— me eee tater Eagecctng APPLIED ae Pk nd a ey Cg HYDROLOGY ate nd Ot: Bch ngincerng Pome ‘hops Morne Plin od is Com! ‘owas: Moa for Mtr Quy Mangement Somer Gradua Hoaiony SS Em pr cma Ven Te Chow ‘Gee Saldnas yp! dlny a reer of Pen ang {ky aod emia or Robes Bag ‘stro ict, Ute Serpe Nera Pt lg fe ars ‘Moca an iy nc Mousa Ein Coes an aig David R. Maidment ‘ere nace Pef of Cv ng at ty tn rae Ee: Dn, Dip Re The Om oats Dev, Hoe so Tesh Eton! apa tml e Pti Stem Larry W. Mays Spe mec ny em Pepe oOo Eng Scala Mchenry ot Soege etn of ot as ‘tog Ps 20 uae Stl Wnt: Bare Prine ge naes‘APPLIED HYDROLOGY |NTERNATIONAL EDITION 98 den hy che i nk —S x n Seedy cee ome ih 188 y Mee Aire. ace pred ‘drt Un ates Cpr a oe opr of hs een ney Sat hanya ery mam tenga ey of Conro Caning in Paden Data i pag Mies oi Ma aye, erecone ing) Pele Sagepre ABOUT THE AUTHORS lnurcior and peste, then wet to Pemnyvania Ste Uaiersiy fa which 1 receved ht M.S. core n 198 andthe Univerty of lint whee be ‘ec ht Po. degen 1980. He alo seeved four honorary dcr Spies an many ther tmade and honors nling membership te Ns ‘Academy of Ealoeting” He was» prolific uh, wing hie fin ook st be Ae of 27 en te theory of secs (in Chins). He tthe Open Chel pera in 1989 end was ede fhe Handbook ppd Holo In 1964; bh books esl eonieed snd reference work He was Se in pool soles, especialy te Inrnatoal Water Ressuces Aon ‘of which he was a racial founder nd theft Pesient vid R Matdmen ie Asociate Profesor of iii Engaering ot te Univrtyof Tena at Ain voce eh bee on the fay ne 1981. ot to tt te he tight at Tots AM Univerty ad eared oat hyiogy Teseuch a the Inernaaa! nate ot Appi Stems Arlyn Vin, ‘Kei, anst he Minty of Works sad Bevlopmen in New sand He ‘nine his bachelor's depres trom the Uaiverty of Cantey, Chchteh [New Zealand, and his MS. and PhD depres from the Universy of ina ‘a Urtuw-Champsgn. Dr, Maidment serves as consaantin Byrlogy 12 {pvermest und Indy and san socinte ede of the Myopic! Senses Soumah. Tiny W. May is Pfeirof Civil Eapinsing and holder oon Ea ering Foundation Endowed Petescaip at he Unive of Tear Asin ‘ere he has ben on te fcuy ice 1976. Por Ot he was sat ‘esechssunand hen a VstngResach Alto Profesor tthe Unive: ‘Sy of tos Ursa Campign where he eens he Pa, He eve hsae ee eee eee eee eee eee ee B.S. (1970) and M.S. (1971) dees fom the Unive of Miso at Rll, or alee which be served in the U.S. Army saoned wt he Laese Liver CONTENTS {Eoin Calvin. Dr. Maye bas Been very ciel esearch td tec fag atthe Univer of Tene ine ara of fyeoiogy, hy, nd eat ‘esate sys aaj nan ha served ar onan i eset {ovis goverment penis and nies ncloding the U.S Army Cape of Engicu, the Atorney Generals Office of Tena, te United Natt, NATO. {Se World Bank, andthe Goverment of Taiwan’ He larger ences ‘seven sats sat bcs ave is commites with the Aman S008) ‘Gi Eine an ober proesonlergunetons, fl tite ait a 35. Bean 36 Bropmepaice 4 Subsurface Water nnd Few z i sexene o asseuEEE 8 assScan Nar Hydrologic Measurement Fyilope Meaurenent Spence cman fac Hydrologic Analysis ‘Unit Hydrograph erent Hyp Sytem Mae ‘espe Bets fine Sema ‘Tela Hog {Us reograh Devon ‘Ut yoga Apion ‘Us pga by Mae Caen ‘SynateUnt Hyogarh ‘Unt Hypa fo Dies Rall Dine Lumped Flow Routing Longe Seem sie Ringe at ed tpg Re ening Disuibuted Flow Routing Sain Vere Buon Get of Ded Roig Model aa! Slain fe Kiem Wane SEES By! Pood Rong Mesaaing Re ‘era Pood Rog Hydrologic Statistics ‘Prabiae Desa of Hyde De ‘eset Pelt Foon ‘ang Pes Debce ‘Pry Datos fr foie Vales Freuney Ati Feros fas Pan are esi of ana Hydrologic Design Hydrologic Design yd aie Sate ‘Secon oe Dep Let Fit One Ana cerainy Bs # eaeees &mo ee eee | causes eR ENN ET PREFACE, 1S Design Flows o i . s Indexes ° ut nex = Sabet nee “ ‘opled Hydrology is» textbook for upper level wadeyaduate and raat dine inhaled sa eerene for practicag hyde. Sues water scents pits pveing brig phenomens. The hyrlgiesaem s ‘aunlaed ara gered coal ame, and he Reais Tresor Tore {er gect coat! vole quton from fd ec sed apy he {yal nw pveming mun momentum, ander) toe ow of wong ‘another an trace mcr, Tissorton scoped ech Cn hyrlops mesures. iyrlog says wee in he next sx chen (7 12), wich engin compton methyl fr pci ks ch 2 afl ‘Sea mdaing. ow rong and aly exnene evens. These capers Te erid i seocneaording oe we) heals Wea th sac nd tie truly and enor fe hyrlgie syaee bela. Specal iewon igen In Chg 9 and 1010 he soja of flow roving ty te Sauer med ae he ry of sande Spr ‘ops bas mate posite he gael apicatn ofthis med THyrlogis ig nud In the fia ce chagers (131 18) which {focus on he aks nen nero dg, te sett fGsin sons Ietedneprotale masinum pei, std he clunio of eign Nowe is varus probing ie Sign toon sewer, Noe Sn wo, so ow gpl og feet om ther vail ks 7 ow ipl Meigs fom ter in hie et Ft i rook i general overage of uae wats hylgy- Tet Shot teenies Sree es SS eer e ene Fe creoetal ene of wig he gle stm cnt vole eer ‘Stun nr ny sabe of pony oe vce et ‘tod ue nen toch ies of haope cm person br tor amt an lac wp. Taw le toe era yon $250 camps pols sesh tod 0 eto FoR Fev th endo chp fr hamewa tesa tesa ‘Seta detlpmen toes rion eat ae foe Pens ated abe cape oth by sng tie pees he oer {ey a pe inthe devlopent of te jet ene She probes ied aonb wing rene pop, by vl comp {deo yw sada erage seen propa “hs bak ed rte Sener we Une Tea at Ain: sn gop ni gone one i ie ou Nye ee Sciegndee ce nbpitog eg, eeepc ‘feos presen fom tongue boat heen age ae fsceting ome mats an deni chapo Atte pedal capes se bytspe pce deat tpariel “Theo sey ‘ny fren Coes tha col ephedra {Guns ec wns cha she wear byaogy nesses, Cty: nln. conpton arog se, ty logy bok hc Food prc ef aero by ' mth over my ean of aching, seh al prfelondsgenee dad aoped arty oat ew f Os alec, WE eee se ee igure, tomes ral We Wl ate ange tops aie ib saicenty sds at snow Lwteoe fo ‘Stones sale an be bi pene an eae hee Apps ‘en sh Noosa rough have ait pet ab eee tsi canepoding rom te op be yng ee ifoeation htc wwleage td fe daa il er Tae ak itd wb scotia of Ce tr, ‘ips wr s appoint conceniag Be develops of his book The oat ntand may pear aby Posten Ven Ts Cw a be Ue of {iho UsaneCunpsp eh rope eevee of mses ‘creo caper. Falowng i ei OHM es a ned Sy two compen We tan ted ope See the Unerty of ot Uta Champugn ad shed te byl oe eopcve whic Ven Te Chow ta men eon Sa Hcne, During he Jes ere ou to wesc, cose. ph inviatiy. tht we fat ta alma othe began aaa Ss ate ‘Sng ott wou cminen tnd compe” Aue et a ehng {Se hyony cows he Univer fees Aine pal coke {he concept the it hey ae penal Bee We ice e hae eased ‘Se omept mich sama Yen Chow's engin wet ooo bes es cranks fo Becky Bri, Jn Hama, Sutin, ian 5 cero (Gr pepe oe nacip: eso wat ‘suet Pete by rvewe f he mans ling Cont Conte ‘Eom: nei ae a ek Sa Oey, re, Seka Uary of Mec a Ben he Yen ae Ges Ise Usene Chana, snd ou compuesto men Oe Uavey ot Tap ht "tek Connon slog hepa of aniag, We wish 0 god jn Dovid & Moline ‘se ‘Awsin, Toxe December 1967APPLIED HYDROLOGYCHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Wer i the most abundant asa on ea, he principal consent ofa Ting thing. neda major ferce cons sapng te sae ofthe ear dbo factor ia t-condtoning he eat for human exene sd in oe? ing he poses of cvlizato, Hyerology, which teas ll phases of he art's toe, beset of pet import or ole and tienen, Pata Sigs of ly a nh Sve on tines powcr pncrate, oa cons vga, cto wd een ont sity con plltonsbtement, eration! wo we, ad fh th wife precio. Te fle of spied hylogy io ep aayee the Problems invlved in these ws and Yo provide gaan fo th planning ad unogenent of mater utes. "Tne nyarsieces eal With the waters of he eat: ie bon and clon, th physical and chil properties, an thee inraction wih the ‘cooment icing Iason wi vag ings an pacar, bn ‘eing, Hyrlogy may comicered to encompacr al the Syren oF Stncd moe siya the tly ofthe yagi yc at he ent cltion of water between the ith nh among. Hyd knowlege ‘SSppid whee and ene water nse tthe an re of he Scan tr fe te nin af otc eng ad the aie sons. ‘Changes ine dato, ciclo, or enero th chs was can hve farreachng flees thie aps. for mance, were a manson of ‘Scher Chngts may be nisl by human vie. Pepe lhe Sl Irate eop eae la le oem, hl ais ip ‘tit rivr an aes many eh comaractive ce dere age11 HYDROLOGIC CYCLE Witeron earth extn space called the ‘Sinsinting the hyelope eee "The hyddape cee cent os of ology. The ple hat 20 exiting end ni mary sens ac conte Arshows hema nig... water vor fom the cca ad eld sae ‘come pat of he amospere! wae apr wanted an ied te so ‘phere unlit condoses sd precip on te lan roca eine ‘Some overlond fow oer tbe ond ‘tc, infra he poo fw tough ea as bere fad s Bly oy rei aan ‘ea tying: i ty fin dt | i= = _blosopberAnexagors of Cazomense 500-428 nc) formed primitive version ‘fhe tydloge eee. He Selved tatthe au ied wae fom he ee he senor, tom wich el sn nd aie was tn Clee in underground reservois, which fd the dee fas. At inpevere of "ory wis mae by anther Greek posoper, Topestan 372-267 he), wo Cares dettted the hyaolgie pele nthe toner he en and ‘lastion o he foraton af recpaton by condensin sed ier. Alte ‘ving the weeks ef Theopvsa,the Ronan sete eices Meo ‘rvs, who lived about te tame of Cit, conceived the hear tha fe ‘ow geneily accepted: he extend Taeophstr crane, cnting tat eundwate was rely eived fom ain and sooth ft ft i [ound sarc, Thi may be cmidred » freer othe mose ven of bie heelope sete Tndepenon inking ocured in aciatAsin elilawtons (UNESCO, 1974), The Chines reorders of, et now, an Wd os A ‘ang oracle tones at ety 51200 ne Tey probly used in ngs seed 4000 and eased steam paging aot 30 9 Ti: te ft uaave measurements of rafal ue ack to the late pa ft ose ey 8 Tecnu ye may ae we Ce 0. ie nde by 400. ad In Pea by the eth eay bt ee ‘eas ha it impact on Wesers tosh Dating the Renasuce, a gran change csumed fom prety piteoph- ‘eal concepts of hydrology toward ected scene, eon or We (452°1515 ae the fest sera sas of veocty dahon a esos, ‘ing 4 weights rod eld aoa y a fied anil adr Te el ed ‘etka at «pm in th seam, and Lecntfo wld well aloag i Ra ‘hing progress when oiometer (hg 13-1) ad Join he ite between the srace and ot velcites by the angle of te ro, By mening "he To a diferent pints i the steams crows ston, Leona aoe ee ‘ey sn anne Oy pn) be of pt a ah [Seng fom xy a 0 9. ip, WX, The oe Ecce ef 38 0 nade Sasa Soe Pern ees ‘ices: MT: p. cae ona een ee ‘cSt tana te ne aw th. ee oe Se ee a ‘oven i mae oe a ar pce ae Se ‘sven nd pen et yc cnea ase sew ewe ese | TEL mmc setter hemace Sep rerio sys nv on Fee (9. sy pea ree tg cae Smetana aac, eshte es Cth: ed eo tion in swift which is nearest to the surface; and this occurs because the iad geome rettnovese states neat Sige cere ne yacece Shee Rone eto tea tinea te Daman rt see ne ins br ncaa nants seers hela tts taywene Soon arate Eateries Serco hy 15nd senna Be ge ya seartinan titeg yore Boies nr Ret Ei ated Woah eae racesHe recognized that fli» souce for rao and curly conc tat the ender fhe espn was fu by tapi, hapa Hyuaulie measuemens and caperients Mouse dng the eiphecath emu. New hydrate princes were doveed such a te Bera eg tin ané Chezy's formula. and beter iarumets were developed. long the tipig bake an gape andthe cence. Holey fvenced man "apy cig the since ery. Dalton enti’ a pie fr evap ‘ion (182) the theory of ena ow was dered by he Hagen eae ‘uation (189), andthe aol method for deeming peak eed flows was ‘oped by Mulvaney (80). Darcy developed i i porn media fw (ike. Rip reseed hs grr orden tage aeons 188), ‘mt Mane eps pc aw ever, quntave nylofy war sll ature tthe Belen of ‘he enh cenary- Empires! sppoaces were spayed to ele peta turoopea! prolens. Gully fpurolgate epcedeopicen wt ana ‘als of eerved ita. Greet and Arpt (1911) developed pleated ‘lo fat, Hazen (1914 itoduced suey snl ocd pels Sind ware stage requires. Rika (1931) ceed te governing eg frente fw, Sherman dvs the unit hyopagh thd nsf ‘flecive rainfall divest nna (193), Honan developed iftaton ty {198 tnd a desi of dings stn foo (1948), Game proposed he ue vale law for hjreopc sade (94), ad a (981) Serene {tat hylopie ebservatans ay exhib sequices flow or Mh tle at eos over any yea Like many Slncs,hyology was recogni ony recey a separ scilin. Abou 1965, te Unted Stes Ci Service Casson cop Indogst as» jo casifcaon. Tae“ ‘evs of pion inthe Commision it of occa was Seid flows tet) of be ierettolp ned react tten wae adi teen iB tylpe oe Tse pnt bane efoto ofits, a eet fhe cnn of acres, cco, ed ‘tty o mae che Eas sme on Ea nti ade ‘and ot san. Sach wo eu he pion ne pcp ete {nm te tppemcnd oy flesh mentee. pag eee nat Pia, sl nd her nea ‘The adent ofthe computer eon ydelogy and made yogi an 3m josie ona apr cle. Comps ees Stang yale process {3c now spied wing compte smeltons and wet uae of served a {fe educed to say ists for eter ndending of hg peor. andor estishing Nyro design levels. Mare teeny, developers "lenis and da transnission have made poral tec {rom emo records and the developmen Yea ie programe fo frat Ing Rods and ber water operation Micrcimpes tad pease sry =e ee sow provide many hyo wid nev computina convenience an omer ‘Tee croton of hyksope Knowiedge an mths Wigr soot conn Improvement inthe cope sed secur) of aun to hytlope problems, Tylon pblems diery aft te ie sad ates rg numbers of pope, An element of ik aye ese mw exe eet thy billy known cam orcr any in. A corespnding espns) est. ‘po te hyaoogie to pois the West sas hat Keowee ad at pei REFERENCES at, 3, ape ayn inf i ps ee infra oan ent on {Sib enonet ety: rehab Pot Boh 3S Fisk, i, nec new Stn Sindy on Teg 2 iat ec na Wage Bee ce a nag ch ee Spa 1 coat ne, a a 2 the iL, Or treme oun a fais Re, eh “ati Rett an oui ip, aC, rl Many. Ss On eo ring on Bonde a mang ceria of "tino ad a od ac spear ar Ce ida Ci eon iy Ag prs mediens PA Jnl of Sait pe es hts ey, maa pe a of a er me ey, Mir of Pcs, on of sem ie ty ong et, He A 1 ‘Sedaouct has ap ners ns OSS ater ce Eng tmnt mp Hg Vane Es hn Arion! Ss, MI Pr, Cae, Ma,BIBLIOGRAPHY ot tf ye a Met ee ek, rai th empresa, Ere Sete en Cong cn Ep Ege Bt, 1 Man 8 RE Nea ee tT Fa Ma 6 dae try han A of He, Nah nd ig Cony, Aan, 178, ‘Sow voi aim pr at ed i soe tat rns, te sa Rath, iy re tem ‘to A De iS: i th nine pins, coe NTE Me gS eC ngs 8.98898 1271 SUE tene roc en Bp SCL G. omen Sn Eagar a, New Ya 1 ‘Sipe Aan Pot, alo ey, Rg, PROBLEMS 4 Aiming le me es ted fe eee 112, Roig Sg te ote oes om es eee 1.1.3, Asin al pounder met oe tans cones of untae, ‘ine he sve rani hs woe LA. The wend popio 190 bse eid ao 4 bili, The sal ‘pce cue igh eg redewa ho pren Ae potato ac valley pete og nero ‘Thc ee we sow 68 ae 1600 ply pe in clng Jeti wa spn an eur wien fer atone ce. Ane ‘tdi ke eon eh rn sofort aly. 1.15, Cate lta serge psp nl tran C. A Caan tal verge espa deat Ce 1 te dee yalogs sytem ith wi you ea Po ah rw {oc tony ot ly pt ep ad outing ma 131, Theeqaon aan as ber aed oe he pa elton ‘tow nav dng sees eran ose) = Oe TCTs be Stat equates for Qa Od pt te eat oe ¢ ‘Shy peed f= Dds nd Gy = Wc 1.32. The eqion MdQl) + O10 = 10 atten el seb the respense ‘oscuniow tt cotati of pipanon iting init on Stara nh es, =I rt > Oral p= fort =. See Seat i pit i oer Pl 14k. Cty flowing bog herent 1 scr Retin acute win open chant (8) see of ly ‘tinge fw a acumen ee tml ia aes ly fw’ ee) engin proc of muerte Conf ely ow nt seam cue! ptm ie: (he ane ot wi oe faring dow mca) suns alin ae a Disses Se pete ahr nape in (ope ind Sots maa eae aaah 1.52, SXGts nar sues poet of elon e uranic. Exin fe pn he et sce a ee 1.53, Sete mp apace nour se tt ave loge eons nd ‘in what e sponies 1.54, Sets mar blog eet a ood up tocar i your Sern devine eseHYDROLOGIC PROCESSES cee ect ttt a tegen ssa te oret oe oermaceamnee caries Bo Bercianay Grae nat a mi Rete aeenacensinan gc taro Soetoro armas aes iri rm nb wate cng et Sen eee eee coroner sores 24 REYNOLDS TRANSPORT THEOREM. ‘ee Reynosa trem aes pyle the somal appt (0's dice mee snc and Spies tinted tos Ta Ag Scat tough «cent ome fer ie paper wo ype OB roe cn te ding ene propre nse vlc deel ot Se'smous of mass presen, an ncrte propria, Wc re ncepenet of tas Fray cncive poy Br Scored ince peers Bo Sindee gun of 8 po nef a te Babs Bee ‘ante sla ofvecor quate cpening onthe propery ting core. “The Reynols anspor them relies the tie te of change on tensive propery inte aka, tothe euemal cane prong te eer) ange, Conte id momentum: inhi te, B= mV and = dnd = {Vr te ud yeloiy, whee tld face pe indices a veer guy. By [owns second athe ie rt f change of moment salt te et Applied force on he fi r= stmV = 3 The extensive popes ‘Seca in hs bok rte mae, momentum, ad eery of ld Wate, Ge mam of war vapor "When Newtons second law rote pyscl laws we api 10 «sll ‘ey, th fous son mation ofthe Boy ad he aa follows the bay ‘thorverit moves. This she Lagrangion view of mon. Aug hs comet an be applied wo fas, more smmon to conser that ids form 8 enna wher the aon of niga pares tot acd. The focus ‘rope owls hed fan ce ooh wh he ad ac Intrnces onthe ls expeed by dba, tu vo components the te ee change of te extesive proper stored within the onal volume, and the ‘tout ofthe exendve propery ars he conrl suace. The Repos {Tne Gere is commonly wen fd mechanics (Whi, 1979: Stunes, {sed For and MacDorll, 1965 and Roberson snd Growe, 1985). Alou ‘as not teen widely wed in hytology up fo his ine it provides » content ‘meas fr spying psa nwo ydog ese. "To deve he. govering equ of the Crem, comer te cone! ‘lune shows in Fig. 21, whose tous defined by teased contol {rns Withn he cout vlome fee ra staded clement volume 4. Ifthe ‘eno he fi ip be mae of ud nthe leet is dm = pa, he tant ‘texesive propery 8 sonia Inthe fi clement 43 lm = Ba {etal umount of etensve propery within my volume engl af ese ‘Semen amounts over ht volume? += [Ife enn where nice iteration over volume id flows om oie ough the contol ome a Fig 2.1.1 bat 0 tid pases rou he oper or oes boundary. After sll eral of {ie be fd ae inet contl lume tte as moved fe HM ‘nd occupies the space Glued by ted lines, Tee regan a sac cat ‘fen be let: fepon Ite leh, whch the id maroc tine * ‘tot ats region the cen filed bythe id mss bt pois intine: and regio lon te ii, oie the cool volume, which he Nd Isr ocopes af Arbat oot tr For the urate fii as nly ‘iia he con! vlume, he ine rate of change ofthe etn prope a8 desaeeoy Oar where the saci ad + A ar usd dente the vale fhe bare (84+ Bivsae C+ BOA 12)“Nhe wmmccmtcent utes a hese to ine pois. Rearaging 21.2) 10 separate the extensive ‘oper remnng within te concol wore (8) om that sing cos oe ele (Ban (By) Yel Bo ym{ Moneta} Houdna-e}} a1 a rcpt, en conte wt elvis, tc hat Soest ane th oe ae 8 potent a fegitoneaal- tifa aro In is eqn, the ta derivative i we to scout for the ese wen thecal ole i deformable (changes nse and shape time passe) the contol volume fae a space atime, te tol derratve cn Feeplced by the paral dervaive a tees the fos one ine ate of ‘hago ofthe exemive pope sedate conel ole wibou fea For {since pial dstrbton "Fhe stond em Eq (21.3) ivlvng By aed By. epee he Now of the extnive propery scot te eat sua. Figure 1) shows # close: 4p view’ of region the eet fom he contol volume. An cles of wea ihe out con! surface i ted dA, an the element of wom Vi te Solano of there conning sl the fd ping hough at ene Ar The engi of be tutes = Vth engl f teow phn time The volume FS teri = Biome wher # he nln ey Yate Seer oepinns ware ae Teh outnte sieet ates ate beeen re oh ieee eal eee ere the date tga ff nies hat he ntgel is ver suc. "Ar approche 0, helm ofthe ato AAs the magne fhe id velo V7. Lathe norma area er GA be defined a vera of mapa dA ‘ih heson normal to he res dA plsting sured fom the cote! sre: ‘hen he nom Veo Oa canbe exes te cor dt prt VA So {G..) can be rewrion to piv he fw rte ofthe exes prety Teng "8 conel surface af [feoran aw4 sine my eae i ang cn aan is ca, cond negave and oY = in epion Toe Fp 2 1-100). Siese ior “yak = "Acoso sot feu ny aaa -[ onan Sutoing (21.4), (21.6, and (2.1.1) to 21.3) ves For Mid emeing te contol volume, the angle between the veosiy vector ‘V poimting ino he contol volume, andthe sen vector 4A, plang, is mide range 07 #'< 200" fr which con oop [ce Fig Lt (GO, Consequcmly. Vd i lwayr nope for ni: For id leigh Sel vlome cos postive, so VA i alms postive for out: At the imgemeate boundries, V and Aue pependcuar anette V-0A ~ (Thaw the ines n (18) over inlet Tanda beveled by 4 single imag ver the etic conralsarice epesetng he ouow mis into. ont eu, of exensve prope B~2 ff fovars | f povan ans) Bauaion (2.1.9) isthe govering equation ofthe Reynlds spon theorem. It ted mumber Of tines in this book, and i worth t ‘ew tc meaning of che. A scd previo. he union ll te ed {© foe amet er ne prea Iw toal Ppl o's Soe ‘na an aplyiag then nea! Cominaoady Towing fd, ln wor te Reynolds wnspo theorem ats ht te ttl rate of hang of wet property oa fd eal 1 the rte af change of etme propery sored ‘mie cont vale. 21) Bodh phe 0 chi of serpy ‘rouh he coal fc, Sfp aN, We Ug te ees Se {Troy ctied segue td ator pore ‘nthe flowing scons, the Reyes tans here i applied 12 seven cont. momentum, an cnr ean or ala pes, 2.2. CONTINUTTY EQUATIONS ‘The cmteretin of mas i he most wf pyscl principle in byélogic Anais and egied i anew all spied ines Coty putons an S| [Jovors [Joovans [Jovan 1 rome 25 coresing this principle can Ye develope fra aid volume, fr a fw cos ‘Eten and ors pout within flow. fs chape, ol the negra! equation {comin for aw volun i evloped. The eation fr comity att ‘ine wl be vv in Chip. +t dere flaw int pores mem and the ‘innit ent a cot tron wl be dete ia Cup. 9 esc Now fg ston, The ier equton of continu the bess for he eer Integral Equation of Continuity ‘The ity ation of contin apis to yume of id 1f mas isthe ‘ceive propery being consieed nthe Rejolds wasp ere, then B= ‘Seand B= alm = 1 By el of consrain of rus, de = d= 0 ‘enue mass cnt be created o esroyed, Suiting these valves into he Reynolds weap thar (21.9) gives Efffoars [fora aan ich eth otal equation of contin fora nea vale density fw: the flow bas Sonsane dna pcan be vided out of bah trms of 2 sffors Joanne aan “Te nega [4 ste vole of fad sored in eco volume, dead {Sesotho in 222) etme rt of change of storage dh The ‘feo ete et outow, can be slim inflow i?) sd utlow QU see ie eatin tot ne eter S+o0-m-0 a0 aa) sic th nga eqution of comin for a unsteady, constant ess How, ‘Sot exensly in he books Whon the Now say, a= 0, and (2.22), reser26 amon, [fvar-o aay hich sey tthe volume alow rte and oaow ate are equ: at 1hy'= Qo. & tad fw ion a wih the velco ener pone ow ‘conta i tine. A singe ay of inking sbot tne ngie aking ‘supa of thew sows spun five esate bee ow see ‘he tw sapibot wil be etal the to acon of iow and ouow se eg, the syste sad to aoe Roles ea ‘Wen his contin doesnt bald, th system is oen. The hylagceyele ft closed system fr water, but he fall foc ont wrt ger sem, ecient al terial Becomes aot some etme snp touph evaporation, ‘The coniliy ation above are derived for singe ple ow, tai, liquid oa at, ut rot beth together In mips sao, chr wie ‘tri evaporating. te id aed suenas pass of watt mus Be coy Sisingsihed A comimaty equation oud be writen sparely for eck Py ‘lth flow: fr each phase dB the ate a which ms aad the rm ha pe 23, DISCRETE TIME CONTINUITY Because matt hytlogic data re avalible only dcr Gime itera, iis cesar 1 refomulte he conta equation (2.2.4) on «date tine bas. ‘Sopp at he ime horizon is ced no inva of leg is ned By 4 Beaton (2.2.4) can be wewiten st d8= Neh = QU) hod nee oe the hte eal to ge fale on Sosucb-O yaa aay se ade las flow nd nt fn a Saeed srs a patel ne ea SSRs Some ds BE a a Simei ead See ce ae ‘one writes AS, = J, ~ Q,, and a 5-5-1485, ass) seosewecnocust 2 ‘ie itil rage at ie Oi So, en Sy = S54 1)~ Qu S2~ $4 +12 Os and oon, BY sbstitaing for iterate sage values, eons, s=5+ 20-00 ao lc the icine comin equtin, Data Representation “Tae uncon Qt) and 1) ar defined On 8 conto tine mn: hat 2 sale ofthe fonction Is etoe at every las of the ie domi, and these “ales ‘can change fom one ns the sex (Fg: 23H). Fie 231 ‘hows wo metas by whieh contous ine anton an be epesetd on Sze time domain. The fs method (Fig. 2. 