel the attacks, but he is also
trying to make sure that Golz doesn't think it's because he The gun thrown into a lake is Hemingway's way of
doesn't have the courage to blow the bridge. He is not foreshadowing the loss of another piece of equipment. It is

also a way of emphasizing Jordan's obsession with honor and they may not live through tomorrow. Pilar has told her Jordan
duty above all human feelings. Now that Jordan is in a life- knows they will die, but he tells Maria this is "manure." He
threatening situation, and knows he is going to die soon, he knows he is pretending, but feels it is better to pretend so they
realizes he has no right to judge his father's actions and no can have a night that still feels loving and happy.
right to say his father was wrong to take his life.
Maria's ability to be so open with Jordan about her past makes
There is no certainty at all that Golz will get the letter from him proud of her, though he had told her she shouldn't talk
Jordan, or that he will call off the attack, and this fact makes about it because he doesn't need to know. However she needs
Jordan realize that he is alone with his mission. Jordan's him to know, so that it is off her mind as well. This
decision that he has to stick with his plan is the only decision conversational evening is as sensual as making love for him,
he can really make that feels like he's doing something useful, and at the end of the evening, he feels a swelling of pride in her
rather than just waiting for the Fascists to find the band, which for opening up to him and trusting him.
is oddly comforting. He may die, but at least he can save some
of the people he now loves.
Chapter 32
Chapter 31
Summary
Summary Karkov learns that the Fascists are fighting amongst
themselves near Segovia and are attacking each other. La
Maria is in the sleeping robe with Robert Jordan and they talk Pasionaria has come to announce it, and a journalist keeps
about living in Madrid together, and what their lives will be like. harping on it to Karkov, who tells him he should go write about
Maria talks of the things that Pilar has told her she can do for a it instead of telling it to him. Karkov is also concerned about
husband, and says Pilar told her to lie about being in pain Robert Jordan, and speaks with a division commander about
(physical pain related to her rape), but she couldn't lie to the fact that Jordan is where all of this fighting is supposedly
Jordan. Then she tells Jordan the story of how her parents happening. The general tells him that Jordan will be sending a
died, what their last words were (her father spoke of the report and Golz will probably be the one to have it.
Republic while her mother spoke of her father), and as the
daughter of the mayor, how she was the first girl to have her Karkov is an extremely savvy man, and realizes that Jordan is
braids taken off and stuffed into her mouth while the rest of in trouble. He finds it unlikely that the Fascists are actually
her head was shaved. She tells Jordan that she fought the engaging in infighting, and fears the worst for Jordan. He
things that were done to her, and says she tells him for his would like to figure out a way of saving Jordan, and decides he
pride in her. She wants to kill the Falangists, the men who hurt is going to engage Golz to make sure Jordan is protected, if he
her, but they are not at the front lines, Jordan says. Finally can find him.
Maria says that Jordan might not want to marry her because
she may not be able to have children. Jordan says it doesn't
matter to him and that he loves her. She asks if they can still be
Analysis
married, and he says they are married now. As she sleeps, he
Karkov, a friend of Robert Jordan's, tries to figure out whether
says, "I'd like to marry you, rabbit. I'm very proud of your family."
his friend is in danger, and is told Jordan must be sending a
report if the infighting rumor is true. It is, however, hard to tell in
Analysis Karkov's circles what is gossip and what is really true. Karkov
is so cynical at this point in the war that he is sure Jordan is in
Robert Jordan is trying to make Maria feel better by talking trouble, and doesn't really believe Jordan will be able to send
about living together, talking about marriage, and talking about any report of what is happening.
their love for each other, to keep out of their heads the idea
Karkov's personality is revealed here as an interesting mix of

cynicism and realism. He also shows his loyalty and ability to has failed not just Jordan and the band, but the Republic, too. It
love, which is not very evident in his marriage, but is certainly is a testament to Jordan's respect for Pilar and his love for her
evident in his friendships, particularly with Jordan. The fact he as a comrade, friend, and mother figure that he is trying to be
is willing to step in and find Golz is remarkable, given the gentle with her even though it was her job to guard the
danger to which he will expose himself, trying to make a case materials. Instead of being furious, he is setting aside his
for interference in the fighting. He risks his ease of passage by feelings and thinking of how she feels.
getting this involved and threatening to use his position to
make things happen.
Chapter 34
Chapter 33
Summary
Summary This chapter reports the interior monologue of Andrés, who is
crossing Fascist lines to get a message to General Golz. To
Pilar reports to Robert Jordan at two in the morning that Pablo him it feels like a reprieve from bullbaiting, though as a boy he
has disappeared, there is a slit in each of the two sacks, and would go so far as to grab the bull's ear with his teeth. He
some materials are missing. Jordan feels inside the sacks and thinks about what his life would be like if his father hadn't been
realizes that the detonators, the exploder, and the fuse and Republican, but he has to think about his brother Eladio going
caps are gone. Pablo had gotten up in the night to urinate and into battle tomorrow, and he wants to get back in time to fight
never came back. When Pilar awoke, wondering where he was, by his side. He has confidence in his ability to forge through all
she saw the slits in the sacks. Pilar is horrified this could have of the blockades and get to Golz rapidly, but he is about to
happened while she was guarding the sacks. She blames experience the red tape and bureaucracy, as well as the
herself for Pablo getting away with the sabotage, and is difficult personalities between him and the top guns in the
extremely agitated around Jordan. She offers to sew up the military, that drag down the entire Republican war effort.
sacks right away, but Jordan tells her to do it in the morning,
and they go back to sleep. However Pilar can't sleep at all,
worrying that the mission is not even going to be able to start, Analysis
much less be finished, and it's her fault for not having killed
Pablo or allowed anyone else to do it a while ago. Readers are introduced to Andrés's personality and a bit of
that of his brother, Eladio, through his self-talk. He is glad he's
the one to take the message, but he wants to return to fighting,
Analysis so he tries to hurry through his mission. Andrés is a boy who
never worries, but Eladio does. Andrés believes in his cause, so
Pablo has finally sabotaged the mission, and Robert Jordan he worries less and just does what is in front of him.
has to figure out how to blow the bridge without these vital
materials. Jordan, understanding how Pilar must feel, is kind to The reader is also introduced to idealism, in the form of
her and tells her to get some sleep. He is seething inside, Andrés's confidence that this effort to get to Golz will be as
though, and he is also thinking about the inability to kill Pablo. easy for him as other dangerous activities have been. This
No one was willing to do it, and everyone wanted someone idealism mirrors that of Robert Jordan, who started out
else to do it. Pilar made sure it didn't happen, showing her thinking that he could do anything in battle, and is now
loyalty despite Pablo's character faults, but now she wishes rethinking his path thanks to facing the realities of war, which
she hadn't been so loyal. She feels duped. are very different from the false stories that superiors tell
young men to keep them from balking or running away.
Pablo has also taken two horses, which makes it very difficult
for the rest of the band to escape if they blow the bridge.
Jordan tries to minimize the crisis, and poor Pilar feels like she

