1. what is reference?

diff b/w reference and pointer

2. What is name mangling in c++?
3. difference between malloc and new
4. shallow copy and deep copy
5. vtable and vpointer with a small example
6. what is 'this' pointer
7. What is initialiser list. Its importance?
8. Virtual functions and virtual base class concept with an example.
9. What is upcasting and downcasting. Explain with an example.
10. what is header guard
11. scope resolution and namespace
12. Memory layout of c++ code (different segments)
13. Copy constructor vs Assignment Operator
14a. Write program to send current timestamp(epoch) from Process 1 to
Process 2 using FIFO/
14b. Write program to send current timestamp(epoch) from thread 1 to thread
2.
15. Write a program to validate if the given IP address (and port) is valid.
Take input from console.

IP address is in the form ip::port eg: 10.10.10.1::8080

16. How to restrict object creation to one object only. Explain with a small
program.