Philippine Normal University LICENSURE EXAMINATION FOR TEACHERS (LET) Refresher Course WHAT TO EXPECT GENERAL EDUCATION: ENGLISH | Focus; GRAMMAR | LET Competencies: i 4. Analyze the specific grammatical structures intensively i 2. Use the English language correctly 3. Communicate in English effectively Prepared by: PROF. EDILBERTA C. BALA PART |: CONTENT UPDATE ‘These review materials consist of eight parts: |. Subject-Verb Agreement V. Conditional Sentences I. Verbs VI. Modals and Simitar Expressions Il, Nouns Vil, Indirect Report Structures Iv. Pronouns Vill, Parailelisms |. SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT The term agreement in grammar is used to denote the relationship between the subject and iis verb, and the pronoun and its antecedent. Thismeans that a singular subject requires a singular verD and ‘a plural subject takes a plural verb. 4. When two or more singular substantives used as subjects are joined by and, a plural form of the ver is required. Note the following exceptions: a. The singular form of the verb is used when each of the singular subjects is considered individually. Usage is most frequent afer each and every. b. The singular form of the verb is used when the two singular subjects refer to the same person oF thing. Calamansi juice and tea és a refreshing drink ‘The secretary and treasurer of the English Club Is Ofelia c. Acompound subject denoting closely related ideas may take a singular verb. ‘The doctor's patience and tolerance was severely taxed. >, Two or more singular subjects connected by or, nor, or but take a singular verb, Jun or Maris innocent tte nour pea vop! canmlol be 1! Neither Lina nor Andy belizves in superstition. Se senior cukject « 4 . oo . pei Roker why * 4ogerh™ cm Bh won, “Crenssing a ‘aS. well OSGENERAL EDUCATION: ENGLISH GRAMMAR Prot. EditbertaC. Bala Ill. NOUNS ‘A. NUMBER OF NOUNS A. In the following sentences, the italicized nouns are generally used in the singular; therefore, they require a singular verb: 1. The actor's beard was six inches long 2. Foodis necessary for survival Note: The plural form foods refers to different kinds af foods as in the sentence "Chinese, American, Japanese, and Filipino foods are served at the international fair.” People living in coastal towns consume a lot of fish Note: When referring to different species of fish, the plural form fishes is used: for instance, "in geology the Devonian Period is the age of fishes.” 3, All the fruit of the mango tree in our backyard fell during the storm. Note: The plural form fruits may be used to refer to different kinds of fruits. 4, There is alot of grass.on the lawn Note: One may say "a blade of grass" but not "grasses! 5. Despite her youth Miriam has gray hair. Note: Hair is not considered a mass noun in the sentence: “I noticed three loose hal (on the collar of Gia's jacket.” 6. My brother and | inherited a hectare of residential land. Note: The plural form is used in the expression public lands and foreign lands. 7. Ihave some work to do. Note: The plural form is used in works of art and in literary works, 8 She is annoyed by unsolicited advice. Note: When referring to information or instructions regarding state of affairs, the plural form advices is usually used B. In formal, conservative English the following nouns are to be treated as singular. These words do nol form their plural by adding -s, es or by changing y to | and adding es baggage scenery chalk information furniture machinery Jewelry pottery C. These nouns are always used in the plural form: clothes, means, refreshments, scissors, tactics forceps, trousers, pliers, opera glasses, field glasses, binoculars, and falls (watertall) D. Nouns plural in form but singular in meaning are measles, news, mumps, cards (game), checkers (game). & Nouns ending in ics are singular when they denote scientific subjects, such as mathematics, physics, statistics (science of assembling, classifying, and tabulating data), athletics (art of physical training), linguistics, acoustics (science of heard sound) F. Nouns ending in ics are plural when they denote activities or qualities, such as acoustics, acrobatics, athletics (games), statistics (facts or data)GENERAL EDUCATION: ENGLISH ‘GRAMMAR Prof, Ealberta C. Bala G. The following are nouns with their singular and plural forms: Singular Plural ‘memorandum memoranda, memorandums ‘agendum (rarely used) agenda (Latin plural; in English the word agenda fs treated as , singular.) datum (rarely used) Gala (Facts given; in certain contexts itis permissible to treat the ‘word as a collective noun.) medium media criterion criteria phenomenon phenomena, pheniomenons alumnus (male) alumni (male) alumna (female) ‘alumnae (female) formula formulae, formulas focts foci, focuses radius radii, radiuses appendix appendices (to books, documents) appendixes (anatomical) index indices (scientific and mathematical signs; British) analysis analyses synthesis syntheses axis axes, phalanx phalanges, phalanxes stigma stigmas, stigmata cherub cherubs (lovely children) ccherubim (Hebrew plural; angels) seraph seraphs seraphim (Hebrew plural) stratum stratums, strata (Latin plural) prima donna prima donnas, prime donne ((talian plural) virtuoso virtuosos, viruosi (Nalian plural) chateaux (French plural) aborigines