Summary Summary
Robert Jordan is awake, in bed with Maria, who is still sleeping This chapter begins Andrés's adventures with trying to get
and doesn't know what has happened yet. Jordan is thinking anyone to believe he is to get a message to General Golz. His
furious thoughts, with every other word being "muck," confidence in his ability to make this a quick mission and get
Hemingway's stand-in for a swear word. As usual Jordan back to his brother is thwarted. The first group of people he
keeps his thoughts to himself, because that's how he operates, runs into wants to throw bombs on him, and it takes several
putting up a wall between his real thoughts and those he times saying he is alone before they will believe him.
expresses to the group.
The people who prevent Andrés from passing are what he
Jordan exaggerates his anger to the point where he hates refers to as the "crazies; the ones with the black-and-red
nearly everyone in Spain, but then his anger dissipates. He scarves" and so he says, "Viva la Libertad!" and that gets him
doesn't want to be unjust to people who are good at heart. He into their group, so he can further influence them to let him
understands there is nothing that Pilar could have done to pass. He is quizzed on local people he knows, and passes with
keep Pablo from stealing the equipment. He also knows what flying colors, which earns him the right to do what he wants,
he must do to blow the bridge, with the equipment he has left. including pass through to the next barrier.
He may die in the process, but he can still do it. Then he is
gentle with Maria and whispers to her that a good night's sleep
is his wedding present to her. Analysis
Andrés's persistence pays off, though he gets incredibly
Analysis frustrated after having to say he is alone several times, and
having to get through wire with his hands up. It is lucky that
Robert Jordan's interior monologue is so profane it's almost Andrés is not a worrier, and can just steel himself to the
funny, but he is deeply frustrated and angry with himself, with craziness of the red-and-black-scarved "crazies." Andrés
Pilar, with Pablo, and is extending that anger to everyone, until thinks on his feet, and because he knows the instability of their
he is able to diffuse it. He protected Pilar from this anger, but thinking, he can find inroads into their psyches and make them
had nowhere to put it, thus internalizing it. believe he is completely on their side. He believes in the
Republican movement, but not to the extent these people do,
This seems to be Jordan's usual way of moving through life, so he has to fake it.
encountering difficulties and swallowing his emotions. His inner
thought process is far more complex and rich than anything he However this initial success boosts Andrés a little too much.
reveals to others, except Maria, and even then, he doesn't tell He now thinks the rest will be a breeze, but this line of thinking
Maria much at all about what he is really thinking. Protecting shows the reader just now naïve Andrés is about war.
Maria from his internal storms is all he has to give. He could
have awakened her and told her how he was feeling, but if he
only has a short time left with her, he feels this is a waste of Chapter 37
that time. Love is what he wants her to feel from him for the
remaining time they have together. This is Hemingway's way of
emphasizing the romance of this central relationship in the
Summary
novel: that even when Jordan has every right to be explosively
angry and should be stomping about shouting, he sets all that
Robert Jordan ends up making love with Maria in the early
anger aside to mull over it in his head and let it play out,
hours of the morning, and he thinks about how he may not
showing only love to those he loves.
have more than this day to live. He realizes it is going to hurt

terribly if he has to leave them, and all he wants to do is protect her know he is not worried, but Pilar can see the truth. She is
them. He sees Pablo's band as his family now, with Pilar as a extremely persistent in making him believe she was lying about
mother and sister figure; Maria as mother, sister, wife, and the palm reading, so that she doesn't further affect his ability
lover; and the other men as brothers. Anselmo is his father to think clearly through the mission and not believe everything
figure, his guide. Jordan is going to do all he can to enjoy the he does is fated to fail.
feeling of having a family that actually cares about him.
Anselmo brings grenades and bombs, and Jordan tries to
Maria asks if she will be with him that day, and he says she will figure out a way to use them instead of the missing materials.
at the start, but will be with the horses while he works. Jordan As he is figuring all of this out, and asking how effective and
is kinder to her than he was in his own thoughts when he tried reliable all of these materials are, Pablo walks into the cave.
to convince himself she had no place in his life now. They go Pablo says he threw the materials into the river, but he brings
into the cave to eat and prepare to leave. horses and five men. He also brings extra grenades. He could
not bear being alone, he says. It is not for Jordan that he
returns, but for Pilar. Jordan is furious with Pablo but extremely
Analysis happy to see him.
Again the love scene is mostly made up of phrases that refer

