GPi)alkic©l¥

e)aHBum<elIkTI2
Extula qñaM 2010
 matika
esckþIepþIm >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>1
1>TidæPaBTUeTAénGPi)alkic©l¥ >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>3
1>1 niymn½y >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>3
1>2 eKalbMNgénGPi)alkic©l¥ >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>3
1>3 tYGgÁsMxan;² kñúgGPi)alkic©l¥ >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>4
2>eKalkarN_énGPi)alkic©l¥ >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>6
TI1 ³ karcUlrYm >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>7
TI2 ³ nItirdæ >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>10
TI3 ³ tmøaPaB >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>13
TI4 ³ karRBmeRBog nigÉkPaB >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>13
TI5 ³ smFm’ >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>15
TI6 ³ RbsiT§PaB nigPaBs½kþisiT§i>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>16
TI7 ³ KNenyüPaB >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>17
TI8 ³ kareqøIytb >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>18
TI9 ³ ckçúvis½yCayuT§saRsþ >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>18
3>GPi)alkic©l¥kñúgRkbx½NÐeKalneya)ay nigc,ab; >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>19
3>1 GPi)alkic©l¥kñúgRkbx½NÐyuT§saRsþctuekaN
rbs;raCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>19
 3>2 GPi)alkicl© k¥ gúñ Rkbx½NcÐ ,ab;sBIþ kI arRKb;RKgrdæ)alXMu sgáat; >>23
3>3 GPi)alkic©l¥kñúgRkbx½NÐc,ab;sþIBIkarRKb;RKgrdæ)alraCFanI
extþ Rkug Rsuk xNÐ >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>24
3>3>1 GMBeI KalkarN_RKb;RKgrdæ)alraCFanI extþ Rkug Rsuk xNÐ >>24
3>3>2 KNenyüPaBrbs;RkumRbwkSa KN³GPi)al nigbuKlÁ ki >>>>25
BaküKnøwH >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>27
 esckþIepþIm

GPi)alkic©l¥ CaEpñkmYyy:agsMxan;kñúgkarCMruj nigKaMRTdMeNIrkar

énkarRKb;RKgFnFanrbs;sßab½n GgÁPaB nigkarGPivDÆmYyRbkbeday
nirnþrPaB.
GPi)alkic©EdlRbkbedaysuPvinicä½y KWCaGPi)alkic©l¥ edaykar
cat;Ecg nigkarRKb;RKgbBaða nigFnFansaFarN³RbkbedayRbsiT§PaB
ehIyeqøIytbeTAnwgtRmUvkar nigplRbeyaCn_rbs;sgÁmCatiTaMgmUl.
PaBRtwmRtUvtameKalneya)ay KWCal½kçx½NÐcaM)ac;dMbUgeKbMput
énGPi)alkic©l¥. PaBRtwmRtUvtameKalneya)ay RtUv)anBicarNa
edayepþatCasMxan;eTAelIktþaBIry:agKW ³ 1¦-karKaMRTedayRbCaBlrdæ
PaKeRcInbMput b¤TaMgGs; nig 2¦-karbeRmIplRbeyaCn_dl;RbCaBlrdæ
PaKeRcInbMput b¤TaMgGs;. ebIrdæ sßab½n b¤GgÁPaB minmanPaBRtwmRtUv
tameKalneya)ayeT enaHeyIgminGacniyayGMBGI Pi)alkic©l)¥ aneLIy.
edayyl;eXIjBIsar³sMxan;énGPi)alkic©l¥ raCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa
)anRbkasfa :GPi)alkic©l¥ KWCabuerl½kçxN ½ sÐ xM an;bMptu mYy edIm,IFana[man
karGPivDÆsgÁm esdækic©RbkbedaycIrPaB smFm’ nigyutþiFm’kñúgsgÁm :.
Ep¥kelIsar³sMxan;énGPi)alkicl© ¥ raCrdæaPi)al )annwgkMBgu bnþGnuvtþEpnkar
1
RksYgmhaépÞ RkumKaMRTRkug Rsuk xNÐ
skmµPaBGPi)alkic©l¥ eday)ankMNt;enAkñúgyuT§saRsþctuekaNrbs;
raCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa nig)anbBa©ÚleKalkarN_énGPi)alkic©l¥eTAkñúg
Rkbx½NÐeKalneya)ay nigyuT§saRsþnanarbs;raCrdæaPi)al nigc,ab;
sþBI kI arRKb;RKgrdæ)alraCFanI extþ Rkug Rsuk xNÐ edIm,Ieq<aHeTArkkarGPivDÆ
RbeTsRbkbedayeCaKC½y.

2
RksYgmhaépÞ RkumKaMRTRkug Rsuk xNÐ

1> TidæPaBTUeTAénGPi)alkic©l¥

1>1> niymn½y
GPi)alkic©l¥ RtUv)aneK[niymn½yepSg²KñaCaeRcInGaRs½ynwg
sßanPaBCak;Esþg. CasamBaØ GPi)alkicl© m¥ ann½yfa ³ {CaviFsI a®sþEdlrdæ
sßab½n GgÁPaB eRbIR)as;kñúgkarRKb;RKgesdækic© sgÁmkic© nigsnþisux
edIm,IbeRmIplRbeyaCn_rYmrbs;RbCaBlrdæ}.
RsedogKñaenHEdr kmµviFIGPivDÆn_shRbCaCati (UNDP 1997)
)an[niymn½yfa {GPi)alkic©l¥ CakareRbIR)as;GMNacxagneya)ay
esdækic© nigrdæ)al edIm,IRKb;RKgkic©karrbs;RbeTs}.
1>2> eKalbMNgénGPi)alkic©l¥
eKalbMNgénGPi)alkic©l¥ KWedIm,IRKb;RKgesdækic© sgÁmkic©
nigvibtþTi aMgLaytammeFüa)aymYy Edlpþln; vU plRbeyaCn_ya: geRcInbMptu
dl;RbCaBlrdæ.
edIm,IseRmc)annUveKalbMNgxagelIenH eK)anTTYlsÁal;CaTUeTAfa
GPi)alkicl© ¥ TamTarnUvkarGPivDÆFnFanmnusSRbkbedaynirnþrPaB. cMNcu
sMxan;²énkarGPivDÆFnFanmnusSRbkbedaynirnþrPaB mandUcxageRkam ³
 RtUvmanesvaEfTaMsuxPaBl¥smRsb nigRKb;RKan;sRmab;RbCaCn

3
RksYgmhaépÞ RkumKaMRTRkug Rsuk xNÐ
TaMgGs; edIm,ICyY [BYkeKmansuxPaBmaMmnY nigGayuynW yUr. enHCa
ktþaEdlGaceFV[I RbCaBlrdæ mansuxmu alPaB nigfamBlRKb;RKan;
edIm,IcUlrYm)any:ageBjeljenAkñúgskmµPaBesdækic© nigsgÁm.
 RtUvmanesvaGb;rMl¥smRsb nigRKb;RKan;sRmab;RbCaBlrdæTUeTA

edIm,I[BYkeKmancMeNHdwg nigCMnajeBjeljkñúgkarbegáIt»kas
[)aneRcIn nigsmRsbbMputsRmab;xøÜneK.
 RtUvbegáIt»kassRmab;RbCaBlrdæTUeTA edIm,ITTYl)annUvpl

RbeyaCn_BsI kmµPaBesdækci © nigmankargareFVI edIm,Irk)anR)ak;cN

M lU
RKb;RKan;sRmab;bMeBjtRmUvkarCamUldæan dUcCa es,ógGahar
sMelokbMBak; CRmk CaedIm sRmab;BYkeKpÞal; nigRkumRKYsar
rbs;BYkeK.
1>3> tYGgÁsMxan;² kñúgGPi)alkic©l¥
kalBImuneKyl;eXIjfa manEtrdæaPi)almYyKt; EdlCatYGgÁén
GPi)alkic©l¥. b:uEnþbc©úb,nñenH manKMnitfµI²CaeRcIn)anbgðaj[eXIjfa
EpñkÉkCn nigGgÁkarsgÁmsIuvilepSg²eTotk¾)anedIrtYnaTIy:agsMxan;
kñúgkarRKb;RKgesdækic© nigsgÁmkic©rbs;RbeTspgEdr. dUcenHtYGgÁ
sMxan;kñúgGPi)alkic©l¥ manbIKW ³
 sßab½nrdæ ¬sßab½nneya)ay nigrdæaPi)al³ CatYGgÁsMxan;CageK¦

 EpñkÉkCn

 sgÁmsIuvil
4
RksYgmhaépÞ RkumKaMRTRkug Rsuk xNÐ
\T§iBléntYGgÁEpñkÉkCn nigsgÁmsIuvil manPaBxusKñaBI
RbeTsmYyeTARbeTsmYyGaRs½yelIl½kçx½NÐmYycMnYn dUcCa RbB½n§
neya)ay lkçN³GMeNayplxagFnFanFmµCati RbCaBlrdæ TItaMg
PUmisa®sþ Rbvtþisa®sþ vb,Fm’ nigkRmiténkarGPivDÆesdækic© .l.