3.10) wes sample de facto Ss wtic the valve of fncuon Qt i thine ner eves sy by he nstananoue valu of 0 at ie 2) = 4) = evan ass) ‘The dimensions of Q() an Q, ae he sme, eter [LYN] (LT. "The second meied wes apie de incon Fg. 2.3.1, a Wh salu of the art tne faction O given Py he ea nite conus ime foc a= f* ove a36 i os ness aL rn neon Lo UT. tees Aan, Set Oy et Gest ne Once w oe owege oer be eo ak ane aon Re tm mci wie of rot indy, emf sd pe cit, ene pi nd pus an tipcvey Whan ‘er of meant spin aed yee a en ta ‘ice ie war ina Secs “a coma! ep of preitation wich Stoel wp Sinan The mesanve fecncs of ie tentement of ecumaled pe. ane fom pte dt ts ie) When ed tine al Sr sete by 9s he wang fw rn tty che ota cnet or ea Te ok tah pd cy wes vn che ted ramp 23:1, Cael he ngs of wae on ated 8 onion of Seen the sin coon tote or mre eae= = see eee eee eee ee ee wl #1 dlllthe o |B) Sapte das representation " ee §] ers NUth Oe ‘Sse anc ton ce tn ety gd ‘tench mth ga sees ee ee Scarce eon need cote Th i age Ney 3425 1901 The wed wes 7.8 Ate ei Sa Saiton The rptio inp is eda ple da ence eu 3: See use cena ep re peng aera Zi teeny 039m, te pp ning Sey te ue show t= 1h 08 mt nomen ep veoitooe mics 29 ‘tal spec: ve hon amma erg eaitow med Mecratr= 0328 ce te tnd). gy ‘Se dua tne coma egaton 3.8, he sreamflow mabe cover © ‘pk aa ounce Th ae irl a= 03 803300 = 80 ech Sher, volume of anow se! ni ‘Sesnow see he dt reat mepig by Te eee ‘SZtocanow yrcoe by he waceed wea wich 75 m= 9.8 Sa Beige ioe ; Farernple dre fe enol teres and 0, he ren: ow {Ge GO) 5 ces GOS) ae cw inc rte aoe 20012 Bk 2455 TO m4 ‘cue dpe wands Q, = 8x WHS Tot = 208% STC SS T= 02 nth ane 5. ‘helmet cin or Oe en ca 0.15%, 0h ‘ncreal cage see fd Eg 3.3 8) = rovery 1 show in clan 6 Te came song ca he weed sod eon G35yoim Ted tl some Se = Sim S485, ‘mae emt ward ea igh hus sir precios {eps meaning 06a wer nadia ge ihe wend In clene Sind 6 cm nim th shat pespnon cas sean ws eee Sty rm se heen ose sod wanton, hnge a soe, sd camuive nouge te pated hig 2.3 The oa mes f= 33, Shen tgs Sow eet 2h prep exe sei Thin rp ser 2.3 oe everest te oa 2.4 MOMENTUM EQUATIONS ‘When te Reynold tanspon hove i apple fd momentum, he extesire ‘pert isn. and = dim = By Newton's sored aw, he me {Fchange of amet sequal othe et foce apple in en dein, 0 aBiah = dimvjar = ZF Subsiuig no be Reyols esp eer B19) reneear metcoy ‘The tint 'dserbaton of storage on a watered called sing the dares contin equation (Example 2.31) Eee Gf lovers [froran ean ‘einer momentum equation fo an ese, nonuniform low. A nomen, ‘esi ihe oy Ss ry ce: ns mln owe ons Now sendy i me he ne drvtive in Ba (2.4.1) tas See ffvman ea For steady unfor flow the slaty the same at al poet on the contol ‘face, nd therefore the integral ver he onl arte Rr td the oes ‘pied othe syste negra De-o aay prcnereceis Tea -aetamaenaay he er home= See ‘Steady Uniform Flow in an Open Channel In tis section, the momentum equation i pple to sendy wife low na ‘fen chaae."The more comple case of etaly oso wi ete Sec. 9.1- gue 21 shows a esy flow int ifr chanel hat ‘hans woe eos sector slope, and boundary roughses So nt change ng seg Te crn. ont, od ecg ns an ed Coninty. For seat Now. 4.22.5) held nd Qs = 0 fr wir fom, ‘he sly the sme every ae flowy s0 Vis Vs coe cremations trea As = Qi = Oo¥s= Ayu he Gann ont fellows at ‘he dip ne hn Sw, Enemy, The ccc fia esi Rte sd Cre, 1985) no tn + URE = ea tn ig thy asa wher x he bed elevation, gi the acceleration de ogra, an hy i the ea ss between the tus Head oui the ney lo ef iio fects peru weight of id. Wah V;= Vs and yy "yx 44) educeeo wean ny Ding bath ies by Lhe th the chan, the towing sot Yeung yenee aan, ‘The ted slope Sy = tn @ whee ste angle of inctnation ofthe chanel ed 18 is small (= 1) ten tn B= sin @= oye To tees he Sc wna pn raexaoc cons 3 ‘sion slope, Sy =I, ego ote bed sage Ss aed in hi nai ‘Sate ony source of energy os ton between he low at he eh ‘all In ener, energy can lobe st ecause f sch face as wid seat on {be surface and eddy motion arsing rom abrupt changes inte cael geomet. ‘these flocs wl nx be ics nl Cap. 9. When wal feton Is be nly source of ener fs the slope a he energy gre Une egal the {ton spe 5.0 Shown ia Fig 24 ‘Moments There ar ree forces acting on the Mid con vlue: ion, _paviy, and pres Of hse, he peste ces a he wo ends fh ston ‘Seq an eamel ach ter fr nor fa este yx = 33) Sot fon En gst forces mut be lane ecu, wth he fw way sd ior, Ey. (283) apie LE =O). The ron force Fy egal oh pct fe Dermcer othe eros secon: tat Fy ~ ~rP, where Be teesive sign ewes ha the ton force as oppose ote secon of flow The eit ‘tain the contl vom yA wreath spect wight of te sd ‘eg grunt volume: the gravy force on he i, Fy he compet of the weight cing ine dieston of low, tha nF, = yAL nn, Here SPs 0e nee + yatsin aan ‘When Bis mal in Sythe apron made tat 245 is ean =H ere R= AUP te dal ras Fa ay worn Baw, Sa 550 nets, 24s) By snr analysis, Henderson (1966) sbowed at (2.4.9) i a va for stator lo, tisegh te bed slope Se ad ion ope $j Iengr eal Bquan (2.49) expen kage ete he meat ed ‘tetey piesa tt elec of tcson se peste fm th nomen ‘epost Walser Sess nd om the energy wep state of aera dsp 5; 2.8 OPEN CHANNEL FLOW (pen cana! fw i chanel Dow with ence ch aa in Her i's paral ful pipe In th eto he Mansng ego odie te ‘soit of open cunt! fered. theta ofthe Dory Weach ‘yan for head las Sf wall on id mechanics. te head Toss over a ength Lf pipe of Suet D for wow wih velo Vis given bythe Daey-Wesbachequonwhore f isthe Dury. Weisuch (con factor and gis the acceleration doe 1 gy ten td Crowe, 985) Ug te tion of icon spe, 5) = yen esd foe ¥ ve |, asa ‘The hyd ris faecal pipe i R= AIP = (RD?UV=D = DI 0 the ppe ameter D can be replaced (23. by Dow esa 1 give the Dae Weichequt AG7F: sing his symbol, 2.5.4 is ewe Va VIS ass) ‘hich Che's equation fr open chase flow, Maaning's equation proce fom Chay’ qntion by seing C=, when tte Benya The Chey Cis defined a C = se = 236) ‘er second (5 is dimensiones). Valucs of Manning's mfr various surfaces se Weta in Tbe 28.1" For Vint pr scsoad a fs Mani eqetion va Benge esr e-0.2 1. By comparing Eas (2.5.4 and 2.5.6), Manning's can te xpesied ates of the Dae Neath ton fas malas ase) wth vals in toni. Manning's eqution is va fc fly abuen lw which te Dey Westach ion factor fi independ of he Reynolds number Re. Henderson {09er ges he flowing een fly ttn owe rmecacnicans 35 Een ote fr ror pn ama a eae “Stn ap em ‘Se al en Tit tt RG = 19% 107? wih ot I= 1.11078 with Rin meters same 251. sem x Sheil tw and ely he Row ye oh Manag us te Sao, The weed pit in nl P= 290+ 2% = 210. The Sie tear 30 Sato 476 Teflon cy en (paming eens wih = 01Sund y= 35 or ontar fom) = 38 = ve eg a) = 120 1507 078 = O51 Nm Nae a eo Sectememea8.mfnam 8 a ey {ate man, ae ae tt pd ‘Wen rattion rie srface sce Fig. 26.3), ier eect o absorbed ‘hefacton eects clle the leds a0 = n= 1- or example, deep weet {ety Redon iso cont mie fm al ode tts epending mtheir race tempers The et radon Rte ht net of radon ‘he sae a ny ist: at the ference betwen the iain stored, [R(t here he aint ation), an hat emit, Ree Ril a) Re ass Net aiation ate can’ srace i the major eneryinpet for esporion of Enlaon. Radiation emison governed bythe Stefan Dolman lw Romeo! aso) where is thems ofthe sac, othe Stan Botan conte (3.67 X10" Win?) and 7 the tla temperature of he sure in depres Kelvia Gianoli, 1964: he Kelvin epee equal be Ces temperae eT. Fera pete rai, rt dy ee = er ae [Betas ¢'= 0ST. vtenit Nef emed ost evenly pena {9 ace empertes Be by Wiens we 2.50% 19°? a= 207 2810) where Ts in depres Kelin and A it a meters (Gincol, 1988), As 8SEN ane conquence of Wins lw, the raion emit by te sn has a much shore ‘evelengh than Bt ented by the cooler eh Retection and seatering, Te ldo a in Ba (2.8) measures he poprion ‘incoming rdion ht ict back in he atop, The eee vas “Smet depending on he watsenghof tie adiaon esis angio eee, ari tomar to apt ingle alte tpl ofthe typeof ue, ‘Wien raion ses tny paces tbe atmosphere of 2s 00 the same ere ef gave the ration wavelength, te ron seed ‘nny wal tons Sal gop mess Cll erst sane ht ini way. The ato of acrosls ad du pares te mone em Huan atin maven tis hs given af concen shot te renoe ‘fet. in with sme of eration emited by te earth setcred back ty the mosphere: increased Seti ress i general waring Of ‘ans sre. Homer the pee magia of he art's warming by his Inch is at yet kaon Net radiation a art's surface. The ste of sla ration anivng tthe top ofthe amospee i eee by the eft befre reaching ui es ie eas sac: Scateing nthe amoeper,sbsron Wy clude the obliqueness ofthe eats sure tthe incoming ten (a fection of Taide, sean, and ine of da), The ine falar raion served per ‘it as of he ears aie denoted by iy Te amowpet ls set ‘aa, expecially on iudy ays, omiting longer wave aan tha he at ‘cus is temperare is oer: the en oft atone dented The ‘coming aati ate eas sac te ths Ry = RyRy The er ems "laton f(a wategt las fe stops aio). the ‘et raiaio eeived a th eas surface. B= e+ KI ad Re esi ‘The interaction of ration processes between the simone and the ‘ans trie 6 comple lure 28 presents sway of lie ales forthe various components of the anual erage nmap tod varie beat. Saline. Tear be sen But fo 100 writs coming lr ton oe op of the amospere, abut half (5 ut estes the eas uae md asad there of these 'SI us 21 are emiod at longwave adatom, leva ttet Sia, |: Et at ei’ Seer 91 Ne Ry Smee cigs, TS. a ak ‘atin of 20 ais at he eas surface 23 ois of thi energy input ace wed (evsore water, ed tor rete te a ne het fa the ‘Rng 7 wis goo hea be ar oveyng the eas suas seu en [REFERENCES Bek BW. Sen aE. Lipa, Fanp Pmt, iy ew Ye, 8, saa pan nn cpr Rl. Dra Hae (oR he Cac ft Sd Oe ye ge open hme! aa, Mn i New Yr 199 iW Ooi ie coop nay, Wk, Ce, “Ort ne ih tg ity, ‘A Fada PnP, Ment Noe Y, Re Wad AT bom Redon: P ne cd i aw Ye FEA. Spence tort Men hae tas ™ Sash em! PnP a nse Cie ‘es dyer Chma sie Yo GET Ray Cmte acne, 9 ey AB tui er Lr ope, ay fC= a om oe A Ke ee a Hii Sune ecu Phi alc Mee New Yo ‘Sha Maen ot Re a ‘Gonpt he lcs of prcipation so eau ep ef soem SE se Sh ret in ted a ‘Seed te nd he pete? Wt pcs a me pips speed peceiaDa) ‘emo singh est” Woar sb mason spe at 2.2.1 Asch healing fant (bi mee fr te et {ine dof nce pcp. ean hog ge, SSS i emia an b ‘Slave ge. Toe seed wee 8703 are oe tt ee 227 Ginuhh Semaratoel doyet imple vanes pcs 381 Glen hy a Cr of er fw 3 Gy 0 Search eros hore em em merino Seem ik prensa et oO Tee Sipps Oo iran ages ee ‘en #3 a esr yieorb Sn nc a ee 252 She Pot 241 chm 3m wie wid Bow ep ioe 3 ute aceon te pence ia Ce 243 Se P21 en nl i pei 224 fam pinup ts oe 50 yeas a ings Sr of wen 80 1284, Save rn 23m bam wah 20 oe dept tm (Sie amp ned shea nad acre HES, Nac tnstgoeto appt Spe eis Sues pause eben ote ee tmp BC ry ae tw etn OE SSE imma eal oe 286 hens ibe Bw Shon Ate mae vay Bima os es SE ed Sere Se 138 ow de 0 i Sow te sin a fy oe Fete reacaeetenenseemerereneented 215 Wkok 240 ge in ns 2 na a8 Sica cq pry dope kane Tie mee ae re aceon ee following. in scaive wa “ eine prem yeeros ‘LSB Solve Prob. 2.5.7 ifthe flow depth is I mm. Bi RSS ee ar ct uw Tee awas a ONS Soe Spey An oan Oma t aoe whe efi ih of eid yea a eh et ae nie oe oy mn a0 NTI ana ccasten sew orate, py ‘2A Specify whether the following variables are usually recorded a sample dita o¢ EET ink fidelity tance fom the wall esti tat he ‘eat Say maim eget ay rece (7 ‘Tne ta cot, ) sm maine Sane ‘ety dition nthe cna pn byt eli ae eset fom ec fa nn Rade ywsD ammimmcico 1 ety ai emt ee a conduit, given in Prob. 2.5.10, to establish thatthe wall shear stress is 7a = Pe san YET Seer EAE TT te aecvni ea ire Eaceremces ee i eros seafore onmehe cere oncom Siaiawceeiee racer ssw eee nrcamanweamerines Pregl peter et he seta apart ate Sars Qs Sore Sys mas Soca ie doe sr nat eciree Shea Sms ves HtEiogese tegen inn tempts re Spubrenteas soetcareptrensek rte Seto at aurea Your antec wit at ec! eae eo ney med wees Sactcaeaeattrres ot Sei oa mame R= mo ar BEDE Sia a hemes IoC oe eat Chanute 8 ath ae — we pectin ee cence aus Bene tislgmaalses osama eremnaee SL SUiices msn as So permenant cute ins SuySanrutcsmossss 6 Seem tensa ios andthe sucface tempera i (PC. say Eigen herp wna enn 057, = i . ATMOSPHERIC WATER ‘tna poco of pines cae een at pec tre etary rte ae ie i res er, he et npr yoy uk be epee een near tang cal cial a s tse a fy eon asta ee 3.4 ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION ‘The earth constalymesives hea fom the sn though sl atin and ets eat troops eran, of Bach radon it space. These pocoses ef alice at an average mito pponiatly 210 Wha The hain the et ‘woe; oer the eater, he coming radiate i now pees She ind wre ad averages abou 270 Wh, le ear he pols, sks fe ea a oe oie saple ata re of abot 90 Win? Becaie ere of racine lf the absolute temperate a the eats sre ‘ich oes not wary gealy Between the ear and fhe pols he ere ‘ie raion i mar lor than he nscning raat, espns ot tales he acon a2 tat hes engines earn cern fo he eentartoard the ples a se atrage tof shout #10" MN We tanh wereanonoaing sper, umospher cesaon wos appear ‘ssinFig. 3.1.1. A wou ie wear he guaran teint uper morgen {owt pies, then col, descent oh lower atmo dee var the equtor Thi ele Hadley ilo,“Te ation ofthe eat rom west 10 ee changes the celtion pater. ‘Acarng of ai sou te car's ts moves wd he on, rate ees Inorero mamatn nga momen, the velo of iinreaes wth pest {0 the and face ths podicing + ws a low. The core te ot ‘Teg of ale moving toward the equator an easly iw. Te eft {ge anes wind econ ad vel hao te Gr ‘Te scat pater of amosperic cation at thee clin ech ei spheres showa nig. 3.1.2 lathe ropa ef Nested ends tte te reeds toward ols at up vel, les et td eed twa he ‘ound a de 30. Near the goon, it tees, on eochavng toward the equtoc and the ber toward ie ple Ia he polar eli ies at ‘Rows toward the pols super lvl, hen Els an we bak to "net (te eats surce The mide cll even fetal y the eer tora Steice a ows twtr the pe, prodcing prevailing wen i win the ‘The uneven dstibuion of ocean ad and onthe eas sure, coupled wih ee diferent hernal roperties. crete anal spl varie na ‘ghee cclaon. The anna! sing a the theta utr ue oh ea ‘von aoud te sun causes 4 cemerpoding selon of he tis cll ‘Srculaion pater. Wit per onion exchanges ofa between acct ‘cls canbe more equ! and conte, posly reg in many fod yea ‘ls. monsoons ay advance deeper na auch cane Ini nd A ‘The ainosper fs civided Wri into varus 2one, The stmosphei clcalaion debe above occur nthe rpoyphere, which tages eight ‘rom abut € km ate peso 1 km a the ea, The tempest fhe tropor rane aio re vrying wth he mse cn the emolghere Fr dys he eof ret i cle he dy ada ase rave an appinatey 9.°Chm rasaen, 1962), The setulae Tape raise ston 65°C, case ome oth aor ances ts ergs and col, releasing heat in he sonouilg at. Those ae average ‘ges ae rae Bat cn ay essay wh aide, The opopase separa the tropoghere fom the rawaphere above. Nea the wopopanse, sary ‘Ege in tnt and pres pede songnarow sce known St areoma ith pede ging fon 15 to) ts 3 to 100 rah). Thy ‘for wsande of Klometay nd have inporan func ou ast ‘rei mass tegen age body of tat aly ‘om aly proper ch mr ad mre ott Whe ‘he endrying sac. Toe epon whore ana mat segues characters (ie sore region the topes ad te poles ate two sure regan. Where 4 trem a mat mei cold sir ma, sed fhe Spy tig. a finite Sore of chon ype tec hem, cle xf Cll a beng (vir deen ara he ol ae advancing war te wee the {Sige fear ae odo adel ver n slope. the war Ss dspgig twa the cold he leading ede a warm rn, ‘hich hava very Mt slope th wan ar wing up and over the col "Aol ie pon of Yow esr wound whch nit Bows ina coun tecokwtae desdon ithe seahesmistee, Coke in te sours mip: Mop eycoey nat fw tao andy. vl inoSe ces ce sarscanes oc aphoon. Esra cycles ar fomed when wat a cold sim nly Rowing epee decon adjacent hes 1 iter and whl together int colar moto, eating trh war ae {nd aca fom centered om shes fee tne pe Ae sot is fein of high peste ard whch i ows tlckwite tne moons ‘ease, eoomerclckwsne in the Soun Remispoc When Se 2 lied a amospbere an, cir we apr ste Condens a ens rcp, aie 3.2 WATER VAPOR, Amoi water mol exis as an oF apo, but fy and lol i este liad in fla i ter Gripes ds, art comes sab in sal, bal and in ce rain oes Te at of wat apr ‘he amon is stan {prt 100,00 al te wes We ea at Bh mnie uns "an in a theta hyp stem canbe dsb Wy he Rept anpot he [E1.19 etg eae prpcey BB cmon $F mass of water voor, The intensive propery = df the mass of water "pc prt mat of ois nce te ef heii egal, Thera ofthe denier of wa apr (and mo a poe 2 cae fay te lw of cmervton of man, dBi ing tert at which water ae being aed to the salem. For evaprion fom « wal sui, |S paltve and epesens the mass flow ra of evaporation, convenel). fr ners, fy nei an repens the ae at which vapor i ein ‘emer th sytem. The Reyole anion equation fr this ym the ‘Sau ejeti for war ear asp med [ffenereffenven aa Vapor Pressure Dato’ ow of pial presses snes tht thé sue exerted by 2 ss (is ‘pon peut) independent ofthe pence fer ge apr sre tie wner vapors pen y the eal gar lw = ART 029) were Tis the abil temper in K, and R she gs constant for water “hoor Ihe ol persed bythe mat ap hn p= th art ‘pews dae othe dy a, and r po e= RT 02H thre the nity of dy si nd Ri the ga const fr dey le (287 Iinpks Te desi f most arp, he suo the dese of ya and Swe por, tha py fs ah he is conn for wa vapr is (Res Rabo, were 0.622 hea he acl weight Of wate poe {2 the average lca weight f dy st Combing (3.23) and G2.) wing the sbovedeintons ges, pe [ove (Ba) ber 025 By thing ip ratio of ap (3.2.3) and (3.2.8, he pee Mami gis special ae n0ant 626 ‘Av, (22.) cn be rewriten in emf he gt conta fr ok sr Re od e2nhe felonsip Between the go cons for molt nt ry ir given by RARAl + 08084) BTC 0.6089) hg oat ‘Tega constant of mit i ncrets with specific hamid, bat ve for luge pci homii(e gg, = O03 tg vmnetigaf earner oe Bexween he gus cont fermi andy i enly aout free Fors gen sr enperie, her s+ matin te cont he ir ‘20 tod, and te conespoing vapor presi eed the aura ‘este ey At his vapor plese, the es of evoperton sob ee, te eq Over «water sua the ataon vepr pose ace ee ae temperate a shown io Fp 2s a ppm Sao ew nn pc (Ni) a sds Cela (Rai, 1979, Some vn a th Staton vg pate Of wat ae ia ke 3 ‘Te gaint = ue do th stare Vapor pes ee foe by ‘iterating (3.2) 098, “ae 6210) hers the pint in pasate pr degree Ces, “The rele mis Rei the Yat ofthe ea vapor pres 0 ts ‘wuron value apnea temper Ge Fag 33h a nat oa ‘he temperate st wich sir wuld jt Become sated aa ven specie amid dew pon tenperanere Te ample 32.1 At le tie et mes 10 per 3a he wera reap, pre eas ee caeipning vapor oie, ve amy, i amy, ad ae Sse. The tre pe ese a= 20% gen y Ba. 8.29) ensit ow (ates) ~ ee r+ eo esl viper ce ye me med aig he Geni empaa = 1 Peer (BB) eeu ok 1 eveue H != oo on om ‘se pec amis ise (2. with = 104PL 100% 10: ) O01 ig wet mit ‘ie sen aed fom slg aw 2.2.7, Te cot handy G28) wih o'= 0011S pig ark Ss Geol SL 80005 COI) = Shek and T= BCE Ge a ae os as Water Vapor ina Static Atmospheric Column ‘Teo laws govem the popes of water vapor in. sate columo, he slg po eakar ony he ona reste fw * fe-ne e2m ‘he vation of i epee wit ide deste by a fo. e216) ws the lie As sown Fg. 3:22 nea temps ain Sheth erupt nn tesla et at Deay nl pic ay so vay nie cis (3.2.12), ay = p/RaT, sed substituting this ino (3.2.13) yields . ta oe =o aR to lae ~Ata om (3.2.1 a Fe pa wn une tm (Qe 6 nd interning bot jes beeen two levels 1 an 2 nthe atmosphere gives “6-8 eevee oy pe 0.2100 ere ni rr Wier “Te amovet of mois nan masher columa scaled es preintbl wat. (Cone an eement of Yip det esumn of horizontal sees a Gig 323). Te mae of sii be elemet yA de ad the mss of water ‘ontled init ii ged. The lal asf peiabe wae ne ol ‘eweenelevatns 2 de w= ['oare om_—s eee The neal (3.2.1 i clad aig iro High. “a incremenal mass of precipable water z Scrat Amp = Baas 0219 ina te merge aes of ese iy ands ey ony Sein Tea avons mcd oe sacs gee Se Erampl 32.2, Cole pipe mae te item bie foe 1 ood wae The sae pest OLS oe ss engerte X70 and ap Se z Elenh's Wes Oo aks wey cacy ‘ing «= 65°CKm = CanestCim, > KME2* 2000 m, by Eg, (32.16) Calatton of precpable mater in saturated oe coumn (Example 3.2.2) ana ety Soe Fee os, ennui prvi ei oe fre Bano om 83 ee eo awe ew eee ee sown cu 3 fee, The oman fn been 27K ‘cpl Scan rns won pcte my nal fe EO.) ‘Re plore n Sto inten per y O21) woh pak 9.1716 =f) dey othe rowed ces om 2.2.12: me Ge imax oan sisi an since yi te a deny f 09 in? 200, Te ‘ease ae'tertemetsene pom tev oomya Lor tgm ene pt pe eg tein wig 3.295 “oe comegnsing alo 200m where T= 7, = 194A cola 6 ‘Te pends myo pose enn By. .28 wroent moan 4 noo bots 010mg, = 0015 gl The ave le of ee ey on {tian nnn ¢ as oni = oams ighe comme Sine enol pein rnb etn eeeSs see ee arate 5 La 10 cate 2 ing cn nny ma pp vas ae Siento n= a oh ec pe he mame cto ae 3 3.3. PRECIPITATION Precipitation inde if snow, ang eter reese by which wae fs {0 land sure sich hl ud seth fran of pacts ea ‘lig f a st mas in the aonphre saat it cele fod eT i mechanism of ae ma liting we fo ‘aus vere isailiy of mst a td ae sslged ye a he ‘poration given up as wat vopor tes and cose ‘The formation of precipitation in clouds i Mast in Fig. 3.3.1. As A ised coals. wat cles rm the vapor ts god iH a ‘trate i below the fisrine poi then ice etal we frst ages ‘nthe mmospire aca prices of ont Saved om Speed yan ‘tn supra ivogen compas ealig fm cmon, The dete ot ese prices range fom 10" to 10pm and te paren an tase ex comparison, the st fon stom thot 10", vo the ale Sens ‘may be composed of jst» fw hun stom, Pata eh centr at or wie tn 1 hey ae Cae y fobuleat ‘an, atl ey bee ‘hale foes of gv overcomes har a conan dey ee ee increwig nie hey bit cco ine al pats Hewerce, eae fl water evaporates fom sue ad the Gop se mises oe Se, maybe meaced Yo the sie of an acest aptin sd be eared ope en, pe me ey atmo \ sn orice seat ‘i "actor ] cater eee ‘Mae en dw rey cen ovo ec en my op ey chee m hel, we tpn el ‘Seta apn sad be . oa through web acton A op cut fol 0.5 cm is sce {ay [0m dope ce cyl the sme weigh, ecto hee aa lugs can be sppnedby even lower vlan. The ie of conan, fang. evipraton, nding ecu on average abut tines blo tp aches ciel ie of bout O1 mom, which age empha eae ne com ofthe loud Up abot | mm in dame. he doles oman sper in shape, bt ‘yond this they bento ate at on he boa wl they ae tout sabe alg trough ar and wes up nto sal rings and Spey Nene ‘andro faing trough te cloud tes 93 man i ance Se Sp my i cr eng fevers dows to “35°C. Al ths temper, the perce tno a eee chen witoo eczng nce. The auras wpe poor eg ' lower over ie than overlaid utr, 20 ioe pues ae mised ep ter onl, the ice pices wil grow by evaptatian fram he done nd condesation on thee crystal. By calon tnd cmlicone, ie oe ‘ally fom cise dll m= sow las Howerer spe estan ey BOW 5 age that thy fal dcty to teen hal enoeee led sadn 5 ces of tity sacesing cts induce _ttion. iver foie» common taceuing tent fe pond cra in wich» uberis suion i evgorned itt pepe fea dice prices, While thre have been many expeinent wre cland nos tne wa ore ve ned pip, get vay of aes _mic pets nce npn pei ae il oe Terminal Wey Tic ac to fling a 3.3.25 ny fe Fw Sosa face te Space a et Se et dc cn dt ta stop a phrof dancer Dn wlune i (WOO oe wea sel he boyy fa i A ~aa( EZ) ea2 her td and ate ene of ward i, expect, The ‘drag force is given by EB cea = cna esa {te Cy mene dr coon, A = (al)D? i te crs see prt Veal cig oe {rte op red me wl ser un it ras ei ves Yo ai te the forces assed Te con me ence fein = ¥ i E.(2.3.1-8, al \ as ; KK \ cos E mds) or- aden lh, soled for Wy «ei oun ‘The suumption os sphaclrindop sap sali fr dps vp 01 man iniamee, Beyond is ine, the dos become feted on te btm sd mre ‘alm fos sectn: ten ey ae charactaed Wy the ele” diameter of {phe antop having Ihe sae volume as heat eo (rapper nd ‘Kise, 197) ainropscan one vp 1 6 ea dame, bt ope re a 3m are sal, especialy in owen eal Tor tiny ropes In clouy opto O.1 mat ameter, te dag force i specified by ike lew fr wich he ag coetient nC y= 20Re, where ee {he Reynlds nab Dis With being the se vcosy Paling ano te beyond the tnge of Saks la alae of Cy developed experimentally 8) ‘Sheraton af indrops are pve in Tale 3.3.1 ample 3.3.1, Coe he emi ely of on dane itn ing ins andar mosphere 1) nd empertre FC ‘Saton Te teil vl sven by By. 3.3.0 wih Cy = 9.671 fom BCT LATHE go tg ni LD gi se ose Vales of ¥,smiy computed for vous damees ae pote in Fig 3.33 em be sen tht the eal veloc ieeses With op 2 op 2 pistes level of bout 5m Srp st, for which etna! welocy i {pprotimatly 9 ms Drag enfcient for spherical raindrops of diameter andar atmerpere presse (101.94) and BFC ai temperature inp dancer wm) 0 a Os Os 1B 300 aw 5 Dagens Cy 42146 127 O45 O61 0517 050 0590 040oni te ‘ont cu ‘The preceding computon eo tie condos Hier in be amare, ey fs cree nd E03.) show tt he wl 1 Sarespeding tee arp fal te in thee psa tm eee pe vey pe eps ce fk ‘Thunderstorm Cell Medel ‘The mechanams wnde}yng i mae iting and preptaton ae stated ns ae by esenng echemate melo det clr own ini 33. ‘tunderstrm vse ws «Yr! coluna ma vp of tee at a ‘fiw region next te ound whee arm, mou se dew ite el ! uli epon the mile where moire connss tre, prong [recptaion, and an oufiw region in the oper atmogere where eulow of faker ayer a ners Ouse the el ela, cow may deen ‘vera wide we, pickup more moire, an ene te ell mt be bor, This tie pate, called conver cll ccuaion, i rien bythe vat aout of Di fim tow teat sora eles by the condensing maitre te uplift repon,Observatons ‘lcomonines clouds producing thndertems edeae tate elevation of {be top of the converte el ranges from 8 tm 10 16 hn 310 10m inthe [Mroophee (Wert, 1970), and’ Snes te Tope Of these coeds may even ‘roeut gh he wopopense ln the stata. “Toe hers nly wing the oneal equation fr water apr: eo Gl Jomars [foovan 635) 1 pein of ica inh or cm) i ling onan aes A beneath he sor cl, he mas low ate of wer leaving te eli ay = — IA, where rite desi of gud water Uner he assumption of steady fo. th ie ‘ive em a (3. seo, nd he rons fw ie of precipi egal {phe fleece between he mai flow sof watt Vapor ening te cll) fod iewang @) ee Bp 3.3.8), 0 -nis=[Jonven[Jeaven 029 ‘The cells cylinder of diameter D, anders tough Big inrement ‘Ay and eaves ough eight increment Bey i dna en pete ty {essed cont win each increment Gi the mate shown in Example 323) tin een a ree a (fleas ee where th dey of dys, which may be expressed using Eq, (2.1) a6 pe pal ~ 9) Sustiing ino 8.338 O=[all = gicl=D ~ fal eovSeheD can = n= oan sng 939 037 tte tt ai pee < e310) ‘ample 22 A tudes lS mia dances lol ef 13m, {dtr coo mune newb ina ae esos th 870 mame. sree nah nent i PeeE rey annette sys Shee a ena gis cee SCRE cgmanamaneaaes Romar” latign cup hora omaen mete ei the etoindin Bx 32.2 wing = StS pe Ahly bo fre eid vias te km eee a Rage ap aco ae an” From he ule, 4 = 0.002 KR te vale fo ppd, te gs been Ot LS py te 092 ea tg ae 6 TTC Ooneora~ 0.031 up satiny 3 05 RD (Han Sean aa) Je mt fw to wen gen ys = ld wee A= (ego Te ao! ie Pinatas a alan Sa os eae Sar hig eee “hems ow a of cong ai ire by fa a 19 021 1.00% 1800 wx 60 2590s Ty semi oh nig ms piel yy, = 4% “Tf ef ae Ket de mite cde i we ‘iste en hate apion of wa 23 1 ae ya S 10 S34 1! 