to being in the moment, living in the now, and while there are Analysis
no graphic details, it is a passionate scene. The knowledge this
will be the last time Robert Jordan and Maria make love is part Telling Robert Jordan that her ability to read palms was fake
of why it is so passionate: they make the most of their time shows how much Pilar cares for Jordan. To set aside her very
together to let each other know they are deeply in love with real trepidation about the mission's destiny, which she knows is
each other. Each of them is fully immersed in the experience. failure, shows the reader that it is more important to Pilar to
keep Jordan emotionally strong through this mission than it is
Equally moving is Jordan's realization the band is his family. In to be right. This is a change in Pilar, who is usually very
four days he has made stronger connections with people than insistent, and profanely so, about being right.
he has in all previous years of his life. He never had this type of
connection with his own family, which is revealing. The reader Jordan goes through a moment of terrible self-doubt, thinking
can see how the detachment from his family affected his his plan is a total failure, but then Pablo shows up. The fact that
relationships up until this point, and how his love for Maria has Pablo returns with horses and men makes his apology
transformed him as a person, far beyond just his ability to love believable. In addition Pilar is quite moved by Pablo's return,
her fully. and realizes that the Pablo she knew is back. The change in
her voice shows she is overcome with emotion. The theme of
Hemingway's description of Jordan's thoughts also reveals courage is present in Pablo's willingness to come back and
how emotionally loaded the day is going to be. Now Jordan is admit his mistake. Pilar pushes him a bit, because she is still
not only fulfilling his mission, but he is trying to protect his love angry, but he keeps responding with the fact that he is there,
and his family from harm. There is a lot on Jordan's shoulders, he came there because he missed her, and he could have
and he wants to do right by Pablo's band even if he doesn't live stayed away, but didn't. Pilar has to take this gesture of love as
to tell the tale. the very big deal it really is. Pablo is not usually this tied to
anyone, but he is to Pilar.
Chapter 38
Chapter 39
Summary
Pilar tells Robert Jordan that the palm reading she did was
"gypsy nonsense" and doesn't want him to worry. Jordan lets

horrors of war in order to make this mission run more smoothly

Summary and give Jordan the faith in himself that he needs to go on.
Pablo tells Robert Jordan the men he has brought with him are
not so great but he has horses. Pilar asks him about the men,
and Pablo can't help but be honest with her, so he doesn't
Chapter 40
correct her when she says he has some "bobos" or idiots with
him. Pablo has lied to these men about the mission, telling them
the operation will be a sure success, but he only said this to Summary
get them to agree to come with the horses. He tells Jordan not
to let them know of his fears. Lieutenant Miranda meets with Andrés and gives him a paper
that will allow him to see Golz, but not before Andrés is
As Jordan is preparing himself for the mission, Pablo reiterates confronted with a bureaucrat who claims not to know anything
they have enough horses now, and Jordan suddenly realizes about Robert Jordan and refuses to budge. Miranda, who is in
what he is getting at: that he has the men just for the horses. his position at a desk and has no desire to move up or move to
Jordan realizes that Pablo hasn't made a complete turnaround, any position more demanding than what he has, is less
and is still just as ruthless as ever in battle, taking what he concerned, and is willing to let Andrés go through to see Golz.
needs without regard for human life. This makes Jordan
extremely uncomfortable. Jordan then checks in with Maria, Gomez takes Andrés on a motorcycle to get to where Golz
who says she is not worried about the mission. She goes with supposedly is, and it's a bit of a wild ride. Gomez knows his
Rafael and the horses. territory well, but that doesn't stop Andrés from wondering why
this process is taking so long, and wondering if he hasn't
stepped into a trap or has brought trouble on himself. He starts
Analysis to realize that he's not going to get back to Eladio any time
soon.
It is clear Pablo is up to something with the horses when he
lets on the men accompanying him aren't really so great. Pilar
seems to have figured out exactly what he's doing, which Analysis
shows her intimate knowledge of his ruthless character, which
she has experienced before. Pilar knows Pablo so well that she Andrés seems to be getting the runaround, and the plot's turn
knows what steps he will take next. The only thing he has ever reveals to the reader that it is highly unlikely that he will get to
done that surprised her was coming back after stealing the Golz on time to cancel the attack. Moving back and forth
equipment. between chapters about Andrés and chapters about Robert
Jordan also serves as a way to heighten tension, because
Pablo is in charge of the men and horses that he brought, Andrés is becoming increasingly worried about getting to Golz
leading them down near where El Sordo met his end, and on time and Jordan is getting closer and closer to the actual
Jordan suspects that Pablo is going to pull something sneaky task of blowing up the bridge. The reader doesn't know what
and underhanded. However he has faith that whatever it is, it will happen at the bridge, although it's pretty clear that
will be to the benefit of his own band, as ugly as he knows it's someone is going to die.
going to be. This shows that while Robert Jordan also knows
Pablo well enough to realize he's uncaring about anyone but At every turn, there is at least one person who claims not to
his band, he also knows Pablo is completely loyal to Pilar and know anything and tries to block Andrés, but Miranda is able to
won't do anything to disappoint her. Meanwhile Maria's lack of see him once Gomez threatens the officer who refuses to let
fear brings up the theme of courage once again, and proves Andrés through. Gomez is pretty fearless, but there are some
she trusts Jordan to do what is necessary. Of course she may people he just can't break through. The insanity that people in
not know all of the details about what is necessary, and if she power fall into is going to come up later in the novel, and
did, she might have acted differently, but in her state of Gomez knows he might run into someone who is on a massive
complete trust, she's setting aside what she knows about the power trip, but he forges ahead anyway. Gomez is a lot like his
motorcycle: he can cut through much of the red tape, as fast