5
RksYgmhaépÞ RkumKaMRTRkug Rsuk xNÐ

2> eKalkarN_énGPi)alkic©l¥

GPi)alkic©l¥ CaviFIsa®sþ b¤meFüa)ayEdlrdæ sßab½n GgÁPaB

eRbIR)as;kgúñ karRKb;RKgesdækci © sgÁmkic© nigsnþsi xu edIm,IbeRmIplRbeyaCn_
rYmrbs;RbCaBlrdæ edaybMeBjnUveKalkarN_TaMg 9 dUcxageRkamenH ³

karcUlrYm
ckçúvis½yCayuT§saRsþ nItirdæ

kareqøIytb GPi)alkic©l¥ tmøaPaB

KNenyüPaB karRBmeRBogÉkPaBKña

RbsiT§PaB nigPaBs½kþisiT§i smFm’

6
RksYgmhaépÞ RkumKaMRTRkug Rsuk xNÐ
TI1³ karcUlrYm
karcUlrYmkñúgbribTGPi)alkic©l¥ sMedAeTAelIkarcUlrYmrbs;
RbCaBlrdæTaMgburs nig®sþI ¬GaCJaFr RbCaBlrdæ GgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)al
nana nigGñkBak;B½n§epSg²eTot¦kñúgdMeNIrkareFVIesckþIseRmccitþ nigGnuvtþ
esckþIseRmccitþenaH. sar³sMxan;énkarcUlrYm KWedIm,IFanafa B½t’man
TaMgLaysþIBIbBaðatRmUvkar nigbMNgR)afñarbs;RbCaBlrdæRKb;rUb RtUv)an
RbmUl nigviPaK)anRKb;RCugeRCay munnwgeFVIkarseRmccitþ.
CaTUeTA karcUlrYmeFVIeLIgtam 2rebob KWkarcUlrYmedaypÞal;
nigkarcUlrYmtamry³GñktMNag.
1>1>karcUlrYmedaypÞal;
karcUlrYmedaypÞal; mann½yfa CakarcUlrYmrbs;Gkñ Bak;Bn½ R§ Kb;rbU
edayxøÜnÉgpÞal; enAkñúgdMeNIrénkareFVIesckþIseRmccitþ nigkarGnuvtþesckþI
seRmcciteþ naH. kñgú rbbRbCaFibetyü RbCaBlrdæ mansiTci§ lU rYmedaypÞal;
Bak;B½n§eTAnwgkic©karsaFarN³ nigenAkñúgskmµPaBGPivDÆn_mUldæan dUcCa³
 kare)aHeqñat

 karcUlrYmkñúgKNbkSneya)ay

 karQreQµaHe)aHeqñat

 karbegáItsmaKm shKmn_nana

 karcUlrYmenAkñúgdMeNIrkar nigeFVIesckþIseRmccitþenAkñúgkarksag

7
RksYgmhaépÞ RkumKaMRTRkug Rsuk xNÐ
EpnkarGPivDÆn_mUldæanrbs;xøÜn
 karcUlrYmCakmøaMgBlkmµ nigFnFanrbs;RbCaBlrdæ enAkñúg

skmµPaBGPivDÆn_mUldæanrbs;xøÜn k¾cat;TukCakarcUlrYmeday
pÞal;Edr.l.
1>2>karcUlrYmtamry³GñktMNag
karcUlrYmtamry³GñktMNag mann½yfa GñktMNagrbs;RbCaBlrdæ
cUlrYmkñúgdMeNIrkarénkarseRmccitþ nigGnuvtþesckþIseRmcenaH.
GñktMNag RtUvEtbMeBjtYnaTICaGñktMNag[qnÞ³ nigplRbeyaCn_
RbCaBlrdæEdlxøÜntMNag[.
GñktMNagRbCaBlrdæ GacRtUv)aneRCIserIstamnItvi Fi eI pSg² eTAtam
lkçN³ nigsßanPaBCak;Esþg dUcCa ³
 karEtgtaMg b¤kareRCIserIsedaymankarRBmeRBogÉkPaBKña

 kare)aHeqñatskl b¤Gskl ¬smaCikrdæsPa smaCikRBwT§sPa

RkumRbwkSaraCFanI extþ Rkug Rsuk xNÐ nig XMu sgáat;¦

 TMenomTMlab;RbéBNI .l.

kñúgkareRCIserIsGñktMNag RtUvBicarNacMNucmYycMnYn dUcxageRkam ³

- manlkçN³sm,tþiRKb;RKan; ehIymansmtßPaB niglT§PaBGac
bMeBjtYnaTICaGñktMNag)an
- CatMNagBitR)akd[RkumCak;lak;NamYy
8
RksYgmhaépÞ RkumKaMRTRkug Rsuk xNÐ
- eRCIserIs b¤EtgtaMgGñktMNageTAtamnItiviFIEdlsmRsbeTAnwg
sßanPaBCak;Esþg
- kMNt;tYnaTI nigkarTTYlxusRtUv[)anc,as;las;
- manEpnkarkargarc,as;las;
- mannItiviFIpøas;bþÚrsmaCikGñktMNagc,as;las;
- mankmµviFIBRgwgsmtßPaB nigkarKaMRTCaRbcaMdl;GñktMNag.l.
viFIsa®sþedIm,ICMrujkarcUlrYm ³ edIm,ICMruj[skmµPaBcUlrYmkan;Et
manPaBRbesIreLIg nigedIm,IFana[RbCaBlrdæ nigGñktMNagrbs;
RbCaBlrdæman»kascUlrYmy:ageBjelj CaBiesstMNagRkumGñkRkIRk
RkumRsþI nigRkumgayrgeRKaH. cMNucmYycMnYnEdlKYrBicarNa mandUc
xageRkam ³
 pSBVpSaydl;RbCaBlrdæ GMBs I ar³sMxan; nigPaBcaM)ac;énkarcUlrYm
rbs;BYkeK
 pSBVpSayB½t’mansþIBIkic©RbCuM nigB½t’manepSg²[)anTUlMTUlay

dl;RbCaBlrdæ
 kMNt;eBlevla nigTIkEnøgRbCuM[)ansmRsb

 bgábriyakasénkarRbCuM[manlkçN³CacMh mankarcUlrYmy:ag

pulpus nigsb,ayrIkray
 erobcMTIkEnøgRbCuMRbkbedaypasuxPaB

9
RksYgmhaépÞ RkumKaMRTRkug Rsuk xNÐ
erobcM[manRbB½n§TTYl nigpþl;B½t’manEdlmanlkçN³gay² nig


GacTTYlyk)an
 begáItTMnak;TMngl¥ nigsñiT§sñalCamYyRbCaBlrdæ .l.