1.35.00 a0 Teg a Rhee serie suey ened nes ‘Variability of Precipitation ‘Prsipation vrs in pace and tine azcordng tthe pea pat of ao, ‘Shee cialaon and ering to local fate. The verge ver # me ‘Tye of obtains of a wester varie calles Ws nomel vale, Pips 13S shows the noma motly precipitation fra sumer of fcans Ine ‘ied Stes Higher precptton crs eur tects than id Devan Be ‘ans sappy the balk ofthe atmo mole for precptation. Aras the eu of the Cucace mountain 1, Boe, loa) hve lower prespaton than hone othe wes (eg, Seale, Wasnt) becuse moch of he mosue ‘the predialysis fow nthe ml eds ead he tun over be mown Pronowsed seasonal variation ia pecptaion occurs where th saa ‘ocilaion in the sneer relation Cange the snout of moisture ow tet hoe repos (eg San Frio and Mam). This pater ite Fp. 3, bch sows the oral tly pepo fr vrs locas ‘Usted Stas: Precip very arabe te morta ses he West ‘heweorpan ee ifvncepresipon, Prespsioeneaes oie es ‘cst ges plas and spay moe fr he eat than the est ‘rsipition vay forthe word eshown in Fig 3.37. The average anal [eit he id sac of theca eso 860 mim (2) ut reat erbity ei fom Arca Ce, with au somal average of 0.5 on (0.02 Into Me Wale, Hawa wich ecco 11-680 mm (20 in pe Yaron nerge 34 RAINFALL aso ary great space an tine. They can be fpesened by yea epson shyt es cantor of const aif Figue 3.41 shows an ahyea ‘pot wl atl depth swat some oe atm of May 3O-oe TS, wich ase sat 20D desi Jobsown,Fensvana following {aim fle ath ter astro My 2-28.98, Asin, Tena which {tse 3 death nd 838 milion i propery amie (Moore eo. 182). Te ‘Shesown sm plod on sl 0 espera he Aen The ‘mon dp of pciphaon shor ery he se (= 10), bot {fe Aus stem war ber and loclzelthan fe Joastows rm. The ‘owing was cased by convective cell thndersonm of te type analyzed in Example 3.3.2 nyt ap pace by ineroling rif aaron a aged pone Aran pgs ed conse of 8 set aml epee Toeos ——— PF gka | \j a Lae : ‘e ecole ene eine tow ie 34 fre ia i Site inser fom eee Ain norm Aufl torah ok Iinfal spth or meray uc of awe te a ga She 9G Be a By wig al cere h tine rll mass cre, pra,30 ies, 1.48 inde ror $n 10 38min, 1.8 nces fom 10 mio 40 tins ands on. The maximum 30 mite eceded depth 3.07 ces weeded terveen 35min an 8 min, conepondeg ose eveage ews of 3.07 3 1 6.14 iah vehi interval. Tle 41 shows sma Compe mai kets ed intense for ne and two-our nr abe sen th te ‘ie pro increases, he average ent sutined by he om Geetss 36 thf one hor, 4.10 ih fer two hou, ae sven es ver sor sea decrees‘ the are Incesses, a sown in Fige341, Comps ‘Sie come it peg ge erm May 363818 may give an inder fasinates prime ia his wy iain Stow severe a parr orm i, compre to ober soon caked athe Ste cua, 2 ey provide seta at or ein of flow contol ste [Knnpornt act ob determne rm isl afl cr the weg ‘pth rant overs ren Soh aba Nee.TP ammo Areal Rainfall “he eritimetcmean meted ise sinpet mato of determining el average ‘an aves averaging he afl Sp ected aa mambo of ges {Fig 3.4.a) Tis boa stacy ite gags elon darted nei an he ia pgs nese ee ay eso i sme wages ae cone more repeenive of he are in question tha ates ten eitie weighs maybe nied othe oes n conan See merge The Thon etd set ap te ee ‘Nerf he ae a ht at te ere pg othe ph ected aa Ben ei pind ou 10 + dnc halfeny foe net non Ie eso ‘he whe we cach a mie fon he ong ‘spina nu Thiesen po tet he Boone te yg tein omed by the perendaarDaetrs fe Herning ecco ooet Wg 43) Wr te ea he ae inh med spd toeach i nd, te tall corded ej ngewe ee ‘cipro jhe oan == == ae cite ha the acme mean meta, but Weebl, becuse # ‘Taisen network ue be cnsmcted each tie ete a change fo he ge fevwors sch at when date ising rom eof th aes. Alo he Tsien (neha dcr not dety scout fr eoprap nue on al Theil mt neo va ex en by costing lnshyeng wing sce Sep tin gages und nerolton betwee acer dee Te 240), Wher rei dese eto of rainage, aye ‘tape can te consracled ing computer programs for aomated onourig. ‘Once te ecyeal map i conte the oea A between ah a of oh nine wotcnbe a mesrd and moped by he vege Pf eran “ep of he two Boundary ohyes to comput te areal average pecpation by Ex G.4.)- Te oye mats i exe aed knowlege othe soem pater? saat he dein fhe et Bt fy es er Ege Sue wo coety contrac the oye up fom 8 compen so, ‘ier mend of weighing sun gage cose have ben propose sch ss he ripe dance squared matod i which ie nen ofthe rn {2 aged pom on he computson of aaa ata ugazed pit i vensiy [rovaronl othe tance temeen he wo pms (We! aod McGuess 1979), SEB al Gowan (5) snd te ve ote cig a ‘erage preston, icucng the ones seed here, and cole tat a {he met ive compaabe resi, especialy when te tie peso i long: = a apt ed ra a ye Tet me‘opti te te ly el hati he aiflret meted vary more fom one te acter when apie 0 ‘hy ral tan when sped ala 35. EVAPORATION ‘Te to main ctr nfleing evaporation fom at open water uae te the spy of energy to prove tele bet of raprianon eae sy ‘trom the vapor aay rote evaporative surface Sol dation the ean Sure fet energy. The sbi to taabpat vapor aay from te rape “trac depen on he wind velocity oer he sre athe speci my ‘alle tes sve fe vapraton fom he lanl mace copies evapntion det from the soi and eget sce. and ranpratonthsih lam eres, ie heh Siti eatated the fan's sot, mepred pwands toy sate iN se ii she ape ough tiny openings inte tes aed Stomata."The process ceperton fo te nd arte dopa {rom vegetation re atv emed emperranyiatin- Esperanto ent en soi lngacnced bythe wo actors esrb previo fr open wae evporin, sd sls bya rd foc, tbe soppy of moire the eapuratve race The [terial eroporenipiraion ste evaptrnpeaton at would cee fo 2 ‘el sept sure when motte wppy ot init.d this ele Ina way similar otha or open wae evporton” Actual evapeanstin lop below is poset evel tll deer nergy Balance Method . To develop the continty and enertyeqtons spacer evaporation, con ‘er evaporation fom an eaporaian pa 8 shows in Fig 38 1" Aa vig tan pan excel tank comlig wat, wich theo evpoation Ieatred by the ate of filo the water surace"A contol sacs fe ee ‘oun he nealing th the wer ne po andthe above Continuity. Because the contol volure contin: water in tt the ged a woe sis, the cara conn equation most be wien separ for te ‘plats. For the nud pase th extensive propery eB = mt oad ater B= 1p pe ibe dent of wae) ad Bar =~ wich he as Tow rtf eapraon The contin eQut fo thei pase [fee [fnra aan “The pn has ipemeabe sds, 50 toe & no ow fil water sro te enlace and fIp.Vedh =. Thereof hans of Sorgen he=e eee ee ee ee ee eee eee 82 amminenasey snemenceme system is given by (did? fJoud¥ ~ pA dhidt, where A is the cross-sectional isthe rate of work dose by the system (zero in this tase), ey is the specific DET Ra ot rn Sng a 5 ital ta onry of be Ys Sa i urate Be Tey ft hang ohn ey see ae ~aenal a ‘cin ohne cae ee ewe wan ng er Seca V= be tne ta ens pn an ne saat = SES iy mats os ee eg Aenat asp ae 4 ‘ #24 [fener asn _mass.of water vapor; =<. the specific humidity, 4 “ ik p-nbeaeel in ats a lee ing it we of wos, wr fet ny mt * nine rented wa pr Se net Semle heat tH 0 the a Sear ad's poo ea fun toe grownd A ie Se Sas eS cre amerngemers fen gl[fomers [fomven sn tC te te epee ne: eight ie f Sew eat oe ce ta ty af cn pie vn fun ag tee arha e na ne Octet maces we anata, Rai. em ena ; prelftecs an ymin fre .5.2) wih A= 10.5.8 mayb sled a “ eo kano osm st nity gn ein oi Sh ra SRE ee SS See I ena ar ie nes tr orn 0 lt Tietnle apna Gerny ovine nares QQ LS eile rte coving Seb on Sentara SAAS hate etna ee lf fanan oan Som Ww ss te en eh ep pi i ai | im = en 1, ty ay co fang, Tt ay bo pa See eatin eae eat eee een ae renee ana er Sofas, From (2.7.8) te tant hes of vaporization st 25°C is 1 2500-2.36% tai | econ Sonn moreear ae MM 1A fled aloe cnee sfJfnrMearn aso Sam a 1.22% 10 100 600 ey ‘whe: dH he ite of np tte sytem om exes ource, dat aeAcrodynamie Method Bess the supply of eat energy. te Second fata contolag the evaporation fae fot an ope water sufae 1 he ay to eaapr apa say fom the Sirae. The nap ets gover by he hunity gre! fe i eat the sac and the wind peed sos he Sra, and hee fo proses 8 1 analyzed by coping the equation or tas and momeatu wasp 8 a i ihe coal volume shown in Fg. 3.8.2, comers tvizotal plane of sic ate laced a eight above the stice, Te vapor fxm pein ped by convertion tough ths pan i gen by be equation (rom Tele 281 ih n= rake n ux sin) ere i he vp ey ifsivi. The mentum Ox upward rough be ‘ane Tkewse ven by a eqaton oe Table 28 7 ke esi Sippse the wind velocity, an specific humidity are measured at levaion and ad selevain he ratios being ue close tthe tamper tn abe conan between hem The he sean heads = ign gener 20 and sade = (ny ey ~ am be ae yang Si agency ands at of testing equations taken ig Klan > Klea= a) 519) “Te wind veloc inthe bundy ayer nes the ears suc (upto abou 50m) is wll esrb bythe lain poe lew TE. 2.65) sete} osm where x = sea veloiy = Jp, k's te von Karma const, usualy ken 104, and pis he rougheess hit fhe ace ven in Table 28.2 Meee, wf -n raat oa say=0) ineeved by etn, eee ts (y= lites Setaig et 519) ad ara ees _ Balt ~ eben i) ‘nceren? | hich ite Thre Holoan equation Yap apr. fstSeveloed Uy Thoma nl ema (93), applica ily ated a be $2 RRs = | tdi comant. Thoma nd Hoenn et op mesure ‘Swen smpl gander Ne sed compe te comepncng ‘Siponon me Sad many suse mvesiguos hoe made Sina ee Foc option epizatin where sch pyr note ad met surest Bf gan she ase oly one bop nd iat Sere si) snp by apne that he wind wey ay =O a ‘Soop hey = and tate ered wh moire ee From fy..." 0633p wer « the apr pram aedp be ‘ea emit he me a et eg), mesarements of apr pes ‘Sica be nated for ose of pects boi. At ght te ape Rosa ey te mle apr poe, ad te apr rear Eo'scae uta be cane onrmed vpee pete creping {fe Snes vomperre. Une hese sampeots 2S) ann e515)0.6220 ples ~ ead 6 cg e516) Antex} Recalling that yi eine bee fora nt ace of suc, an equivalent ‘ragorton ate. exresied in dimensions of (LT can be foun by Sting ee pabs ie 010) nd rearnging y= Blea ~ 0) esi 262 pen oan pas[inteteol £4 5.17 sa commen basis fr many evaporation eqns, with he form lhe vapor uaafer cellent B varying rom oe ls anther Tis yp tf eunon was ft pope by Dalton 02 Scere mebot wit wenger cree hoy 0 pen, ome 1013 at mn ped 9h al ene high aon ‘Terrace Asn ops be y= O03 cm Solon. Te vir tanec Bey O..10, ng =O4, 9. Tipe tra 9 sn = 99 gm Hee pa 08g palincroh 1019 «10 anf 0-9 Ssymeineghanen cotentiag tone memes sem) ‘Combined Aerodynamie and Energy Balance Method [sapraton may be comp bythe serasnamic meta when ener sppty ‘Timing andy he ener talon method when Spor eam ot ae oe snaamencns #7 lining. But ormally, bth of hese facts ae ining, 20 2 combination of ‘he two mebods is nea. Inthe ent lace tho, he snsibleheafse 1, quay. But since te heat wales by convection hgh ‘ear overtying he war sac, and water vapor sary tated by envecon, ican te asad tha ie vapor heat a [ad he sesh heat ‘x Hae proportion he propria const lng alte Bowen rio B Gowen, 1936 pee es) me, ‘The energy balance eqnon (3.5.9) with ground het fax G = 0 cn then be Ren il + 0.320) ‘The Bowen ei calaate by couling te wanspon equation for pr tn tet, tsi similar othe coupling ofthe vapor ond omentum spo ‘Stonlon sed in developing the Teint Homan esuaon, Fm Tae Eth wonpot equations for apr snd Bete neon 0329 ha ncaa e329 whe Cy i the apices cut res and Kye he est aii Using mestuement fg and aero levee and ssmig the tenspon rat ont betwee hee levels vison of (13.2) by $20, Po Gk 19 aon ime” Kal = On) Diving (3.528 byt and subi 0.622 cp fr 4 provides he exesion forthe Bowen rate om (3.519) Seis Ty pe Sebel = ada aon esa te ye pte cs (3.5.25) 1° Tank oan‘Te lo Kut of he nest an vapor fev commonly taken o be 1 (Peesle an Teor 1972 TT the two lew and 2 ae then a the evaporative suface and in the overing at soean, especie. ican be shown that te evaperaon Tae tmp fo te rats of et ren ar gven by Eq 20 and th ie mar ep ad ent eon 0 30 ‘isso. Compre te Smite meaty whe vale oe ‘ie etvng een ntl : eel emg Cane Ye“he spe ie bse a apron by 4 ppg whe ves de ning cone Oa) Sa ‘tail tina ney ha aw cones ‘A corte we expe in me: etme he aes lon ‘n'y he stmetmean mn en sated a) he teats mete wpe nd pr heh rh age ‘cm! wi tye i nin tl en en soos othe meeps (8 ene he shape mal ete dine ae Fi. 3.4.3 pg tice Primed Fn lt atmencmet met he Pee cube mined ce Fearn ues wi cage witha oe at 1, RUG r4 he teow cones ed wend ate as aaa ‘A conics xr inl, Comp th aegis te at Se'iewe me ‘Cong by he Prle-Tyor meal he evaporation ei lei pe Sp fee acy wen eee a ‘beter 3% Fe oe Ey ay aap et iin ES Wht, emgrre SSC pl pet 29 ee feed i, be scp me he omen me ne Psy“ mcd Aso sede! winnpane pve 10.34) nd Fecha amary, he serge weet condone te rion 0 Win ‘Styrene ay pe un in sel 21 eae Toad Cli he pen waar vein me by enemy med {fy te sre eho) te comin ath nt ie. ‘Solr mca Rane sd sober pre O13) ad Se = 3 Scfen B's 0g | shave be Sid an Lb pe = Cope fnce rp vpn nt ia ary iCal wing ‘he teroplmapen rn’). 3. mth Oren Pi pt ‘nce tat B= ds ih wae whe nen none era. ‘re folning a hombe Ameri Serey of Ct nce. 1973) sc tic cose ers wel-nuced gr sce MySay Sep Bin: Cems ane SN) Clue conespig perpen ‘ama by eng bance mt, he ream te ‘atone and ey alr med Aone Sa these rem, Use Bj Oi) fre thee 8 es Sm Seen Seana n mom Sate Po 363 or Cc, Os, he mela edo we ee mn Seate is “= oo oo =—_ ae eo oe 6S Ue aeyanic eo 6 cle te eapanpetin re (emiy) frm welied shor ps weno ny when fg pea Soca uc ne ee at ce SUBSURFACE WATER ‘Subrrace wate flows beneath the lnd surface Ia this chapter, oly sbeutace flow process imgonan wo ste wee hyalgy are Grebe, The net ‘el of proundwae flow i covered in a mnt fer ebooks (ete and (Chery, 1979 de Mary, 1988. 4.1 UNSATURATED FLOW Suberface fw processes andthe 2otes in which hy accra shown schena- aly in Fig. 4.1.1, Thre importa procs re inrson of fce wat {he flo become wo mon, ssuoce flow usta Dw he be {and poundwarer flo trate Ro oh al ek sa Sl a ‘ook sta which permit wee ow recalled porous med. Pow ward ‘then te porous medium til hn sme of vous aca ya, and rtd ‘hen he wid ae led with war ‘The wate ables he trae wt the ‘tr ina sated perous medi at amas prese Blow the wate Ul, te port medio stated and st greater prenre than amowpete ‘Above the wate ble, cep Tce can str the porous mem ft Son distance Inthe eplary famge above which he pros os tly ‘esate except lowing anal, wc ntrton fo he hd saa a role tit eed emesis sn rac Spring So mitre ete by Cetra mei Ue “Comers cos aton though sonar oi sow a Fig 12 ‘A portion of heen ection cei ysl plese the ent by ”Scenes Pa cece eats ad Dowestmanens? cag carat amen wo as sce a am 0 Sal vlan a ence 0 0-5 he oi most conten eqs the potty when the si Coatinsty Equation ‘A control volume conning unsaturated ol is shown in Figure 4.13. ses Ave lengih dy and de, nthe coornte dvestons, ss vlune ded), ‘nd te vlan of wer conan’ inthe cont vue i @ de The aw ‘water rough esl ie metsuted by he Dary fig = QA, te volute {ow ate per eit are of sl, The Dry Tx ts aver, faving componees [Seach ft cordinte Grecian, batts presentation he horizon aes ft sumed be seo, abd oly he vera er component fhe Dac fi Consered. Aste & nis ponve uposd, upward flow comer postive {nd dunn lw nepae Tm the Reynold nip tere, te entesve propery B isthe mas of sil mtr, ene B= dBi = 1 and dBi = 0 beats no ase hanes a Cecaring inthe wate. The Reyes watson tere that aes te form of ‘Belmepal anton of comnaty (221 on [furs faven as) ee Se be ficbr lebih tretee | (eet wna ere te desi sed contin and the pari dvvtive suits bce ‘espata imesion ofthe conl volume ae ined. The second ema.){sth et outowof water srs the ono fe A shown in Fig. 4.1.3: th ‘limes inflow ate baton of he contol vlome dd die cao be tep iq (yl de hs he nt oti te eee, ca as eds deds a Satin 4.1. a1.) no (4.1.3) aml ng by ddd ie 2.40 (16 This i te comin eqn fr omeimensional unsteady unssue w in 4 pores met. This equations aplieabefo fow at allow dep Below the and surface A reste cp satan Sep ers changes inthe et ‘Sty ad inte porosity ean accurate et of chagen aid pre ‘Sad thse alo be accoumied forn eveloping the cone, Momentum Equation In 6, (2.6.4 Dare Law was developed 1 late the Dae ax 91 he te 1 hee peg of tn an ky aan ‘Conic ow inthe wri ston and dente the lad the ow yh thn 5; = —allae where te mega sgn ines that etal head deren in he deston of flow Beate of feton, Days law i hen au Duy Law ie, tek fh pts nd ‘sraing ve aoe that econ wi the Eros seston a fuser aad grief ts mei (Php 169) Atte sale Days Tew ‘isis ead uniform fw of ost velo, in wbich he et oreo Ma element er. Fer cle satred hw the only foes ive repay an rin, ht for tre ow he tan fre bing Wet 1 pce toh safc sn mata be cde. "Th pra medina aps mn of prices, shown i Fg 441.2: When te vos spaces ar oly partly il wih wer the water sated ote park afcesCrouph electrostatics between he water ‘eck por tods andthe pail sracer Thi surface athson aes ‘he wae pawn thy secs, ving the iin th cent te vids ‘moe wie ade th pron medi, the ie para heme fie sues dns witha te mest, i he medi sted an there ae no ie suacs win the vos and, tee, a sac fore ‘he fff sl sation canbe teen a coun of al placed vere ‘ith is boo i conan of waer—maisze Wl be dae ip mo) ‘oi o's high above te water sure at wh he sl acon and gay {ces a jst equal. Tis eight ranges fom 2 ow milters fr at sad (weve mete fo cays “he fea ofthe wate is measured in dimensions of eight bt can | te hough of be eery pe tnt weight fe Mad. Inan waar prot ‘tei, the at of he al energy possess! he il othe sal Sto feces is efeved to ashe scion head rom he pecding Scion, ‘viene ta te scion ead wil vary wth te mw cone th men, ‘me in Pigs, whch shows tat forthe lyse sto head {nd hyralic conduct ca range over several ores of tagatude the toisteconew change. The al head ithe won thes snd gray Neate heore a9 No tem it incloed forte velocity head of ew besa he veloc is 0 ‘ll ta te bed eee Subetting or in) 1.10) Sea aon etal sathinecaet Seno 1979, Pergamon Books= (eZ *) -foi# +) un he he a ater iin ae) wh eden, Snag al es ae 2 - Aoi +) aun ic ic» one-dimensional farm of Richard's euatin, he governing ein Fer unealyunstsedo prs medim, fing pected by Roars (oan. Computation of Soil Moisture Fax ‘The flow of moisture toh te sll ca be ele by By. (1.8) given ‘nesuremets ofl sicton had Oat flere! depth th a ah aoe al ms ha eg in penn Sn, gin eRe ie tes pig. ogo agin R38, ea on a on ee ee ee ancy 18 Foe rT eatrrrceerctnectetemtaers Zara Reus ctescateanniteuten ates Ree reas ran goeomecatcs te ax fm) bonnes 0.8 “ie dhl be te Spe See et fw sl of tv Sp ns np De, ‘Spats ot oun hn iene terse eal Ma {itn own ec Ser Ree per, ne ray. ‘Weg non P38 Cl mnNien amaniiecotr ‘51'S wimog eoce pan foi an Sion ad fs snancevane 107 se. it cola 8, The x is nepaine beaten i Roving Svar Boye eh Kc cnes yr ayo bs enim ‘Te Day ux as ncn (UT) bee i fw pst tn of atmo te Os aig Youghal ps of ot ena aed as 00412 emt ae “412% 10-* mid pot md mw = 8 nc, teat sae inst 2 180 cm tod fe) = M0" (i) Toon tn feck dpa os Ne. Fat cungt tr tek LOH meh oh 4.1 howe fs gee fl ne eh, sd oy Ee Cain tm nd “Dy sem sine sae ee cmge ‘pet at a 8m ire aye ingest coronas Ree ec a So ae Th pc coy Kv i ane omen w eng of be peor 0 ee ice Fete benenpe son et Be 3) (ag) ea 3 ‘ne cospning aa comncney = 5(~ pat = Aah SE oad emia. swm ten The hea lence yg (CS) Te complete pcre of rfl on the slat Dezp Dean and the soil ‘ice hed at vss depts peed nig. .1 80) Rana Se Ae ‘24 May lows own ito th wl reducing thew ato ess fea he ot by evaporation, casing the sl scion bead fo eee ‘is Read poi at the slowest dept (04 m) shows the pete ea tod the fit tht fl low the pric 3 08 fom te Bopanna sei moist ows ups eect SS =| 208] tn st mai at Dep De Ean:42. INFILTRATION Intent poss of water pencraing fom he rod sua ine the sol Many fcr noece te infin fe eeg econo he Sol tice an vegetative coer, the ropes he sa he portaly ‘epic conti. ad the cent msm fhe vol Sa wit tren psa popetcs may nea ech eer, ferming Boron ft ‘ramp, +s soll wth elsively high Role condcny ay over f Sys iw cote Al ab pa ial wry ee ‘iin lately anal aes Sacha eld: As eho hee pe ‘aca and ine variations in sl proper th cc he Sosa ete chang, infiltration «very cole rca a cn be dsc oly ‘eprinaely wih meat sate "Te dtibaton i mote wie oi pole drag the downed movement of wate tated in Fig, 42.1, Thea fur moat oes $snrted tne vest te varie, «anton cone featured foo fit unarnmnstre cote, «meting one inch tre ees Wik ‘ep ands wring ron wre ehnge of ole come tik depth ht ‘elation tha appearance of asap Sic beeen the hove and tery al ow. Beendiag ote sun fates ae ‘skal prope fhe site ering Hat may Poste am se ce {Deven ern ss i198). “The inrion rave J expe i ces per hoa or etme ero, tert at which wate ner tele sae I wa poo ae ie sfc th niin ecu ath potent fatin ref beast po ste ae sre, fer ene yan sane petal ales ‘se hen the aca ton tw ao bees tha te Pca Mn intron equation davis te pte a The clave Iran Fs the accom ph of wate inated crng agente pred and ea {ote nepal othe rao ate over a eh = (‘ener aan sore gin, semen 108 ner isa dummy viable fine in te neato, Convery the leieaton ‘ie the tine dere of the comolive ian a a fo HO aan Horton's Equation One ofthe ets infin auton was developed by Hoe (193, 1839, ‘who cbiereed ha fran bein at some rae ytd exponetly decrees hl wreaths a comnts Pi 42.3% $0 ™fo om foe® an where decay conan having dinemsiont (7). Eapleon (197) ant sa 97) ie shown at ein sean can be ered os Ra qin (41.12) by assuming tut and D ae conan inacpenent of he ‘sore cont ofthe soi Under thee conn (1-12) ees 0 4 ott an ich she sud fomn of a dfn equation and ay be slved wo yi ‘Bemolsare cone @ a fonction of ie ad depth, How's equation rls mt saving forthe re mre ftson DM ce) a the sl Sere. Pip’ Equation Philp 1957, 196) ave Rca eution vir le stv condos soy kot Dan sy wi th esr ae Pilp eyed $5. Bo lvoe BO eo come 0 8) os ony ‘Steal equnion Bod vd squint el ni ee Phe seen"10 amzoneeaccr uate lfation FU), which is approximate by Fun= Si + Rr 429 ere $i paramere sorpiy, which le fnton 6 the si section tel andi the arc end. ‘By aiferentain pon tren 29) ‘Ast, fu) tend to K. Te two te in Pilps eanton reeset be tects ‘tS ston ea and rity head eset. Fora fool clu a sl ono ening wat a he se, sd Ph amr 21, le wits ein a of ni fi i car arene ek pce ‘esi in i to ly td pat cei eat = 33 on Fr halon, amie etn ‘Meta of son sew hares 13m = OS Po = oy 25-029" itn on eri lo, (425) ps wih = 04 em Fuse =s0.5"7 +0408) 4.3 GREEN-AMPT METHOD th revs sc, ato ution wee developed fom sppoxine “ato of iar’ equa As Seratesppoucs we deeey ¢ re “pra pg ey ator sn east ange san, Coe nd Ant GSID proposed the Siped pre of iftan sown Fig 83. Te ‘sting ot hry bouncy vig wl of mse cota 9b fos Sen ae he weg at sd Spine rice ston Roan Wars pod taal dp he ‘ere i mae oui ae ayn weit | ‘ic es A in Te er i eo wi Continwity Consider veri cols of sil of wi arizona rst-sectonsl aca (i ‘Sand ct conol volume be defined sound he wt al een the sue Sd depen te sod as tly of mais cotnt 8 ought Tete ‘Epo he ota cot wil cee om 09 he porosy athe meng front pace The mouse conten @ hero of te voume of wer the {a scum wii the somo suas, se create he watr toed wis te contol volume ata eat of nian i Ly 8) forse cos scion By dein this quantity sequal oF the clave depth of water ait Ino thes Hence an where 80 = 9 8 Momentum at wan nhs cze the Dae a 4 consent throughout he depth an is el ‘ecune'potive wd while ponive downar, point and? arrhc Th ad hy athe sae i gl te pod depth hy, The head hain the sy tl ch the wing fot eels “ks Day aw for yt . gon z 4 te he pod dept hy. elie compared 1 yan ‘This sumption is sy srr rte Woes natn pet cr 434) vasfeaeet] esa este] a F “Tose fr F eromutipy 1 in [aches hen spi the ef and id i 0 pats (Fs338)-(e8Sia)}e- He Tatil [ee = ro~sadinje «vas coun] = Feo 980 wm [1+ BO 435) “Tics theGren-Amp equation or cumulive inition. Once Fs fond tom By. 4.36)henfitaton ra can be obtained fom (3.5) o¢ fo= aan In he cate when the pode ph yi ot negligible, he vale of ¥— ha is sated fr $n (43.6) a (4.3. ‘oan (3.6) ins nonin eqn iF. ltmay be solved by themed of ecesv ubtation by eaanging (23.6) 0 ead ro, 92114 gana (i 28) wn ‘Given. 