aborigine (American) aboriginals| erratum, errata (used chiefly in errors in printing) basis bases bacillus bail Joous loci larva larvae antenna antennae (sense organs attached to the head of an Insect) antennas (serials for radio and TV) H. The plurals of numbers are indicated by adding an -s, 10s. the plurals of letters are formed by adding fn apostrophe and an -s: ms, yf, as. The apostrophe is not used in the plurals of abbreviations: PhDs, MAs. 1 The folowing nouns are plural: mathers-inlaw, passersby, editors in chief, oficers in charge, cupfuls, spoonfuls, mouthfuls. B. POSITION OF MODIFIERS OF NOUNS Modifiers of nouns may be single words, phrases, or clauses. ‘The tall man is Mr, Stewart. ‘The tall man in the brown suit is Mr. Stewart ‘The tall man who has on the brown suit is Mr. Stewart Single Words and Word Groups that Modify Nouns |A. Single-word modifiers of nouns ordinarily precede the noun modified the my some | books good __| books _]GENERAL EDUCATION: ENGLISi! GRAMMAN Prof Ediiberta C. Bal B When a series of modifiers precedes a noun, the modifiers may be placed in the order illustrated in the following chart = 1 7, | Articles, Demonstratives | Numerals | (a) () © | Other NOUN Possessives, Indefinite Quality or Size or Color | Nouns Adjectives Charac- | Shape ee ~~ —|-tesises._| esti sin a the third | algebra | problem the first three chapters these four | brown rocks: her first | | job John's surprising | attitude the actor's classic | profile my brother's new British car ‘modem | fedwood | houses narrow | black _ icture __| frames There is more flexibility in the position of descriptive adjectives than is shown by the chart. For example, we may say, “the dirty, narrow street® or "the narrow, dirty street.” The order seems to depend upon whether we have in mind a dirty street that is narrow or a narrow street that is dirty. IV. PRONOUNS: 1, When the antecedent is everybody, each, either, everyone, neither, nobody, a person, a singular Pronoun is preferred. Informal English sometimes uses the plural pronoun. Each has his own solution to the problem Everybody has his responsibilty to attend to Nobody has done his work on time. Everyone was keeping his fingers crossed. Apperson has his own ideas about haw peace and reconciliation can be achieved. 2. When the antecedents each, either, or neither are followed by a plural modifier, a similar pronoun is preferred. In colloquial usage the plural modifier offen leads to a plural pronoun. Each of the girls believes she is going to qualify for the scholarship. Neither of the candidates would admit his defeat Either of the two male passengers has lost his ticket Note: The masculine form of the pronoun is generally used when the sex of the antecedent is unknown or when the antecedent refers to both sexes, Everyone is expected to his share. The boys and girls have been made to understand that everybody must do his duty 3. With the impersonal one as antecedent, the third person pronoun is generally used ‘One must create his own opportunity in order to get ahead One canno! testify against himself ‘Note: In a very formal style, the impersonal pronoun ane is sometimes used throughout. ‘When the antecedent is a collective noun, the pronoun may either be singular or plural; if the group is. Considered as a unit, the singular form of the pronoun is used; if the individual members are thought Of, the plural form of the pronoun is used The committee reversed itself, The committee may have their disagreements but they always reach a consensus. ‘None means “no one"; however, current usage permits the use of either the singular or the plural forms of the pronoun with it ‘None of the lawyers has submitted his memorandum (or, have submitted their memorandums).[im Mr. Ge GENERAL EDUCATION: ENGLISH R Prof. Eaiborta C. Bala 6. When the antecedent is a person, the relative pronoun who is used; when the antecedent is a thing, which is used; for persotis, animals, and things as antecedents, that is used. ‘A man who has filled professorial chairs in four universities and has written several successful Books: is supposed to have brains of special quali ‘A. woman that | know practices psychoanalysis. ‘Aword has its denotation, a certain set of things which it stands for and points to, Note: Current usage sometimes makes this distinction: that is used for restrictive clauses; which is used for nonrestrictive clauses. The book that you need is in the cabinet. (restrictive clause) The book, which you are supposed to return to the library, has been taken by Delia, 7. The possessive form whose is theoretically reserved for persons, but in practice itis oflen used when the form of which appears awkward. The problem is especially complex wien we deal with value words like “good,” “evil,” elegant” whose principal function is to indicate the approval or disapproval of the speaker. ‘A. Using subject pronouns: Who, Which, That Tvanked the woman in ay [thanked the woman = an independent cause ‘She helped me. who helped me = en adjective clause 1 | The adjective clause modifies the noun woman. (2) | thanked the woman who helped me (b) [thanked the woman that helped me. (a) who isthe subject ofthe adjective clause. In (b}: thats the subject ofthe adjective clause. Note: (a) and (b) have the same meaning, who = used for people which = used for things that = used for both people and things ‘The book is mine. Itis on the table, 4 (c) The book whichis onthetable is mine (d) The book _thatis on the table___is min B. Using object pronouns: Who(m), Which, That e object of a vor’ — otce nthe examples: the adjective “The man was hr Jones. clause pronauns are placed at the | saw him. beginning of te clause, (General i: guideline Place an adjective clause l pronoun as close as possible tothe (=) Theman whom) —_| sew'was Mr. Jones, ‘noun itmodties ( Theman that | saw was Mr Jones in (e), who is usually used inalead of (gThemen 1 saw was Mr. Jones, ‘whom, especially in speaking, Whom is generally used ony n very formal The movie wasnt very good English P We saw itlast night in(g) and Qj An object pronoun is ofen 1 ‘omited from en adjective clause. (A (b) The movie which we sawiast night wasnt very good. | subject pronoun, however, may not be () Themovie that we sawiest night wasnt very good. | omitted. () Themovie wwe sawiast night wasnt very good. | who(m) — = used Tor people Which = used for things that used for both people and : Ser SAS tt things Using Whose Tinow the man. Whose is used to show possession. It carries the His bieycle was stolen ‘same meaning as other possessive pronouns used as 1 adjectives. his, her, its, and their. Like his, her, its, and (1611 know the man whose bicyote was stolen their, whose is connected to a noun: his bicycle ~swhose bicycle The student writes wel har compostion -+ whose composition {read her composition, Both whose and the noun itis connected to are placed i atthe beginning of the adjective clause. Whose () The student whose composition | cad_wailes well_| cannot be omitted. Mr Catt has a painting. ffs vafue is wiostimable Whose usually modifies "people," butt may also alt has a painting whose inestimable. _| be used to mudity "things," as in (tn) 10GENERAL EDUCATION: ENGLIS'! GRARIIA Prof Edilbarta CB, V. CONDITIONAL SENTENCES ‘A. Summary of basic verb form usage in conditional sentences ‘Meaning of the Verb form inthe | Verb Form in “#Clause’ | __"ifClause" ‘Result Clause True in the present | simple present ‘sinplo present (@) Ft have enough time, Twriteto my future simple future parents every week, (b) It have enough time tomorrow, | will a alee | a write to my parents. | Untrae in the ‘Sinple past Would + simpie form | (ce) if had enough time now, I wourd wile resentifuture ‘to my parents. (In ruth, do not have _|____ enough time, so 1 will not vinta to them.) (@) Wthad had enough time, | would have written to my parents yesterday. (Io truth, 1 didnot have enough time, 80 | did not wnt to them) Untrue in the past | past parfect B. True in the present or future (6) HT don eat breakaway got hingry dung | Te) The single presents used the result Gauss 16 | class express a habitual actly or stato {f) Water freezes (will freeze) if the temperature goes In (f) Either the simple present or the simple future is below 32°F/0°C. used in the result clause to express an established, : predictable fact, (9) If dont eat oreaktasttorortow meaning, wil get | In(a) and (h}. The simple ftureis used inthe resut unary ducing class. clause when the sentence concems a particular acy (h) Ifthe weathers nice tomorrow, we will goon | or stuetion in tne ture plenie. Note. The simple resent, not he simple tur, is used inthe#eawe” ©. Using progressive verb forms Notice the use of progressive verb forms in the following examples. Even in condifional sentences, progressive verb | forms are used in progressive situations, (a) True: THis raining right now, $6 | will nat go for a walk b} Conditional: _Ift were not raining tight now, ! would go fora walk (c) True am not fiving in Chile. am not working ata banc | | (9) Concitional:_If1 were ving in Chile. | would be working ata bank (e) True: lt was raining yesterday aftemoon, so I did nt go for a walk. (Conditional _ifithad not been raining, | would have gone for a walk eo a (g) True Twas not living in Chile last year Twas not working at a bank | {(h) Conditional! __If had been fiving in Chile last year, | would have boon working at a bank —_ a D. Using “mixed time” in conditional sentences Frequently the time in the "if clause” and the time in the “result clause” are diferent’ One clause may be in th resent and the ciher inthe past Noice that past and present times are mixed inthe sentences in the following | xxamples. a) True T did not eat breakfast several hours ago, co lam hungry now. | (b)Condtionat: MT had eaton breakfast several hours go, | would not be hungty now. (past) (present) me eTwe Fie fs nota good dent He didnot study tort tos yestarday (@) Conditions ithe were a good studen, he would have outed forthe teat (60st) i" as E. Using could, might, and should (a) fl were a bir, | could fy hore Ta eld y= woud be able fo fy {b) If could sing as wel as yo, | would on the opera. | in (b} could sing ~ were abate sing (@)iféhad enaugh money, lcould have gone. | inc} could heve gone = would have been ableto 9 Florida for vacation. Tinea eee (@)IfI don't get a scholarship, Imight get a job instead | In (4): Tight gat Of going to graduate schoo! next fall. (@) Ifyou were a better student, you might got better | Ine) you might get = maybe you would got | grades (Df you