TI2³ nItirdæ
nItirdækñúgn½yGPi)alkic©l¥ TamTar[manÉksarRkbx½NÐc,ab;
RKb;RKan; edIm,IbeRmI nigkarBarplRbeyaCn_saFarN³ karBarsiT§imnusS
CaBiessRkumgayrgeRKaH b¤RkumPaKtic ehIyc,ab;TaMgenaHRtUv)anGnuvtþ
edayminlMeGog. elIsBIenHeTot RtUvmanRbB½n§TTYlxusRtU v manRbB½n§
tulakarÉkraCü nigyutFiþ m’ nigsmtßkci B© RgwgkarGnuvtþc,ab;edayminlMeGog
nigminBukrlYy.
nItirdækñúgn½yGPi)alkic©l¥epþatCasMxan;eTAelI ³
 ÉksarRkbx½NÐc,ab;

 karkarBarsiT§imnusS

 RbB½n§TTYlxusRtUv

 RbB½n§yutþiFm’

 smtßkic©BRgwgkarGnuvtþc,ab;edayminlMeGog nigminBukrlYy.

2>1>ÉksarRkbx½NÐc,ab;
ÉksarRkbx½NÐc,ab; KWCalixitbTdæanKtiyutþ EdlrYmman c,ab;
RBHraCRkwtü GnuRkwtü Rbkas esckþIseRmc esckþIENnaM dIka niglixit
10
RksYgmhaépÞ RkumKaMRTRkug Rsuk xNÐ
bTdæanKtiyutþnana. ÉksarRkbx½NÐc,ab;sMxan;² rYmman ³
- eKalkarN_ ³ tamkarvivtþrbs;sgÁm nigtamtRmUvkarénkar
RKb;RKgrdæ
- c,ab;épÞkñúg ³ c,ab; RBHraCRkwtü GnuRkwtü Rbkas .l.
- c,ab;GnþrCati ³ sn§isBaØa GnusBaØa ktikasBaØa BiFIsar .l.
2>2>karkarBarsiT§imnusS
siTi§mnusS KWCaesckþIRtUvkarcaM)ac;rbs;mnusSRKb;²rUb Edl
mantaMgBIkMeNIt edIm,ITamTarnUvGVI²EdleFVI[mnusSrs;enARbkbeday
vicarNBaØaN nigesckþIéføfñÚr. karTTYlsÁal;nUvesckþIéføfñÚrCab;BIkMeNIt
rbs;ral;smaCikénRKYsarmnusS RBmTaMgsiT§iesµI²Kñarbs;mnusSTaMgGs;
EdlminGaclk; bþrÚ epÞr b¤dkhUt)an CaRKwHénesrIPaB yutFiþ m’ nigsnþPi aB.
siT§iCamUldæanFMbMputsRmab;mnusSRKb;rUbKW CIvit esrIPaB nigkarsVHEsVg
rksuPmgÁl.
2>3>RbB½n§TTYlxusRtUv
RbB½n§TTYlxusRtUvsMxan;²bMput rYmman ³
- xagGMNacneya)ay ³ sPa rdæaPi)al Rbmuxrdæ
- xagGMNacnItibBaØtþi ³ sPaTTYlxusRtUvenAkñúgkartak;Etgc,ab;
- xagGMNacRbtibtþi ³ rdæ)al GaCJaFrEdndI m®nþIraCkar
- xagGMNactulakar ³ CaGñkeFVI[mankareKarBc,ab;
11
RksYgmhaépÞ RkumKaMRTRkug Rsuk xNÐ
2>4>RbB½n§yutþiFm’
eKalkarN_ énRbB½n§yutþiFm’KW ÉkraCü nigyutþiFm’. tulakarman
tYnaTIkat;kIþ nigCemøaHnana edayyutFiþ m’ nigminlMeGog. dUecñHtulakarÉkraCü
nigyutþiFm’ CaynþkarsñÚlmYy kñúgkarCMruj[mankareKarB nigGnuvtþc,ab;.
RbB½n§yutþiFm’enAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa rYmman ³
- RbB½n§tulakar ³
 tulakarraCFanI extþ nigtulakareyaFa

 sala]T§rN_

 tulakarkMBUl

- eRkARbB½n§tulakar ³
 karcrca

 sn§ankmµ ¬karnaMsRmuHsRmYl¦

 mCÄtþvinicä½y ¬karvinicä½ykñúgzan³CaGaCJakNþal¦

2>5>smtßkic©BRgwgkarGnuvtþc,ab;minlMeGog nigminBukrlYy
ÉksarRkbx½NÐc,ab; RtUv)andak;[eRbIR)as;CabnþbnÞab; . ral;kar
GnuvtþRtUvEteFVIeLIgedayRsb tamÉksarRkbx½NÐc,ab;TaMgenaHy:ag
eBjelj RtwmRtUv yutFiþ m’ nigminlMeGog. smtßkci T© TYlxusRtUv RtUvGnuvtþ
tamc,ab;edayminlMeGog nigminBukrlYy KWCakarrYmcMENky:agxøaMgkñúg
GPi)alkic©l¥.
12
RksYgmhaépÞ RkumKaMRTRkug Rsuk xNÐ
TI3³ tmøaPaB
tmøaPaBkñúgn½yGPi)alkic©l¥mann½yfa ral;karseRmccitþ nig
karGnuvtþesckþIseRmcenaH RtUveFVIeLIg ³
 edayGnuelameTAtamc,ab; nigbTdæannana

 B½t’manBak;B½n§nwgkarseRmccitþ nigkarGnuvtþesckþIseRmccitþ

RtUvpSBVpSayCacMh tamry³ RbB½n§smRsb nigGacEsVgrk)an

CaBiess cMeBaHGñkEdlTTYlrgnUvplb:HBal;BIkarseRmccitþ
nigkarGnuvtþesckþIseRmccitþTaMgenaH
 B½t’manTaMgenaHRtUvEtmanlkçN³RKb;RKan; niggayyl;.

TI4³ karRBmeRBogÉkPaBKña
karRBmeRBogÉkPaBKñakñúgn½y GPi)alkic©l¥ KWCakarBicarNa
TUlMTUlay nigEvgq¶ayelIplRbeyaCn_ nigtRmUvkarrbs;GñkBak;B½n§
epSg²KñaenAkñgú sgÁm ehIyQaneTArkkarseRmcciteþ daymankarRBmeRBog
ÉkPaBKñaelICMerIs nigviFIsa®sþl¥NamYy EdlbeRmIplRbeyaCn_
saFarN³.
4>1>PaBepSg²KñaenAkñúgsgÁm
RkummnusSkñúgsgÁmEtgEtmanKMnit bBaða tRmUvkarGaTiPaB
dMeNaHRsay kareBjcitþ cMeNHdwg nigkaryl;eXIjepSg²Kña. ehtudUecñH
karBicarNa[)any:agTUlMTUlay nigEvgq¶ayelIplRbeyaCn_énGñk
13
RksYgmhaépÞ RkumKaMRTRkug Rsuk xNÐ
Bak;B½n§epSg²KñaTaMgenaH RtUvKitdl;cMNucmYycMnYn dUcCa ³
 sßanPaB rYmman bBaða tRmUvkar GaTiPaB ePT Gayu zan³kñúgsgÁm

muxrbr .l.
 RkumCngayrgeRKaH rYmman GñkCMgWeGds_ CnBikar GñkeRbIR)as;

eRKOgejón kumarkMRBa ®sþIrksuIpøÚvePT TurKtCn cas;Cra .l.

 RbvtþisaRsþ rYmman Rbvtþirbs;Rkum b¤CnCatinImYy²

 vb,Fm’ TMenomTmøab;RbéBNI rYmman Pasa BiFIGaBah_BiBah_ BiFI

buNüRbéBNIepSg²eTot
 CMenO sasnarYmman sasnaRBHBuT§ sasna\søam sasnaRKisþ .l.

 KNbkSneya)ayrYmman KNbkSRbCaCn hVn ‘ú sinu bicu smrgSIú .l.