1, ad AM, al value F fe aid on he righ sie (a {bed wl abe P= Ki and now value of Fae othe land Ade, which subse a's wa aur onthe ied sie nd Soon nt ‘he alate values of F converge t's sonst fel vale of comelatve Inration Fis sebytied i (437) 0 detemie the cresponing penta ‘nition re "Equation (4.3.6) can also be solved by Newon's eration method, which \s mre complied than he etal sf wcrc son ba ceerp fewcr tetas: Newon's Hetion met clined Sex 3.8, Greco-Ampt Parameters ‘Arplcaion ofthe Gee: Amp model rie estimates of he hyd codc- {ily Khe por and the weting fonts tacon hed The vationith noise corte’ of the scion hed ahd yaa condstivy was ded ty Boks aed Cory (1964) They concade, afer loa Ye any sis thar pcan be epee «lesutinefncton fo efletbe sara 5. ee Pig. #3) Ie resale cont ofthe sl aie fa ben Thooughy ied is dence by Bn he effective strtn is the rao te ‘alle moire @ 6 othe masioum posite sete most Comer cers sf 39 aot 39) whey 9 called the efctie poet “The efleivesatraton bis te rnge OS 5 = 1.0, proved 0, = 0 9 Forth nial codon, when 8 = 0, eoeemlpying (6) give 8 = 8, ‘oth and the chug io he mesa coment when the wating Fm Passes Bee ag n ede + By terre - [4] a3 [4] e {in wich oy and ae consts obey ening sin stages, mesg the values Of 1, and at each tage snd ng (411) tothe ng da i fen Howser (1966 aso staid terriation of yal conduit with moire omen and cole the flected condaty fran stars ‘ow I appoxinuely al the comespoodg viv fr sare fa [rank Eapleman, and Ras (981) preset a mad fo detersin ling the Green-Ampt pruners using the Brooke Coney equi, Revs: Ba sek, and Mill (983 sedis tho to ataly aprsinaely S00 sot Ines sos the Unied States an determined heagevls of te Geen ‘Amp pats, 8, and Tor diet sl ase, a shaw in Tle 4131 As tei feomes ie ov fom st lay te wet a se ‘ction head increases ie he hye condi detente, ble 421 Also tows pia ees fr, te and The anges ae ot age fer ant {ut ean vr over wie age fra given sl At wt shown a= ‘CLT A vars slog wih 50 the wales given io Tle 421 fort to sould be eonsicered piel vale tt ay show conical dei ‘vastly in applction (Ameren Solty of Agel Engioes 103, Deva sod ifr, 1986), Gren: inftrton parameters fr various wil ses Sats Footy Eee eng rt Hae vty Rati” Sty . « ‘ x omtiey asst anstin assign es003th sersitanyra ‘Twolayer Green-Ampt Model Const asi with wo tye, a shown in Fig 4.3.4 Tepper ger bat ‘hckes and Grew mp pares Kuan hd, Be oes let hs hicks Hy an prance Kad War one ene ace in the weting fo has pete tous We upper layer and dsunce int the ower yer HI ried ta ey > yor th pt ny tTemain raed ite ws toes mn he lover lye By 8 eld Siar tt descbed revo fr oe ayer fw sabe thm at ination at ee By pling Wik + in hat he cultivation sive by Fema +188, 43.9) By combining Eqs (.3.12) and (3.1) it feel eqn for Land fala nearest cn tm +t) aay —n wm fom which the carat infaon sad infin te con be deine “Ths approach an be erployed hen ne perme pert aye ves {es emeahielowernjer The nl arg co ed he the meting om in he upper lager (4313) 10 Casa) wed once he ‘eving ft ner he oe aor woe rs Ce 143.6) uample 43.1, Cong enfant an come afin Fate Schou efiarseen ota aly ad ante suo S'pore Aare warped sal imei eprn ere, Selon, Fra Tie 4.3.1, 4 a i 8, = 0486, = 16.7 em nd NTTOGS em Theil etcae wtaton eae a) sent =11 03,0488) =030 “The come infenion at = 1h eed employe th met ‘sme susuion aq. (0249 The sw vale ef P= A= O88 owt + vaote(is £2) woesxt ssa (i+ 28) Siang F=1 27 the and ie of 3.) gine F.7d ‘comer rane eameper oa comant wine 7m Toe aon tec our nd ae By C9 ot o)) sou «1) 44, PONDING TIME Ih he preceding ectos sever! methods for computing tere of tafiteton Itoh so mere presented. Allo tee methods used th sumption hat wae "sponded tama! depth onthe sl seca lhe wate hes ene Ie Dene atthe sare. However dng all wate il ped on he Stace only the lf ners pete! han he lation capacity of the Soi The ponding one the apd ane betwee he ie fl eis "he ine water begin wo plone sl surace "anf bepins em dry sol, he vericlmlsure poe in he soll may spear asin Fig 4, Poor the poring ine

1) te ‘red sine exes eeper iw the sll and ovetland flow oat f te Pond wate. How cane inition equnons developed previously Be wed 1 esnbe thi ssn? ee ene) ae) ae a ee ee oeSe on, ‘Mein and Lanon (1973) presned mead for eemining the ponding ‘ine with inflaton ito the sot desebd bythe Geen Arpt equation fo Fas finest staring istotaneoaly sd contig naetinly, Thee Se he penis involved (1) prio the ine poding our, he fal Isnt 2 he potent nition rie fan ofthe ealatne inition F: and (3) posing ocus when he poem inition fate es than or equal the rafal ines Tne Gret-Arp eqn, he eitrtion te and cma inliaion a ay ‘where i te hycalc conductivity of he soil ihe weting ron apilay [ese eal, and 80 te ference between the na a fal ota Sten ofthe aa. A own in Fp. 4.02, he cama alton te [ning tine ys ines by Fy ~ iy ad tela te by f= bg aan to. b, snef228 +) ting 442) koe acer) ee ping tne roms en comme eps ee fw nd ‘ltl acne) toma) Sem oe inl ens ng te Gren-Amg reeamcivemm U9 1 \ ret wane mtn Fin tf tent Staton. From Bang 43.1, it am si rh Te poning tt see yt Kose 5 oo lofi = Loan, Feet = Sem=—,28. 7.2 =p ep ee ee ee ee lee ee ee ee oe. = “iy Tecate entra fe he rf ity poking “To ota te acta nitration ate afer pong, carve of pte in ‘etn i coastal beping tne Yt the comelate aion Sd he tiation te ae egal 0 neared wera eyeing Scie aaiatr ie 14) usp =piged Pos F-eao(ts Fel = m9 aan aso ad subecig (4.4.3) foe (4.4.4, Fr, oadn (28022) on [2#2F] ny ooo Sas] Equation 4.45) canbe wed w culate the depth of inflaton afer ‘nding. and then (3.7 can be sed oon he inition a ‘stg 2, ie te inno ad nin te » ass) Seo, om Ea 4a = $n n= 94a fi trom Example 41 = 01 and Fy O89 annie tel eng Suh Farts TO the nition ep vend Paty oae (SE) a yeas F-00568 (S82) oes 0-04 F ncbloedby te met mcsesin mint te mene din xa {4 este cero = em Te cep By nate ~ous 24 6) ‘ee et ay comand i ml ein 3.7m cin Ernest rsa nro nang ne oa ed ther one hou we he Se in mee oa 10 mans oping ‘She aa se sri hp wan le ha nal ae “ile 4.41 summarizes the equations nese for computing vos gua ties fr costa nfl inns sto equations seven foreach of te approaches, based respectively onthe Geen, oso. tn Pip infin ‘Sates Egan (1) nd (2) we the method for comping ftom under [nde condos, Equation (3) ves be Podig ine unde constant rainfall, Irs, and Equation (4) gives the eae tne ont fom wich the ‘sme lian en clmalave inftation ae those obred ponding ime would be produced unr conovusy pended conditions. ARer ponding ‘as oncared, the infiraonfencons cane foun for Nana's a Pi tons ty sbsiing 1 ~ io as (1) abd (2) Far the Gren Am ee inthe method usted in EX. 44.2 en be wed. In Ey (42) unr he ‘rec Apt method ponding tie is posve an te ony i> Kp ing wil ever ocr rafal easy es ha or gel othe Mylic enguctviy ofthe sl. Tbe 4.1 aces thatthe ste conto bo for Flips equation, while Hanon’ eurionreques =f, wo shee pong, im he Horan equnion, 1 > fo ondng wil csr immed snd, = “Pe ond = old ft alam ory perme sis id for ght nal on kes permeable sls Ia sch nese rel om Sstnuace fw, expen rom est hear he en chase ‘Detention sf ponng timer unr tinal of vue intent can be done by an approach simi to tha or contant ney Caravan isesiuated frm rinfl a fection of ims A pol inition ae can bevelelsed from he cumulative lfaon sting the Gree: Aingt or et inition formats, Whenever tail tasty greater Ba te ptt Init rae, ping ocoing Bowser 1978 Marl Seyton, 18). For ‘asc’ guide to doe wher face oe sbweace fw i te pray ‘mechanism pricing lod ows (Peace and MeKerchar 1979) "Thi abet [Sdeveloped foe a Cap.5 ‘Bjetie er caleaing ponding ne und inflation fer ponding occurs & & REFERENCES Anata sy ee Eni, Abt in: re, a Cn Aas rin Rca RS Mah, Bowe Sens i ty ast cn of “james ma Ber Rover: aa 7 Sere Sats nC ote Ha ook Hd A. Co ipl ee oa reg ops 3 Ge Mosin’ QHyy Aes Pe, ns, Hi 8 Benen arse ae aia Cn ag it non 0 rp ot ine yt in te cn i tna t,t Up pis aa, Pe hi ‘i Sd Eger ty 1 May nog. Nee Zs Hyg Sota, Win, Rer Zn. E11. es rg Tynan a Ane eles by FC, 8 uti A obey, Nes PO 197 on 5 etn i et prom ht. etn Ci be ti ge ea, Pac 13 sug tC eal wing 3 Re Up ha Ae ot a tr Ein War fg of Sel Ware ©. “EM PROBLEMS: {44 Fie 41.509 shows Se pole th ine of moi end it ‘ei nt res eae Case ol mone antec 08124 smmomnaicr tetas ete phaxmterare ners Eesviinras dete ines {Ue thereto Km 25" 9)" wis Kin ection pe ey and a meeehsan ferment ras fe Sogngiccate ema mceahe Sieccama thera us Scio Seats Sit ttinrae we seme vare ns aloes oad 1 Sienna cman ait sg, tases ee sos Rion lesan ato ame ieerooeerenartaenmeey mane ws BEsh Sceeacerene rae Ton arash ramet el Bigm SSW at oat ana 2s EE tpeceaemetne teem mmatn nn us Pee ec arpreean s rae {ine Pt tinea new hte a he conv fine Asme So pace Det the et es fo tpi fan fr Ho's eatin {cree ntnton fr Ae en ett a day ecto fi dy il sanumce vies BS nets pte fo fet Hoa inn, Aie at Pgemmerrerae i moon Semin mami ees Steere herpetic Seve rb 210 fora sandy oi it parame vans ti icin an ene sewn E55 ei ht ere an ‘Shaan se ere mnt, nnn seen eh i oh oar net 8 a Inia eflecive sins 60 20, 3, nd 10 pet Dew «Bagh Show tt ap yon in Be or Wer of eee Sel oe ct + tetas —amicods + monie ga io paca Arex nwny fe geet no te sisal a 2 If cg Uap ear fF ech ss Bsr ot 10 yh eh of es ‘Sou Pit lcm heer Astune soll ec ern sae Sf ine pe Shei 2. eat whl se sot 2 Gem) Sow126 smsmirasce 1444 catuae te camlane flowin sn he ison en tut of ‘aoa 3 eto cy um wth 28 pra al tne ser, 445 Cong he png tinea dep of we ted odin erly et win 3) pace aa ets srs abet al cy 444. Ca Sn a nin ao yy ‘Sse odin Spy epee ato 4.47, Soh P46 suming tay pode wt emai sno he {t's tym be ssn eee (448, ao nity 3c so yh ltd ponding cs fe fre mins Cece he png tine on trey aly em oa 449 Kuiesapein Soon Sendcondeiy K=0 em Cae be ‘ding ned ae nrston pg tas thc eh 4410 Raa Hono eqn permet a= 0 dn = am and 2 Cae he ping tines unde inn ping de © 12 Show tah gti nr iil ie fo aw esd by ev toe wih pee fof tnd en 9 ee) Tica he ange of les of al ney er wih hs equation ia ‘dpi oot ape foe oes oo on ee) en) ee) ee oe on CHAPTER SURFACE WATER Surface water i water sored or Dowig othe cas surface The sree wate ‘Systm comin teri wid te mone and ibarace wer Sates ‘ern previous caper This heer esrbes the pel avs Eovering {trace water flow and show bo’ hyarlogi aaa aay 0 poi apt [nfo for model frre Now 5.1 SOURCES OF STREAMFLOW “Te waterbed, catchment, thee of dining int aa atten Id ewe wr ewe press eh ie (Exist, suppose pcpstion octet bein and cote indtntly os ware: espetn conus o vies stregsed ow proces, rls Fg 5 1), The vert! wn of is gram ep ine whem of pectin, th em whch wate i owag Dang {ded wo rae cach of proces shown at ny nt OF te. ‘ns. rge poponon of he pepo oars we nem mint see tao rl more erage Tee ‘ise ope of ge rnion and venta reaton ge hel fr Tn el tied ped rt, od eaten arm ‘Some pad by flow say fom te weap keaton “fate don sone hep ling, ony fom fe oa: wt ated fe tragh te earl vn and uae, power lw Sroop stared ler esr Gown Sn ovrand flows he nd alae. mChae flow isthe sin frm of suc ater Rw, sal toh sure Now Feoceses conte traning ow ates in steam ene acco fof wrace water hyaogy. The recitation whch becomes ean ‘may eat he ream by overund fw suberfae flow, oa Hortonian Overland Flow orn (9) des oveané ow lowe: “epi ine by ‘egcton src un sta pao th fll which aac 9p he Soi by infitaton, IT e hasan iftenionexacyf expressed niches ‘kab pe hut then hen he anaes tha fe i absorbed anther ih surface rant ay be said sian ‘hai i pener thn f suse rt wil cera the ate) Hot red his ference (~) "rfl ese Harn ceed src att {take he form of sheet ow whose depth might be messed a cosa a inch, As low acura going dove lope, deh sees al dacarge ino a seam channel ccs (Fg3.12)" Along with oven fw tee lpreson snap esate hollows nd eer damon serage popioas tie depth of the ova fow il. The scl sores liad ae od sanenvame 129 ‘tna ermine er es 190, A the only rene a abet lw toe te seam ae bseow ding ‘ils pera Hrnianoveland flow is splice or impervious scien han seas, font sacs wh hin sl yest om ition apy ‘in wma ad wide Sebsurface Flow Hononanoveand flow occurs rly on epee surfaces in hii repos (Freez, 197,199: Dante, Moore. 2nd Tyler, 1979), Unir thee consis the ination cacy ofthe ot exncds observed rafal tess fra ‘cept the at eateme rainfalls. Sobre low then becomes 2 pray frehunism fr taspring trmanrto ran. The rate fei itll ig 13s ng te rat of muertos sd et ‘by Trew (197), a (shows 3 esis roe ton oh ing ito astream. Pre omit the sre sre I nel with he walt tube and ao stud sabrface flow acer, Pr (5) show how sespage nem develops from rainfall on surface DE, which serve a ate the war fable) ui alow cess = 277 mi), air which the were doses (D- All ote ran aited slong surface DE l= 84min, then the ‘oi fe tecome suture at Bas tin continues, cesing ton ces ‘Soap DE ws propessvly more af he rae becomes stud) Te ‘outlow party compre stied groundwater fow soit ec 1 the scam and ply unsorted sisuace Now seeping rom he ile sve the wor ube Sutarfae flow vlcties ate momally so low tat obit fw sone ‘noo conte sgifieat amount e sorm preipation sty to sare Mow except unde special ceumstances where the hic Sma the sos vay high arc, Stewart and Skeh 186) However. Mosccy (979) ts sagged at fw tog fot tle ia freed le be mich on "pid tan flaw tough te acon So masssancenset 131 Saturation Overland Flow ord i irate whe ice ow sl a land flow ees mos fen at he Bato of bil slope an net ses “The vel of subsufice Now is 0 low hat ao al of «watershed can atria strface flow or ara overlflowt3steam dag tr, Seeanfow may consti oly 10 eet o he waters during or ‘mi, wel vege aloo ve! Fis, pCa 7 a ap (Seta rest rin Ue pe132 amumimeacicy 5.2. STREAMFLOW HYDROGRAPH [A streanfow or dscure hydrographs graph tbe showing te fw ae {fonction of ie a given loealon onthe Stem, te fle the yeep ‘5 “an integral expression ofthe physiographic ad climate chic that over the felins between fl and root pacar raleage a” (Chow, 1959). Two toe of frgrphs ae panicle he seal yoga and esr yong, Annual Hydrograph ‘The aul bys plt of rami a. ie Fe a year, shows the longterm ble of pesplaton, evaporation, and teanfow nt watered "amples pia of hee main pes of sani Ryopap eSown in Fg “Theft hyopaph, fom Mil Crk es elvil, Teas, has peren nl or cominoous fw ee typcl ofa hand canate’ The spss esol ty ein sos, ate called ec rama quljiow, whe te awl eying ow in less pris scaled below. The al vlune of fom ender th anol hog sth asin yield. Fora vet with een Row moa of he "si pe usm comes fom bsefow, fading ht sage popron af ‘Sif ntated note tsi nd ences te aea a suc fw. The second hydrographs fom the Fo River near Uae Teta. i an ample of ah eplemerl iver nana lina: There ae on pas when the rer dy: Mow sor sina comer det uot nt fenton ‘Bas eld Yom ht waterbed hers et an fom pe “The tid hyrogaph. from the East River nett Alot. Colorado, is uted bya sont ver. The blk fe ban eld ocr ite Srna firs srime fom sown The large value of wat Swed in he owe, ‘teal reese, crete an anual hyerogaph wich vues mare sce ‘er te yer than fhe prea ephemera seam sate, Storm Hydrograph Sedy of anol hydogroph shows that pe sreanows se pode ine ‘enya ae the estos rfl lone or on fal sd row Sonbincd. Figure 3.22 shows fur composes oft teanfiow hyo St inesntonm: orbs eof cine al, Stew rly Setsekng ‘ment AB). Dict rm begin paket € and eae. Segment DE Ios as ml stow ees pa ga asellow Separation A vriey of tehnigues have eon supped for separating tseflow and diet ‘um One of he ole he nm depleon sare dere Oy Hone —_ = — = oo om on ‘eit CFs eben em poe ‘henna sion dmg fr 198 fe ele pg stn ag be ‘mine fang eget res el a ft Fonddty acs aces Sya oo ee Crops ae semi Sine aps 1 hemline cin ae “Surat graph of fw ress compiled by speinpoing may 5 be ‘enon canes eberved ona gien seam, Reve eaves een eth farm of exponen sy 210 = ee 62 Sit te lo tie fal eg cy cot alg ‘hedimensvg of tne Singh nd Sal. 1971). Equation (5.2.1) tne Oy ting the gai o (AP) sit tine on sea scl. in Nord, New “Zelaya vac forks © = 1" dye, whch caenponds to 8 hale ite dys (Mar, 197), The alee tan for atone tthe point whee Qnily = 0.5. Tae concep uneyng Eg S21) at ot Linen ropotonl tthe caren torage et si = 4000 629 By nxn the psa of tin wh the steam hydrographs colnet with he tome btw en ur, Be pat whe Se ran Seis int ees canbe eed hand Don Fig 5.2.2), Between ee pst et ‘anf nd cto canbe cpr oy wou mated ‘Some arate matin of seo scarion ae: () he smh ine retail tse fength metho, anc) he varie soe meted ‘The med ae ad Pie 323 “The ari i: mh We ng 3 izle fom he one «which tae hp be ato the clon Te Zinc cpl steam, An poem nt apo en imine ine comet i bepnig pl ofthese tw he fon ssc in ft nh we mal fo ums ea ected waren ul eps, Ren ed Hite C1967) eggs at Ietlow rags mem sin ese tobe lacing nee 0.0 eh sc Inthe feed hase method te sua ois assumed 1 ed edie [Water he Sydogap pens Te bseiow bore the race rant Begs [rojsted send the tne ofthe pak. A sig ines wsed comes his [ojevon the pak wt pint on he easton in a tne Wafer he pak. In the variable slope mtd the bsfow curve befor the ure reno ‘mga ie exapolted forward! the ine of peak discharge. andthe bseow ‘uve afer surface rma ese i extapotted tack othe in fhe ot ‘tien oa the cession ib, A staph ine seed cometh din ofthe expan coves, 5.3. EXCESS RAINFALL AND DIRECT RUNOFF Excess rail oefeive nal, shat afl which one eine ‘and sara or nite in ihe oi Aer owing across the watershed ‘ace, exces rif becomes diet rma w the whe ole unde the ‘Sttpton of Honoian vet flow. The Eph of ese afl ine, oF ‘ea ral! etoraph (ERB. hzy component ofthe uy of afl ‘no elatomhis. The ieee beten the ose tal ral myer She excess afl ptosis emed abstraction, of loses. Lass ae [ima water abate by nation ih Soe aowance fr ecepton d ‘rae woe. "Toe exces infill htogrph may be dtm fom te rill hyeo- ‘amphi oe of wo ways, depending on wheter steam dala ae avaiable or“i = oo = wn oo oe ee see eee excinm 137 {hem on i secon, sted hal een i eae SciorSi 53h bv ae sto Shee ets mat relale ‘Spy a rina yetagnph an seanlow tyeopah ean sb, tow hs tee sep fan eal nae Sete ee ‘ydremph, td te ee antl tyeogagh Ww be eine Te ee ‘iva in genta rhe as “ad streamiow data dated trom the sorm of May 24.25, 1981, on ‘Shoal Creek a Northwest ark, Aust Texas Tae mate ae Been a) Sop om ‘a noalinear programming (Unver and Muys, 1984), but these techaiques are aan in 2 £ ae Sew. The a sna a: Sate ne amr Em a into sa of ces cat oc ah Ca ‘eer nh ise ci ap a a tl Sage 7 when me eS neta et ove SSeS! 2 Shatner tc nerma a eet eee ie its te a et et eae setae = eae a ame oa a see cesta pretest 2 traced 4 ‘st ‘s ru= Sy dan oa = ae vag here Re i those ein in neta Example $3. Domine tect tough he dines, ed ‘2c anal ier ten he snes al ti teat Ss loti 3.1 The mane e's 78 Sao.‘ baer fle sien in car 2 of Tle 52.1 were ste thie Theac-ad ergo ml af ol fee depen er seth win Sen ena eee vin Sone ‘eed te alu son ten we econ eee et ee aae ine Th oan ila lw ae ede a, eens 5 0 [ch i ee ht atl pro 990 ped Sto ee a ‘eam tna A hb es rn ae wl ee fein itl Wega a te int rt : “kort ke tow com bw of 0 cd | ids lies Sema aa le i as 219.10 bestow fm ened eo slr) esa fi 78 = 2008 ‘om id oi ed of mn dst oa nag Boer ‘Srp Compt e ole Vand et sa es rt2 ee eee Jee eee. SS iio ey 362, hl Nt a Shp 4 Satine th eof ial sarc by neon an io sean cy ile pan of st ‘Tedaracten ted M. he ander of ento pes xe l (ood yw ad me 1. AC 1 eel pula, = 220, elt, bain tyiGaineangs = S80 and &°~ 08 and ied fea ven Se t0 sm-039-4% 09 os aint psy ie ood Samia ara stators vee tam Lite a0 a0 = 220+ 208-4205) b> 058m pn get 2. ev rf os pd ving ps 23, 22,02. ae, st ees a= Sioa As9 = 13 +20 4208-309) = 0m “Tne acy bce gies = 0.7 a, wc rn ‘hon alate al pcp Sle 7 def eee seed ‘Sp 5. Cac he ses lt nrg. The oes sla 3} ch iinet en Fora sm secing al erin ch eae (mln The caro f exces rfl 13 bin ths tape 0-30 {iS pac he ph efences alcatel Stem $= ne tre prc oe ced ra Seng Cronica P39. Runoff Coefficients Astin ay alo be acouned fr by means of ref coef. The ot ‘Soon dtinton ot 2 ron cote ht ether of ep rae ‘dct ol othe average tens of afl soem, Boas of shy ‘abe ltl es hs valu ict ode fram abered dat, ‘Arana cocina ko be defied to be he ato of roo oinfal over ‘Brent ped. These office emt cormonly pido orm fl nd ray ut ean sso be wed for ohio nba! renal ad eu dau IF Re he lr and ry he conespondig deph of rT, ‘tena ronal Coefient an be defined =, Se ce 32)10 mamma rample 12. Demin ern tice orf Exar 8:3 Saton Conserog ny he inal at course he bepining of int rot 30 Sma iavs220 +2004 020400 Sa 54 ABSTRACTIONS USING INFILTRATION EQUATIONS: ‘Astron cde interposition on vegsation above te oan, lpresion orage onthe pow surfaces wer tua hllows over ‘tr cif, and hflration af Wate into the tl, Inetepion ad éepesion “Stone sbi retinal bse on te att te vegan a un ‘Sra or ae asued fo be negligible in ge sor, Inthe previous scion the ate of abtacon fom nfl was determined by using a known szeaifow hydogragh. Inst hydologi polems, the Steanfow nyropmgh ent sel andthe deuracons mst be seer {elevating ines td svoustingseparey for oe farm of sata ‘in soca terete, td etn onsiee gives rail hyeopagh defied using the pla dt repr ‘enason. andthe puncte ofa nition ean: determine te pong "ine the ifleaton ser ponding ocr, td the excess anal Seo pagh “The tsi cps ae fo eterna Poin ie de Cot rie fa ines ia Sec. 44 we also enpoyed tee: ihe abn of pening, multe laftaon icles fom cemaive afl te petal ‘raton rate aa given tine i caclted from the cams lateton wat ‘ime and ponding has ocued when the potential lan eae Tes han eal he anal sensi ‘Elie fr ealelatinginfitration at and elowng ponding tn at | s+ JeT aR founked i | woe West raCone ine ner fom #1 + Bt The inl teat ding ths intra sented an i ota eghnt he lea The tation asec infin ae teinng ef te ime ef, = pecan the coespodng vale he lf eal te Siva dF tis assumed tat Fs now om ven al Coins ot os compat, OA ow dato dering ponding tines presi Fig 5.4.1, Tee aces ener be co ‘nh tne so ence ponding i essed ter gen ffl nes wl ome: Heece ending camo cn inthe mle of itv oly {tend pum, wn he vote fal cet changers Flowing the Now’ chart the fat epi cl he cues pote iniraion rate fom the town vale of Gutclatve Inston F, For he Green Amt metho set notte) ean tc i ty a ops Dh crm te Bas ‘he forthe Gret-Arg equation, the amv ieieaton the end the Foe Fr~ odoin [Fish $86). 