had fold me about your problem, I might have | In(() might have been = maybe | would have been | | wl got fpeemintNeaHep yo een (g)fJohn should call, ailhim Vit be back around five. | In (g) I John should call indicates a litle more uncertainty or doubt than Mf John ealfs, but the meaning of the two is basically the same. (h) Ifthere should be another world war, the continued | In (h): If thera should be indicates more uncertainty or ‘existence of the human race would be in jeopardy. _| doubt than if there were éF. Implied Conditions (GENERAL EDUCATION: ENGLISH ‘GRAMMAR Prot, EdiibortaC. Bala bus. ‘Aish about the | future RW the present [ey Twauld fave gone with you, but (implied condition ... i Hhadn't had to study) | (b) [never would have succeeded without your help. { ... you hadn't helped me) | (e) She ran; otherwise, she would have miss I implied condition: fo study. G. Verb forms following Wish (a) She will not fof me. (0) Itis raining tight now (b) He fen't going to be hove, (c) She can't come tomorrow’ (f.L can't speak Japanese. — Often the" daus verbs ate stil used in the “rest clause." Verb form following Wish Twisi (that) she woud tefl me. | Wish i ‘Conditional verbs are freque otherwise, in (e), the implied | wish he were going fo be [wish it weren't raining vight now implied, not stated, Conditional iy used Totowing Clause isi sh nad not ed wien the speaker wants reality to be different, to be exactly the ‘opposite. Verb forms similar to those in conditional sentences are | used. Notice the examples. Wish \s followed by a noun clause. The use of thatis {wish | could speak Japanese. | optional. Usually itis (g) John didn't come. {h) Mary couldn't ce wish John had come I wish Mary coutd have come. | I omitted in speaking. Vi. SUMMARY CHART OF MODALS AND SIMILAR EXPRESSIONS Auxiliary nay Present/Future Past ~ [{ajpolite request "(2) formal permission (B)less than 50% where's _| He may te att = Where's John? He iohn? ght be at the library. ibrar He may have been atthe | He might have boon atthe | (@)polle request (aro) [ight borrow your pe? i should have studied last of bad result we willleave without you. () advisabilty I should study tonight Me 2 a ight (2) 90% certainty She should do well on the test | She shiould have done well & : Z | (future only, not present) on the test ought 10 Tipadvisabilty Fought fo study tonight Tought to have studied last ee a pa ight, 2 (2) 80% ceria ‘She ought to do wel on the test_| She ought fo have done wel ies 2 (future only, not present) + | on the test iad beter (iy advisability vil ‘You had hetter bo on time, or | (past form uncommon) “be sipposedio | expectation Gass i upposed bei Class was supposed fo begin at 10. [bor 1 ong expectation | Vou are o Baars a 500. | You wore to Be are at 000 ist 1) strong necessity | Tmust goto class today [iad to go to class yesterday. (2) prohibition (nogalive) | You must not open that door | (3) 95% certainty Mary anti class. She must bo | Mary must have Boon sick Oe odes te |S a Sick (present ony) see) ave to | [iy maces | Tthave fo goto class today. | 1 had to goto class yostorday._| {2} ack of necessiy 1 don'thave fo goto cass | Tel't have fo goto class Ne i (negative) today. __| yesterday. have gotto | (i}necessiy [have gol to goto dass today. | I had to goto dass yesterday wl (1) 100% cataniy He willbe here at 6.00. itaro ef —_| ont ss @® willngness | = The phone's ringing Igor | [. 5) pole request Wil yo please pass the sat? Be gang to] (100% certainty Flo fe going fo be here et 6.00 | ure ony) fet Tin going fo paint iy bedroom. | Iwas going to paint my Toor, te 2 | nite ony | outa have time |GENERAL EDUCATION: ENGLISH GRAMMAR Prot. Eaiibarta C. Bala Auxiliary Uses PresentFuture Past ean (i) abilty/passibity (ean run tast | Teould run fast when [was a | falco? E | hd, but now cant (2) informal permission | Vou ¢an use my cartomorrow | (3) informal poite request _| Can I borrow your pen? | impossibility (negative | That ean be true! iat cani¥ have boon trie! | only) - ee =| past ably Teoulrun Tost wen was 3 | {Tak patte request Could [borrow your pan? i oer] pets | Could you help me? @) suggestion ~ need hel ‘You could talk fo your teacher = Where's John? ‘could be at hor crore ‘That couldn't be true! “That couldn't have bean true! | __|__onty ea mie Tiyabilty T ai abe t Fetp you wil Be | Twas able fo help hi rio AG | abe to help you ees | Ti) poite request Would you please pass the | es | Would you mind it early? | sf (2) preference would rather go to the park | would rather have gone to | Pee _| the park pe {By repeated action inthe Wher Iwai a hi (would | past . Visit my grandparents every ‘wsekeot | used to "| Lused to visit my grandparents | vice | __| every weekend ‘iy polte qasshon to make pe peuggdion 5 ‘pfu va "For we Z | as subject ea Vil. INDIRECT REPORT STRUCTURES. 