Type equation here.

𝟎 ≤ 𝒓 ≤∝
0≤ 𝜽 ≤ 𝝅
𝟎 ≤ ∅ ≤ 𝟐𝝅
 𝑑𝑠 = 𝑑𝑥𝑖 + 𝑑𝑦𝑗 + 𝑑𝑧𝑘
𝑑𝑠 = 𝑑𝑟𝑟 + 𝑟 𝑑𝜃𝜃 + 𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑑∅ ∅
1, 𝑟, 𝑟 sin 𝜃 → 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠

𝑖, 𝑗, 𝑘 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑟𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑔𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑔𝑙𝑜𝑏𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑦

𝑟, 𝜃, ∅ orthogonal locally –r at one point need not be

orthogonal to 𝜃 𝑎𝑛𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡

Cartesian system surfaces with constant coordinate

values are planes
Spherical polar system, curved surfaces, r=constant is a
sphere
𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑒
Area elements in spherical polar
coordinates
𝑟 𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝑟 ∅
𝑟 𝑑𝜃 𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑑∅ 𝑟
𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑑∅ 𝑑𝑟 𝜃
 Cylindrical polar co-ordinates
z

y
𝜑 𝑑𝜑
𝝆𝒅𝝋
𝝆

𝟎≤𝝆≤∞ x
−∞ ≤ 𝒛 ≤ +∞
𝟎 ≤ ∅ ≤ 𝟐𝝅
Scale factors (𝟏, 𝝆, 𝟏)
𝝆 – constant then, describes a cylinder
z constant/𝝋 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕, 𝒅𝒆𝒔𝒄𝒓𝒊𝒃𝒆𝒔 𝒂 𝒑𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒆
General expression

ℎ1 , ℎ2 , ℎ3 → 𝑆𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠
𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 → 𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠
Physical meaning of Curl
 If the x component of the velocity field varies along y
and y component varies along x, then the velocity
detector will turn around z-axis .
𝝏𝑽𝒙
If =′ +′ 𝒗𝒆  Then this tend to turn ′ − 𝒌′
𝝏𝒚
𝝏𝑽𝒚
If =′ +′ 𝒗𝒆  Then this tend to turn ′ + 𝒌′
𝝏𝒙

The vector sum of these two quantities will give the sense of turning
𝝏𝑽𝒚 𝝏𝑽𝒙
The Rotation with respect to z axis − 𝒌
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚

Commuting x, y and z cyclically, we have maximum for rotation

along 𝒊 and 𝒋
𝝏𝑽𝒛 𝝏𝑽𝒚 𝝏𝑽𝒙 𝝏𝒛
− 𝒊 & − 𝒋
𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒛 𝝏𝒛 𝝏𝒙
Summing up all these variations , we have
the measure of the total curling power of
the velocity field at a point
𝒊 𝒋 𝒌
𝝏 𝝏 𝝏
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒛
=𝜵 × 𝑽
𝑽𝒙 𝑽𝒚 𝑽𝒛
Gauss Divergence Surface
Bounding
Theorem volume
Surface
element

𝜵. 𝑽 𝒅𝝉 = 𝑽 . 𝒅𝒔

Volume
Stoke’s Theorem element

𝜵 × 𝑽 . 𝒅𝒔 = 𝑽.𝒅𝒍
 HelmHoltz Theorem

If the divergence and curl of a vector function are specified and if

𝟏
they both work to zero faster than 𝟐 as 𝒓 → ∞ and if the vector field
𝒓
itself goes to ∞ as 𝒓 → ∞, then the field can be uniquely be resolved
in to two parts

𝑭 = −𝜵𝒖 + 𝜵 × 𝒘

First part, −𝜵𝒖 is Curl free 𝒄𝒖𝒓𝒍 𝒐𝒇 𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒅 𝝋 = 𝟎

Second part, Divergence free

𝒅𝒊𝒗 𝒐𝒇 𝑪𝒖𝒓𝒍 𝒐𝒇 𝒂 𝒗𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝒇𝒊𝒆𝒍𝒅 𝒊𝒔 𝒛𝒆𝒓𝒐