 RkumCatisasn_ rm Y man KYy Pñg caray RKwg kack; cin cam evotNam.l.
4>2>eKalkarN_ENnaMsRmab;sRmbsRmYl[mankarRBmeRBógÉkPaBKña
k¦>l½kçx½NÐénkarRBmeRBogÉkPaBKña
l½kçx½NÐénkarRBmeRBógÉkPaBKña rYmman ³
 karRBmeRBogKñaRbkbedaysuxdumrmna

 karBieRKaHeyabl;CamYyRkumBak;B½n§TaMgGs;

 karcUlrYmBIRkumGñkBak;B½n§epSg² kñúgdMeNIrkarénkareFVIesckþI

seRmccitþ
 karyl;dwgGMBIKñaeTAvijeTAmk rvagRkumBak;B½n§TaMgGs;.

x¦>dMeNIrkarénkarRBmeRBogÉkPaBKña
14
RksYgmhaépÞ RkumKaMRTRkug Rsuk xNÐ
xageRkamenHCakarENnaMxøH² edIm,IeFVIkarsRmuHsRmYl[mankar-
RBmeRBogÉkPaBKña ³
 erobcM[mankarCYbCMuKñarvagRkumBak;B½n§TaMgGs;

 EsVgyl;KñaeTAvijeTAmkrvagRkumGñkBak;B½n§TaMgGs; nig

begáItkareyaKyl;Kña
 BiPakSaCamYyRkumBak;B½n§TaMgGs;GMBIplRbeyaCn_ nigbegáIt

CeRmIsnana
 sRmuHsRmYl edIm,IseRmcykCeRmIsl¥mYyEdlbeRmInUvpl

RbeyaCn_rYm edaymankarRBmeRBogÉkPaBKñaRbkbeday
suxdumrmna.
TI5³ smFm’
smFm’kñúgn½yGPi)alkic©l¥mann½yfa Rkum b¤CnRKb;rUbTaMgGs;
CaBiess RkumPaKtic nigRkumEdlgayrgeRKaH man»kasRKb;RKan;
enAkñúgkarcUlrYmbeBa©jeyabl; elIkeLIgnUvtRmUvkarBit Gnuvtþ skmµPaB
nigTTYlplRbeyaCn_smRsb edIm,IEklMG nigEfrkSasuxumalPaBrbs;
BYkeK. elIsBIenHeTot BYkeKmanGarmµN_fa xøÜnKWCasmaCikBitR)akd
rbs;sgÁm nigminRtUv)ansgÁme)aHbg;ecalenaHeT.
suxumalPaBrbs;smaCik b¤RkumnImYy² KWCasuxumalPaBrbs;
sgÁmTaMgmUl. dUcenH dMeNIrkarénkarseRmccitþ nigkarGnuvtþesckþsI eRmc
15
RksYgmhaépÞ RkumKaMRTRkug Rsuk xNÐ
citRþ bkbedaysmFm’ nwgeFV[I RKb;smaCikTaMgGs;enAkñgú sgÁmmanGarmµN_
fa BYkeKmñak;² KWCasmaCikBitR)akdrbs;sgÁm nig)ancUlrYmcMENkenAkñúg
dMeNIrkarGPivDÆn_sgÁmenaH. elIsBIenHeTot minmansmaCikNamñak;Kti fa
xøÜneKRtUv)ansgÁme)aHbg;ecaleLIy.
suxumalPaB epþatCasMxan;eTAelI PaBsb,ay PaBsuxRsYl
suvtßPi aB snþsi xu suxPaBl¥.l. suxmu alPaBrbs;mnusSmñak;² minRKan;Et
KitelIEpñkrUbragkaybu:eNÑaHeT EtRtUvKitdl;EpñkCMenOsasna sµartI pøÚvcitþ
GarmµN_ RBmTaMgPaBRKb;RKan;kñúgCIvPaBrs;enApgEdr.
TI6³ RbsiT§PaB nigPaBs½kþisiT§i
RbsiT§PaB nigPaBs½kþisiT§ikñúgn½yGPi)alkic©l¥ mann½yfaCa
dMeNIrkar nigrcnasm<½n§RKb;RKgkñúg kareRbIR)as;FnFan[Gs;lT§PaB
nigsnSMsMécx<s; edIm,IbegáItlT§plEdlmanKuNPaBx<s; brimaNeRcInGac
beRmIplRbeyaCn_CaGtibrma nig)aneqøIytbeTAtRmUvkarBitrbs; sgÁm.
eKalKMnti énPaBs½ksiþ Ti i§ enAkñgú bribTGPi)alkic©lk¥ )¾ anbBa©lÚ pgEdrcMeBaH
kareRbIR)as;FnFanFmµCati RbkbedaynirnþrPaB nigkarkarBarbrisßan.
edIm,I[manRbsiT§PaB nigPaBs½kþisiT§ikñúgkarGnuvtþ RtUvBicarNa
elIcMNucmYycMnYn dUcxageRkam ³
 kareRbIR)as;FnFan»ü)anRtwmRtUv

¬FnFanmnusS hirBaØvtßú smÖar eBlevla¦

16
RksYgmhaépÞ RkumKaMRTRkug Rsuk xNÐ
karGnuvtþskmµPaBEdlCaGaTiPaBx<s;
 eCosvagGnuvtþnUvkariyaFibetyü

 karKitKUrry³eBlEvgelIkareRbIR)as;FnFanFmµCati

 KµanGMeBIBukrlYy

 karseRmccitþtamEbbcUlrYm .l.

TI7³ KNenyüPaB
KNenyüPaBkñúgn½yGPi)alkic©l¥ mann½yfa CakarGnuvtþtYnaTI
nigParkice© nAkñgú dMeNIrkar nigGnuvtþesckþsI eRmccitþ ehIyTTYlxusRtUvcMeBaH
TegVIrbs;xøÜn edayraykarN_ RBmTaMgbBa¢ak;BImUlehtu nUvGVIEdlxøÜn)an
seRmc nigGnuvtþ.
KNenyüPaB KWminRtwmEtCakarTTYlxusRtUvcMeBaHmuxGñkNamñak;
Edl)anesñsI [Mu eFVGI mIV yY enaHeT b:Eu nþCakarTTYlxusRtUvnUvskmµPaBEdl)an
GnuvtþcMeBaHmuxGñkBak;B½n§TaMgGs;pgEdr.
minEmnmanEtsßab½n GgÁPaBrbs;rdæaPi)alb:ueNÑaHeTEdlRtUvman
KNenyüPaB GgÁkarsgÁm sIvu li nigRkumh‘nu ÉkCn k¾RtUvmanKNenyüPaB
CasaFarN³ cMeBaHGñkBak;B½n§TaMgGs;rbs;xøÜnpgEdr BiesscMeBaHGñkEdl
TTYlrgnUvplb:HBal;GMBIkarseRmccitþ.
KNenyüPaB rYmman KNenyüPaBcMeBaHmuxfñak;dwknaM nig
KNenyüPaBcMeBaHmuxsaFarNCn.
17
RksYgmhaépÞ RkumKaMRTRkug Rsuk xNÐ
TI8³ kareqøIytb
kareqøIytbkñúgn½yGPi)alkic©l¥mann½yfa CakarBüayam xitxM
RbwgERbgrbs;GgÁPaB sßab½n edIm,IbeRmIdl;RbCaBlrdæ nigGñkBak;Bn½ T§ aMgGs;
edayesµPI aBKña nigminerIseGIgenAkñgú Rkbx½NeÐ BlevlamYy d¾smehtupl.
kareqøIytbGacCa ³
 karbMeBjesvakmµCUnRbCaBlrdætamkaresñIsMu

 dMeNaHRsayEdlEsþgeLIgCaskmµPaB edIm,IedaHRsaybBaða

b¤karlM)aknana
 kareqøIybMPøWGMBImUlehtu EdlminGacQandl;kareFVIskmµPaB

edIm,IedaHRsaybBaða b¤karlM)ak TaMgenaH)an

 sMeNIsG uM nþraKmn_BsI aß b½n GgÁPaBmansmtßkci © edIm,ICyY edaHRsay
bBaða b¤karlM)akTaMgenaH RBmTaMgCMrabGMBIsMeNIsMuGnþraKmn_enH
dl;RbCaBlrdæEdlBak;B½n§nwgbBaða b¤karlM)akTaMgenaH.
TI9³ ckçúvis½yCayuT§sa®sþ
GñkdwknaMTaMgGs; nigsßab½nsaFarN³nanaRtUvmanTsSn³TUlTM lU ay
nigsRmab;ry³eBlEvgGMBIGPi)alkic©l¥ nigkarGPivDÆFnFanmnusS
edayykcitTþ ku dak;GBM tI RmUvkarcaM)ac;nana EdlRtUvGPivDÆn_elIkargarenH.
CagenHeTot GñkdwknaMTaMgGs;RtUvmankaryl;dgw [)anc,as;GBM TI di Pæ aBnana
EpñkRbvtþisa®sþ vb,Fm’ nigsgÁm EdlBak;B½n§nwgGPi)alkic©l¥.
18
RksYgmhaépÞ RkumKaMRTRkug Rsuk xNÐ