1. An indirect report structure is used to show that you are reporting what someone said or wrote in your ‘own words rather than in the words they actually used. You can also use indirect report structures to report what someone thought or felt indirect report structures with reporting verbs 2, There are several dfferént types of indirect repon structures. The fist ones discussed here are those which involve a reporting verb, This kind of indirect report structure consists of two parts: the report clause, which carries the reporting signal and contains the reporting verb, and the reported clause which carries the message. The two-clause structure is sometimes called indirect speech or reported speech, In each of the following examples, the reported clause is underlined; the rest of the sentence is the reporting clause ‘The nurse said that ! could see him ‘The friend asked what had happened to Clara's mother | asked him one momning if he had slept well, ‘Somebody's told you to talk to me. Last night he admitied experiencing difficulties in his marriage.Soy GENERAL EDUCATION: ENGLISH ‘GRAMMAR Prof. Eduiborta ©. Balt vill, PARALLELISM ake sentence elements parallel in thought and In form or grammatical structure auly; _ Onweekends Carns selter in te One, playing tenis Fauly On weekends Carlos is ether browsing ‘Ne library or playing tennis Faulty: He enjoys reading in he overt relaxing on the seashore, and athletics Nem and then. Fauliar. He enjoys reading in the evening, felaro on the seashore, and participating in aetics now and then. Faulty. He spoke simply, directly, ane wth eloquence. vavto: He spoke simply, directly, and ‘eloquently Faulty: The story tls of the honesty ane promotion of a policeman. Fararet The story tells of the honesty of 8 policeman and of his promotion. Faulty; AtTast he saw a light, and voices wore heard cautfol, _Atlast he saw a light and heard voices REFERENCES: areantara, Rebecca and Josephine Cabanila. 1990 Effective Writing. Quezon City: Phoenix Publishing ‘azar, Betty Sohrampfer. 1989. Understanding and Using English Grammar. Englewood cliffs, New Sersoy: A Simeon and Schuster Company. Hayden, Rebecca E., Dorothy W. Pilgrim and Aurora Q. Haggard. Mastering American English. New ‘York: Prentice-Hall, Inc. tteaton, 2.8. 4904. Wating English Language Tests New York: Longman Group UK Limited. Homby, A'S. 1998. Guide to Pattems and Usige English. Oxford: Oxford University Press ‘owen, Nicholas, Ma. Luz vilches, and Esiiberta Bala, etal. 1904, Communica Effectively in English Trakat, Mito Marila: Diwa Scholastic Press Inc. Pyle, Michael A. and Mary Ellen Mutioz, 4903, CLIFFS TOEFL Preparation Guide ‘Thompson, Geoff. 1994. English Guides, 5 _ Reporting. London: Harper Collins Publisher. 14Directions: Each sentence is an incomplete sentence. Four words or phrases, marked by (A), (8), (C), (0), are given beneath each sentence. Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence. Write the letter on the blank provided before the number. 1. ‘The Board of Judges chose as Miss Philippines for 2005-2006 A. the second pretty brown-eyed cute contestant B. the second brown-eyed pretty cute contestant C. the pretty second brown-eyed cute contestant D. the brown-eyed pretty second cute contestant The answer is A. The rule of modification is: Article + Numeral + Quality Adj. + Size/Shape + Color + Noun. Choice 8 is incorrect because the adjective pretty should come before brown- eyed. Choice C is incorrect because the numeral second should come before pretty. Choice Dis. | incorrect because second should come before pretty and brown-eyed should precede cute. 2, Maria did not do well in class because she studied bad she was not good study wise she was a badly student she failed to study properly pom> ‘The answer is D. Choice A is incorrect because adjectives (e.g. bad) are not used to modify verbs (€.g, study) the verb studied should be modified by an adverb, badly. Choice B is incorrect because i is never correct to say wise with a noun or verb to mean in relation to. Choice C is incorrect because badly is an adverb and it cannot modify the noun student, 3. The residents were told to evacuate their houses immediately ‘A. at the time when the water began to go up B. when the water began to rise CC. when up was going to the water D. in the time when the water raised The answer is B. Choice D includes the wrong verb raised; A incorrectly uses the time when. It should be the time that because the time when is redundant; Choice C uses incorrect word order. 4, He entered a seminary ‘A. when he had eighteen years B. when eighteen years were his age C. atthe age of eighteen D. atage eighteen years old ‘The answer is C. There are only a few possibilities for expressing age in English: 1) when he ‘was eighteen (years old), 2) at (age) eighteen, and 3) at the age of eighteen. Choice C follows the rule. 5. The little boy ran away in fright A. when he heard the moventent in the bushes B. the movement among the bushes having been heard . after it was hearing moving inside of the bushes D. when he has heard that something moved in the bushes The answer is A. Choice B Is incorrect because there is a need for an adverbial subordinator. ‘Active voice improve ... active voice is needed, Choice C makes improper use of the past progressive. D is verbose and makes improper use of the present perfect. 