4, 4.2) sav r= va [as] aa I pn ed tt eA coin tee tmp fe pg noth inlet a atte SSS Ficae = Fite 64) Net. respon nition te fy ated frm Fa Wot seater ta eae (2) ocr ad thre mo ponding ought he nc Than y= Pa, the ele sled or hier jst than ral ping ras ineval ase 8, THe Simul intro a ting tee oun Oy sing fe ‘ou Fy = Fyim 8-4.) an saving fr Ft ge ortho Gren Amp seion, Kose 4 sso The pling ine ten 7 + we smncename MS a wt ty tomy I | an = BaF say td he comune infin Fy oud by ubtitng Fy = Fan Ar = See i (642). The exces fll ace ae eee by abet“imulative ftaton om culate nfl then aking successive sitrences ofthe esting vac, S41 A dl icp ences nd 2 Tae 3.42 1 Sr iol a i tee amin Pa ‘oe ean al youn, Sao te 1 fray hom = 18 eh, 81cm sre a oa Sao al ep foun y uring creme intig 242 The nl irs cbr i und tom Cau’ yo By Far eu, cg tet ine mar hc tral eto ‘1s0.100.61* Oth a shown aly. F 0, s0f = = fom Sh ak er ain Hone ate mene 3 Sistem Ts creping eae ff foveal Bt) 1922 eae ca ‘i am tad a cm a ‘comlatne “ nf “ a ie ea — ee ee rams eas Casiaion feces rafal hyeograph sing the Greet iflration equation (Example $41)oe Dig hep er (42) a in tc, The at Faustino - rvs vann [Ean ti Dison Sox an nd en nl ee ley Ea 3.4 —a eee ee heh ed yt ead of cnn pon = 221 STi tan by sting coma tens ae 9) om oe ‘ett 3, hoe tl neo me fn ig ‘Sitar af cin comive anal as. Pd ses ‘tits na ney fase pind a Ae 0 iy ‘eae nation opted fo fetal y (3:43) Foe pie, 19 GieFou= Fy vidrnass 038 481 mat shown incon 6 ‘iw in i 42 te tl afl 137 oe pe of won lu sano 17 om ume ran png te) necein Reesor Secs cl e177 wi smn ‘55 SCS METHOD FOR ABSTRACTIONS ‘he oC ev (7 dep dr cpg Epes ep openeetr einem Srerdnctns Susp acceplwhetipei get ie emer gi ca oom Serr rare eto ee ea ate ae 255 ieee ot a lg thermal cetera ding pce ee ae ean Dn tote oan Combining (3.5.1) ad (5.5.2) 1 save for Ps goesbes hich she base equation for computing the depth of excess al or dec. ‘ana frm sta y the SCS eto. 5) ffm any mil xen wrth, epi 1 =0as oso) (nts bse = 02st cost 659) Poing the data for Pad Prom many wath, the SCS found cues the fype sn in Fig 5.82. To aan these cave meee ‘ure umber Nis defied wach that 0 = EN = 100. For inpevlwy al ‘itr ses CN ~ I for mtr sues CN = 100, Ase sua the ‘nal rent of Example $2 har Py 4.80 in aod P = 5-0 Po iy S52. ican be seen that CW = 91 for hi even Sein Ee tb SS mt in Sr Cm Se HT Fa ancivime 8 ‘The curve number an Saree by 1000 soo 656, were $ sn inches. The curve numbers shown a Fig. 5.5.2 spy fr somal eucedent moisture condony (AM I). Fr dry cortions (AMC 1) ot ‘non (AMC Ii) equivalent are smb abe coped by cna NO = To=TENTT ae ot ewan ON = TENT om Tepe of ned moire condo ech cae sho ele ssa ‘Curve numbers have bee bused by the Soil Castration Seve on the ssf ol pean and Far sl pow are defied (Group A Deep snd, deep nee gee st ‘Group Shallow les, tnd las (Group C: Cay foams shallow sandy loam, ole ow in rans conten, sos usualy high i ay ‘Group D: So tat sell signicay when we, avy pis clas, a “rain sl soe ‘The values of CN for varus nde on thee si pes ae given in Table {55.2 Fora watered mae up of sevens pest and ie, x cmp GX an ecole ‘sample £51 (At SoiCoseraton Sei, 1979) Compe he na fom 5 ces of rfl on 10Qbace mnie. Th hyp sa pop 3) ocem Coup Band 30 pec Grup € inenpenet opus ‘Kron molt condn le std Teed ae 0 percent rant we ht 30 prc nev 12 pent ena we at eet ingen ‘Cision of antecdent molar cases (AMC) for the SCS method of alata aban16 pete pnd ae with ct drm ee 16 fret open wth 30 pen aps cove a 50 percent pat aa ba Gor Te poe king iy lt, nc linge) n > Sota. Conp wei ce ee ig Tie $42. fe a 7 aaa ome $ = ee ———- a pte » n oaingree fet he Saipan ep ils en oe ee geod contin: pass cover on 75% or mow of be area | 39 | st | 74 | oo ace i __noeeerememnnmn | |@ || i ae ‘het pt Se = fe De be _Gaoaeay niet a eet ala ln ln ery o xlelala ‘empl. Reo ie to i ae ie wt coo @ alelele ‘Scrat an cot te poe Staion, Fe care mate fr AMC vale CN = #3. ander AME Meer 5" ee cna D+EBCNTT wrens =m ovaty =025) ‘ete nme cy ens in meet ote Urbanization Execs ating sept 15 w 20 years yogis hve pd comida anton tect wnization arly wor nan hylgy wee conceal i te efecto urhaniaion onthe fod potenti fel ban waters. The ‘fists of uanaton onthe od Mogan ale inteseed oa ant Seles at peak ow race ak dep Fig 8.5 In ger, the mor ‘hangs ow si tan watersheds we oh lowing 1. Te volume of water nial for rf areas bec ofthe incre Imerios cone pve by pig sec, td hy whch ace 2 Changes in dra eficiney ascidian channels cubing ‘ow ‘Te SCS method for anal ino anlss canbe pido determin the yample $53 Clesie hen om 3 ices of illo 2 1000s ‘ead The sai 30 pent Grp and 30 pet Oop CAs (Seccie cte eni BT te get dp ep Cv ‘cle atnaton: ser atansaion ttm ted m Ene S31 How ‘ch dnl aa cane by wana? Sigrawmaee soem mas Sgipr coma mane sree ai taeaka geen ne “sinc SUMSNarAemia tecture ‘Time Distribution of SCS Abstractions “To hia point, only he depth of exces rfl or rect reat ding orm ‘as bon computed. By exemion af the pies mead he ine atbuton tabsrnctns Fe wiht ett fund Solving foe Fe om Bg.) mes 2-3 pen r= pe a 639) Dilleretiating, and noting ht aS ae comnts, Sani 65.10) Fn F ‘As P+, df) “+ rie, bathe pence of Pid ney) ‘enumerate meas tate afl sy eres, eae freon ‘twa wala he wail tend cease Ths proper of the SCS method ‘aay nt have a ong physi ais Moe Seyoot and Vedi, 1981), in aphiion, eumlaivesbactione and rfl excess ay be eter ined citer fom (389) oom 8.3)langle $4. Sim win eer 4 wad sn in clu 2of “te 3.3.3. The se of N oad Ant More Cont I ye {Ge coulis tn eee yeaa Seton oe CN = 20,8 = 0080) ~ 10 = 2501, = 025 05a. Te int sho bots all of el wpigP=0.3 Tas tcc oe OF ice cig ge fe 03 of eg Sg sS 0 te somaya Fp fk 22K =.) Foc uampe ater mo hous. he emai iil P= 09020 g of sbotractins and exces rafal hyetgraph SCS method Example $5 Sonne PenPo hae =0.90~0.50-0.34 0060 shown in cola 5. The excess rail tyetognph is determined by thing be diference of cee ales of, (clan 8, 546 FLOW DEPTH AND VELOCITY “The low of water ove wauraad suc isu complied process varying in ‘ll ove space dimensions and tine. Ibis when water becomes fended co {he surface a sufi depth 10 overcome saeceYeteion feces an begin teow Two be fw fps may be dtingue vend wand chanel Flow Oven flow hast thn lye of water owing ove «we sae ‘Chana fow han mach rower eam of water Nowig a coined Path ‘Chapter 2 gave the pays lava applicable wo these two pes of Nw Ona tara were, oend flow i he fret mechanism of aac ow batt tay pris for only a short dance (ay wp to 100) before nonnifomies inte ware urece concentrate ow mo loraoas cares Gradual. {he cations rom thee smal chats combi to procce recopalabe Sean ‘ane! Rows which acura ging downstream fo for seanfow at he ‘ered ot, ‘Src water flow & governed by the pnciples of conieaty ant ‘momentum. The applet of ee pins themes! unendy ‘ow ona watershed fac poeie cl every mpi saan, 0 on (cr wo-densal Row i watly sue Overland Flow ‘Ovecand fw 4 very hn sheet Now which cer he wpe ed of slopes ‘toe the Maw concentrates nto recopiae channel Figue 3.6.1 shows Now ‘down iif plane on which can falling a lteoaty (and iftaton ‘xcuing a Suen ie has psd since anal began all ows {te sendy, The plane sof uit with td leegh Za aed icine wale @ {0 be horn wth slope Sy tan 8. ee ee eres {ves ‘The inflow othe conto volume from rifle ne 8, ad the catow is {fla cos 8 om intteatn pls Vy frm vend fw The depth i mented ‘pedal tothe bed andthe veloc Var the bed, Ths ts coaty ° snSyn ea pa [catniettetae es ‘Te charge per uni width, gi given by = WH ~fly core 652 ‘Momentum. For wefoc lisa fw on a inclined plane, it can be shown (Roerson and Crowe, 1985, that the weragevloy Vis sven oy ve eae 63) vere acelerton deo gai and vs the Kaci visoty fhe id Fur norm flow, Sp 5)" nL, and (5.6.3) ce be eaneged ld ety wee 664) hic is ia he form of te ary. Weisbach equation 2.5.1) for ow esis Ly Ee 645) ih the fton ator f = 96 i which te Reyolie amber Re = YR, ‘nd the bys rai = y. Fo aunt mith eto, R= weal fern) =y = 11 =), a eed The Row rea ior prove Re Fc amir het low unde rfl the ft fact increases with be nal ney. IW sumed that has We frm Gute, whee Ce sancnmm 157 resaance coeticen,exprinettion cred out athe Usiveriy of Minis (Chow and Yea, 1970) gre co = 96 + 1004 656) here he rif tensy i ies pe howe. ‘Solving for from (3.65) and wing We fc tat Wf. Se fo iors ow oe finds errr ram = (a) ean ic pies the depth of het Now on 2 wir plane Taam. Ania often a fo wi, hg oo tt ioe m3 paso tp Cale Sache pai ye {Epo nh wy weer snl eps ne P= 1 he Son. Th care ev wih ven by (62) wih = ah = 2.32% mame, The ange 0 anid = WOO) = DAE coven 6am, er =plecae sanx10?-9+ 109x055 ‘Tre Reyes mer is =r sn te wiser, The rina concent Ce ren by (685 cone 14" 96+ owe “re on face f= CUR = DUTY = 0.245, a ep et om B68)bey Fel sti of etn Now Emmet, 197) nen a ow i laminar bu tha the Row resane i bout nes age tan fr ebony sts on uniform plates. The ness nfo reste eas pay fe ‘he ncrenes inte ography sn ate vepetn, Egan (3.68) Cah ‘Ne ewriten i he mor petal fom Peat xn tetra gt neo ep ee a Sent Ne ene Se rete eee Steere Sno vies = See cee ih ee sae fom 0 (69) with a= A952 adm For St units, a = n/S3), : a ample $62. Caer he de and vetaty of acy 0 231 St a ity eck f= pe 3 pt Sato, The Ryn number ie = dunn 4231107982 10°4= 70 Cini gaa is rh 322805) Lom SD) yee hme. 0031 0004) Tech dyer td ve! howng tn fw on he uct pe of Eee 3.1 i cee ce Suit gras cre urmseeas SSSA Seas Son, The care pe nk when By (42 with = 10 inh « SB io" Wary =a 0 = aoa) = 118 freon = 1 eo Places # 23051075 200% 1.00 ‘The Reyer = gy 4 004.2% 10"9= 1899 3096 fw ‘Startle, Te depth of Plow gen by Ea, (69) wih = (LOSE = iporsaeoxcannphe Da mdm «be ret Hons x oor 002 Rein vet (Channel Flow “The ptsge of oven Now into chanel ea be ewe a ater ow in he ‘tg way tat the previous examples hve ensidred rafal 4 lateral ow note are sre Consider a chanel of lenght fed by oven fw fom a pane as shown in Fig. 8.6 Te ovend ow has ducarge qo ere i ‘he dacarge the chanel iQ = dle To fd the depth tet veo a ‘tour pins slong the chanel an erative slo of Manns equation 1 ‘ects. Maing ution e oraggo 6612)‘tan en ple “There ino general analytics soon to Mannings eatin fr Geterminig the ‘ow depth given the ow rate cae the ae Aa pric as ay be ‘oplicatd fonctions fhe ph. Newton's cod ean be pied eel fives numeral slum. Supp tht tert) dep elected and {he ow re, i computed fom (5.612) wng te ee and hye dos Screven Tha, sce wi a aw Qo select 50 tha the ert 2 Sis = 05-0 6619 is acepubly smal. The sant of wih espe i £-2 519) cite @ i ont ene, (a) sig Manning cons, 519 rth icp joie te paves ens ht he coments we a an) ae ee) oe) ee eee oe Sor Sivan apa “This exrssion forthe gaint fl for Newton's method, whee, vena choi of yet coven sty ¢ = Sf 5.6.16) 9) yi, “Thi 7 inthe vl of, plo of sy. where he angen 1 the cue y= inet te bal a ssid 5.3. "btn 5.6.16) fo 9. - fo 6am ay, “ihc the fndamental equation of te Newton's method esions are com ‘iued wal tei giant chang ny chs wil bappen when the ero Ponto hse 020 “Sbntting imo (3417 frm Eg. (5.6.13) and (5.6.15) goes the New texted eqn for sing Mami ete pene = ase (aF-44), te megs A =a B= Bog + 2) ha By SOAR janes a ee ath ‘ne ame ap con (2) 1A se Ton clon oe pon ROE gee 66m) yany,nen ae ee) ae) en) eee smcrmon 10 EI E44 Cat eto ei teste ncn cat Menem = O15 So 0005 wa ge oe Son, yo Wan ae" e+ = 22 omsya_ Qn” Bos TS =p aim SEAM. Wey Fay 7 RaT aS mea. c819 ety a eo = 100 enw a EST Liu atid tere ety scr a 9 1945620) fal oy Therenhnys bs Qu iam om ame ge See ee he ae ia ATMOS, Camo te vey ad depth of ows 200s cemen oye ova mang chaat og san cs ema sed pe 5 = 0.023 sped by sca ow SO oo SSG I et of ne 8 ed ty ope y 2 0008264. The velcity ts V= Grd. = Gray, iss Se en cen Ei 0 Baca Soro Re ee cen 6 Be ye © 03 031 041 a0 ost ve Vy 0 460 S97 aa J 4a a 6 te als hao ete ecto for channel elementsi ci trot wc 2 venom : ane a Eee Sees Se ‘The examples inthis secon have aun Heh fw on the wate tn reality. ander 9 cost iter rafal the sey fw at elm ‘prsehed aya inthe mane ilsewted by Fi 8.64, te ow iain beth in spc neon he wate acs ad te Sea eee me ea eg ene el rw Bl er ‘i uit di de sn, Wt te i eas sca Rp ina ei at aly ‘Soe Dn hey SoumcaVp 3) Bette trv ie he wate tty pe of te weed ny te conating aac wer wa sy ear fciption op. ‘he gow a de cnbtg nen ay be ant sa hg 274 fcr ity bei 2 ones nt. ten showed 6 ‘Se died te bled wil comatose te wate eet ‘er tie 1 ews, he wes bound! by then ae yl ont 0 57) TRAVEL TIME “The evel time of low rom one pint on a watered to nae ca be eed trom the Now dance aod veloc I to pine on seas et nce ‘an td fe veloc aon the pu oneaclng them where nce “tng hep, then tel ne 7 ent fof com fs ay 1 te wel te sed com aa ome on Pade thea. sa ie 679 3: ‘elses oe (6.7.3) may be computed wing he methods descr sae Se orty elownce w tale 7‘Teri na channel (Example $7.1) Dace sing ame) © 3 wa = mes scmow fr The Donia of ete contig rae ate ne of ‘julie of owt he Ott a ae ale nctrne. The ine th ‘fhe watered Regist cntbat th ne of concentration Th i the “ine off fom he fret pit en the wae oe ott ample $7.1. Cac tine of cmenrtn of wnt in wih he ‘ge wih cove Hf of peau n't 3 pea spe en eet Ti otlng cana chan ing with 2 fe cupanrn = O13 tod slope 23 pet ad resign flow of 036 eh Saion. Fram Tae 57.1, gt pen pe i slay of ow i ‘eramge 253.3 ce oy of 318 Ws Tete ine oe 10 et ‘Fp = ie 1003.0 ~ 29 arte ecg cae, ely ‘Borns nd i fame $5 ee a ‘oe 90 hr = St = 2007-38 = 8624 Ta ye tl el an fa 58 STREAM NETWORKS 1 a chanics, he ay of he sina of id ow i yn of ite ‘uses an port li cag the res of sabe mel as {elagesele rote spictans. In Rydon, the geomorphology of te Stslemed organise nay of esac nd, aed are tet ‘ref geomeresiay nming waersode espsly aang the sam “The quantitative study rca networks wa erie by Hanon (194, He developed asym fr orsering seam networks nd eed aw ella the momter and lenin of sree of diferent oer, Horn’ teu dng ‘seme as sihly mode by Stale (B68), as flows ‘The smut ognize canals re signatories hereto chanel fonder ia, chanel of ode 2 ets downstream; in general, where two chase of ore ji chanel of ere 1 ree ‘Wher chanel flower oder oi chanel af igh re, he chan downsea ren the ihe fhe to ode “Te ater ofthe dsinge Dasa i esgntd the ofr of the seam lng sous, te bight seu oir i the ai, sca of i cation seo wae Te sownonan (195) foun enpicly Hat te bifrcaton rato Ra, or roof he names of chance fot | 1 the ember Nr of shane of eet PT ibetatey constant rom one oer mois Hortons Law of ‘Seam Mabe: rt oan) ‘Avan example in Fag. $1. = 28, Nz 5, and Ny = 130 N/M = 56 tnd Nii = $0 The thera mtu value of he bifeaton ra 2, ‘sla ply he the range 8 (tal 96 By mesuring te lng of eah steam, he serge length of sets of ach nef ean be oun. Horton pope Law of Seat Lana which the average lenge ean f tev Ode ead By engi rao oan By ssimilarresoning, Shan (186 pote a Law of Seam Aras ele Ihe serge aor A ied By stuns of ceive er stg 633) (Cmeaeumin he Ma foi. Vl Flea eh Cpr he nto Coma Une anes 168 ‘These mtn ae computed by poting th values Ni Ls and A 08 og ‘ti cle api eam oder ont hese, 4 ow fortwo Vee ‘an wate in Fig 32. The ratios Ry and Re compete rom te Slopes a eines on hese grape The Manon 3 wats ea saan ote ‘Maron watered (Fig. 8.8.3). The consistency of ad Ry betwee two wneres denon: ther geometric sina, Std have teen made {ola the characteris of Tao hyrgraps to sieam network pur (Rossgueieute and Vales, 197%; Cupar Wayne, ad Wag, 180; Gaps, Rodrigue and Wood 386. ‘tier graneers useful for Mylo tlie the diag em sd he len of overand Row (Sra 1972). The drainage deny De the lo of the tal leah a seam chanel ns wae to a oan ate ‘ge ot Manon wae Yee a, Fn, ad Rape ‘ep i, 1 Coy Amen Goa Une170 smmonoeors here Ly tthe length ofthe jth ream of order fhe steamer fe by Tinnth vend ow fa al of tei combing sre, ten havea leap of vertnd flow, Ly, sven approximately by 1 ued esp, ‘Steve (1946) showed hat Horn’ seam laws re rom the most ily “combinations of channels nto network random selection made among al pie combination REFERENCES uso ht mt ma pH a ap. NAS, 18, GONE dpm ar, Mc eWay [SOLE sede Yn itn some rl Suen of hm or, ‘nent co Sanco Enema ea ry Oo Rh ‘Segoe 5 Pnnata Pro Ay, cm Okey tome FR hoo © hr espana pag tt mle 5 fal 3p 90-3 eon “Sie ii ing Mii, My, ew Yo, oe en eat ee Sane ne Me 6° Seto, Grp uP a sn 4 Gaps WE Wayne. ing. Ami um dogg ‘omg Wr hae eae pp Se a con TEA FW res ay Dl ee nt Ht ae fi pol tn ig Tha a ie Fae gh Wop an ‘eta fe 290 eae rier Ft tig bo. Gp Pe, bet, Gi, 192 ‘met bmp eraser WARDS Fla pay ‘ttt, Ranayet D.C ets lan Rel Yee an Se Sem ste sce St i etl ed Nov Zin, ea: a nove A fran APS seen ea tg. setae fw Bea Sop tw os ‘forego sung tir md cn ng 1 he ad. ob VT. Con 2 Meh ‘et, Sul, Th i wan i es, LUDA lh. “ins Sia Sr, Ue a A fr nan Bem gp ee ee oe oer ales 18S Fan Race, Aktien my be poms PROBLEMS $2.1 1000 = Ge 9 docites teow rsusion a» nam, pons tht he ‘tne sopping bso ge 50) =H 322 aelow nu er 100 eh and cl 10. Peon say tte ween on thse at own att lore at are Iie are uno ig Jy sate fw to ay on ‘ote we in ree Hogs ay te ay 4523, Thestetiow gage we 02 0c nage ea sown Soniye Soros tet mes s1 Gia sane taba oy tne Satenciemi cnc cement Stier ata Se Re1 eit it te. te SLI sar Eee paar ant pn say Rainn rer ise op ierisioarativarvthememen see wus Heuer sas Eien ri et ty tt sas Goo an ae a ‘rine te sci a the ee all engph ng Honan’ Sa =e See TE S44 Sve Doh 545 hs dnd by Ps ein wi 5 = 50 47 Deine etl eognph he lowing sam beg 3.050 J, =09 wd 82 eee tet ha Srna aren naa ee ea a ae san Tee l 00 deeds in ces fr ng (iad ote Rae STENTS Tie lov pre foam ——SSS~C« OOS OD t voun oo sa 300 suse 173 re allowing ear hyogaph, dato tee ina ihe ive anon, nd he ps of tc al tr yeoge al ea 549. Save Poh 54.8 fr xh fe bye lps compee he dephs ‘ttcen il cine 4.10 Save Pr 54 fore ftw andl yng [54.11 Stow tr inftraon ner one cnn eid ye Crean oti, cme niente he en of ine eas ee ? Pow Fin oe $4412 Dee 0d (Te 84. fr Ft fo pce fr eno cs sc ec yan 419 ete) a) N84. Fra mf fe Pip tate gun ‘51 Desi ove brat ote Aun Ts, 2 et sg et blow, for SCS cane mab of 3 ond 96. Cee 88 sak ad osteo anes ef umaatve sri os ph abe cpa oe ‘Sila cee aa tine me sn el cop eh ‘Senor, Pe be x ntl Mepp te ceene oe oer Design orm rll eps Gn) par 0317 0308 016 0142 0112 Gon) ear O48 40 Moyer 0519 03) 0293 020 GRD 0199 Oe O18 r030Re esses es ees 174 smssyrenioy E53 Sivek 33.1 orth 10 yeu dra nm S84 ong a fo 2 7 ace wad at Sipuctm prop € eugene topout te wc, Te Mn te 590 eee we et 3 pret mortise poe os Savors Te un np eapt spre aged ce: Saneieman anti wer esoymem sat EE carne ain na eee vas Soper ig ea ag Peer ra sas EER anergy sas SEERA ae ees eng eee ae ocean ty ekeiinweacnen ee ne SS ls Dany Nestach opine f= 1, tn Eee oestrone nha shiwaws bed th SEES eee ccare he Serena Te : HYDROLOGIC " MEASUREMENT Hyéologie mesurements are made odin data yogi proces. These tasted to ete understand tse poeses nd a's ie pt Sysco sina mre, was, nd eon Maing A Sere snl een wee wey ‘mt Hyon {G365-197), and hae become rotine proce 10 store hydrologic data on compute ies an o ake te et evaaie ms Inchine able fom, sich on magic pes ods. These wo develop” "eat he expansion and competetion of Ryoapic dat, Have made stl ‘leo hyo avast ary of formation, whch permis Se of ete ‘eal and pec than war tormaly psse, Reset sence in ciate ‘low dia tote mesure and anlycd whe evens ecu, fr pores ose ‘2 oo forcing an lod warning. The prpse of hich eo even Se sequence of sep ivove in aege mesuremen, on ie ration te process othe recep of teeny he wer. Hydlog roeset vari pace ane, and ae endo, o obi sti in charac Precipations the ving free the ad peo he Mya bogie ee andthe random mie of prepa ein tht peo fe rerling tyologie posses (eg. sac Now. eroperuon, oa sernom) {ome fate time I alays sujet» dere of ancy hat sarge ‘ompaion open ofthe re behavior oc er uli oe ok ‘tame. These nceraties crests requeen fr hysloge erect oie observed daa ato nent te lcnon of eres at cons an Fe dawn eaty fom ante abseratins,= = oo 61, HYDROLOGIC MEASUREMENT SEQUENCE Altioughhysrologie processes vary cominaly is time and space, ey se ‘aly measured sp samples, mesrement mae hough ina ‘ction nspce For example, snl sae ove nspce over Wie ‘hed tain gage messes the rfl aa specifi pt nthe watered Te ‘cag data tne sr wich ay Be subj otal eal Tn'receat jean, sine ores has een made tn mesiaring dried samples over alne wr area Spe ta specie pt inte For example, ‘sates of wine show cont ae aby fing salt ve te sow el nd measuring te alton ete from he om. Te eng dt om sg serie. Disb smpes re fen messed a some ce et the phenmenoe Ping tered ths On emote sensing, Wt e a se tenured a aie sey a pace see sitar quence af Sep “The sequence of sep commonly flowed fr hydlogic mestement it sown in Fig. 11. being wth he py ovine wh see els he pst phnanenon i nding whe delney of att w, Te Stes now describe i 1 Sensing senso is am asraent th tts he velo ina ‘he pen inane ipa Fo ehampes a me etme sens temperature thrugh the exasin or cnc of he volute ef mea) ‘itt he ste ran cage cls sang elf canoe (ie Sonny hee tert ‘ec sensor meme the Picomenon seh. wih the org ri sae: inet sete mewn arahe ale oe phenomgese wi the merry temometer. Many hyde varies ae mesa ide Ireliing teu, temperate, huni, an aon Sensor ae yogic varables ae couse i the sobeequent ecto of this cape 2. Recording. A recor 3 device pelts for pservog eign rofaced by the Sesor Manual recording spy haves an Ose tig Feains off the Ses and ttuiting them fr fare refence Most of Be lal Fifa ata re pode Oy observers who fad the fvel ma snag ‘ain age each day aa acd tte (eg. 9 28). Auman recerdng ques ‘Eig uch seeps he sil om hewn an eso ppt cha ot ced tape oan eletonic memeyinclding tape so pes. Pet ‘cls ei mechanical sytem of pales eet alte the mano ‘hesmortothe movie ofa pen oe chor punching mechani fora pope lupe ig, 612 shows hydrologic pape cha sad tae recat Ctr ‘se Hately hare were theft eer wy sed in Ryo ty 3 sill ed when there sa hed 1 hve a dct sal age ft ad, ‘et chars have agent cde that assim of he chat or ne 8 ‘Septerized form Is ews pce, ivaving maby tacking te le ‘the chan and resorting the pts whee changes ton, By cnt, Fer tperecoes eum be del ead by 4 comp, Snectac pape Came : oo é r a= reweat | Stee as alee ‘Tetecoge mene ‘ges ae cerely te mot widespread form of stmt hydrologic eas, tet elecni straps oe begining 10 be nope ne ene expected 8 spread beans of thir convemence sn Dect thy ned wo mechanic stm 1D arse the signal fom moro cnr 5. Transmiion.Tamaion i he tamer of feserd fo a emcee ‘scrdng it to cen lncatin.Taninon may te done fovtinely atch ot ‘yao changing the hat rtp om ose at euler oan one week 1 ctrl moth induration) and earying the vette nal lccuion. A'rapiy developing me of hylan) i eee muna of ‘ea trogh mrowave nts, sales, oF aleghonc Neen The ees, Sie pole by he cena leation wen data feeds th cess Be m) eaveing dey ove te land sua ‘ih he i of opener sions satis transiion ar dio aves 11focehetay ftgteme ecules an am as Sele Se Fea wir Nei et ee Gg are Ce 03 Gage Sa {0% m in wanceng refed off slite whose postion i ed eelative to the car's suc: Microwave and sti tans of dae ao ‘rosucng onl feasts nd or proving commons seis tre ‘es whch re dieu to each by land ae SE 4. onsation. Tarlton ithe conversion fc fe el iste ‘et fo in compared eof permanent cee rge, Pe ey ie, tansaor a avalible which re Toul hyo pant ag es ‘a produce a cen siga is om eae compas Genes eas ‘nd har oor arse eves tha tape 5 in. Eting the proce of cecking he eos ranted ing "he comput cae ay bvioas emer wich hate scramed Sang et nomic sansamer 179 CUM «120) the previous steps. Common ers include mises inthe somatic ning fico! messes and norton Sti anton snd sion, ‘ihc ieee by tec aan cord made at he code se 1 Storage. Ee date sored in» computes nace ach 8 \WATSTORE, opt by the U5, Glog! Srey, or TNRIS(Tetas Nata Rese Infomation Sytem, Soh rehives ona any lions dog ‘sytem compl no is ndexed ty lat sa speed bye tine of enero, 5. area, Dts re etieve or ser either ina machine reine or, Sook as mane ape cece paper pom, 6.2 MEASUREMENT OF ATMOSPHERIC WATER mosphere Moitore ‘The measwemen of motte high i the stmnsphere i mite by meas of redone, whch lon filed with ta ache 04 messing= oo device rconting eperate, humidity, andar prea Te balloon eae, {ar itrue i tbe mnaphore ten taba old aking sa ‘Ate tacking stan, blloon i sted Wy td ut aad te Wind ‘peed a varius elevations hreby verve “The manne! of sinosphae molore and cline prance set tte pound i complied att climate atin. Kelme on common ‘Sim, within» scene box tetmanetr for ean he mai ta ‘nimar i tempertues ech ay. and'8 wet nd dn-oub eto ot Ingrometer to messre hay, nentby we ocd ein age al Sometimes an eveporation pan ad ah enenameter. For deed mesures ‘climate varies, special wether sans weil a eet Se, {he das ante nccuated and sem by mitovae o eral recoding ston 1 deseibed previously. The measurement af ua is second wih ‘eice mown s radiometer, which fle on the pincpe fa a lack boy Wl havea tenpeatue propor othe amount ration receten, BY Imessring his temperate, tenes fhe ron canbe dose, intl own tore mint in dro, Noncttig gape ae read ‘tena anger tine irre, Noweesnng guare proce cota of Spa, ‘eeepaces wit versal sesh sch te St of pesipton fe meme {pada mesg cylinder or aiprick Te 60 per of eonrceg {sae standard gaps an orage gages, Sahar page we arly Ua fer daly anal etngs and const of calc above sf! lenin n> ‘receiver Rain page fo lesions whee aly weely of moth resins ‘ed we sila fs cesig othe daly type Bat hve gr capac rece ‘Storage gages fe wed to measure talfl! over an ete sero, ually ‘emt, Spuselyiubted ess. Ths an gages cnt facet shove ‘ett leads io soap es lrge enon fore seas fall we, ‘Sunda gages are the mow! widesprené afl mensarnt devices wed tn yalgy. Many thous of these gages ae read by volun ober th el data are cored by west sees. “Tere are the yes of ecrdng an ages in gee the weighing ‘pe, the float rye and the tipping ack ppe. A wephing ype rin sa ‘minvualy cds the weight fe esiving Ca ps he emote’ {yr imeans 4 sping mechan crt stm of balance weigher (i. 62-0. Then pest te esp Yo reve chive erento ety the on ola ter evan sapresing muta Yo form sim ve the surface ‘Sch ngs hl eng ow a a a "fla type min page has chamber contig ost hat ses verily ‘she wae evel inthe chamber ies. Vere overt fhe ft ase ‘ims aa ne wa op ‘Set hentia ge Seat a eck hha sary harps asian spent eng eo sosmunsn ieee ag entra te crteatntees conical 69h Ea a wd fe Seo fiat pap ese pe bee + sce ret renee ee Bagel ae geal Sener aoe Soc etinoae