and as elusive as his motorcycle in traffic, and can go where no father. He knows it is a gift to have had this kind of concern
one else dares to go or can possibly go, but even Gomez has and attention from Anselmo, as well as Anselmo's willingness
his limits. to go where Jordan goes, no matter what the danger. Anselmo
is an old peasant, and one would think that he would draw the
line much earlier and decide this mission is too dangerous, but
Chapter 41 Anselmo is as fond of Jordan as Jordan is of Anselmo.
Anselmo gets to have a son, if only for a short time.
Summary
Chapter 42
Robert Jordan says goodbye to everyone as he goes to clear
the sentry and wire the bridge with Anselmo and Agustín.
Pablo shakes his hand, and Maria kisses him goodbye. He and Summary
Pilar exchange friendly insults. Everyone tries to remain
unemotional, but it's impossible. They are all aware of the Gomez and Andrés finally get to where Golz is, but they are
danger they face, and the goodbyes take on the aura of a last stopped by André Marty, a French commissary, who decides to
goodbye. arrest them. Gomez is furious, but the corporal who is on duty
tells them Marty is crazy, and he knows how to deal with him.
Then the men leave to go to their posts. They leave Agustín at Gomez says to Marty, "Once tonight we have been impeded by
a post to cover them should they not be able to clear the the ignorance of the anarchists. Then by the sloth of a
sentry. Jordan and Anselmo go over details about when and bureaucratic Fascist. Now by the over suspicion of a
where to shoot, which makes Anselmo terribly uncomfortable, Communist." Gomez and Andrés are held until Karkov shows
but he pushes through it anyway. Anselmo is at the end of the up and says that Golz should have received a message from
bridge which will require pulling a wire, and Jordan is at the end Robert Jordan, an American. Karkov makes Marty give him the
where he has to wire in the explosives. He has to use grenades dispatch and the safe conduct pass. They finally get the
because that is all they have. He and Anselmo go to their information to Golz, who tries to call to stop the attack, but
respective posts at each end of the bridge and wait for the hears the planes. It is too late to stop the attack. He says to
Republican planes to arrive. Duval, who is in the dugout, in French, "No, there's nothing that
can be done. Nothing. We shouldn't think about it. We have to
accept it."
Analysis
Robert Jordan feels like a young kid heading off on his own,
Analysis
and yet he is in charge. He also has to review how to shoot a
man with Anselmo. This teaching moment reveals two things: Marty is a classic example of what power can do to a person
the depth of Anselmo's conviction that killing people is morally who is not completely sane to begin with. Marty is conducting
wrong, and the relationship between Jordan and Anselmo. The his own war in his head, and it's a war of paranoia. Nothing he
way they speak is efficient, employing short sentences to does makes any sense, but he has the power to put anyone he
make sure that the instructions are very clear. There is no wants to silence in jail. He uses this power randomly and at will.
room for error, and both of them feel the tension building in Everyone says they know how to deal with his brand of crazy,
each other, so they both communicate in a way that but it turns out, in this situation, that Gomez can't do anything
circumvents that tension with clarity and allows them to listen to make Marty change his mind.
through the stress.
Karkov, Robert Jordan's friend, appears to save the day, and
However Jordan and Anselmo use terms of endearment with this is where Karkov's cynicism pays off. The reader sees how
each other, which makes their parting feel like the parting of a Karkov uses his position in the media to get what he wants,
father and his son. Anselmo is the closest thing Jordan has had and if there's one thing that Marty fears, it's that the public will
to a father, and at this point, he loves him as if he was his real

think he did the wrong thing and the bad publicity will make his As they are riding away, they are shot at by a machine gun and
superiors do what happens to all Russians who don't manage Jordan's horse is hit. It falls and Jordan is pinned underneath,
to enact Communism in the way that Stalin wants. So Karkov's his leg broken. The horse stands up and is hit again, and sits
threats work, thanks to the extent of Marty's paranoia. down to die. Primitivo and Agustín drag Jordan up the slope,
and Maria is there, asking him what has happened. Pilar insists
All of the frustrating delays have led to this moment, and the they can bind his leg, but Pablo shakes his head, and Jordan
planes leave before anyone can stop them, showing the reader nods at Pablo. He speaks with him privately, saying that he will
how all of the bureaucratic interference and disorganization on talk with Maria but she is to go with the band. Pilar slits the
the Republican side had devastating effects and eventually trouser leg and sees how bad the break is. Jordan tells Maria
caused them to lose the war. Golz's quiet voice on the phone that she can't stay with him, and since he is her, he will be with
shows his acceptance of yet another "famous balls up," her always. He says, "Thou art me too now. Thou art all there
because at this point, he is used to missions being failures for will be of me." Pilar leads her away and puts her on a horse as
one reason or another. Andrés can hear Golz's tone of voice, she cries and protests. Agustín asks if Jordan wants to be
and realizes that he is too late, and the reader sees Andrés shot, but Jordan says no, and they say goodbye as Agustín
facing up to the realities of his side's dysfunctional structure cries. Jordan positions himself behind a tree and waits for the
for the first time. cavalry to go by, so that he can hit at least one officer, and
hopefully make a difference.
Golz may be used to failure, but he still feels sick, knowing
what this means for the bridge mission and his own brigades. It
will be a disaster, and more lives will be lost. His emotions
reveal to the reader how devastating it must have been for
Analysis
those leading Republican armies to see the deadly destruction
The tragedy of this love story unfolds at last. Robert Jordan's
that disorganization has wrought.
leg is broken so badly that he can't move, and he refuses to let
Maria stay with him, because he knows her life will be in danger
if she does. His insistence is the most loving thing he can do
Chapter 43 for her. She ends up going with Pablo and Pilar, but can't stop
begging him to let her stay with him. Pilar has to lead her away,
and she is still shouting to Jordan even as she mounts the
Summary horse. Jordan's lies to her are clearly lies, at this point, and she
realizes it. She is losing her beloved, for good.
At the beginning of this chapter, Anselmo and Robert Jordan
both kill guards, and the bombs are falling from the Republican Even foulmouthed Agustín is in tears as he leaves Jordan
planes. Anselmo and Jordan wire the bridge, and Jordan is under the tree. His love for Jordan shows in his offer to do the
shaking, trying to rush. The remainder of Pilar's band comes up unthinkable: end Jordan's life for him so that he won't suffer
the road, and Fernando has been shot. Anselmo has to pull his through either a slow death under the tree or torture at the
wire when a truck comes down the road, but when he does, the hands of the Fascists. But Jordan refuses, and his
pieces of steel fly everywhere and one hits Anselmo, killing stubbornness is a relic of his anger at his father for ending his
him. Jordan is furious with Pablo for having created a situation life and not facing difficulties. This stubbornness costs him all
where they had to be so close to blow the bridge, but Pilar tells of the close relationships he has just formed.
him he has to stay calm. He calms down and he and the rest
Once Pablo's band leaves, Jordan's self-talk becomes frantic
wait for Pablo to come with the horses. Pablo comes running
as the crushed nerve in his leg begins to regain its sensation of
down the road, shooting behind him. There is a small tank
pain, and he tries to think of the group—where they are going,
coming down the road. Jordan shoots at it, and then he, Pablo,
how they are faring, envisioning them safe, but he can't do it.
and Agustín run up the hill, as Jordan shouts for Pilar to come.
It's just too painful, and he realizes that he has lost all of them
It turns out that Pablo has shot all of the men he brought in
because of his own inability to transcend his anger and fear of
order to take their horses. Pilar and Maria arrive, and Pablo is
intimacy. The fact that he is able to think of doing some good
now in charge of getting them to safety.
by taking out an officer before he passes out from the pain is