15Ee ™. ‘ Genera Education: Englsh Grammar Prot EavortaC. Bele j, ©. Hengy will dust the fumiture, ___ ia : ‘scrub the floor, prepare the meal, washing the dishes Scrubbing the floor, preparing the meal, and washing the dishes ‘scrub the floor, prepare the meal, and wash the dishes to scrub the floor, prepare the meal, and wash the dishes how to study effectively ' to study hard to be a good college student D the way of efficiency in study O7A 4 college student must know yp 8 Themanager told his secretary that he would return at the nearest early possibility as soon as possivle at the earliest that it could be possible as early as it would be possible % 9. Thejury has met and o its decision was reached at they have reached a decision 6) ithas formulated themselves some opinions it has reached a decision {G 10. There has nat been a postive response to our request for an increase of salary, has there C. hasn't there hasn't it D. does there }) 14. Tessie wanted to serve some coffee to her friends; however, @. she was lacking in amount of the sugar she did not have much sugar there was not a great amount of the sugar (D. she hadn't many sugar §) 12. The facilities of the older building are as good as or better than those of the new building is as good or better than the new building fare as good as or better than the new building : (©. is as good or better than the new building 13. Neither Chito nor his nephews health certificate for tomorrow's job fair. needs rs is needing need has need $14, Asgecal award was given toa pupil from Roxas Elementary School five years old five years’ @ five year old (© five year’s old 45, There were two smallcoams in the house, served as coffee nook. the smallest of which @ the smaller of them the smaller of which (©) smallest of that Part B. Each item is a brief conversation between two persons. One or more words have been omitted in each conversation. Choose the one word or phrase that you would use to complete the conversation. Write the letter on the blank provided before the number. 9 46. “Were any of the children hurt in the fire?” _ "No. The rescuers got to save them’ B enough quickly there (av quickly enough there there enough quickly £D) there quickly enough 16Part C. ® eoae * cage * 2 Genera Education: Enghsh Prot “Was the household chore difficult?” “Yes, we found ; it hard for doing the work the work hard to do the work hard for doing hard to do the work “Will you and your sister join the field trip?’ “| imagine it . al he so porn we'll + we aud@actNe that aad or soto” “No one was prepared for the oral examination “We have read the exercises last night would ought can should “1am retuming these ten journals of linguistics.” “Would you mind on the table, please?” to put them put them putting them to them putting ‘Grammar Eetorta 6 Bala Read each question, Choose the sentence that best answers the question. 24, Which woman actually saw her friend? Nora called up her friend when she came to Manila. ail ag- - ¢tOP Betsy called on her friend when she came to Manila ur yy) guy, omewheee Angie called for her friend when she came to Manila Mavic called her friend up when she came to Manila, 22. Which man had been working in the dark? (A co © Nardo turned off the lights before leaving the office. Oscar tumed on the lights before leaving the office. Joe! turned in the lights before leaving the office Rey tuned out the lights before leaving the office. 23, Which of the four men is a thief? é Dido ran down with some valuable books. Nestor ran across some valuable books Noni ran away with some valuable books. ‘Tomas ran into some valuable books 24, Which woman used the dictionary? ? Nena looked over the new vocabulary before starting her reading. Alice looked up the new vocabulary before starting her reading, Lydia looked into the new vocabulary before starting her reading Pina looked for the new vocabulary before starting her reading, 25, Which girl is more polite?’ ; Josie talks back to her parents. Charito never talks to her parents Elena never talks back to her parents Zeny does not talk to her parents. adeGonoral Eeicaton Grammar Prof, EaortaC. Bala part A, Each sentence contains four words or phrases underlined, marked A, B, C and D ‘Select the underlined word or phrase which is incorrect or unacceptable. Write the letter ‘on the blank provided before the number. ___ 1. When | was younger, | can run fast 7 Anas) en 2. | was going to play the piano, but | don't have time. A 8 cHno es Ings a bia, could fy nome inpos"ble= ene, wowace would word Z Id have visited you, but he don't know that you were at home AB Si D ___ 5. The president said that | can see him Ag@BY SCMaD) ___ 6. lasked her orle afternoon if she hd paid the tuition fee. A BC D __7. He wrote legibly, clearly and with A BC at 8, Mama tikes cooking inthe evening, swimming in he morning ard rus: now and then. AB D 9. Pina hates a postman who deliver letters outside the gate. AB Ceo) 10. Nalding is one of those engineers who works hard and deliver outputs promptly. A B D Part B, Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence Write the letter on the blank provided before the number. __ 14. Lusually watch the television while |___ for the food ‘A. am waiting ©. waited B. waiting D. waits 42. Libby _ while he was waiting for his wife. A. sung C. sing B. sang D. sings 43. Ruth js going to wait until Victor _ his tea A. finished C. had finished B. finish D. has finished 14, Elsa __ French since she has been attending weekend classes. A. has leamed ©. have learned B. had leaned D. was leamingial o 16. 7. 18. _ 18. 22 23. 