3> GPi)alkic©l¥kñúgRkbx½NÐeKalneya)ay nigc,ab;

3>1> GPi)alkic©l¥kñúgRkbx½NÐyuT§saRsþctuekaN
raCrdæaPi)alnItikalTI 4 énrdæsPa bnþCMrujGnuvtþnUvyuT§saRsþ
ctuekaNedIm,IkMeNIn kargar smFm’ nigRbsiT§PaB dMNak;kalTI 2 sMedA
elIksÞÜykic©GPivDÆelIRKb;vis½yenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa.
sñÚlényuT§saRsþctuekaNKW GPi)alkic©l¥ EdlepþatkarykcitþTuk
dak;eTAelIkMENTRmg;bYn y:agKW³
1¦ karRbyuT§RbqaMgnwgGMeBIBukrlYy
2¦ kMENTRmg;RbB½n§c,ab; nigRbB½n§yutþiFm’
3¦ kMENTRmg;rdæ)alsaFarN³
4¦ kMENTRmg;kgkmøaMgRbdab;GavuF
karRbyuT§RbqaMgnwgGMeBIBukrlYy enAEtCarebobvar³GaTiPaBmYy
d¾sxM an;énbBa¢rI ebobvar³rbs;raCrdæaPi)alnItki alTI 4 énrdæsPa. c,ab;sBIþ I
karRbyuTR§ bqaMgnwgGMeBIBku rlYy KWCamUldæanKtiytu Kþ nøHw mYyminGacxVH)an
sRmab;karRbyuT§RbqaMgnwgGMeBIBukrlYyRbkbedayRbsiT§PaB. CamYyKña
enHEdr raCrdæaPi)alnwgbnþviFankarmutRsYcCayuT§saRsþCak;Esþg EdlGac
edaHRsaybBaðaGMeBIBukrlYyRbkb edayRbsiT§PaBtamry³viFankar
19
RksYgmhaépÞ RkumKaMRTRkug Rsuk xNÐ
RbTak;RkLaKñarYmman³
1> karbgáarTb;sáat;Camun
2> karBRgwgKNenyüPaB nigBRgwgsmtßPaBsßab½n
3> karKaMRT nigkarcUlrYmBIsaFarN³Cn
4> karcUlrYmBI vis½yÉkCn nig
5> karBRgwgkarGnuvtþc,ab;.
kMENTRmg;c,ab; nigRbB½n§yutFþi m’ raCrdæaPi)al)anEklMGRbB½nc§ ,ab;
nigRbB½ny§ tu Fiþ m’ edayepþatCasMxan;eTAelIkarerobcMRkbx½NcÐ ,ab;[)anrwgmaM
nigkareFVTI eM nIbnIykmµc,ab; RBmTaMgdak;ecjnUvyuTs§ aRsþ nigviFankarcaM)ac;
nanakñúgeKaledABRgwgsmtßPaB ÉkraCü nigGBüaRkwténsßab½ntulakar
EdlCaktþasMxan;kgúñ dMeNIrkarBRgwgnItri dæ. raCrdæaPi)alnwgepþatkarykcitþ
Tukdak;EfmeTotkñúgkarbnþ nigCMrujGnum½tc,ab;eKalsMxan;² dUcCa
RkmRBhµTNÐ c,ab;sþIBIkarRbqaMgnwgGMeBIBukrlYy c,ab;sþIBIlkçnþik³ecARkm
nigRBHraCGaCJa c,ab;sþIBIkarerobcM nigkarRbRBwtþeTAénGgÁkartulakar nig
c,ab;sBIþ vI ei saFnkmµc,ab;sBIþ ]I tþmRkumRbwkSaénGgÁecARkm. CamYyKñaenHEdr
raCrdæaPi)alnwgbnþerobcMkmµviFIpSBVpSayc,ab;dl;RbCaBlrdæ nigbNþúH
bNþalc,ab;dl;m®nþIGnuvtþc,ab;kñúgeKaledAbegáInkaryl;dwg nigkarGnuvtþ
[)anRtwmRtUv. raCrdæaPi)al nwgbnþpþl;GaTiPaBbEnßmeToteTAelI ³
1> karBRgwgsmtßPaBrbs;ecARkm
20
RksYgmhaépÞ RkumKaMRTRkug Rsuk xNÐ
2> karksagnUvynþkarepSg² EdlcUlrYmbeRmI[vis½yyutþiFm’
3> karpþl;CMnYyEpñkc,ab; nig
4> karbnþCMrujelIkkm<s;ynþkarénkar edaHRsayvivaTeRkARbB½n§
tulakar.
kMENTRmg;rdæ)alsaFarN³ epþateTAelIkarFanapþle; svasaFarN³
CUnRbCaBlrdæRbkbeday KuNPaB tmøaPaB nigRbsiTP§ aB. esvasaFarN³
EdlmanEcgenAkñgú eKalneya)ay sþBI kI arpþle; svasaFarN³énRkumRbwkSa
kMENTRmg;rdæ)al RtUv)ancgRkg nigRbmUlpþCúM a 7 RbePTFM² eTAtamvisy½
nigkarTTYlxusRtUvrbs;RksYg sßab½n rYmman ³
1> cegáamesvaBak;B½n§nwgGFibetyüPaBrdæ
2> cegáamesvaBak;B½n§nwgEpñksnþisuxsNþab;Fñab;
3> cegáamesvaBak;B½n§nwgyutþiFm’ nigGaCJakNþal
4> cegáamesvaBak;B½n§ nwgkarelIkkMBs;kic©karBaNiC¢kmµ
shRKasFuntUcnigmFüm brisßanvinieyaK nigkarcUlrYmrbs;
EpñkÉkCnkñúgkarksag nigkarEfTaMehdæarcnasm<½n§
5> cegáamesvaBak;B½n§nwgsgÁmkic© vb,Fm’ nigkic©karnarI
6> cegáamesvaBak;B½n§nwgkarGPivDÆehdæarcnasm<½n§rUbvnþ nig
7> cegáamesvaBak;B½n§nwgkarRbmUlcMNUl kareFVIvicarNkmµ
cMNay nigkarebIkpþl;.