For Whom the Bell Tolls Study Guide Quotes 36
remarkable, and the novel ends with him waiting to pull the
one,' the woman said. 'Before we
trigger.
had religion and other nonsense.
Now for every one there should be
g Quotes
some one to whom one can speak
frankly, for all the valor that one
"But of the killing of a man, who is
could have one becomes very
a man as we are, there is nothing
alone.'"
good that remains."
— Pilar, Chapter 9
— Anselmo, Chapter 3
When Pilar sees the planes overhead, she understands deep

Anselmo loves to hunt and feels a sense of pride when he is
down that she and her comrades are not going to be able to
able to kill an animal, but he hates killing other men. He has
fight the enemy successfully. When things go bad, people have
done it, and he knows he has to do it to survive the war, but
to be able to be honest with each other about it, because
each time it hurts him deeply. He believes it is a sin to kill a
grinning and bearing it and pretending nothing is wrong,
man, and yet he is forced to commit this sin. He wishes that
charging forward for the glory, in the end leaves one cold. It is
after the war he could be forgiven and never have to kill again.
isolating to not be able to be honest with one's comrades.
To kill a man, for Anselmo, is to kill one's own spirit, because
the victim and his perpetrator are the same. There is never
anything good about ending someone's life, and there is
nothing to be learned from it.
"Look at the ugliness. Yet one has
a feeling within one that blinds a
man while he loves you. You, with
"'I love thee, Maria,' he said. 'And
that feeling, blind him, and blind
no one has done anything to thee.
yourself. Then one day, for no
Thee, they cannot touch. No one
reason, he sees you ugly as you
has touched thee, little rabbit.'"
really are and he is not blind
— Robert Jordan, Chapter 7 anymore and then you see
yourself as ugly as he sees you
Robert Jordan feels deep love for Maria. Maria is afraid that
the fact that she has been raped by several men will keep and you lose your man and your
Jordan from loving her or cause him to use her for sex before
abandoning her. Jordan wants her to know that inside she has
feeling."
not been touched, and nothing has been taken away from her
that makes her who she is in spirit. He loves her for who she is, — Pilar, Chapter 10
no matter what has happened before.
Pilar is described by many men as ugly, but she is a good
woman, and men fall in love with her. She has been called ugly
"'Every one needs to talk to some her whole life, and believes it is true, but she also feels inside

that she is beautiful when a man loves her. And yet when that
and often coming home from
man suddenly decides he no longer loves her, he goes back to
believing she is ugly and she believes it herself. It has been a hunting he would repeat a great
source of sadness for Pilar and mirrors the hopelessness of
number of the same prayer and it
being vulnerable and not succeeding in war.
made him feel better. But he had
not prayed once since the
"Then just shut up about what we
movement. He missed the prayers
are to do afterwards, will you,
but he thought it would be unfair
Inglés? You go back to the
and hypocritical to say them and
Republic and you take your piece
he did not wish to ask any favors
with you and leave us others alone
or for any different treatment than
here to decide what part of these
all the men were receiving."
hills we'll die in."
— Narrator, Chapter 15
Anselmo and other formerly religious people on the Republican