ii plane ae nee Foire elnino em pee Tn tit nin (lee Mey Na nd Delp, Ne end)182, smanremaoet ‘rmumited oa dtant recive Rain gage commonly have a windben device ‘Scoared arond them in ore to nine the amu! of iron fn the ‘meee! of rif caused by the wind ow pater snd th age. Radar cat be used to observe the locaton and movenest of reat of recitation Ceri types of arent ean provi eats of rn ‘cr over areas within he range of he tage (Works Matera Oras: ‘on, OH). Radar smeties sed to get val mage of he pater of ‘inal prdacingthanertorms aod i partelry wel fo tacing he ver ‘ent of anaes. The roducton of Slr sgl ars mae poste © restre anal in dant undertoms wth are peice tan wae foe) Possible. ‘The phenomenon upen which weather dar epens fhe elton of Incowaver eed ty the at weer bythe opt of water nthe orm ‘a dee of wins ele tthe Sent of the dope ead fre ‘he il nen, Snowfall ‘Soowfl is ecorded as part of recipttion ain gages. ln gions where there ina commus sow covet, he esutenea! of he eth snd enn of Sow coves impeatn predicng the ran wich wil reek when the sow oer mel, Thi accomplished by means of surveyed snow curser, Which re ‘Sects fhe spew cover howe eps eerie by met of ages at have ‘Seen ntl prt the snow The deny of snow i he stewpeck fy [determined by brog sole roa he pc ori the pack snd essing ‘he amount of laud wae obied from te semple ‘Automat devices fot Inestrng he weight fhe sow shove ein po ine pod ve teen ‘veloped these fae sow plows, eh menue the rae of SO Ot ‘se iow fied wih onfcing Ma Interception he amount of precipitation cued by vegetation and wes I eerie by “nparing the rsipiton in fags ets te epithe eer testy under te open sy. The rcpaton dete by tera i gtd {se fw dow the rank of three nd evaporation fo te lel eae, Siem flow maybe meses by enc devices rund te aks. Evaporation “Te mort common metal of esscng evaporation iby mene of nevapore ‘hm a There are aout peso evepraon pnt however, be mos ly ‘dare the U.S. Ch Apa, te U.S 8 R- GGT-300 pan, and te 20 ak {Gioia Meteorological Orguiain 181). The Clas A pn mentaes 25.4 {10 dep sn 12067 em in data somal Monel etl ‘or umuited gavaized ion. The pan lice on Uber spot 0 at ie ‘atiary of pan coflents (afer ey, Kabler a Paty 1982) aie Cait >a lcs bese The U.S.5.R. GGE3ON0 pep is «61. dame ne Conia base abcd of gavel shal on. The sce area 3 ‘sh nk i em dep a the wal and 683m deep ate center Te nk sik ie pend wl ein roi spony 7c ae pd aan ene ae eee (olden oe erlang h eren) mee aya emg eral Doe Ch comets rer ae ae ee oe Tiga erin aap rae eee en tern apaaatn eee pe el ere) Sega ape decree career eat fei ca sneete becaegre a rant ee SRREST Aree eee Sng ter cep ara Sina reseae tartans nana cea pment ed EO —) [Bvapotranspration ‘vapuaton fom he and ace plo nspeipg tough the plat eve, or taparnspintoe, may be messed by mean of Duimaers, A sits ik tanta sin wich veges pane that semble the suring 0d vee The amouo eaptanspito rm he eter mene 9 en fs we balce of all mmr inputs and olpt The preston othe Iysimete, the dune doh ts Dato. ane change in hes mele ‘ttn the Isimatr ae all ear. Te amount of evapnespn ithe nous neces to coplte the wer talance= oo oo oo =< ie = ou iner {Posie ig eo) ly ey ma ne ee ek 63. MEASUREMENT OF SURFACE WATER ‘Water Surface Elevation Wier sufce elevation measurement inl both peak levels ood eres ee sation) and he stage av a fncinn of tne. These mesures can be made munca or sronaaly. Cre sage germ sed oc cod of ood “et es whet reciing gaps oem alld A cet sage ape com ‘woe spe ose td ade app ta asl les fot the emy of wate. A's ara fet pled the pps fs he ‘Sit tes an here he all ssl a tegen Wee ve Manat ebsrsons af wae lvl a ade ating a ges, which are luted oars st neater sre. by meas of suming devices at Sigal the level at which hey teach the wer sre, uch sv weigh on ne ‘Shpende om age overt stan fe, “Aiomate ees of mater evel ede abt 10,00 loans in he \icd Ses. the Dubie ge te seme mot wily wed (Fg. 63.1 ‘te gage senses the wer lve y hobling Svar Bs sy cy, he gn md egy a he gs scam out beneath he water sare a menu te sph the water over the orale a he hanhe seam. This pesure mented By ‘manne inthe recor hose [Fp 63.10). Coes econ Of wae lctel e manied fore calaaton of ea fw macs. Toe eel of wie inseam tay tie fe he ge eee ‘The veo of ow in a sam canbe messeewith cron meter, Corea sterare propel ices placed n th fw these with hich he ope ‘at ting poporioal othe fw veo gb 2 Te trem tea ‘ead nthe Now asl eum, sped fom eo cable way ‘rou a apr ua, ot lowered fom hc bow ofa bat Fig £3.) Te ow ‘elciyvates ith deh na suean sown Pg 6.3.4 Figure 6 thoes loves ines of equa veloc fo score the Kahan Rive in Mins, ‘he sclsiy shes fom 0 atthe ed oa manimam new he sae” wh rge wl turing ot att Of fb aap Ih sa sie of US. Geologeat Survey to menue vency 2.0.2 and 08 of Be Sesh whe the depth i moe th 2 unt seuge the two lcs econe average vel Yor the veal section For slow tives annette fat (deeper rivers whee he dps ae es thas? ency memuemet a ‘made a 06 dep On some acasons, desired to Know the wal ine of ‘ow tom oe cation nah some tne ny. perhaps weve Saye fe(stmt eee nd na ewig lg Su Tepe oot ‘Sita na oe od erty ee sa tp ee et ‘Te oqcum ouch So er whe oa or te Sc a cp Sie Fae mie Fe es swe: ein he {Se A te fm Sw Mnf Wa ate Nee i latoa/a 0 Ga 6S 20 vn ft ty Md eiaty en a wan Pe ‘ime. Forte purposed wich ced slong with he wate at approximately ts average elo "Weocy measurements can ali Be made bused upon electromagnetic sensing, Te Vly Modi Flow Messrement(VMPM mete ele: ‘ering istroment aid upon atch pines, (Mars-MBcy.1979). The [orale meer ow lo ig 6.3.5 hes i'l secs Ht bowed ‘na sll box, a eleromupete senso, sad comesting cable The sean it ‘laced onthe sane rad wed fr popeleype sent as oe fol ad ‘eta for making vloty memuremens: Whee he Seto i meri owing State geet Rd itn the sero ard by the wer fe Sein 2 Nolge variation which mewsted by elecwole imbeded inthe sense ‘The applitde of te voage variation Is roportona 1 the we acy. The ‘ella variation i ansmited though beable oe elcome processor se tem, hich automate averages poi! vlc) memsements mace a diferent ‘ection inseam es Seton The sean aso moor war Sept ing {Thable gage, and the poco tegrcs velty and dep neaeuc froducedchrge dn. Ths meter can iso bees 0 mest fw a sever pes od in ter pes of pen chao Stream Flow Rate Sveum ow i ot dety corde, even sought vb is psp the most inert i hydrologic aes, Inte, wae ev! eee and seam Mow i aedced by mene of aig ere (gp OHS). The ing ae ‘deeloped wag se at munca of Sncare ad pa Mh ne ‘rem: ese mesfeens biog ue oer «pod of mame or yas a Twebtain an accra eatonship between he tam ro Sachare, nd the eae begat ping DISCHARGE COMPUTATION. The discharge of sre ip cael from ‘measurements velo and pA marks ne tthe roe the Ha,MARSH McBIRNEY, Inc. Model 201D TRE Sty mara Fe Men ay Mein ph ofthe wae 6 mesaed with # ne rm the sac oe sea bed toe. The discharge tm cot wan)Sans Sapa meme ‘tin, meet ee din yb ‘ie ennremnn wre rT and fet fom al fl Big w1G2"1ay2} (12-003) loot Thecamepmdig eet cena on Taio ta ae areca Tere a indies metho of measng stam flow oo reguking ewe iment sor wa evel ers, Te eee gefng eed ‘chs tsown gaunt of dye cid nthe Nowa peas ad ‘neared some dane doveseam chen ths Become comply ie at ‘Sic By compang the emcettonw the dove se wih as of oes me, Rare iS Sate Be Ste he dye injected at he vse st, te Saw ae can be eid. Tis method is parcel slue fr stony moiinsream, whore the dye mined ly nd messrements by eer maths ae dif RATING CURVE. The rating cure i const by plating secesive me surements ofthe discharge rd gue ight ona graghsach mht soe a Pg {G3 The ring eure ten snd to conn fcr of te eel ne fo ‘acs. The ratng uve tbe check peal eure fa tel ship tween te aha und gape hight hs eae Cost Scouring of the uta ted or depostin of een sn the team anche the ting are "change 20 tt he nae cord page hight prodaes 3 fren dshage “The felons beroee wae level nd the ow rie a veh ste ean be mained consisemly by constucing + spec flow contol device in te Sea, sgh thu crud we or fare=, = oo 644 MEASUREMENT OF SUBSURFACE WATER Soil Moisture ‘The amoust of mise in the sil can be {06nd by taking a sample of sil and oven djing He By comparing the weigh ofthe sample ble so et ‘he dying and imeasrag the vlune ofthe sample he mokure comet of ‘he sl etn te determined. Some recoding device whch feed Sil stu ‘ty inthe ld have bon developed arc for iigaion de, These Inca gypsim Blots nd nero rcs Neto probes ely on tern ures eid om poe device men a ee Ine Bod 6 te ‘str nthe suroundig he epee of refeton of the neuen Seng oyna t the mots cot She. 198. Ansitration Menem of nfration ae made wing ring inlet whic 4 met ‘ing appoint wo fe ameter that ve into esl wate paced ‘tn the ng and he ee! othe war seeded st epi tne Stara os ‘cel. This prise cnstctin of he cman fiend ‘tom hitherto ate fc of ne maybe ead, Sorin ' Sond ings aed ute the ra led th wat and mall ons evel 0 hath firm fo the inc fing oes Verte don "he winsome css, measurements of rain ea mace byte er Imdaced athe race of esl and exacted om robes pal ow fe ae 1d Water ‘Te level of water nthe stated fw pou wer Loe is deri ‘aso scvaton els An hurtin wll ha ot dees tat he ‘erica movenvat of waite wel ramsey mean ple sem tothe vocoder bau a th srace Deve tat op pe Ses ee {eo sense te woe evel can be aud abn eaatancus measurements ‘he veocy of ground wate fw sams be determined Oy tees cali. Mr face Fig 7.2-HO) The combine ‘Spat of cach of te M inp pales can te Tod by Being he conolion mga (2.1) a= nt pts n= [nnar— ner A ah A kG cere aera 1M, cm be ht oie the integra elimi = mr becomes = em) The mh itp (7.29) now wien 7219) = Paha— m+ Das) by subtion hm (72.7). Aer making hee sans fr each em in 29, , = Pinan) + Pe ~ Dan) + + PeMe— m+ tn] + ony +Pn— M+ Da yen i acomalaton equation with it Pain les an opt Qos ae ncn fe " ™ Discrete Pulse Response Function [As shown in Fg, 7.2.3, the cominous pulse sponse function Mi) may be ‘repressed ons acre time donna 4 snple Ga fasion whte Verney = Mim # DH a2. 1 folloms that Uy = nd). Vans = An = Des and Uaoney = ‘Mon At NAA” Setting i (7.2.1), he re tne vera othe ‘Solon nega! = PY, + Pale 2S ratioess Beer eent rier 29) ‘Eqn (2.1) all pve n= Mein < M, te, (7.2.9), 08 would ny ned to accoun for est n uso ipa, ace these the ly ules ‘Satan nace th ep up to ine mnt ate, (7213) sein 3S Paterass a2) Combining (7.213) nd (7.2.14) give the fl eat eig 0.2 ratiraet cas ‘whichis te dere comolsion equation for 2 Kner sytem. Toe soon (ns Mae he upper lof he soma shows tht he trate sumed lL forme dessa for n = M, bu form > Be, the mono ied os mea il Ea ‘a example, suppose tare ae M = 3 puss of ap PsP, ad Ps Forte ft ine ral a= 1) aes al one er inthe cnvoiion that femal 06 = PiU = PU Foc m2, here me wo terms, oeponding tom = 1, r= PiUhai41 + Palanan = PW + aU Form = 3 there tre terms: 5 = PiUhaias + PiUrenes + PaUs-aes = PiUs + Pada + aU ‘And frm 4,3,» hte comin to be jst teeters a= FU + Paes + Plans “Te rem fh elation ae sown cagraatilly i Fi. 7.2.3. Te sum af he sb in each eon the Find Se ofthe Summation Is ‘Shes one gener han be bsp of in the example shown i be diagram. here wr 3 opt pulses and 6 non aro terms in he ple resposefancton U0 ere are 3+ 61 = Bone {ro ter inthe enptfncon . The ves of he Ou or te fal ee ‘ods 6 Us + Pols + Pie = Pie + Us =P (snd Pa ae exposed i diferent dimensions, and U as dimensions thawte et of he dimensions of Qy and Poo mae (7.213) neon ‘amiten For sample, If Pa ie eatved inches and Q, nef en ‘Sensis of Uae eli, wih yb nerd st fey et inch of inp 7.3. THE UNIT HYDROGRAPH ‘The an droga isthe uit pulse response function of linear hylogic ‘pte popmey Sherman (190, eho gay mae trgraph ofa ried defed a «ect ral Nyce (DRE) ‘opin he dic een ear pet i em 3 it fo my om oS of nl pad1d muon rifrmty ove he drainage ara at const rate for an feive duro, ‘Sherman originally eed the word “uni dente wun of ine, bu soe that ‘ifaland dct ran fom cried fl and seaflow nae sete "The sit hydrographs snp near mode hat canbe ond t derive the hyrograph suhag ay anf nets afl The flowing Go ‘Shumptonsaeibeen in ths mode 1. Tee exes rainfall ha consts intensity within the fective dion. 2 The eee rainfall worl Sistbued ooghoat the whole dine | The tte tne ofthe DRH (he duton of drt sat) eng from an ces flo piven ttn i costa 4. The onnes of ll DRI os common bse ine ae dirty ropnioal {rhe wl smut dct aol ested by each Rysopah, ‘5, Fora given walentes. the hytomrph resulting fom a given exces rfl felch unchanging earctensics of he Wate Unter condoms, he stove smote cab. petty ssl Hower wien te yoga be ed eal seed ‘ity cme meng eae umpc, ef oh set hyogug mode! me pcaly ssp or pael pupoe (ee fen 10) Ashogh te se was gal dvd for age we, ‘Steen on pea a mal srt om ee hn 3 bce 25 i tna Tac 0 mi) Some cer ppt he of te ede ‘os ve ort of heaps i wl nd Fr ach ea ‘he mail condo! mapper eapning fom swe “Cncering somo he son ted a aye hol be of se rion cee il ot ly pe mina a cay cmt ‘aie nal rs peng «weed pepe hyp of et CGnceningssumpon ew dogg may bso np sen eager eb gee covered ys sa utr cone [tins ns tees ha oe ved sd eh bc aed “Cocrung son tw te of te dt rufa {kth iegemsy uct fr deen om he med btw pron {sce Sec $3) The wetness ihe st no conse {acoe he ae ony ng te et os nr ‘Shree mot Conceming sgn (the pipes of serion a sty ensue sot be anes Qy oe DR yb cpa spe =m ose “lcs cect ee216 smesmrenicor (7.2.15, Acta hydoogle us ae aot ly ear, when aplying (7.2.1) 10 ‘hem, teresting hyogaph only an sppratimsio, which stacy in ‘many praca ate Coscering smpion 9), te nit hydrographic onder wig fr 2 given watered td ivuae wih rerpct tte. Ts the pile ‘time maronce. which. together wih the pris of pereion tod ‘opoionay is fundamental fo the wt Hydrograph dl, Unit hyo Sie apleabe al when cane! condion ve unchanged and wateseds ‘oot Rave apreciabe soap. This conion fied when the tinge nc coins many testi. when the fod Overs i te fod le, ‘tere posing consist sag “Te pipes of line syste nai form he a of te wit yoga rcha. Tile 73.1 shows 4 conpersn of Hiner yen concep Wi he “soesponding uni iyraprap concep nergy he se eee fron iScommanly eld e Stropraph and he wmple pene fcon elle "he intomaneous unt odrograph which i he hypebeal response eet ‘pha exces nif depotaod ican he eect ave 74. UNIT HYDROGRAPH DERIVATION ‘The csr conoiion eqn (7.2.15) lows the computation of det naff Gr sven excess asl! Pan he oi hydrographs Ure aan, ‘The reves proces, called decomoltion. ented a detive «eit ren dt Pa and, Suppone hat here ae puso exces fal oe ules of dct enol in te erm comidered: he Mequon caste writes foe Quin In2..- i tem 00 NM +L wakooom valor of te eat Iyolobaph as sow Take 8.1 6G. and Pare ven and Us regi, te et of egstions in Table 145.1 i avendermind. bese three more eins (than Unknowns oe ample 74.1 i he halhour uit hopping he cs al ye pe i mat apa pen ae 14 tee Salon. The ERY a ORH in Tbe 7.4.2 have = 9 and 1 = 1 pbs ‘eyeciey Hee de nme fuse ihe wt iypeys a =A TS TESS1/=9 Sint te on fe ER ad BR ne ostons is Te 741 ye vw 1 sinatnous quo Tse eet my ‘itedby Gaus imintoes ete sartydepnphordnacs, Gans desnon ites singe minontvrahce at oe cessing thm i at nt, eos cnt ie fs ewe [touts sling ef pase Pyeng win ocrmscount 217 “The set of equations for discrete time convolution Qu = > Palla-mei Eos STAG IRA srw, mt NT TRO rs ne cua nd sina rh sig oer 9131 LAL = 1.93230 304 un IO 208 6 cin cas flat nyetograph and direct, ‘ant byegraph for Example 7.4.1 os ‘‘he dered wit ogg pen Te 74.3, Solaons may be ity ‘Soint by foung ster si pn Te dep of ced i ‘Sipcopap cn bch nd on oul 8 nh eu, acre ‘Teac Saed une touopaph stot mas ego, eon “by popeion othe ep a et nl ac tm In general he unit hytrographs bined by sation ofthe et of equton Tbe 741 fret anil pies wv tot ena. To oan wig soto a method fsucesv ppeuimaion (Colin, 1938) an be sed, WHE [ahve four ape (1) sume tui hyrograh, and apoyo al exces ‘Sif bos ef he yep eacet the args. (2) soba he suing ‘droge rom he acl DRE, and rede the rei oval Nidrogeaph ‘ome comput a nephed args ofthe axed at hyograph a he Teal ai parograps. and woe the revised spraimaion fo the nest tral repeat the previous tres sep util theresa! ui ydropraph Sot tov afer by mare tens penises rm the seme hyo ‘The esling ut hjopaph ay stow eral varies and eve have segaive vale, fh ote sot curve ny be fied the crises © reduce an approximation of te nit yéropraph, Era varatn in te uit Naropap may be de to sone nthe elective raflaect ronal ‘Clan ia the washed an even frelon ly Ui, te ‘Seed aay nt seal eet hs Al. ata sos we nt aay. itm eine and space, ss eqied y theory. even when the excess fll tor ren ft pales Shot dun, 17.8. UNIT HYDROGRAPH APPLICATION ‘Ons teat yoga hs denned, Haye appli ond te ‘tse emo and tanto byograpt. Aral hyetgmph iach ‘Suc ay stn, the coc all hytogrpm nce ‘Resid a Sec The tne icra wed in dng te ees ull Iyctopah rites as he same Yor wh th i ydopaph Was ‘hese The dete conottion eatin == = see wewewew eee ewe eee eee as) = D Patt say he be sed oye te dirt rat hykopraph. By ang a einated eeflow othe det rot hydograph, the smeriow hydrographs ‘eal whe ti afm 3 i nd it in ‘Se td hl ae we halon it hype comp nal 7 ‘dase btw con 0c opt bd. Ck ha Sater eta ea pn eed $Snaon. The asation of ede rat hopagh by eomclun i hon ‘sae 75. The wt hyphens ene 73 a et eng ‘Setopf eet ce econ ep dw ee ie The ‘Scot nm ro 03 hier ore teers w= indy a ann, 20 «404 QU +AU Snr 2ist Easton ofthe direct rot hydrograph and sreamitow hydrograh for Example a ‘aarp tna ofa ote Fae ees ace2. = eee eee mh Qe Us +P + Us ‘is cons fr n= 43, flow a ese mame show in Tbe 15.1 ad ply oi 75 Tht et nt slo we Soe sscenostl snd comspndn et of iret ti fond vig by te wate mad STobmt rosea toe Strafow dog orm wi hn nal ps fron 0S hd ann 2 ine pin al anaes Kes an ge ceraencnan 221 ‘sich ic ga he wal ep of kts priinton a gi "The teanow here sendy ang he 508 so oe ie yg, at own he Win ef Tae 7S and ‘oaly ne 73, 17.6 UNIT HYDROGRAPH BY MATRIX CALCULATION Decoolion may be ued to die the uit byograh rom complet ml ‘pele drop, br the psblty of enos or neler i be dts [Petr than for» single peed ysropaph. Lestsqures fag 2 an op flzaion method canbe ted 1 miniine the enor nthe ited Sect re 0 0 ...00...0 0 nm 2 1200200 Am 00 00 leu Pees Paras P10 ...0 0 osn Jo" Pe Pacts. PaPi 0 0 oo 0.00... Pubes ves oo 0 2200 110" Fa on vem = 01 asa, Given 1) an (0) hers sly no sotto fo (Uh wil sty ‘cqutns (51 Sop hat aon {0} given th sa eae (Ghote DRA ae truer = 101 7630) QR Peet Prewen Me Lecce 630) ‘with all guts ow sisi. Asolo ought which minimis he enor Ta} (6} temeen he observed and enti DR Solution by Linear Regression ‘Te sion by ear regesion produces telat gure eno betwen (2) ad 19} Sayer, 195) To save Ea (1.6.2) for (Uh tng ati (PL222 smapvooene ‘is ytuced «square matic (2 by mulpyng bot des by te tanepne of {dense by (PY. which famed by arcana he ows and clu (Then bot sies are muted by theives 21°" of muti 2) ls w= err, ose) whee {2] = (PHI. However. the solution isnot easy to determine by this ‘th scan he many wpe nd Manes a [Peet sift ‘hetero of (21 (ree 1978) Nonen and Vinyard (1967) and Singh {ve ulema mths of ohtairing thou squares soliton, bt these eh oot nse that lhe ui hydrographs wl be sonegative, Solution by Linear Programming Liner programming st sere mato of solving fr (Un Bq 0.62) ‘tar minimizes the abate ale of the or between (Q) and (Q) a sso ‘ures tha ll ets of [Uae nonteatve (Eaglson, Mj, snd March, 1S; Deningr 1963: Singh, 1976 Maye and Coes, 1960 “he gee ner programing moll sed inthe frm of nae objective ftion be Sptize (atime of mized) sje to neat ‘Contain quaone. Linear popramming proves netod of comparing al {ese sluons that say he constants td btaing eon that pines {he objeinefncton ier an Literma, 1974 Brey, Ha, and aaa, in. rample 761. Deeop nar ropam ose E..62) or be io. {igh pen he RH Pom = 2 Had the BRN Qe hd Salon. The obgcine i w nine el whee ex = Qs ~ Qe Uae pormsing eae ht ah erotik, {Sito in oo compen pone ea ans npn don iia he 0a ca ee ee Oueere 16) ae ery ass) sn. pein is rinse S464 8 a4 (a +(a1-ta ea osm expanding, 7635, Pays Pett Poa Be Oe REL AN C6 yg ren on fet on in —ss eee eee ee ee eee ‘wermconin 223 tam oe en 8 sacar Signs. comin eet at Dak 789) pia (1600.89) couse s hace pop wi dsinon rarer | knows) Un nd ih mayb Soe sa sed nex Fong ‘Sims pogo pec wl sg. Lin progeny et Mite ice use amocphe ety ig oR “Ta liner progrmming metod developed in Example 7.6, i ot ine ie inept toa single rm. Several ERs and thei revaing DRH a te te toga tf hey comprised one event ah itd fd cm Potent dopa bet repeseing the repose ofthe washed Yo th et ‘toms. Matern aalyeis may ts be ced ou ung the leet ‘eh (Diskin and Boo, 1975 Mameey and Tog, 1981 tn determination of the unit hyropraph fom amet byérogznt, the ssractins ae a sgaicant source of eror=altoup often ane cnt, the fous ae ately sine varyingfncion whose ale aed by the ‘motte contest of he watered porto the som ad by te sr pte ie Difleret ait dopants rel rom aferet supine that the fern of fsses. Newton and Viva (1957) cue frei he tes ‘ety teal ajing beatin of he ERH ax wl hse eat ‘yeep 5 st minize the enor nthe DRH. Mayr an Tur (982) ‘linet poping osalincouly Serine the oe for ea ‘riod ad th composte uit byez rae forsmalsarm eset Unvet {nd Mays (1964) etened ths none programming mth 0 Serie th ri! partment ence, ad the compo nt yep 7.7. SYNTHETIC UNIT HYDROGRAPH “The anit hyrogphdevelope fo nfl a steaflow don watershed applies only for tat waesbed ad foe the pon hear where thesteanflow da were measued Sybeic uit hyograph procedure re wed to ‘evel uit hyoprpl fr oer lostons o he eam the ae wera ‘for ney waterless carter Tae ce peso yee ‘st hyropphs (1) hoe rling hyrograph chaacesis (peak low rat, (etn, ee) to watered characteris Snr 195%; Gy, 61), aes ‘ed on Gmensiolss wit hyropaph (Sil Conservation Serie 1972), (Gitte bed on mds of wate surge (le 143), Types (1) and te decd Noe and ype ia Chap. ‘Snyder's Synthetic Unt Hydrograph tna study f watersheds ose sil inthe Applachisn highlands ofthe United ae, and varying hs nao 10 fo 000 mi To. a, nye (193) fou syne esos for sme harris of ond ‘nit degra (ig. 7a}. Adal sch velons wer fond er (US. ‘Army Cops of Eginers 1989). These relatos, ta mie form ae given ‘low. Frome lato, five chance of read unl hdrograph Tg ‘T11b fora given excess fll duaon may be clad the pak ears [er ni of washed area, don, the bain agg tine difeence between ‘ened the excess unfallhyetogrph and wit HySropph peak the base times, ad he wits W (ne uns) af he ot hye $0 and 15 peroen Of the Pea Scharge Using then charcercs the uted nt ‘jdrgrph mayb evn The tree ae thal Ie Pg... Sr deine a tnd wit hyeogaph sone whose afl duron ie related he Sing 38 am Foc a sundae hysogaph he found Ibn eer a sa Sid tg = $8 0) aged it orem 2 1 The tain gis = cvcutee any ert in ours, Li te engi of he in seam in emer (alles) om ou to the apsteam die, sth dace i ome ales) fom the ett a pln on the steam nearest he eno ofthe waterbed ten | = 075 (1.0 forthe Englah sytem), and C, coeffi dered {fom gtd were inthe me pon The peak sharp er nit damage ean sn? (eu?) the standard ‘ic dropaph Sf ona) eC, = 275 (0 he Enh em) ed yi vice ed Petrpeenrtoten arta nape Ca tre tel wand, we of Ls tweet ee Gath a fo dan gh ot fo Sacra Sues vibe fi ese age Sty et Ces eter ate oe Dinh ita ctrl ingen mee Meee pee cee lene ig ma ceng; tecngetiny earl Sa Smee mee poet ona sn 12.1 ad 0.4 tel iat ip he Tae Sd act bapa tn 9 ty me Arm eet in nin yd a secon Ce et wae ea Seen ee mae nes wpa ft be oat = oper eee ee eee eae Daten tt ons 4 rine nn tn ati en ing itn nd top cao oars renting yea Aon np ap ta ‘gmdate te rors 076) on where Cy = $56 (1290 fre Ealh tmi ee sane ee) eee) cee) eae) ce || 5. The with in Bours of wit ydrogph a discharge equal to a erin eet ofthe ak dschage gy i en by We Coase oa whee y= 1.22 (40 for English system) forte 7S.yerene width nd 2.14 (70, Engl yt) forthe 0-percen with sally onthe with |: iuaed ber he ut hyurorap pe ine and oobi athe va e724 tn nt at tn Bhan geetiaeceae meas Satan SAG ere enc eae egy ot eu he ee Sfmt ete = ois ones Gt sue any Sg 2.7 0d .7.9 ony ge = 89 ad 32 prevcatte? 