24 25, General Edveaton:Engish Prot Eaimerta C Bala J _ 15. The visitors ___just arrived when the receptionist called the officials. Z A. has ©. have B. had D. were Part C. Choose the one word or phrase that you would use to complete the conversation Does your friend a secret. Yes, she has a secret. A. have ©. had oe B. has D. was we Did you ___ to the beauty pertor? a Oe ae Of course. itis my hobby 4p ; A. going C. goes « B. went D. go Who won the debate? The first handsome blue-eyed guy The blue-eyed first handsome guy The handsome blue-eyed first guy The first blue-eyed handsome guy nat did you claim at the airport? baggages several baggages three pieces of baggage three pieces of baggages pom>s 9Om> How can unity in this organization be achieved? A. Each have their own ideas about unity. B. Each had his own ideas about unity, C. Each have his own ideas about unity D. Each has his own ideas about unity. Have the teachers submitted their reports? A. None of the teachers have submitted their reports B. None of the teachers had submitted their reports C. None of the teachers has submitted his reports. D. None of the teacher has submitted his reports. ‘Who did you thank at the party? A. | thanked the waiter who help me. B. | thanked the waiter who helped me C. I thank the waiter who help me D. | thank the waiter who helped me What kind of party was it last night? ‘A. The party whom | attended was colourful B. The party who | attended was colourful C. The party that | attended was colourful . The party whose | attended was colourful Did you have a big audience in the concert? ‘A. A number of students were at the concert B. A number of students was at the concert C. The number of studehts were at the concert D. The number of student was at the concert Who write interesting scripts? ‘A. The director, as well as his assistants and actors writes interesting scripts. 8. The director, as well as his assistants and actors write interesting scripts. C. The director, as wall as his assistants and actors were writing interesting scripts. D. The director, as well as his assistants and actors wrote interesting scripts. 19gery ‘ Me seg ale explode) pheace . a. TJucitben «10%, C08 testes alter. oR, pen, GENERAL EDUCATION: ENGLISH Nagi rus “onANmAR inderiwie paar Prot Eanberta Bala Not Victor but Jaime was elected president ofthe coun Not only his best tend but even his brother considers Jim at fault forthe oss ofthe bag. 3. When one of the two subjects joined by or, nor, or but is singular and the other is plural, the verb agrees with the nearer subject. Neither Art nor his friends are interested in joining the rally. Not only the girls but also their mother refuses to give up. * 4, When two subjects joined by or or nor differ in person, the verb agrees with the nearer subject. Either Vicky or I have been granted the scholarship grant. Neither Eppie or you were nominated for secretary of the student council ‘The indefinite pronouns each, neither, either, everyone, everybady are singular in Formal English; therefore, they are used wih singular verbs. GgulOe on Dike = al ony. ennagh, Plural - Both, pew, Many, offend, Several / mone, =, Mone «SoM, Expressions denoting quantity, Sums, fractions may be considered singwar, although they are apparently plural, provided the focus is on the whole amount rather than on the individual units. In 1970 two pesos was equivalent to one dollar ‘About two-thirds of the pie és lel ‘Note that fractions lake a singular verb ifthe object of the of-phrase is singular, they take a plural vert ifthe object of the of phrase is plural Correct: Three-fourths of the milk has been spilled Correct: Three-fourths of the bananas are spoiled. Either the singular of the plural verb is acceptable in sentences using mathematical computations. Four and eight is twelve Four and eight are twelve. Ten limes six is sixty. Ten limes six are sixty, 8, Collective nouns such as police, committee, family, jury, audience, class, team are treated as plural if the individual members are thought of separately; sinqular, if the group as a unit is ‘considered, ‘The police /s responsible for peace and order in the community. ‘The police have received their pay envelopes for the month. NOTE: This convention also applies to such nouns as rest, remainder, a number of (meaning “several” or "many") Correct: A number of pupils are absent. The number of pupils in the audience is big. 9, Nouns singular in meaning but plural in form generally require a singular verb. Examples of these noulis aie mathematics, measles, mumps, physics, aeronautics, news, dynamics, statics, whereabouts. 