Robert Jordan has told Pilar that they should go to Gredos
side felt lonely when it became necessary to give up religion in
after the bridge business is done. Pilar completely loses her
order to be part of the left-wing movement and fight against
temper with Jordan, and even though she likes him, she has
the Church. Some people still took comfort in their old ways
had enough of him telling her what she and her band should do,
but could not openly admit it. One could still be against the
as if this foreigner knows her country better than she does. It
Church, but wish for the comfort that prayer used to give, and
should also be noted that she is not using the translation of the
wish to atone for one's sins. In Anselmo's case he felt that
informal Spanish "you" that Hemingway has used up to that
killing was a sin, and he felt less lonely when he prayed, but
point, which gives the reader an idea of just how furious she is.
now he had to cope with the loneliness and the loss of
Just before she says this quote, she lets fly a stream of insults
prayer—he had no choice.
and only by doing this does she regain some sense of
friendliness toward Jordan. Friendly or not, this quote
represents the way that foreign volunteers have stepped in to
help in the war but really have no idea what they're doing,
"'You heard me,' Pablo said. 'I
making for a very disorganized force against the Fascists. would restore them all to life.'"
— Pablo, Chapter 16
"The coming of the dark always
made him feel lonely and tonight Pablo has a dialogue with Agustín about the people he has
been killed. Although Agustín shouts at him and reminds him
he felt so lonely that there was a
that the victims were Fascists, even Pablo, a brutal murderer,
hollowness in him as of hunger. In has been affected by all of the killing he has done. As
described by Pilar, he seemed cold and uncaring when he
the old days he could help this murdered an entire village of Fascists, but he is still haunted by
loneliness by the saying of prayers the brutality of what he did, and the fact that it is wrong to kill a
person is lodged deep inside of him. He will never forgive

himself for that.

it a people's army but it will not
have the assets of a true people's
"You learned the dry-mouthed, army and it will not have the iron
fear-purged, purging ecstasy of discipline that a conscript army
battle and you fought that summer needs. You will see. It is a very
and that fall for all the poor in the dangerous procedure."
world, against all tyranny, for all
— Karkov, Chapter 18
the things you believed in and for
the new world you had been Karkov sums up one of the biggest problems the Republican
educated into." side experienced in the Spanish Civil War: the problem of
pulling together an organized army of volunteers from all over
the world and making them act together on the same principles
— Robert Jordan, Chapter 18
and with the same training. The effort was disorganized, and
this disorganization cost the Republicans dearly.
When Robert Jordan first volunteered to fight, he was proud of
what he did, and he was elated by his successes because the
reasons for fighting were still clear to him. They had yet to be "But in the night he woke and held
muddied by failure and by the knowledge that the force with
whom he was fighting was undersupplied and told to embark her tight as though she were all of
on missions that were bound to fail.
life and it was being taken from
him. He held her feeling she was
"But an army that is made up of all of life there was and it was
good and bad elements cannot true."
win a war. All must be brought to a
— Narrator, Chapter 20
certain level of political
development; all must know why This quotation foreshadows the end of the novel, where Robert
they are fighting, and its Jordan breaks his leg so badly that he can't move and must
stay behind while Maria and the others escape. Readers don't
importance. All must believe in the know if Jordan will live or die, but the impression is that Maria
and Jordan will never see each other again. Both Maria and
fight they are to make and all must
Jordan mean everything to each other even if they are
accept discipline. We are making a separated, as they have become one by declaring that they are
husband and wife. In war it is hard to see what is most
huge conscript army without the
important because it is overshadowed by what must be done
time to implant the discipline that a to survive, but Jordan knows that Maria is truly all of life for
him. War is not life: war is death.
conscript army must have, to
behave properly under fire. We call

This dialogue between Pilar and Primitivo comes while El

"'Listen, old one,' Robert Jordan
Sordo's band is being attacked, and likely massacred, by a
said. 'It is because of the lack of large group of Fascist cavalrymen. Primitivo is in tears and
desperately wants to help El Sordo. Robert Jordan tells him
time that there has been
that they can't do anything for El Sordo, but he keeps insisting.
informality. What we do not have is Pilar hears this and tells him he is crazy. He tells her she is
being brutal about this situation, but she insists that she is
time. Tomorrow we must fight. To keeping men who don't have the guts to stay out of the conflict
me that is nothing. But for the safe. It is extremely hard to sit and listen to one's comrades
being killed: the urge to save them is huge, but Primitivo has to
Maria and me it means that we be stronger than that and let it be. Good sense in war leaves
must live all of our life in this time.'" no room for acting in sympathy when the danger is too great
for everyone, and intervention will simply get more people in
their band killed.
Robert Jordan responds to Agustín's questions about his love "But I won't keep a count of people
for Maria and his intentions. Agustín wants Jordan to know not
only that he has cared for Maria a great deal as well, but that I have killed as though it were a
Maria would not give herself to Jordan lightly. He wants to
trophy record or a disgusting
make sure that Jordan knows this and is not abusing Maria's
trust. Jordan responds that he will marry Maria, but that he and business like notches in a gun, he
Maria have to live their entire life in a few days because it's
told himself. I have a right to not
probable that he will die the next day in the fighting.
keep count and I have a right to
forget them. No, himself said. You
"Pilar spoke to Primitivo. 'Thou.
have no right to forget anything.
Dost understand there was no
You have no right to shut your
intent to insult thee?' 'Ya lo sé,'
eyes to any of it nor any right to
said Primitivo. 'I have put up with
forget any of it nor to soften it nor
worse than that from thee. Thou
to change it."
hast a vile tongue. But watch thy
mouth, woman. Sordo was a good — Robert Jordan, Chapter 26
comrade of mine.' 'And not of

Here Robert Jordan is trying to talk himself through having
mine?' Pilar asked him. 'Listen, flat killed a young Fascist cavalryman in front of the camp, as he
face. In war one cannot say what has read the papers that were in the young man's pocket, and
it turns out that the man was from Navarra, Jordan's favorite
one feels. We have enough of our place in Spain. He knows it is likely that this cavalryman wasn't
own without taking Sordo's.'" a Fascist at heart, and the letters from his sister and his
fiancée upset him greatly. He tries to remain cold, but in talking
to himself, he is talking to his conscience, which tells him that
he can never forget who he killed. He can never downplay what

For Whom the Bell Tolls Study Guide Symbols 40
it means to have killed another human being, and he will never

for and I hate very much to leave
forget it, no matter how hard he tries.
it."
"What you have with Maria, — Robert Jordan, Chapter 43
whether it lasts just through today