21
RksYgmhaépÞ RkumKaMRTRkug Rsuk xNÐ
karBRgwgkarpþl;esvasaFarN³CamUldæan esvaGFibetyürbs;rdæ
esvaBak;Bn½ e§ TAnwgkarvinei yaK nigBaNiCk¢ mµFnu tUc nigmFümtamry³ynþkar
{RckecjcUlEtmYy}kat;bnßykariyaFibetyüRBmTaMg begáIteLIgnUv
ynþkarmYyedIm,IFanadl;karGnuvtþRbkbedaytmøaPaB nigKµanGMeBIBku rlYy
KWkarbegáIt kariyal½yRbCaBlrdæ. raCrdæaPi)albnþCMrujGnuvtþeKal
neya)ayvimCÄkar nigvishmCÄkartamry³karerobcMbTdæanKtiytu þ nigkar
dak;ecjnUvviFankarfµIEfmeTot edIm,IGnuvtþ[manRbsiT§PaBnUvc,ab;sþIBI
karRKb;RKgrdæ)alraCFanI extþ Rkug Rsuk xNÐ CaBiesskarerobcM nigGnuvtþ
lixitbTdæanEdlBak;B½n§nwg karepÞrGMNacBIrdæ)alfñak;Catimkrdæ)al
fñak;eRkamCati edaykMNt;[)anc,as;las;nvU tYnaTI siTi§ GMNac nigkarFana
KNenyüPaBenAkñúgkarbMeBjkargar. TnÞwmenHEdr karRKb;RKghirBaØvtßú
tamEbbvishmCÄkarnwgRtUvGnuvtþedayPaBTn;Pøn; nigtamdMNak;²kñúgry³
eBlmFüm edIm,ImaneBlRKb;RKan;kúgñ karksag smtßPaBfñak;eRkamCati
sRmab;karRKb;RKghirBaØvtßúsaFarN³.
kMENTRmg;kgkmøaMgRbdab;GavuF edIm,IFana)annUvkic©karBarRbkb
edayRbsiT§PaBnUvGFibetyü nigbUrNPaBTwkdI snþisux nigsNþab;Fñab;
sgÁménRBHraCaNacRkkm<úCa. CamYyKñaenHEdr raCrdæaPi)albnþCMruj
kics© hRbtibtþki arCamYyshKmn_GnþrCati edIm,IrmY cMENkkarBar nigEfrkSa
snþiPaB nigsnþisuxCaGnþrCati CaBiessedIm,IbgáarTb;sáat; nigb®gáabGMeBI
22
RksYgmhaépÞ RkumKaMRTRkug Rsuk xNÐ
ePrvkmµ nig]RkidækmµqøgEdnRKb;RbePTmanCaGaT× karCYjdUreRKOgejón
karCYjdUrmnusS nigbTelµIsepSgeTot.
3>2> GPi)alkic©l¥kñúgRkbx½NÐc,ab;
sþIBIkarRKb;RKgrdæ)alXMu sgáat;
c,ab;sBIþ kI arRKb;RKgrdæ)alXMu sgáat; maneKaledAkMNt;karRKb;RKg
XMu sgáat;TaMgGs;kñúg RBHraCaNacRkkm<úCatamneya)ayvimCÄkar.
rdæ)alXMu sgáat; mantYnaTICrM ju nigKaMBarGPi)alkicl© e¥ daycat;Ecg
eRbIR)as;FnFannanaEdlmanRbkbedayecrPaBsRmab;beM BjesckþRI tUvkar
CamUldæanenAkñúgXMu sgáat;rbs;xøÜn beRmIplRbeyaCn_rYmrbs;RbCaBlrdæ
nigeKarBplRbeyaCn_rbs;CatiRsbtamneya)ayTUeTArbs;rdæ.
RbB½né§ nGPi)alkicm© lU dæanRtUvGnuvtþenAfñak;XuM sgáat;. GMNacdwknaM
nigRKb;RKgXMu sgáat; )anmkedaykare)aHeqñatCaTUeTA Caskl edayesrI
RtwmRtUv nigyutþiFm’ edayesµIPaB edaycMeBaH edaysm¶at; kñúgRkbx½NÐXMu
sgáat;nImYy².
rdæ)alXMu sgáat;mantYnaTIBIrRbePTKW tYnaTIbeRmIkargarmUldæan
sRmab;plRbeyaCn_XMu sgáat; nigRbCaBlrdæenAkñúgXMu sgáat;rbs;xøÜn nig
tYnaTICaPñak;gartMNagrdæ eRkamkarcat;taMg b¤karRbKl;GN M acrbs;GaCJaFrrdæ.
XMu sgáat; CaGgÁkartMNagRbCaBlrdækñúgXMu sgáat;rbs;xøÜn nigman
ebskkmµbeRmIplRbeyaCn_TeU TAkñgú XMu sgáat;rbs;xnÜø . RkumRbwkSaXMu sgáaá t;
23
RksYgmhaépÞ RkumKaMRTRkug Rsuk xNÐ
RtUvmanKNenyüPaBcMeBaHRbCaBlrdæenAkñúgXMu sgáat;rbs;xøÜn GMBICeRmIs
CaGaTiPaB edIm,IeFVIesckþIseRmc Tak;TinnwgskmµPaBbeRmIplRbeyaCn_
TUeTAkñúgXMu sgáat;rbs;xøÜn.
RkumRbwkSaXMu sgáat; RtUvmanKNenyüPaBcMeBaHraCrdæaPi)al GMBkI ar
Rbtibtþti amrdæFmµnBu aØ c,ab; RBHraCRkwtü GnuRkwtü Rbkas niglixti bTdæannana.
3>3> GPi)alkic©l¥kñúgRkbx½NÐc,ab;sþIBI
karRKb;RKgrdæ)alraCFanI extþ Rkug Rsuk xNÐ
3>3>1 GMBeI KalkarN_RKb;R Kgrdæ)alraCFanI extþ Rkug Rsuk xNÐ
raCFanI extþ Rkug Rsuk xNÐ RtUvRKb;RKgtameKalkarN_énrdæ)al
ÉkPaBedIm,IbegáIt CMruj nigeFVI[mancIrPaBdl;karGPivDÆtamEbb
RbCaFibetyü tamry³neya)ayvimCÄkar nigvishmCÄkar.
karGPivDÆtamEbbRbCaFibetyü (Democratic Development)
KWCabBaðasMxan;énGPi)alkic©l¥. karGPivDÆtamEbbRbCaFibetyü KWCa
karGPivDÆEdldMeNIrkaredaymanlkçN³dUcxageRkam ³
1¦ PaBCatMNagsaFarN³
2¦ sV½yPaBrbs;mUldæan
3¦ karBieRKaHeyabl; nigkarcUlrYm
4¦ kareqøIytb nigKNenyüPaB
5¦ karelIkkm<s;KuNPaBCIvitrbs;RbCaBlrdækñúgmUldæan
24
RksYgmhaépÞ RkumKaMRTRkug Rsuk xNÐ
6¦ karelIksÞÜysmFm’
7¦ tmøaPaB nigsucritPaB
8¦ viFankarRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy nigkarrMelaPGMNac
3>3>2 KNenyüPaBrbs;RkumRbwkSa KN³GPi)al nigbuKÁlik
k-KNenyüPaBcMeBaHRbCaBlrdæ
RkumRbwkSaRtUvmanKNenyüPaBedaypÞal;cMeBaHRbCaBlrdæ
TaMgGs;GMBICeRmIsCaGaTiPaB edIm,IeFVIesckþIseRmcFana)annUvkarGPivDÆ
tamEbbRbCaFibetyü enAkñúgEdnsmtßkic©rbs;xøÜn.
RkumRbwkSaGaceFVIkarGegátelIkrNITaMgLay EdlxøÜnyl;eXIjfa
mansar³sMxan;dl;RbCaBlrdæ EdlxøÜnCatMNag RBmTaMgGacpSBVpSay
lT§plénkareFVIGegátenaH rYcehIyRtUvpþl;eKalkarN_ENnaMGnuvtþdl;
KN³GPi)al nigGPi)al.
RkumRbwkSaRtUvcat;Ecgkic©karhirBaØvtßú[mantmøaPaB nigman
KNenyüPaBcMeBaHRbCaBlrdærbs;xøÜn.
x-KNenyüPaBcMeBaHraCrdæaPi)al
RkumRbwkSaRtUvmanKNenyüPaBcMeBaHraCrdæaPi)al GMBIkarRbtibtþi
tamrdæFmµnuBaØ c,ab; RBHraCRkwtü GnuRkwtü niglixitbTdæannana.
RkumRbwkSaRtUvRKb;RKghirBaØvtßrú bs;xnÜø RbkbedayRbsiTP§ aB tmøaá PaB
nigKNenyüPaBcMeBaH RbCaBlrdærbs;xøÜn nigcMeBaHraCrdæaPi)al.
25
RksYgmhaépÞ RkumKaMRTRkug Rsuk xNÐ
kñgú tYnaTICatMNagraCrdæaPi)al RksYg sßab½nnanarbs;raCrdæaPi)al
GPi)alRtUvmanKNenyüPaBcMeBaHraCrdæaPi)al RksYgmhaépÞ nigRksYg
sßab½nnana.
K-karTTYlxusRtUv nigKNenyüPaBcMeBaHfñak;elI
buKlÁ ki TaMgGs;RtUvmankarTTYlxusRtUv nigKNenyüPaBedaypÞal;
cMeBaHRbFanRKb;RKgpÞal;rbs;xnÜø nigRtUvmankarTTYlxusRtUv nigKNenyüPaB
edayRbeyalcMeBaHnaykrdæ)al GPi)al KN³GPi)al nigRkumRbwkSatam
zananuRkm.