10. There is should be followed by a singular noun or a mass noun and there are by a plural noun or & ‘count noun, There is much money in circulation, ‘There are people in love with themselves. Note that in formal usage, a compound subject composed of several singular nouns takes @ plural verb. Examples: ‘On the crown of the hill, there are a miniature cathedral and a miniature governor's palace. = Toynbee ‘There are a man, a woman and a child in the room,= 2 igs a og Bee \ / GENERAL EDUCATION: ENGL a ‘GRAMMAR Prot Eaberta C. ls PAST PROGRESSIVE affirmative z PAST PROGRESSIVE AND PAST SIMPLE / THe was The past progressive shows an Sherlt Bish Erni incomplete action, mt traveling by bus. Youwe | were] inmug | Lthey cs ae _The past simple shows a complete action, _| negative ie, PRESENT PERFECT We | was not an ie affirmative/inegative | Shevt | wasn't taveing ie Wou have | completed the project. | YouWe |werenat | Siimty WerThey | have not | written a letter. Lthey | werent | OWN ie haven't _| tived here since 1984 HelShe | has | known Bong for six question form A cs i hasn't | years. ms he Was | shefit eee ae? question form ieee Were youtwo | Syammng? Have | You | comploted the project? _tthey | Son —_| Werthey | written a letter? Has | He/she | lived here since 19847 FUTURE affirmative _ ie [it known Bong for six years? _| t will we 4 fall asleep soon ‘The present perfect shows: shall__} do it tomorrow. Yourthey | will take a holiday 1. An activity hat is stil happening in the Hersheit |__| present Thave lived here for five years. le | still negative z ‘ live here, T will not We vont |e asleapsocn. 2. A past activity that stil has an effect in the eee et | do it tomorrow. Youthey | will nol | tau eroaga present Hehe ant y Thave broken my leg. SE Tee aoa ee The importait thing is that the leg is broke question form ar TEES mien The past simple shows: ee fall asleep soon? a youthey | 221 tomorrow? 1. An activity that has stopped Perea, | take a holiday? I ived here for five years, = | don't live 2 ae here now. 2. The time when something happened I broke my leg last year. ‘The important thing is the time when you broke it B, SEQUENCE OF TENSES 1. The tense of the verb in the main clause ordinarily controls the tense of the verb in a clause modifyin the verb, a. Sequence with the simple present in the main clause: ‘The secretary always leaves as soon as her boss goes home. (Leaves and goes both express customary activity in the present.) usually read the newspaper while | am waiting for the bus. (Read expresses customary activity in the present; am walting emphasizes the Continuous nature of the activity.) He never goes home before he has finished his work (Goes expresses customary activity in the present; has finished emphasizes completion of the activity before the customary activity in the main clause.)GENERAL EDUCATION: ENGLISH GRAMMAR Prot. Eaitborta C. Bala b. Sequence with the simple past in the main clause, He sat there until the telephone rang. (Gat and rang both express compieted activiies in the past.) ‘The telephone rang while he was sitting there. Rang expresses a completed activity in the past; was sitting emphasizes the Gontinuous nature of the activity at the time of the past activity in the main clause.) He left after he fad finished the experiment : (Left expresses a completed activity in the past; had finished indicates an activity tnat was completed before the past activity in the main clause.) c. Sequence with the past progressive in the main clause: ‘They were still waiting when | got there. {Were waiting expresses « continuous activiy in the past at the time of he past activiy expressed by got) John was stil going to school while his brother was becoming a successful lawyer ‘Was going and was becoming both express continuous activities at an Implied point ‘of time in the past.) : dd. Sequence with the future in the main clause: ‘We'll stay here until the rain lets up a bit. {Will stay expresses an activity that wil continue until the future activity expressed Py lets up.) J think it over while 'm having my lunch. “Wil think exprsses an activity that wil continue during the future activity expressed y am having.) 1'm going to wait until John has finished his coffee. {dam going {0 wait expresses an activily that wll continue until completion of the future activity expressed by has finished’) fe. Sequence with the present perfect in the main clause since tne present perfect in the main clause expresses activ that Began in the past ang tnat may continue through the presen! and possibly info the futur, the verb In the other clause may express an activity that exists or occurs in past, present, or future time, I have felt much better since | have been here. (Have felt and have béen both express activites that began in the past and may continue into the future.) | have learned a lot since | have been attending night school (Have learned and have been attending both express activities that began In the past fand may continue into the future; have been attending emphasizes the continuous nature of the activity.) He has played the trumpet since he was a child. {Hae played expresses an activity that began and has continued from the point of time in the past indicated by since he was a child) He nas worked very hard 50 that he will be able fo finish his thesis by June (Has worked expresses an activity that began in the past for the purpose of achieving the fulure activity expressed by will be able to finish.) {, Sequence with the past perfect or the future perfect in the main clause: ‘The past perfect is ordinarily used only n relation to another past activity or point of time in the past the future perfec, only in relation to another present or future activity or point of time We had just come in when you called. (Had come expresses an activity that occurred before the other activity in the past expressed by called.) We'll have already gone before you get back. {Will have gone expresses an activity that will be completed before the activity expressed by get back.) 6