5252078410 «959 ‘ethcant Cy heated ty bg O13) woh ayaa tga awe Eample 712. Cone te hu ae it yap of ened ‘Sings loge wen of 20 mw 400 un anf 3) ke Ts ‘See nb tape se ec wud Eel 9.1, dP ye nn 0 rt 1 aT cee Rees ee Shape reson Maser y aeai ee _— ee ee ein 0.22, ALS pent of ek Stage, Wn ee ego =k A si compan ges W449 ba 30 econo pest. The base ine, pen £4 1S Bly 8 igen SADT = Ih Fre nm ra hg. 7.2, and hecho eae a epee Sapte tet oom ‘fur isovation inthe we of Syée's mth as eee he einai ‘on of unt yore parr. Espey, Almas and Graves (197 developed {stot geeralaed equation fo tn concn of 10min Ui hogan sing a uy of 41 watersheds ranging in siz from OO14 to TS i, ain Inpro pecentge en 2 0 prt, Of he warns, Tor eta tn'exar9'm North Cunina la Keno, in Induna, 9 each a Clo tnd Minis ed { each enneses ond Peers: The eqn te Tessas om engse 0319) p= 31.82 x 04 Mr5 a7.) Ty= 125.99 x 1005 ann Wom 1622% 1APM Gz a7 ‘Shot opp dy Sys mes ie age 27.2sae eee eee Gov eb 0 ob om alt ols ols oly memati [repeal os Why = 3.20 1040050 ans) ere 1» te ttl dsance (in ft lng the main case! fom he pint beng ‘need be upsteare waterbed boundary = te main tune! hope in fpr fo, defined by HL, whee Hie ‘eaifewnc neevtion teen Asad B. Aste pot one eae ‘boom aa dance of 0.2L Gownate fr the patcam ware ‘oundary Bis « polt on the une! bao he downer pit ‘eng conser 1» te impervious en within te waterbed (in perce, tamed egal 0 Speen for an undeveloped wud © = he cimesioness watershed conveyance fro, which i anton of percent impervious and roughness (Fg. 7.73) Am be wast ring ae Gn squire mils) y= the tine of nto the peak of he uit hydograph fom te besning ‘tran i ines) (2, = te peak flow of he uni yoga in si) Ty = te ine tse ofthe uit hydeopaph in mines) Wa = the width ft hydeogaph a $0 pecet of 2p in ine) Wag = he with of a 75 percent of Oy in inter) ‘SCS Dimensionless Hydrograph ‘The SCS dimensionless hoppy wit hye in wich the sinnage expressed by the rat of care qo peak dschage gy ed the ‘er imnscins 229 ine ye tn sie if it yg 7, ene SEZ ren foe tat ecg ‘Stich toe pnts sen hog re rena igre 17.4 ses ch meson, Pepe om ew ‘oveita ary of ners Ta vanes ya yay ened lng pol moll os wngt ta pacer wn Pe S740, wee ne nn un de nhae vem) ol Greate Seve, 1D. ome eve ofa ene fit opps ei Coser Sev ng ei of en uy bore Fy a sane ew pep sh be a Sst tf ca iS icm ve towne a on wee C= 2084.4 ae api tem) a A i Be dig we ‘shots inion tha he basin ag = OT, ware atti ocoenan ‘ofthe waersed. As Shows in i778), tine of te Tpcan be expe ‘ts ng tine Zp snd te Gon af eee val nakey ans) | ee Fett | ea ee Sean Sri a wt pg a Ciena yeh a oi easy tS rer aasa ee eee eee ee ee 230 maori ale 17.3, Cm ine SC et yg ra of ‘Salaion. Te ron = 10min =0.166 a ie 067 = 0.61.25 = 7S by and te tine T= 12 + p= 1663 + 0.95 = O43 bP By Cn 208% 480 88 ~ 9.20 nT dines dopa Fip.2 sina we coment te gated inane ming ee tie Fo ies ee sy 9p sre ‘Canale yg an seven Wi n= 2.617, 22 Te Gp ee ind check nea toe 7.4. UNIT HYDROGRAPHS FOR DIFFERENT RAINFALL DURATIONS ‘nen vit hydra fa given ekcene inf dation teal, te ait upp of ater Coton cn be ved. 1 other Graton ae ita ‘uli fhe ste Grain, he new nt hyopaph canbe early compete 1) application of he primp of sperpiion aed proportionally. However, sere method of Serato apliable to ait Ryropph of any roe “ton rye we om te ar the principe of saperpariion. Thi ee Sindograph mein “fe heres ‘Sdoqraph i hat resaing rom 2 coninuaus excess ‘sisal a coset te of I enn |i or annette pero. Ts the ttttep rpms unto of 3 watered system The cove sme a deeried ‘Shape and ont utiatlyapreach the eto excess ral a tie ‘equim. Tis sep response funtion) can be eve rom the ui pls reponse funtion Mi) te un yas, as folows. rom 6. (7.24), the respmse at Ue #1 4 unit pb of darian Ar besining ine Sint. he response asin 1 2 it pute begining aie Bi eguat aS ath age ye a ie) a an aan ran duw-an-ei-2ay aa sn pn tine i it pa being ie 288 o-2an = Ligr=280-q0-38m 8) — ee suming ls et cy ose cn oS ya sn 0 = tH + Mean FMI 2 Hd 8H are Sepa eendopsh fn 4 tm ast ggh roe wher the summations ui by 30 at) wl comespont fn ipa Tac hao than ra hed fo each ofthe puss "Tertcly, te Syograph to derived thou be a smooth cane, ecu th pa census to bea constants ae However, be sueation proses wil reli an uly form If the re ‘roi terial borane taetiow separation tf te sca ron ‘Tener rainfall othe detveddurstoe for tbe ta yérogrp. dae: ‘ion which proces minum undulation can be found by Wal. Undlaton of ‘he curve muy beau caused by sono tenga aed sel srbton of23 eosin ‘aif ferme, when he rl it ae nea, he resin usable ‘Sue sllaon may produce negative odin. Inch ete an opinion feciigee my be sed oon 3 moter et “Ater the Schycrogaph ie consrased, the anit hycrogaph of « given uratin cn be dere a lows Advan, coffe the potion of he tydopreph by prod ein othe denied aration Badal hi hyerogrph afer Shdropaph #0 Fi 78.10) defied by = gar) oss) ‘The siterece betwen the opiates ofthe cia S-rydogaph ad the ft Shhyaropph, divide by Ar gies he dested ule drogen (ig. 78.10 we me aah one uample 71, Use he Sour vt og Te 7.43 foe Ecale 1 potacetbe hye andthe nearby othe mare Saton Te 0. wi yoga owe ein 2 fle 71. The 5 ironed eng 88) i r= 036 Fart =O. be gt) = Aon) = (db 202th hn M+ 0.5) 00 $109» 48) 2 eietort= She ain= akin K-03) Mow LO} Osea + 10+ ‘oiy ecto en toon, show nol St ile 78.1. Te Soph Satie y S13 can 216g) nd ieee Se bBo teen tramgnpn eon 5) Pca! 29 oe oom om oe on enon on en en) ie an (en en an en ae on oe oe weiteenin 253 Instantaneous Unit Hyarograph 1 the excess nfl of wi aout and ts Gurion i ify smal, the realinghySrogaph ean ple reponse fiom (Se. 7. elle te ‘Miumtneos nt hysopah (UH). Foran TUM, the ees ral apd {Sie dniaage ts in aorotne. Of ous, (hs I oly a theoeeal concept cannot be eliza in actual watenbecs, bu ts oeul beau the TU ‘Gunscunzes he wnered's response o rafal wioo reference to the ine fal duration, Terfore, he IUH canbe rated wo watershed geomorpbolony (Rochgus lube sd Valdes, 1979; Gupta, Wari, aed Wat 1900 “Te convolution inp 7.2.1) he genes) and 0 ave te same dmerson. he etn of the UW mast have densons (7. The propre ofthe 1H are a follows, with tae 0. is some postive peak vise for! >0 w= fort's0 a0 wine 88) ee eee “Te gua he ng tne of he UH. Ica be shown ta, gies the time itera bewese te cenid ofan exces asl yetopaph ad tat of {tc caemponding det unl? hyrogrgh. Nowe he ference between and {he vara p ned fo stele nt hyp ag me pease th ime {fom be cent ofthe exces afl othe pea, a te cet of he ect ‘ued ogaph Teel shape oan TUH ss eseribed shave resembles tat, ‘Srsapiepeked diecernat hyeopaph, however, UH cas have nega tn undulating ines. "Tere a several methods 19 deemine an 1UH Go «given ERH and ‘DRI Fora approsimaon, ie IUH oat tine i sips alo he ope atime of an Syrah constructed fo an eacess afl ens of nt depo per ot tei rca stad en he fost eS ycopp ‘an ep ere of be UH, at oda tinea tthe negra ‘cibe area under he 1UH fom Ot The 1UH So oles singer oly ‘Sh ppronmucon tease the slope of a Shoppe to mess Some "The IUH can be dternined by various meas of them averson, sing, for example, roponal nso Sch as Fou sees (O Donel 1960) ‘ot Logue fonction (Dooge, 1973). ep anafrms ach atthe Laplace ‘taster (Chow, 1968), te For wastorm (lank, Dellew. and ior.1971), and te 2 wansfom (Be 1978); and mahal modeling elated © \eateribed geomorpolgy (Se. 83). REFERENCES nn Thal Ml Pr, SS ge som ets) telat pS ee mar ae eae a, TORY a Rah A, en Sr iti Oe Dep Angin DC. pin rd eh ae DoS rin, seat eae re a cm on, A tin tb fem mat mJ tan aad Gus Sit ce me wo ES ae Eppes tr ee rt aor arene tt Bees ew eee eee ee 2.2 = esi en 8 a, aor nine wT Sct nb sp ti, Eg Neo Re 8. sea sup. oF tanga sop my, rR, 82.8.8 ‘ster Aig iy etd pr eS: toa yu grt, Gi: Uni 199 40-4841, Sey ene ower in ane a i, pn Uw in nw no 1.5. Ay Cap Ege Pd ingame compas, ing ad Meat 22 T'S Sec Png Weg BE 378 Fare arn Sp ma or meet cee Sai id en re (SOA See atin rape cen Mt, ny BS nea a wh 1H Dr. SCE vt S30 yn ee wt et ina di fee st ea ue nin ene er “Am. Sac Ch, Bag a ao HY2 10-18. 17 aA i ans gs Bm tein a Fu ag fet, nei pron by nil ne ra Ser cnt li rc Ml 8 Ba a 36 83.9 ea, a My eden ns pena i236 sms enacicy| ome Me A he ee ml ba, Ao 2 ‘pa. yl pinion he aa of ced Shp es tele Bop. esi man oi rc ft ee alan in tn oa ls me) a, SERIE A: Nu ans drumnaeecty ofc ppan to a, ‘ai a0 See, os Da AB a, Compan wel i 124 Arye ats Sclia ipnn ion ion .1,05, 03, Pee Ene aperitif) ‘ein dee) oer et neal awe ye 122, Kegon beng wit pe ego eon: 2,036,018 009, 08001, Cala oat tom hr ae ta pt) $end ye 123, Chae apt nye repent on, 9 gn nn {Re cotta pl maps fin sd te ts as pae Acie Ur trs ier eroc hag = ha ah 124 Atmel oid eich 1 Cas im ‘pme ncn pee es foe wi par of SST Sand 20 Pox ee facto ae Eee {he toan. Caesar Geto bygone 124 Showa dey ine buen be eae ett nt eo Sissies atndnges hepatoma red ra4 Rvs tars dg ef 50? ads ea nt top fevapea ree) vem Forkapannt shat ea cre 244 Thea ml in el de Cole or tur wt tog Wt he se of were in Pb 7.4.12 Dare by conten irbor i gga fo he feleing a fers maees having nap ae 16s os ‘Serncion ads xs bow of 20 8 mere Fs ee Santa) on em © ODM BD ‘ven low te od hyp am er on nage en 23 eit) $2 ok 4 awe Dokeeiy atom es setifis ecured conimonly Sing {ound ston Bus epaon i acenglibesy loig ‘Spr fe dishes nxn, Binge tng od gut ot ‘Siow ora sag in wth soe deemie te Now = hn te ofr Mingo te Me 4a a tse ates pt Ee wipe Semis om ‘teow inn I-13 Beene pn ef be fod depogh ol ps ‘Pits gest a cow ae ey tea. ee th Sect nc yep ecmolan. ‘Reinet eth opsiay conan ny ies thus oe ‘Serb afc a pe alonng charge em2.2 =e ewe we eee ee 186 faa ous om in ced ot ou. Ase ont ato mie Soot {ee snc tou mt mrp developed ob 74 elite te Seuaiow hp os tee our se wih born afl ine Ue tee ow ni topo emi’ ia Buh 7.45 w cla te retin pp om sr mh ow of a al Teton eth ig Uatbrdnerahinivom ¢ Uk me 6 He tes Sst Fara som ovr he nthe hing acl f 3 cm for he fot ‘isan Som fre cond tur, cmpu the ea bp ‘ming eos bso of 100m ep ot pag rs teed fe elo, De he Dantrimprh ciy —1owooo se eames maopph a Pa 7.3.5 dd eet tt yop frat oom wit in of xen il he it our aod? estefan tor Wat he eof een? ‘Reap! wud wat nae ovr pes of 20 yeu A aga seston teed irda cl coe sal at wine tara seats ingested O18 ihe fake he ‘Simced oh Fors eehoar soma wich £0 i ft ef ‘trae cd hor, nen det el Wop fe 1 oer tance ‘Re res oe hour ira of ono nya fin Sa SS ei ie nla Thi'chtn ni tas el Gn of 1 ane he a3 wee Soe he ee cn a aan te teow ne 8 20 {he hy fa oP, sono the Shea! ek waned Nowe Po hen Tea, owed wt lloing fal ale Dresrmtttn 392 9073 Deus hr oe ne ering Ae [Storch domed atone 124 rie wnese ees Tieleee tant kee ces ge erm a ie eens beeches nie featsst ec rscmmcy Sites te cane once Srgiemimnieneansme Been SE ras en 97.722 Eka eee cere Sas Sate Saenger neti Sirk ie steentattee recon: SSSR Tic pcataneaeteate nant SATA TRE Remco s ct Seen aia RLS nies se=] oe ee ee eee ‘grees 3, Rew, deve fem wtp ee ‘ted mg be mel ing 0 ft ng Pet ope Xiceven nga Awume n= 008 forth i coeds ‘ese de rt gap wi he Fite on OS Sere he ps pl he tase 0 main hn ens ho erase Camer sr ving 2 thes ra ry ‘hated err he on 0 mnacr an aches a sco 20 me, (Rearar ec bong Gs 2 Bae eT, Te Sia .0° 24 ios 171, esses Doms he eng tices i Soe sat mu ot ps SP w= Seve eur sping sin Be Seen eed ae tee ‘Sock ou a see as le seta ye, Foc bain pe of = 0.08 sn = 0.4 deem netic Cfo he ‘spd abe pee lon ten erm es = 10 10 mi, L= 36 mi te= 2h = OO, (= 915 eae, 41h and Wry = 7h Ware wich med ‘etn fo ence A ne folowing chance: {5 Dawn sees Cmdr 8 teed we 10 ih Pa an 12m = Shand pen hepa fe St dogg 730 cin Ase Snes on eps Sted c's teria 7, Te ea ‘wy be sn been wend we 2 bad 2h eee ‘hg it Cra weed a Spr en, ha + age a 5:8 ‘Pte le he mun sont nd cha om Sbmr Gases 2am e, Poth deme of tc ge ‘sewn for a, Whar een set Ue oy eed (OSes he mime tyre fr he ‘Th Outbr Ck muentc na Arar, Oh, hat soe a 8 ‘este enh a ema cae 180s cane gh ‘om he washed elt me pos pate e ee te wed (amt Vang C= 30 ma ¢, P0825 dome he rd yu ‘owngh ane roses wi nda fre eee ‘Sioropap frthi wenbaby he SS wang wt bpp met maa eset i 10 ited. ec 0s ‘Atopy wt hoppers y th So Conran ese ‘Sito 9S cs T=" 0 mind = 10 mn Cpe eS ‘not ith fer Sta som, bing 0.8 fil i be ‘Shu tnd 70 ino wed 10 mouse foe p= 08 ‘th dreepoa he om Fath ca gen n Prob 7.44, we he spn fant nil iey Intows 4 cnet th Stpdogaph, Une te Sogo ae Pore dug Pts 7.3, cet tengo of ott ‘ty for hous contr he Siro for is wae, Pow Be §- ‘acme eo rt oop ar a wae ‘Thr oder of oer ni rg eid actu ne we (Geen, 0, ean et ae Une we,e Styoog {SL he wow nt yp fr i at.CHAPTER 8 LUMPED FLOW ROUTING ‘Pn ring ina proceso Stine the ne nd magi flow (the ‘ow tydrogagh a tons watecouse fm gown or seamed NOES ne core pois use. the lw fod, he race speci Sten oad tng. In bro enc ow ing ay be Conse a ‘alysis v0 trace te lw rough helo stem, pen the apt. The ‘rece eran lanped a tied sem aig eat is mp ‘stem model the fw celeste rs facton of tine alone a2 pata ites wl fra dutshud stm roaing te fw ead ss esr ‘spac tnd tise hughout the stem. Rewsing by ped sy tod Stentines led Androgen nd rowing by ibe yer etd LLUMPED SYSTEM ROUTING ea Myris, input Rt, ouput QC). and sora SU) a elated by he cotinaity eon (2.2 n- on au We flow hydrogrph 8 known, Ep (11) cao be saved diy ‘o aman the otlowRyropraph. QU. ecase bad ah Se eaown A “Stedselaiontip or torae foto, need ore 1, aed: coupling tte strgefntion with he comity equation provides ovale combeation ‘of two qunons and to wraowna, In geet the sorgefoctin may be ‘writen an ary fonton oO, and ei re drvtes a Sow By Buca #2...) aan Cape 7 te tro eqns were sled by flea aie form (hey lay eben the rl or aldo then gang the sessing diferent syuaton to ohnia QU) a4 fonction of ND). a ht ‘Shaper, fit ierecesalvion method capped to te two exuntons, The Sime hasan ive no fine ner, a the conn egaon (6.11) Tolved vecanively from ene ine put tothe ext wing te oe unton 1.2). scant ote ae of storage each ime po “he specie fom of he stage fncion ob erployed in hs prosede eyed on he att ofthe ter being ale. In is ‘itr aynama sre aniae. Pi, sero rig BY ‘ih tage noua anton f @ ely S=f@) ay nd the fmetion AQ) is deterined by relaing reser storage and outow {o resol wate level. Second, storage rey teas fo and Q the ‘Mastingum med of routing in hates ally, sever linea reer ‘made ae ean a which (8.12) becomes ea fiction of Qa ine ervnives “The relaoship between he out andthe orag of «ysl sae | has an import inflence on ow routing. This reanhip may be eer Imarate or vorabe shown in ig. 84.1 An nar worage fon fs the form of Ep (13) and apples to & servo with horton et Serface. Such reser ave spo tht wide and deep compare with lenin ia he Section of flow. The lary of ow inthe exer Sry low “Te inva storage elansip rues hat here be one charge fom Ihe reserva for hen wer sae elevation, which eat that he seit tut wovts must be eter uncon or acid by ptr Rld we stun, fe crt pc potion changed” Gcharpe and wae sree levain change te am, ed effet propegues pace ihe eae free sloping wae sac empoay etl ase equim wer sae lean etlibed troghoa he re ‘When eri Sn hein ws ace, srge a finton of ts water suri elevation, o depth in he pot. Liew, he otow Sacer uncon fhe war Saraceelevain, hs one ott wars By com toning hese tm fants the eer soap an Sacarg cn ewe [rofuce an vari, sgle-vaoed org anton, $ =f) as town in Tra). Forsch eserves the peak etl occcs Wack the out Byer ‘baph eects he Inflow hyoropaph, bene the matimum Sarge oestie owen he a nae wen di = 1~ 0 0, and he storage and otow ae related by = 2, ‘This indica in Fig 81) where te pint enn the sine ge, aed maximum oti, P. once. "Avarale sree suiow aeship apes 0 long mao reserva, ‘and wo open chunels a eans. where the wae fice pile maybe gm icy cred oe to bck fects. The ano of sage dst bck Spend om he tne re of cane of fow ough he sem Ar shown i Pi 1110). th religion between he dachagy sd te er songs io lose singled uncon bat exhibits coe etly te form of {single oeried lop, depending on the serge chars of he sem, [Bectse of the rerding flectdu to backwater, th peak otow ull Sears Iter thane ine when be iow and cto hyp nec a a ein Fip 1 1), hr the pts Rand Past eee back effet nt very ssn, th lop shows ia Pp, 81-10) my be epaced tye aengs ene shown byte Sahed tine. Tone od rong meted {le ao be apylied in n apport wy to ough abe chp Serge ran. "Te preceding cession nines that he et of oag oredtbte ener gc enfin oe pt te ene fond wave aso vcs» contre ace feel is spdrgnph muy ten be shied yt tne eed Tonge an the ne a ‘estos. This inal ie maybe cone me of telation, As ‘Shown ni. 8.1.2, he tal ne of food movement betwen eso he law ad towpath mm of he ine of eaten nde in of tulation, The poe of redress the hyopanh wie tumaion canes ts posto, oe + Capa tin eine ot 82. LEVEL POOL ROUTING Lest pot rowing i procedure for calclatig the otow yoga froma ‘ees with orzo wer sce, give sal hyopph ond org ‘utiow chris. A mamber of procedures fave been propose fr Duroc fg, Chow, 1951, 1959) and ih the nonce of compat, [fail pocesues a eg replaced by bua or fname ta {be competion prosedre ca be sutra. "Te tine bocan i broken iter of duaoa A, indeed by Jt 70, Bitar jSh{) + De, and he ennui equnion 11) ated ve each tne rans ow in ig, 82.1 Fete oh ie Picea “The inflow valet a the epining and end of hej ine neil ae Jad Tjesetmmsely, sd te ceepondng ves of i etiw weQad Q ‘re, bth now and tow we flow Yes reared as sample Ga. her than inflow beng ple dat snd cto bing sple cna as the case for the unit hygopaph Ihe vation af alow and outow oer the icraee eee eee ee eet se rea) serene asin “The values of an ae Son becuase hey ate prespecified. The vals of (an are trown th i oe ine rm clelton ding th revs mrad Hence, Ef 2) om 0 unsowns Qa Sye te wch 2 sted by mpg 2.2) tough by 2 and earings real (ta. wrnorfE-a) aan Inder calete the sto. frm (82.3), a trae cutie unten ring 3S1R1 (0 sO wc. The std fo velo fin my Svan iw sate shows on be derived by paninetring trophic maps fom field saneys, The Sessa elo dre om dc eens ang add umewnivvomea 47 ‘Stent meting agen eter creas eee rae apse tase ace eee ceca Stace emesis eas Siig acme omen means ie eee cent ei Breer me eee ae Basen cise seunsataraeens i eacarraes gece, oa aries Cu nat onner mts (-n)= Bos “The comuution i thn rept fr sbeuent routing periods. empl 8.215 er eign een a a4= a ee. hare equations oe J = eu @ = tec Eee ce Stas SEcst a5 = 1VERCL?— HP?) Hema ad Som of ater Sew sermon cutenu conf he Remain of te ome aVa noa Souths e-em. cmt : Boece ee ae ae of Ro Re OF ‘Sumas and of Tbe #23: Use eee! pool ting mae aoe te Sep im niion gh gen stm od 3 ae Sen, Te np in i ne = 10 face = 2.300 sand srg eel 43.50 ep of way, feSiguenaerdsee cose ao Saree wes oskme nhs 7 tein ie 2s gc oe omnes fname ee Saag sce? Sa Terese songs focea e Bronte, TEE rae Ha Soran Gamer Fete chars Surnge Gta + ~“ oe ee shown a cn 4 Tbe $2.2. The srgecutioe fon is td in Pe AS how eg clos acrid ot wing 3 (1.23. er Ft Gpreommut eae ede nnwoemw ete inane ee te tn we toe (B+ a)eu sms G0 ‘eva ty cr men sin 5/8 te {Sepolace wee covepondig tw given val of ne ge) 4 x2 yen EBay‘Routing of fow through detention reservole by the level pool method (Example 21), The computational sequence I tndleatd by the arrows in tetale, segESeu EEE: sano now nme 281 nha, 1 25/0 + Oud y = QT pf vou 5181+ 9 = 60 te sc om ible 82.2 they rn) = 10) an 9) = (69). Te ‘Shr fy fr by lenin, * 6-0) Se Gs = 24 hand the alae of 25/84 ~ rede for het terion feed eang tg 20 win) = yo @-0 “aun cmp jot ee iid yam int et mommoret 3 Tose ie e+ 1) = 60+ 12 = 19 ed lag peed Cin) eae EE +o}-u+n+G-a) 2 Sc etn nT 12.2, af 9 = 1. ey Ba, Raha gre ince a mn eee TT ‘Sti rng inept ene oy. ‘Se unas nc 129 tel eg Bae pa noe 8 Eesjoceach ners nresmnnee toe tad core SuSageiont tome Av taened kc" Ei he cee te Spitters knoe saloon wee her gt id saw State Seafitteti tent gn ae Sera Fae tee cement mee Sewreaccrnutamre a mene ‘eal! srucue or he sri aes of te atin mas be eared A Lhasa 8.3 RUNGE-KUTTA METHOD 4 aerate eo feo aig eee by aig he ‘Sinatyeqeton wing neil method sch te Reape Keen eho ‘he Range-Kura metnod ic move complied hun he tod deserted i ‘evna section, bt it doesnot requ the computation of te Speci eee ‘Stow fncion ands mare lost rlatd te Hpac ef fow fegh theresa. Vas orien of Range Kata shes ca be doped (arabe fal 196). Ath onder scheme dst here nals bean ech "ie ital no te increments sn elelig tcceuve tale ot ny ‘fae elevation and eservirdacarge foreach ree, “The comalty equation is epee ss, 2-19-00 aan where 5 he volume of water in storage inthe retro sth inflow no ‘he reseoi at a function oft. snd QM he stom foe he rsewal ‘which is determined by he head elevation lhe ace The change, ‘lume, dS, defo cange neato dca be preted ar a = avant aa ere ACH isthe water sae wena eration H. Te cnt euton i Sen reerten 10am, ae a aah 22) “The sltion extended forwady small cement oe independent aia, ‘ie sing known ales he Spend! arb Fre thr od see ‘here ae the sch increments each ine ftv rand thee success sproinatios ae mae fe the hae in Read hv, at he 8.1 Musas how the he appoint alc A, Ms and se ined fo th Fh neal Te slope ld ppc bya. {st evant at hen (Ny APB, B09) and ly, 2AM, 2003) equation, 3.40) ST Ret ac fue Mad» 8h) A = BB) +3) ofe, + 28 al + 38) a3) a 3.40) “The value of Hs gen byee seamen = Masa aH ass ve i 3a a= St 3a a ‘A onc ofthe in ender Runge Kata thd is own in Fi 8.3.2. ‘ample 1 Use hi ver Range Kuta me pero he ez ‘ein tinagh te ane sc don wearer ih erie wl estbed ‘EGRRC EIN. Te sean charge wees pen cls To 2 (fae 22 ae aw pcp clos td 2 Tae 83. Neri. exc seAaningtatalo Sr1 min dT . yee es rhe epinn ce sre0a ome hy Theta Sette 43. ty nr Dr aed 0 ch pete en aa 1 Sted suing 3 wh = 10min D'S = SEO Bd oy Blam nr ily emp Od QU) = 0 an, = MD= Hg, “ct BEES enw tydrograp troagh a detention reservoir by .. theRongr Ka mtd ample BN) yo a eee eee | : ant oy t cree ceeeh em ng 434) 10 20 eo l-de,» ) ‘it + 5) Fa tet cement +H, = 0. 