Robert Jordan thinks to himself as he positions himself on the
and a part of tomorrow, or whether ground to aim into a clearing as the cavalrymen discover the
it lasts for a long life is the most gray horse without a rider. He has no idea if he will die there or
not, but he knows it's a strong possibility. He could kill himself
important thing that can happen to right there, as his father did to avoid being captured, but he
doesn't want to do that. He wants to stay in the world, because
a human being. There will always
he has finally seen what is worth living for. The band in the
be people who say it does not cave has been his family, in a short four days, and he has felt
for all of them what he has never felt for anyone else in his life.
exist because they cannot have it.
He has especially changed with Maria, because he was able to
But I tell you it is true and that you feel love for her in a way that made him want to spend his life
with her, to be part of her. The only way he can get her to go is
have it and that you are lucky even to tell her he is with her, and that she is both of them wherever
if you die tomorrow." she goes.
l Symbols
Again Robert Jordan is conferring with his conscience after
having killed a cavalryman and read personal letters of his, and
his conscience is berating him for not understanding what is
important. What is most important to Jordan is not his role in Rabbit
the war but his love for Maria and her love for him. His
conscience informs him that he is extremely lucky to have had
this kind of love before he dies, because not everyone gets to In Spain rabbits are commonly used as meat, so they represent
experience this. Pilar has said this to both Maria and to Jordan nourishment. Pilar cooks rabbit stews for the guerrillas, and
when the couple made love in the woods and felt the earth they "eat like generals." Rabbits are also sweet little creatures,
move under them, the connection was so strong between so in addition to calling Maria guapa, meaning "beautiful,"
them. It doesn't happen to everyone, but when it does, it is a Robert Jordan also calls her "little rabbit," a term of
blessing. Jordan is certain that he is going to die when he endearment. Both references appear frequently in the novel.
blows up the bridge, so he is trying to reconcile with his However the term "rabbit" is also used to represent the
conscience before he loses it, so that he may appreciate what vulnerability of the guerrillas in the mountains. The peasants
he has in the little time he has left. are hunted down like rabbits, meaning that they are easy prey.
"I have fought for what I believe in

Pines
for a year now. If we win here we
will win everywhere. The world is a
Pines are part of the landscape in the Spanish Pyrenees, and
fine place and worth the fighting

For Whom the Bell Tolls Study Guide Themes 41
they serve as protection for the guerrillas, shielding them from

gunfire and keeping them out of sight. The ground is covered Love
with pine needles, and they can either cushion a person who is
hiding or they can get into one's weaponry, bags, and clothing.
The smell of the pines is everywhere in the mountains, and Love wins even if it is cut short by death, injury, fear, or disgust.
Robert Jordan also enjoys the beauty of the sunlight through Robert Jordan and Maria quickly realize that they love each
the pines to keep him occupied as he waits for the perfect other beyond anything either of them has ever felt. Maria asks
moment to shoot a sentry. As a symbol the pine needles Pilar about how to approach sleeping with Jordan, and she
provide a connection to nature and the land of Spain, with worries that he will not truly love her because she is damaged
which Robert Jordan has a physical relationship that mirrors from the rape. But Pilar tells her that truly loving someone and
his relationship with Maria. making love to that person can heal what was taken from her
before. Jordan tells her "Thee, they cannot touch. No one has
touched thee, little rabbit," meaning that she is still herself
inside, no matter what someone has done to her physically,
Sleeping Robe and that this is the person he loves, the Maria inside. It only
takes that night to make them both believe that they are one
person, that they are meant to be husband and wife, which is
The sleeping robe is one of Robert Jordan's prized what they call each other on the third day. When they are
possessions, and it is extremely warm. Jordan uses it to sleep forced to separate, Jordan says they are together, always.
outside the cave. When Maria comes to make love to him
Love even enters the relationship of Pilar and Pablo, two
under the sleeping robe, it represents safety and the warmth of
people who almost seem to hate each other: Pilar insults and
their love. At the end of each full day in the novel, they are
shouts at Pablo while he drinks himself into a stupor. But when
again safe in each other's arms under the sleeping robe.
Pablo throws out the equipment to blow up the bridge and
stays away for the night, he is incredibly lonely without Pilar. He
may fear death, and for that, Pilar is disgusted with him and
Planes ashamed of him. When he comes back and admits his wrongs,
she feels the strength of his love for her. She can't help but
return it, because he did the honorable and right thing for her
sake, not just by returning, but by bringing men and horses to
The guerrillas in the mountains are only armed with explosives help repair the damage he has done to the mission.
and guns, but the Fascists are heavily armed thanks to help
from other countries. The planes bombing El Sordo on the hill
are an example of how unprepared the disorganized
Republicans are in fighting such a powerful enemy. Planes are Courage and Self-Sacrifice
also able to see all of the people hiding below, so for the
guerrillas, they represent the vulnerability of hiding in the
woods and the hopelessness of being so vulnerable to attack.
In For Whom the Bell Tolls, courage is a necessity. Robert
Jordan believes that courage involves not thinking and just
doing, being so emotionally cold so that one can move forward
m Themes and complete missions. But he discovers there is more to

courage than he thought. His courage is tested at every turn,
especially when he has to figure out how to wire the bridge
without the materials that Pablo threw away. Anselmo's
willingness to do this with him serves as a model of courage.
Pablo also shows courage when he comes back to admit that