26
RksYgmhaépÞ RkumKaMRTRkug Rsuk xNÐ

BaküKnøwH

kariyaFibetyü (Bureaucracy): GgÁkarmYydUcCaTIPñak;garrdæ)al b¤kgT½B

CaedImEdlmanlkçN³ smÁal;dUcteTAenH KWExSry³bBa¢aedayman
mnusSenAfñak;elItci CagenAfñak;eRkam muxtMENg nigkarTTYlxusRtUv
mankMNt;c,as;las; viFan nignItiviFIrwgkMRBws manEbbbTeRcInRtUv
bMeBj ehIymannItvi Fi BI )i ak²nwgRtUvqøgkat; nigkareFVRI btiPkU mµGN
M ac
eTAeRkameFVIeLIgBIfñak;mYyeTAfñak;mYy.
karGPivDÆtamEbbRbCaFibetyü (Democratic Development): sMedAeTAelI
karGPivDÆEdldMeNIrkaredaymanlkçN³
1> PaBCatMNagsaFarN³ (Public Representation) mann½yfaRkumRbwkSa
RtUvGnuvtþkargarkñúgnam nigeFVICatMNag[RbCaBlrdæTaMgGs;
enAkñúgEdnsmtßkic©rbs;xøÜn .
2> sV½yPaBrbs;mlU dæan (Local Autonomy) mann½yfa sßanPaBEdl
RkumRbwkSaGacm©as;karcat;Ecg RKb;RKgnUvkic©karEdl)anRbKl;
b¤eFVIRbtiPUkmµedayc,ab;sþIBIkarRKb;RKgrdæ)alraCFanI extþ Rkug
Rsuk xNÐ RbkbedayRbsiT§PaB .
3> karBieRKaHeyabl; nigkarcUlrYm (Consultation and Participation)
27
RksYgmhaépÞ RkumKaMRTRkug Rsuk xNÐ
mann½yfa CadMeNIrkarénkarGnuvtþkargar nigkareFVeI sckþsI eRmc
citrþ bs;RkumRbwkSaEdlRkumRbwkSaRtUvCYbBiPakSa nigBieRKaHeyabl;
CamYyRbCaBlrdæenAmUldæan RBmTaMgelIkTwkcitþ nigsRmbsRmYl
[mankarcUlrYmrbs;RbCaBlrdæenAmUldæan enARKb;EpñkTaMgGs;én
GPi)alkic©edIm,IEsVgyl; nigeqøIytbtRmUvkarrbs;RbCaBlrdæ .
4> kareqøyI tb nigKNenyüPaB (Responsiveness and Accountability)
mann½yfa kñúgnamCatMNagRbCalrdæenAmUldæan RkumRbwkSaRtUv
eqøyI tbcMeBaHRbCaBlrdærbs;xnÜø kñgú kareFVeI Kalneya)ayesckþI
seRmccitþ skmµPaB nigkarbMeBjkargarrbs;xøÜnRbkbeday
karTTYlxusRtUvnUvGVEI dlxønÜ )anGnuvtþ. RkumRbwkSak¾TTYlxusRtUv
pgEdr cMeBaHraCrdæaPi)alkñúgkarRbtibtþitamrdæFmµnuBaØ nigc,ab;
nana.
5> karelIkkm<s;KuNPaBCIvitrbs;RbCaBlrdækñúgmUldæan (Promotion of
Life Quality of the Local Residents) sMedAeTAelIkci x© ti xMRbwgERbg
edIm,IbegáIt nigeFVI[mannirnþrPaBnUvbriyakasmYyRbkbeday
snþiPaB suvtßiPaB nigsuxumalPaB elIkkm<s;sRmab;karGPivDÆ
sgÁm nigesdækic© nigelIkkm<s;pasuxPaB nigKuNPaBCIvitén
RbCaBlrdækñúgmUldæan.
6> karelIksÞÜysmFm’ (Promotion of Equity) mann½yfa karKitKUr
nigykcitþTukdak;CaBiesseTAelItRmUvkarxus²Kñarbs;RsþI burs
28
RksYgmhaépÞ RkumKaMRTRkug Rsuk xNÐ
yuvCn nigkumar RBmTaMgtRmUvkarxus²Kñarbs;RkumCngayrgeRKaH
rab;bBa©ÚlTaMgRbCaBlrdæRkIRk nigCnCatiedImPaKtic.
7> tmøaPaB nigsucritPaB (Transparency and Integrity) mann½yfa
Cakarcat;Ecg nigRKb;RKgkick© arnana rab;bBa©lÚ TaMgkick© arhirBaØvtßú
edayGnuelamtambTdæanx<s;bMputénsucritPaB nigc,ab;kñúg
lkçN³ebIkcMhRbkbedaytmøaPaB karcUlrYm nigkareqøIytb.
8> viFankarRbqaMgGMeBIBku rlYy nigkarrMelaPGMNac (Measures to Fight
Corruption and Abuse of Power) mann½yfa CakarRbkan;yknUv

viFanénc,ab; RBmTaMgkarRbqaMg nigraykarN_GMBIGMeBIBukrlYy

nigkarrMelaPGMNac.
karTTYlxusRtUv (Responsibility): sMedAeTAelItYnaTI nigkatBVkic©Edl)an
RbKl;[edayc,ab; b¤lxi ti bTdæanKtiytu þ eTA[buKlÁ GgÁkarcat;taMg
énrdæ)alNamYy b¤rdæ)alnImYy²énrdæ)alfñak;eRkamCati.
KNenyüPaB (Accountability): KWCakatBVkic©rbs;GñkEdlTTYl)annUvkar
TTYlxusRtUv nigsiT§iGMNac edIm,IeqøIybMPøW nigTTYlxusRtUvcMeBaHTegVI
nanarbs;xøÜnrYmTaMgplvi)akEdlekIteLIgBITegVITaMgenaH.
KNenyüPaBExSTTwg (Horizontal Accountability) sMedAeTAelIExS
KNenyüPaBrvagmnÞIr GgÁPaBrbs;RksYg sßab½nfñak;Cati CamYy
rdæ)alfñak;eRkamCati EdlxøÜnRbtibtþienAkñúgEdnsmtßkic©rbs;
29
RksYgmhaépÞ RkumKaMRTRkug Rsuk xNÐ
rdæ)alfñak;eRkamCatienaH.
KNenyüPaBExSbeNþay (Vertical Accountability) sMedAeTAelIExS
KNenyüPaBrvagrdæ)al fñak;eRkamCatiCamYyRksYg sßab½nfñak;Cati
b¤rvagmnÞIr GgÁPaBrbs;RksYg sßab½nEdlRbtibtþienAfñak;eRkamCati
CamYyRksYg sßab½nsamI.
KNenyüPaBcMeBaHRbCaBlrdæ (Accountability to Citizens): sMedAeTAelI
ExSKNenyüPaBrvag rdæ)alfñak;eRkamCatiCamYyRbCaBlrdækgúñ Edn
smtßkic©rbs;xøÜn. ]TahrN_ ³
 rdæ ) alfñ a k; e RkamCatie qø I y tbeTAnw g tRmU v karCaGaTi P aBrbs;

RbCaBlrdæ CaBiessRsþI kumar RkumCngayrgeRKaH nigCnCatiedIm

PaKtic nigpþl;esvasaFarN³RbkbedayRbsiT§PaB
 rdæ)alfñak;eRkamCatierobcM[manynþkarsRmab;karcUlrYmRbCaBlrdæ

enAkñúgdMeNIrkarerobcM nigGnuvtþEpnkarnigfvika nigesckþIseRmc

nanarbs;rdæ)alfñak;eRkamCati
 rdæ)alfñak;eRkamCatierobcM[manynþkarsRmab;karBarsiT§i nig

plRbeyaCn_rbs;RbCaBlrdæ nigpþl;B½t’mandl;RbCaBlrdæ.
KNenyüPaBépÞkgúñ (Internal Accountability) sMedAeTAelIKNenyüPaB
enAkñúgGgÁkarcat;taMgmYy rbs;rdæ)alfñak;eRkamCati b¤enAkñúgrgVg;
rdæ)almYyénrdæ)alfñak;eRkamCati. ]TahrN_ ³
30
RksYgmhaépÞ RkumKaMRTRkug Rsuk xNÐ
KNenyüPaBrvagKN³GPi)alnigTIcat;karnanaénrdæ)alextþ {k}


CamYynwgRkumRbwkSaextþ {k}
 KNenyüPaBenAkñúgKN³GPi)alextþ {k}

 KNenyüPaBenAkñúgTIcat;karnImYy²énrdæ)alextþ {k} .

KNenyüPaBEpñkeKalneya)ay (Political Accountability) sMedAeTAelI

KNenyüPaBrbs;GñkCab;eqñatcMeBaHRbCaBlrdæ b¤Gñke)aHeqñat
tamry³karbMeBjtYnaTIenAkñúgGMLúgGaNtþirbs;xøÜn.
KNenyüPaBEpñkc,ab; (Legal Accountability) sMedAeTAelIKNenyüPaB
cMeBaHmuxc,ab; niglixitbTdæanKtiyutþnanaCaFrman.
KNenyüPaBEpñkrdæ)al (Administrative Accountability) sMedAeTAelI
KNenyüPaBEdlBak;B½n§nwgkarerobcMRbB½n§RKb;RKg nItiviFIRbtibtþi
sþgd; ar nigniyamkargarrbs;bKu lÁ nigGgÁkarcat;taMgeTAtamzananuRkm.
KNenyüPaBEpñkhirBaØvtßú (Financial Accountability) sMedAeTAelI
KNenyüPaBEdlBak;B½n§nwgkarerobcMRbB½n§ nignItiviFIRKb;RKgfvika
nighirBaØvtßú RsbeTAtamc,ab; nigeKalkarN_hirBaØvtßúsaFarN³.
KNenyüPaBEpñksgÁm (Social Accountability) sMedAeTAelIskmµPaB nig
ynþkarnana EdlRbCaBlrdæGaceRbIR)as;edIm,ITamTar[rdæman
KNenyüPaBcMeBaHxøÜn RBmTaMgskmµPaBnanarbs;rdæa)alPi)al
sgÁmsIuvil nigtYGgÁdéTeTotkñúgkarelIkkm<s;karGnuvtþskmµPaB
31
RksYgmhaépÞ RkumKaMRTRkug Rsuk xNÐ
nigynþkarTaMgenaH.
KNenyüPaBGnþrrdæ)al (Inter-governmental Accountability) sMedAeTAelI
KNenyüPaBrvag RksYg sßab½n mnÞrI TIPañ k;garnanarbs;RksYg sßab½n
CamYynwgrdæ)alnanaénrdæ)alfñak;eRkamCati. ]TahrN_ ³
 KNenyüPaBrvagRksYg sßab½n CamYynwgrdæ)alraCFanI extþ

b¤rdæ)alRkug Rsuk xNÐ b¤rdæ)al XMu sgáat;

 KNenyüPaBrvagmnÞIr TIPñak;garnanarbs;RksYg sßab½n CamYynwg

rdæ)alraCFanI extþ b¤rdæ)alRkug Rsuk xNÐ b¤rdæ)alXMu sgáat;

KNenyüPaBGnþrrdæ)alfñak;eRkamCati (Intra-SNA Accountability) sMedAeTA
elIKNenyüPaBrvagrdæ)alfñak;eRkamCati b¤rvagGgÁkarcat;taMgnana
énrdæ)alfñak;eRkamCatiEdlmanRbePTdUcKña b¤RbePTepSgKña.
]TahrN_ ³
 KNenyüPaBrvagrdæ)alextþ {k} nigrdæ)alextþ {x}

 KNenyüPaBrvagrdæ)alraCFanI extþ rdæ)alRkug Rsuk xNÐ

nigrdæ)alXMu sgáat;
 KNenyüPaBrvagRkumRbwkSaextþ {k} nigRkumRbwkSaextþ {x}

 KNenyüPaBrvagRkumRbwkSaraCFanI extþ RkumRbwkSaRkug Rsuk xNÐ

nigRkumRbwkSaXMu sgáat;
 KNenyüPaBrvagKN³GPi)alextþ {k} nigKN³GPi)alextþ {x}

32
RksYgmhaépÞ RkumKaMRTRkug Rsuk xNÐ
 KNenyüPaBrvagKN³GPi)alraCFanI extþ KN³GPi)alRkug Rsuk
xNÐ nigemXMu ecAsgáat;.
mCÄtþvinicä½y (Arbitration) karvinicä½ytamGaCJakNþal KWCakarRbKl;CemøaH
mYyeTA[PaKITIbI ¬GaCJakNþal¦ EdlKUPaKITaMgsgxageRCIserIs
eLIg ehIy[GMNaceTAPaKITIbIenaHeFVIesckþIseRmcCasßaBrkñúgkic©
RbwgERbgmYyedIm,IedaHRsayCemøáaHenaH.
sn§ankmµ (Mediation) karnaMsRmuHsRmYl KWCaviFmI yY énkaredaHRsayCemøaH
enAeRkAtulakar. kñúgviFIenH PaKITIbIGBüaRkit RtUv)ansMu[edIrtYCa
s<anP¢ab;PaKITaMgLay ehIyPaKIGBüaRkitenaHRKan;EtGacbBa©úH
bBa©ÚlPaKITaMgenaH[TTYlRBmdMeNaHRsayb:ueNÑaH.

33
RksYgmhaépÞ RkumKaMRTRkug Rsuk xNÐ
Éksareyag
1> GPi)alkic©l¥ sRmab;RkumRbwkSaXMu sgáat;
2> What is Good Governance, United Nation Economic and Social
Commission for Asia and the Pacific

3> ÉksarsRmab;CnM yY kñgú vKÁbNþHú bNþalsþBI kI ci k© arrdæ)al rbs;naykdæan

buKÁlik RksYgmhaépÞ
4> yuT§saRsþctuekaNedIm,IkMeNIn kargar smFm’ nigRbsiT§PaBenA
km<úCadMNak;kalTI 2
5> eKalneya)aysþBI kI arpþle; svasaFarN³ rbs;RkumRbwkSakMENTRmg;
rdæ)alénraCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa
6> c,ab;sþIBIkarRKb;RKgrdæ)alXMu sgáat;
7> c,ab;sþIBIkarRKb;RKgrdæ)alraCFanI extþ Rkug Rsuk xNÐ
8> siT§imnusS³ kRmgÉksarén]bkrN_GgÁkarshRbCaCati

34
 eroberog nigcgRkgeday
RkumKaMRTRkug Rsuk xNÐ RksYgmhaépÞ
Can;TI1énGKarnaykdæanbuKÁlik nigbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³RksYgmhaépÞ
mhavifIRBHneratþm sgáat;Tenø)asak; xNÐcMkarmn raCFanIPñMeBj
TUrs½BÞ³ 023 726 861/220 935
Email: info@owso.gov.kh, Website: www.owso.gov.kh

KaMRTeday

raCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa FnaKarBiPBelak