For Whom the Bell Tolls Study Guide Suggested Reading 42
he destroyed vital equipment for blowing up the bridge, and upsets Pilar, who has become used to seeing people killed. The
although he still hates Robert Jordan and doesn't want to do fact that Pablo was disappointed that the priest he killed didn't
this job, he overcomes his fear of death for Pilar in order not to give a better performance as he died speaks of how far some
lose her. All of his guerrillas are willing to risk their lives, so he killers have gone in their minds.
must risk his own in order to stay with her.
But some of the Republican guerrillas don't want to have to kill
The theme of courage is also shown in the lack of it, anyone, and the day that Robert Jordan and Anselmo have to
exemplified by Marty's paranoia. He suspects everyone of kill people to get to the bridge to wire it with explosives is a
treachery, and while he thinks he's being courageous by terrible day for both of them. Anselmo, in particular, is crying
impeding progress, he is avoiding having anything happen to because he has had to kill people, and he hates it. He believes
him at all, and this is an unforgivable lack of courage that it is a sin to kill a man, even to kill the Fascists, and he realizes
affects everyone around him. that in war it has to be done, but he doesn't believe in killing
other people.
Courageous self-sacrifice is part of what it takes to fight in any
war, but particularly in the Spanish Civil War where only one
side really had the advantage. The Republicans had few
resources and were far less organized than the Nationalists
e Suggested Reading
because countries were unwilling to support a group who
gained the support of Stalin's Russia (a brutal totalitarian
LaPrade, Douglas. Hemingway and Franco. Valencia: University
regime with state-controlled media and education). The
of Valencia, 2007. Print.
Republicans were left to their own devices, having to deal with
Stalin's rationing of weapons and supplies, as well as Moddelmog, Debra, and Suzanne Del Gizzo. Ernest Hemingway
disorganized volunteers and infighting between communist and in Context. New York: Cambridge UP, 2013. Print.
socialist factions. In the novel the guerrillas living in the
mountains sacrifice their homes and their comfort in order to Reynolds, Michael S. Ernest Hemingway. Detroit: Gale, 2000.
take down the Nationalists. When Maria begins to do things for Print.
Robert Jordan that a wife would do, she tells him to promise
Seed, David, ed. A Companion to Twentieth-century United
that if there is ever any need he will shoot her. Then when
States Fiction. Chichester: Wiley, 2010. Print.
Jordan breaks his leg, he sacrifices his happiness with Maria
and probably his life by staying behind, while Maria and the rest
Thomas, Hugh. The Spanish Civil War. New York: Mod. Lib.,
of the guerrillas escape with their lives.
2001. Print.
Horrors of War
The horrors of war are everywhere. The deaths of Maria's

family and her rape at the hands of the Nationalists are only
one example. The Fascist cavalryman who is forced to behead
the people he kills in order to prove they are dead is horrified
at the idea because it's so disrespectful. And Republicans are
not immune to creating horrors of their own. The killing of
priests is common, as the Church sides with the Nationalists,
and people like Pablo are willing to shoot their own if they need
their horses. The story Pilar tells of Pablo directing the
bludgeoning of a village full of Fascists is so evil that it even

For Whom The Bell Tolls

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

For Whom The Bell Tolls

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

For Whom the

ABOUT THE TITLE

The Great Depression

Copyright © 2019 Course Hero, Inc.

h Characters Fascists to his band's position in the mountains, and he wants

Copyright © 2019 Course Hero, Inc.

Copyright © 2019 Course Hero, Inc.

Robert Jordan Agustín

Anselmo Comrades Rafael

Other Major Character

Copyright © 2019 Course Hero, Inc.

Full Character List Joaquín Joaquín is one of El Sordo's guerrillas.

Ignacio Ignacio is one of Pablo's guerrillas.

Karkov is a correspondent for Pravda,

Berrendo Berrendo is a Fascist lieutenant.

Copyright © 2019 Course Hero, Inc.

Copyright © 2019 Course Hero, Inc.

8. Drunk Pablo berates Robert Jordan, who wants to kill Pablo.

Rising Action Climax

4. Pablo refuses to blow up the bridge, but Pilar will do it.

Copyright © 2019 Course Hero, Inc.

Copyright © 2019 Course Hero, Inc.

Golz orders Robert Jordan to blow up a bridge near

Several hours later

Anselmo brings Robert Jordan to find Pablo and meet

Early that evening

Robert Jordan and Anselmo scout the bridge and plan

Maria comes to Robert Jordan to make love under his

Pilar takes Robert Jordan and Maria to meet El Sordo's

Later that evening

Copyright © 2019 Course Hero, Inc.

Robert Jordan shoots a Fascist soldier.

Later that morning

Fascist troops attack El Sordo's band in the hills.

Fascist planes bomb El Sordo's band and kill them.

Robert Jordan sends Andrés to get Golz to cancel the

Day 4, before dawn

Pablo, who had stolen and abandoned explosives,

Robert Jordan and Anselmo blow up the bridge, and

Gomez and Andrés meet Miranda.

Marty stops Gomez and Andrés from getting to Golz on

Later that morning

Pablo returns with the horses, having shot their riders,

Pablo, Pilar, Maria, and the other survivors escape, but

Robert Jordan stays behind, sending Maria to escape

Copyright © 2019 Course Hero, Inc.

Robert Jordan is a man who doesn't want to get emotionally

Chapter 1 monologue is extremely involved: he thinks deeply about

Right at the start of the chapter, the reader is introduced to

Copyright © 2019 Course Hero, Inc.

Copyright © 2019 Course Hero, Inc.

Chapter 4 Pilar, in stating that she is in command, is revealing what has

Pablo comes outside to smoke, and tells Jordan not to pay

Pablo is determined not to have any part in blowing up the

Copyright © 2019 Course Hero, Inc.

Copyright © 2019 Course Hero, Inc.

Copyright © 2019 Course Hero, Inc.

Copyright © 2019 Course Hero, Inc.

Chapter 10 elaborates by describing what it is like to feel inside that one is

Copyright © 2019 Course Hero, Inc.

El Sordo's reactions to Jordan change throughout the visit

Copyright © 2019 Course Hero, Inc.

his whole life.