2028) ~ 0.8, By ee ‘staan an e822 = 10 By stunned) 1 38) af « 254) a BB) ‘Then, forthe whol esi tine ira, AM computed wing, (2.6 2 esn-omn Siemans anda ot kets ee "Cin ni in ie ne i, ‘heh vey slr oh oot Enemle£3 Be 0 Meth aman ne nmononroine 257 Se ig mat. ak toe 20 a 8.4 HYDROLOGIC RIVER ROUTING “he Muskingum method i commonly wed yop rating meh for hn dling varbe ducarge ree vlatonshp This method moels te Stage Sele of fading ive shane bya combination f wedge sd pom soe {er ig. a). During te advance flood wave inflow exces out, Potacngs wedge of storage. Dui the feces, ofow excels now, Fralng ins neptve Wedge. Ina, thre prim of sage which [5 Tomed bya volue of constant ros section along the length of prismatic ‘anea “Atuming tht he rost-sectona sof be Aaa fw i ety propo sina te ducarge atthe section, the volume Of pm strge se 0 Q wheres poporionity ceficiest, ad the volume of vege serge ‘alto XU Qh bere Xin a weighing face having ie ange =X = 0S ‘Te tal aoage cert the sum af Wo component, S=KQ+RU-O) aan which can be rearanged to ive the soap function othe Muskingum method $= AAI+ =O 42) sd epee ns del or routing flow in seams, "Te val of X depends om the shape of te modeled wedge ora. The ‘alu oF ranges fom or resenoiriype storage 105 fra fall wee When =O, he abo weg and ee no backwater dis isthe eas for veo] ‘msewole In hs ese (84.2) rts na ieureseot model, § = KO. ['mttal sean is bteen O and 0.3 wih a mean vue met 0:2. ret ‘curacy nding X ay nt be cesar tects he eal of th method ‘Seeley isesve wo the vale of ts parameter. The preter Ks he ‘ineoftavel of he Nood wave doug he cheee each. A proved called be ‘Maing Cungemetbo is dsebed ia Chap 9 for determining he Vales ‘CK an Kom the i of chanel charac ad ow ate te chanel. Fae yerologi outing the aes of Kad ae sumed wo be speci ad Soest trou the tage of flow “The vals of wore tine and) + 1 cn be wien, spectively at 5) = KX, +2001 aay) Sieh = AG #020031 4a) ‘sing Bas (8.4.3) and (8.4.4. the change in torpor tine mera i whe S15) A1as + Ql By+U-—NO 45)"Te shang in sore can a be expres, sng B82.) a6 ht be 2 + +i) sang ty DEB, aay ee eee iat ng ton mg ae a O- RI=m ee oe ara "K+ ase wm n-w ct = KUN ae Note mat C+ C2 + = observed inflow te Stow hydrops are avaiable oa iver each, the vals off and can be termine. suming Various vals of and wing ine valves of the faflow and out. ccs value fhe rune an “Lear he log epn rE eed om d s S814) ON) Man =D FAHD n=O) “Te computed values of the crite and denominator ae pled fr each ‘ne horizootl axis, This usually prodeces a gap i the form of «loop, The ‘Sh GPA ar pods «top clove to siege een to be be erect ‘ie forte reach, and Ky acoding to Eq (841 seul to he slope of Uh ie Since kt tnerequed for te ieremeata flood wave To waves the ench, valor may so Bein the oberved time of wel of Peak Mow tah he each oberved fl and oul hycrograph a nt waa for tein ing K'andX tet ves my be stimu ona the Makigu-Conge met way am da scan, | HOS an re Th Tel ow RAS > Solin, Deine stn Ce Cyn Bp. (8.4.8) (4106 c= Lema. 2-018, 1+ 6,46, = 006m +0242 05007 = 1.0000 ‘lett, thei euow Q. = 85h By CATV) eh = in Hess + C10, = omias + osu + 059208) sown aus (3) Tite 8.41, Compton rte aig tine icra wee tne procedure wth) = 2,570 pas he eae own {nib 1.1 Te elon and eatin hanna we pel ‘nests tht Beto igs flow by sponte 23 ‘loo unt n compos and pent he vel ine ach ‘ow rating through arse reach bythe Muskingum method Example 84.0. aig ‘hate oe Prose Peasan fan 3 ne *ml Se 8.5 LINEAR RESERVOIR MODEL 1 tinar reer i oe whose sorage i Hey reed 0 its opt by 2 “hranecnsat K, which a he dimension of tine beats Si vlume wie ist tow te soto as) “he lner reservoir motel can be dred fom te gear Iydeloge sytem ‘nol fq. 11.0] eng MID) = a eting MD) hae aot of 1k ‘king ND) = 1+ 4D. Wenn sown fre that fm B71.) MED) = Sod MD) hes eel fo kyle the sien eee is cee re ibear sero In Seven having torape conan Eka ce amonowome 261 ‘eipecvly. The concept of inca reservoir waft roe by ch (1934, 1986, 1937) in an aaa fhe nal snd ran relia. A alge? reseyol sa inp cse of te Maing mode with X= 0, The ile, ‘li, ad ep reopens enctns a linear ae ae poten Fig 72.4 Linear Reservoirs fn Series response fncton of near servi wat dvd in Ex. (7.21) =") = Gibexp(~= 98). Tis wil be the ouow fom te fit eer, ad ‘onstts te inflow io the second reservoir ith Fuel fr fr ts forte second reservoir) = (UD) exp(o). The sonal nga 2.1) {Bes he oatow rom the second reser at a ee “ft a [ater re ‘This outow i then used ase iaflow othe hind eerve Cntining this oceare wl eld he oui gy rom he nt sono wonanegiffr® aa where Fn) = (n= 1)! When n snot an nee. cane ners rom ables ‘the ana ction CAramowta and Seg, 1959), Thi eget expect ‘he istananeos unit hoya of the proposed model: mathemati amma probably auton facto” Tow mga ft gt se the cpaton ver rom 2 fy eal cn be shot heft and tsoed moment ofthe UM soot he wigin = Owe ripecinely Maat aso) we Mmm en ass ‘Theft moment, My represen the lagi of he ced fhe rea ude te TUK. Apalyag the 1H i he conoltion neg nate he excess ml ‘yetogaph ERH tothe dec rane ydrograpn (DRED, the pepe a erty262 maven reqs each infitesinal element ofthe ERH to yield ts coresponding DR {Sint same ng tine Tn aber wont, he ume tence between he ccs (Warns uncer he ERIC od the DRH oud be equal oy ‘By tne meta mores, the values of Fad mean be computed fm sven ERI and BRK ts proving = single bet approximate elation of te fonts expeued ty Eq (85) 1M, ste rt moment ofthe ERHL about he Time agi ed by tel fet aaa nd Bg, ste fs momen of The DRI show the tine eign iol bythe tal ec a then MMi =n aso) WC Ay ee second moment the ERH abst tener vied by the that acne afl an fy nthe svond meme the DRM about he ne ‘ign ed yt ie oot tc be show that Mo, — My = 9 + DE + 2a, sn ‘Since th vale Mj, May Mia Ma, ent compu from gven yogi fit, the valos of wand can te fos wing Egy (8.30) and (3.0, hs ‘Htcning he 10H, should he mtd that be computed valves mandy ‘Sp somentt even al ren he competed omens, for acuay, 8 ‘Silt imran nny signficont igues usb ed nthe oman fe om EST eng deg a reonowscime 263 ae, cnn ae DH en ge 33 dei Pre ecereeeeepeerye sonar orate ter Bets Rceicermnterese teria StS SE va 5 mses = ghgjim= 2. sone9 ¢ mx s+ 00x20 a cn maf ed ig e ple i ee 1, = {Sta me + Sn em ct e/a = ag 02 4 mF a6 HOH Eel bye aan Seon Perera tee rteagase noe‘hse aus ead ca ested io Ep (3 4 dete te 1 hs weed By wing Be meds dered in Se 79, te eoespng ‘Sitpaopopn canbe tems fra spied al ri, ‘Composite Models In yale modeling. ear resets may lo belied in pre Linear trevor ay be cd fo adel siburtae water a sted phe (K- Jet van dee Leu, 1988). a5 well tsar water pobeme, Diskin a (09TH reseed spurl cascade model for aban watersheds The ip the ‘ols the tal fl byeograph wich eee two pre aca eat ‘Beewoi, for he iperion and pevioa reat of tt wate openly. Separate ecess infil hyrogrph ae determined for be inert Sed pt ‘ious fs and wed spt fo eto cascades of nar eva ‘ina ees Sees parle may be coined to mode yo loge tytn Toe er of les arate tn sis oyna scene ct ‘a alg stem resulting i Une af of nk Weween he cond he Inflow‘ dt of he outiow as given by E45. A nent chanel I an ‘alin chanel a which he ne oie otal Sacae tog he ‘Shane ronan (Chom, 196) To del the one efecto sage ad ‘rao, ths iar encrv my be td aly with ner camels Oot ‘or elas componte mas Rae ben propose. Doge (199) soared sees of aerating inca chanael and ear eevee For this del he ‘Graage wea of watered is died ia number of sae, y lees ich te ines o conta wae! ine tothe waterbed ott Each soars ie Iepesene by «linear chanel sees ath sear eer The ow from he ne chanel is epesente by he prion of tine anda cr ‘pondiagto the asues. Ts oto, opeter whoa rm he ecg "Randomized ner ace ods ve sl ben developed in wich he storage same tll th Hono steam oder (ex: $) of the scores ‘ing aie By conscring te network of Seam drning «waterbed at {ing rom Combination of ier eserves, wih the canon ofthe cuminaon ting governed by Horn’ sem oneig laws. porn {o'develap geomorphic ntantoneout wnt hyropraph he tip of hich ‘ele 1 he sueam pater ofthe weed (Beye a, 1979; Rodrig = = ak Se ee Oe ee ee es 2st imecrnoweoe Ine, and Valdes, 1979; Gop, eta. 1980; Gupta, Rodger be, ar Wood, 1586, Am er ott an Eo Wr ii oof ped Mig Hp ee, eg, dK nea, ee ee ml when wan Din to ap oe ea pee ‘it et bg Gp ee 1p i bi i nto in tp thy SBE, a s-teht be esopee PROBLEMS AL Sige vt. oatow charters fr» propel rr ae sven Sloe hi srg ut uns IKI? Ov Grech be ele ‘che ifar= 9 Para papa be argu nc a Onin) 5 Sea 422, Utena pining maint he name enon teh ema tne st Aan ee ato wc) 62 a0 2823091310190 1o 04sna a fa |) eee) wee cee ce | | | eee ee) ee 266 amannmncn Soe Poo 2.2 muni te tr omg 13% 198. ‘Shiri ree manna vi eee od Ties cyt agouti wai of et ole ener iting ane Roe gn ee yoga pes oe Seep ep hel maar coe ving charge contin C= 0.2, nd oe pay bh ‘Seems C1@ = CL blued lo a Snen Cominco") tn eR Se ‘ilieey Coit € 3.0330" dea toe org Ee: aw. heees 2e MS Moe ame tpg tne tinea to seo peak ef 0 ch 6 in den Eerioysreemcanom eemtenaee ‘rion wibby sc enon Ae Satay wor sSacenemeence ts Doeeeoroomrmesemen as che chamreceeoateptorsa st wane Sanitation Seeceeieer snare Soe tcicenttats oa emertate ZAG la cin ey mia crn ‘acta gation orem nd vero spi en ‘ssime te en splay Toston FEET ER Ea ‘Sav rb, 8.3.3 fr ine ier of 6 a 12 mien, Cnp ee {erie 6 ad Ermine tag emales an) parece sep ine aes mig wt, Wh te a SAY Satu neues ss sanan trey Oe tensors ines S42 Avumng A= 2th an = 02 ae yp! A ing # cont oma ot wi an gc. ap aa we age unweovccme 2 sid be Minn ein, Pt ior nt tion op | | Be Be ete Esa Saami Bie taste Sours ton fas fdr ‘ss Bi aed oe grep nn nd ow sed ergh ‘eno, Deere te dhe yep fm Be ae, ting th ‘Semana iny emp Wha te me a aes hod Be uneaa ee ee ee ee 270 smornecicy re" oe Sco repaa seat arin =A chee tae ‘St Ginseng cont ‘Wht te daemon of te sane ont Po 8.17 Ting k= 1 ‘an const sce owing the elapse ao 1 an ie Sara pat ape of me HU fw tg pen dy ‘Scalar ova ea hg noe ta Mia = gee Sow tate fot aden moment of tao eI ey = asa ona Pog caggontseeee eens ssusrte negra emtaomta ‘ruminal «wat! ig See Suntory | 38 0 as Oe mat te 10H fr # hdl sytem made! comp of wo bss fc wih een cru au yy wan) pa ‘ae ddim nett che a= Lyrae Ean plea ‘ih royal oe dro fa 0) = 0, Show a te UH n= pipet — Gan he iste ne nin at tei 8 apo er.DISTRIBUTED FLOW ROUTING “he flow of water tough te soit ond steam cae of wae i 4 sree process Hecme the fw rae veloc, and deh vay In pce hogout he waterbed. Extn of he flow ro wate ve ipo {ication inthe cane ym cin Be One sng» durated fo owt ‘mole. This typeof uel heed on paral diferent equations (he Sit ‘enum equator for onecimersonalRaw) ta alow te fow rnd wer evel toe computed force of space andi, han of tne slo 8 in ee Sonpnton od wares ceded ne hi een ‘fod pat and cermin he requ ght of acres sachs Bast Seven the computon foc Row aes ports fn, bea iow oe termine th we vlad secon, Deca e eign ayfod Strage sate och + denn pond or reserva egies anette of iciniow bysropraph. The akerative fo aing = ribted flow ring mode ‘Nu amped del clei he Mow re at he dese sao, hen “cme cures we ee amigo fw aan so SSttc otek Te natn os ime fw ing net Oe $Scenave et he dha sl compe he flow tae wat eat Stmatowny wns spc a eel nel apes, ‘etal unsteady manom mare of fow propagation i a charac ‘Dati fw ting moss can be ted Sse the tafrmation in ro over aware ordi Maw yr fr be Sd then ota his haope snp he wpe ed of ‘Tiverocppe sistem a ou 0 he wate a Dd mode can m alto be ed fr rung 1 flows, 80 gation wer lives thou! anal rrr stem. The ee low poses in ee of hese spans inal tre space dimension for erampl, the velociy te vary ae there actos anda mth wat suc te verte. Howey for many pact orposes, the mail aan in velciy ms he han and with eget 1 the depth canbe gored, so thatthe Row proces can “rpouimtd 5 varying i ol on ye Session along te ow earn {inthe deton of fw. The Sonat equations, fn developed by Be ‘Sui Vonnin 171, sexe one-dimensional eseay open coo which i applcable in is ne, 9.1. SAINT-VENANT EQUATIONS ‘The flowing asumptos ae aecenary for eatin of the San Vea egy |. The flow i one-dimensional: dept nd velocity vty ly he longi econ ofthe chanel. This implis th the velo) constant and be et terface i hrzont cos any Soston perpen fo he lng! ti 2 Flow is assumed wo vary gral along the chanel so ht yer ewe preva an vera aceleraton can be tele (Chow, 1959) ‘he logit ats ofthe ehannel i appointed igh line ‘The hat slope of he hae! alt the hoe ee ie hat the effects of sour epost re negli Resistance coefficients teal ifort fw ae splice oth ‘each sch 9s Manning’ equation canbe vod to dese tessa tec The Maids incompesie nd of constant deny thoughout he ow Continwity Equation ‘Te contin equation fran unsteady varsble-density Now ough conta Nelume can be writes in B22. 18 o= ff ffoo [Jovan et Consider an clemena etl volome of length sin chanel. Fig. 91 ef ove and (ca chanel rs seston flow tthe cin ‘clue ites te Aw emeing th conta alam the pecan ‘the chanel andthe nea flog etig te col volumes dt Tow slong the sie f te shane "Te diction of re ose of fw fe tit eg chan, the rte af ara sg and oe ase4 manny i: al [fom ‘ah = -H0 + ee on samme novi 2 where 20/8 the rte of change of camel fw wid dice. Te vole te chanel semen eA, whee A th average osc sey feof ange of mass sored wid the cota lume i [Jona where he pr desvate Is wed Necase the conto volume i eine to aed size (hough the wate evel may vary win. The wt catlow mss fromthe contol volume fund by sbtttng Eg (2.1.2) 10 (9.14 ze Matto gar ain sor alo Assuming the il density ps costa, (2.1.5) sng by ving hs by pa and rearangng protic he conseraton form of theca eu on ich is apie at chanel cost secon. This ogni vali for ‘Prisma nonpiomatc taoela iate hoaivne which he PS ‘Seton sape dos mot yang te channel andthe bd le conse ot sume meds of snvng he Sit Vesa eqns, te nonconer- ‘in frm of the oni equaton ise, In Which the sterae flow velo Viva dependent varie, stead of. Tos frm of he continu equation: be derived fora ui wih of flow wibi he chanel, neglecting atl ton {flows For aun wth offow Ay I =y and QA = Wy. Seah io 16. a» a on aH %eo on ‘Momentum Equation "Newtons secoa nw is writen inthe orm of Rey's spor tere ae Sfffvors froven on “This sates that he sm ofthe forces ape yl he eof change «276 so inoanser ‘momesum sre wiia the convo volume pus te 2 ou of moment ‘roa the contol sac. Ths equ, ihe farm 3 = Oy was spplind Sti lw an che! a hp 2H, eye FORCES. Tere re fv forces acting othe coal vole B= Fy Fy + Bet Fut Fe e110) whee she gravy force slong the canal eto he weight ofthe water Inve cinta slume, Fy i he fon fore long te Doom and sides of ‘he cool wom, Fi he conracton expansion force proto by Ep ‘anges he che cose ston, te nnd shear once a8 the et Se ae ST Gh aon ot Gravity Te volume offi in the cotra volume is A dc and ts weight is A {te Fora small angle of con! clinton 8, Sc sn @ andthe gray free Seay = pe ddesin 8 aA de oy re the camel tao slope Sale da, retin. cto! orcs cet bythe shea sees log the ate an ier ‘fhe contol volume are gien by ~rpPée, where tthe bed shear aes nd isthe weted printer. From Eq. 2.49), 5 = 985) = ptAlPSy, bance {ton fore sorters there he ton lope ered fom resistance equations uch t Maning't spoon, Contractonexpansion. Abr contraction or expansion ofthe chanel cases ‘pray ler thaugh ey mote. Such loses are sma o igen fore sem. The magnitude of cy loss rele tothe change i acy ina Vilg = (QIAD2g touph the lng of ehaoel cig the ase. The hag fres retin these esses we aven by Fo = -mtsyae oy) where 5, 8 he ess hope 5 = Bag? ar 5, = Sag 18) In which ke he pondimensiona expan or conacton confi, segnve foc chane expansion [were AIA Vor eptve) aod postive for Canal ae ee ee Bee ee eee eee Wind Shear, The wind shear fre is caused by tional ressunce of pi the fe surface ote wer and pve by Fem nba oe there i the wind shear ess. The shear sus fa Boudry on id= ‘Se een in pene o on. eA cia hee ¥ i te veo of the id atv ote Boundary, entation ‘Sued so that ry wil act oppose toe decton af Vand Cy tet eee As Shown in 9.1. the average tr velo IA an ‘in cli i ein etn ape woe wate vel, athe = Bn o 1 vl tn oe, ra Pestle Wap on erie wind str factor Wega CVAVE2. Not tat fo i ‘cela of wa ace Ei epee te deston ow Presar, Refering 1 Fi. 9.1.10), te unbalnced presse foc is her tan ofthe hyo force oath let se ofthe Cone! volume Ijckosute force o the right sie of te contra volume, Fyn and te es fore exene by he Dakson te conl voi, Fe Fen Fann + on [As Sowa in Fig. 91.(0 a element of Dl of knee du at vt rm he bom fhe Sus! sae Spt y= ws we yet Pressure cn the element i pe ad the yeni foc p= ‘there bit the with ofthe elemen srs thecal Hence, hel yes ‘ere ont it end ofthe con volume a - The tts he ihc con hme i fe (64+ Ha) on where AF is detemined wing the Labi rule fr dieetiaion of Inepl(Xbeamowit aed Step, 972:298 smareneaioor *, * ee Loan + Pon -witen ox mnths [reo niae esa = he Te fo thnks id oe of age SS Salta con he Se a Feo [f mortar oa» Suing 6.0120 io 8.1.19) Bee 1 (+ te Mec ty e129 ow ig B12 ant 1.23) 1.20) hig es ron rte 1a “The sum ofthe fie forces in 9.91.10) ca be exis ser sb ting (11) 9412), 1). 18), ad (91.28) a2 SF bse eds — ptt Wards ae 01.29 MOMENTUM The two momestsm terms onthe rphhand seo Eq. (2.1.9) ‘epesn the Fae of change of oage of momentum a the conta ome, nd ‘Senet ono of momento oes te ina uae, reapcvely. [Net momentum outiow. The ma inflow te othe contol volume (4, GL AO + gdh resenting bh steam flow and Iter flow ‘The caresgoning moment compe by malplying he feo sn ‘es by thew vspecve slots ands momentum coesion far [Jvoan see iret) sm Sr ee eee ee Eres Saree et a each teat ee en ges rege en acs os ea es eee en eaters a ere eee ee ea scone somimmanon same 29 p= gi ffon ao where ve velocity though 3 sal ele of a A nthe shane rss Section. The vale ff rage rom 1.01 for sgh psa chanel 1.35 {or iver valleys wit Mlondpais (Chow, 198 Hendon, 1968). “The moment ening th oe vole [fvran sos 222% 4) ay Sp re ema [Joovene-ame + ove +s[oo + 224] ofa 282) e130) “Momentum sarge. Tene re of ching of weston sore in theca ‘lume found slg he fc that he lame ofthe leet Chanel 4,40 ts momento i de Vopr, tad en e130) Aer sabsinuing the fe ems om (9.1.26 nd the moment em fro (9.130) and 1.31) note mometom eginton (2.1.9), rene abode AS dc~ phSrde— Wp anes ~ef,— 220 ae + 92 a os Dividing though by pe, renlaig wih QA, ad engine pode he comervation frm fe ome ann ut 457+ 5,)- Boe MB 0.130, The depth yn Ba, (9.1.38) canbe replaced bythe wae sure een ing ce F913) heres 0136) were elevation of he chang! Bote above # tin sch as mean en== = ae eee eee eee eee ee level Te derivative of a. (9.1.34) with spect othe longi isang slong he cal Bee 1.38) ao at oe suas 2-2 0.136) The moment egstin cat mow be expend in ems of by wi ona 2, 480A | 0.1.36) sfewes|emmsnece aim 2 Si et ution) oi 3 monn ‘um arth governing duane fr Se dessin, tea Rw i 9 ‘hel The we af th tem and, in 130. hich epee the ee ‘ogy ls ste flow pass tops the chan, Masato rl Ushi between energy std momentum craton in desea the ow Sit 96) showed hat th manent equation fer th Sarat eur ‘cn lobe devved fom energy pil, tartan by ting eos cin law os presented bee "Tne nonce of te mama equation an be dived in & simi manne othe aecontersion frm fhe content equation Neplctng ‘ls tue wind shea fest and Ir flow, the nomcomrvtion fm of themomentum ogo far at wh he Ea HB -s.c5)e0 eas 9.2. CLASSIFICATION OF DISTRIBUTED ROUTING Movers The Sain Vennt equations hve vats simplified forms, each dfn # oe mening model. Vaso of Ege (018) a (91.27 fn ‘omseraton and noncservation frm, negleting Ita iflow wind shes, ‘nd ey hes, ean 0 define vars one-diensoal Sb ong ‘The momen etn somisf enm f he physical proces tha oem the fe momentum Thee tra the loa eration om, ‘ksi he change in mometom da tothe change in veloc ove tes he ions aceleraon term, which dsr the change mei de “hinge velo slong te Canale presare rcetm, pepo oe ‘hinge in the water det long the chante rai force em, propa Waheed ope Sand th con fre tm, poproal he te sap 4B + 428) oe o-oo He + Be we x0 Fede eee ene om 4. The acl an convective seclerion tens represent the eet of inert {eet oe ow ‘When the mater level of ow ete i changed a 8 psa pio jn smearing etl flow the fe of te Cg poe tack upstream, These buctwater fect cn be lacrportdne dstboe reaing methods though the Toe aceeron, convective acelin, an Prete fms. Lampe routing mos may ot perorm wel isting {he flow cnlines whem acter fs ign andthe fe ape mld tec hse metas ve no byrne mash fo dent pe ‘ropapaton of changes flo’ mamta, ‘As shown in Tale 921, aematvedtsbte fw rating madels ax proud by wig te ful coin equation wile eliinning sae ts of he ‘omentum equnton, The simplest bated model the inate wane me! ‘ich npc he eal acetate, coven etlerin,ad ttrees Inne rmentom eguson: tat hs snus Se = ytd te tn aity forces tlunce each het. The aifsion weve made nepets the las {nd cooeciveaeelratin es alco he preset Te dy ‘tre model considers the acekraton and pes terme the Mest ‘Sosion "The momctum equation ca aso be writen informe ht ke oto asoun| whater the flow is uly or unsealy. and uniform or nowafonm, shownin Eas (8.2.1, Ine continuity eguton, 2478 = 0 fora sey Now, and he Tr inti 9 eo foes rm Nom enero form 1g 1 aga —n 8 AG B55, e210) oncom om acd Bess o2m | Steady, unin tow [ste nono ow | vet, naaifonn ow 19.3 WAVE MOTION Kinemati waves gover low when nil ad pete fre at imporat, Dynamic waver gover flow when thete fe ate important, sch an th cham ny nay de, * fiver bank Frantic wave the energy grade line pre the hae ‘pall the bed even win 8 ferential element ‘Kinematic Wave Celerity ‘Avwave sa vata ia a flow, suchas change in Now reo wae suace eration, sd the wane clr he velo with whic his var ve ‘long the cane! Te celery depends onthe ype of wave bing consieed ‘Si ay bo que feat os he wear veo. Fors Wnemate woe Ge ‘Zeclention sn peer ems in the morse equnon we nei 0 te ave moto is described principally by the equation of conn. The mane [Enema ths spas inmate refers the snd of motion excise ‘tthe intuene of ase and force, n dynamics thse quis ae nie “The kinematic wave mals efned by te flowing eas en Rita oan a sas oan 2 mer i ap — 02) For example, Mannings eqn writen with = Sand R= AIP 034) sich cn be solved for Aas 039) 19 = WPI)" at = 06 ice can 3: otis pent es Aad, bt cn be linn tineining 9.33) 3 - o00”(2) a6 ining for in 9.3.1 2 enon {%2)-« oan264 smaormecion Kinematic waves result rom changes in Q, An increment in ow, dQ, can writen to- Bare Ba oan Dividing tough by and earns produces 2,422 039 unions (3.7) and @39) aide if fee oam £.2, 31), a apQr = Deg B35) ec ecesg 2.1, 3.2) WA > SAF - £8 eal 93.0) re ers ae ey, Ti leg a a are ing stehcaaQie ng fg =the sewer wend se conan Schr Co 1) ana ah ae he hart inf kinematic {<5 onky ion eg thre mademcalysqonale 10 ‘ncning cnn and nomen eta “Ie tneuts wee ely con Su be xpi ia ef dep y two anit 9318) Bay sere d4= Bay "oth Kemais and dynamic wave motion ae preset in este fod ‘aves I may cases the chanel slope comin in fhe momentum eatin (0 Ty terere, t of floed wate mover ara Hema wave Ligh sd Whitham (195) proved hat he velo of he mai prt of sat ood ve pprotinates th ofa Knemaic waveI the eter mrsentam te [2a Waianae (ps) are wo egg then + dynamic wave fon ets hic cn propagate bth upseum ancdownateum fom theme Bay ste food wave at shown in Fg. 9.3.2. Miler (196) summaries seve cans for Getrag when the Lincmic wive approximation apa, ba ee is ingle iver! ete for making ths dec ‘As previously shown, ia wave is Knee (5) = Se Knemae wave elesty vais with QA. For Maming's equation, wave celery ineet, 1 0 incrncs AB a resi he Linematic wave thiaicly sold sdvance Saovasseam with ving limb geting seer However. fe wane Sots ot et longer or atenat, So Gs not slide, and te Mood peak nap at the sme matimum cepa As he wave becomes epee eer monet ‘ation ms become ore Inport sad adn doperon and anon ‘The exeiy of «food wave epsom he Linea wave cle bees 1 aca i no fonction of depth alone, sn a the wave cess and > 6 no remain cosa ‘Lipo ane Wham (1985) las ht he profil ofa wave oe cin be dried by combining the Chezy equation (25.5) CO, oa.16 0 te meni pin (210 de on cafe 2-22-12) aun In wich Cs he Chery coef andi the yale rai Dymamle Wave Celerity ‘The dynamic wave celetty cat te fans by developing he characters oie ‘on forte Surat aan. Beem witht encoservao ssoBonnet he Sin Vera eqantons Table 9.2.1) tay be shown ta he cameponing ‘arate equations ae (Heneton, 1958) Pres e319 v 7 dorsrca= 08.59 oa nich ci te Synamic wave cel, gen fra etangla chase by ane 9320) Way i the deh of flow. Foe «chaael of ative cot section, = ‘VeATB. This coerty ey measres the veocy oft yes ware wih pert {o's water At shown in Fig 9.3, ln moving water te eo Bye ‘ives, one proceeding upstream wi velonty V~ ey andthe Ober peeding ‘dwnseam wih velosity V'rcy. Forte upateam wave 0 move wpe chante ‘eyes Veo. equa. tha he ow be bral since Vs ‘he erica oly ofa rectangsie ope chante fw ‘sample 9.3.1. xanga 200 ftw, hat edge 1 pees td Mein rupee 0038 aca he wr lacy Ve be Kea ed ‘Sram woe ceri cya de vlc of propo ef San Steep tse chad wre Ba oe 500 os on! spane = Pepa =2008 ence he tr iy ie ‘Te Rae wae ety yen by 3.195 ‘Te dren wae csi ic ane The else popapion fe pea dal wae i sat fh omnes yumi wn is reenact 232 nbn tin ig ‘hoe iy 5 wl eran ra ces Scents omen tod cles ante serie sing be fal etc sane Saas Site oa. 9.4 ANALYTICAL SOLUTION OF THE KINEMATIC WAVE. ‘Tie tolution ofthe Kinematic wae equations seis the drt ofthe Noe 1. function of distin «along te chanel sd tine The sluon nay oe hanes america by wing finde ailerece spins oe A. aula y solving simutancesy the cancerisc enue 90) aad (8.3.16 tothe secton the analytical mthod penned fr te ope ‘en ner iow is epg: numeral saucen i dscased a ee 96 Tne solution for Qt.) reas knowledge ofthe nal condone), ‘ceva ofthe fw log the channel atthe being thecal and {he boundary condition Q(0.). tif ydogph athe epseeange a ‘antl. The objective io deen te cuiowthopaph che dordof he channel. QL 8 fneon of he infow hydrogrph ay teat Tow occuring along th ss ofthe chanel, and he dynamo fw ihe ‘hate exposed by the Kinematic nave equa the Ine flow is egected, (93.10) recs to Qlér =0, o Q =a ons. Ts. the Nw rat oun tpi te nd ps th ow Satu can te prog gthe chanel the ira wane cele ren by Q_ a ae ‘The soluon can be vue og a = plane, a shown in Fig. 9.4.10, where distance pled he ior a and me onthe eral Each pit the ple hus 2 alu of Q soil ith, which flow tea tht locaton slong te hae Stat poi inte. Tse vars ff Q may he thovgh of Ring pled onan og Sf te pope Ferenc the plane In para the (flow yesograph O10, Shown n Fig. 9.1 fled down othe lean the outow hye Qe ‘Schou ia Fig er folded down othe ph of the plane, Tse ft oan Ee i aetna eas aft min esl erro ste toe hing tbe we SSeS a Lilac tee pe ene hs le edhe Cael nget in ee mann naw aero 2 oprah ce cone y the characteristic ie shown in pn () of | Sue. The egos forse nes ae fund by slvng (81 (ae se eu-n) oe 12. in a which dts Oeming ean! nth Lin 1 Sper te ote reek os he soe of te characeitic ne i cs= AQUA fr he act ale et tow te gcd ies owt 9) es toca 4" Or and Q's cost slog them I'g 0.0 and cea ong characteristic lines, which then become curved. za Rainfall-runoft Process ‘Thc hisatic wave metho hs been applied te deste fw on planes ‘ul of he fl? paces. tne sppetion he net! fow 1 the ference Between the ats of raed nation, and te chet ow ian to be ow pe ut wih of pan. Te characters uss cos he tved anally fo silt he otfow hidmgraph i spose mina specified aration, By netnating te ow fm any Sch plane ad ‘over a washed, a appoxinte model ante developed fr econ ‘fran ino steanfow he waterbed ute. “The Kinetic wave mode of the influ proves ee he whan tues over the tit hagrph met tat tk sluton af ie peal ees tm peming the safe Tr. bat he mon ony for ene dine om, wes te acta watershed sre flow we-deona the wae flows the in arfce conta. Ar eoseucn. he nema ve pata, ‘ies, such ax Manig’s rouge cen, at feasted Pomc ‘elie ouow hyésgraph Eagleson (1970 Ovron and Mesdow 970, tn Stephenson sn Meadows (6) pesent dei nisin iene ‘rove models or the itl not prs ample 91. A 29 kien 18.00 ft ng a edie it pce, Maing on fai of 0.058, ‘sro techn penn unas and Tle 8 Ca ‘Saw ngraph yeaa ene nema nn cia ‘Satin Ts nema wae celine al ote fw nt sce inthe sme ma wm i Exar ha ft samelec" Tt ator @=Si tec aera tt‘aoa he af dapgh ate how nea 3 Tbe 9.4.1, Thee Snr caret lotta el ett, Sivoutnalbecue ny wecbscteeteea ewes cae 1 Sk ute Telenor sxe Ploedin ig 8.41, ean een ha Se nem wire aan ae ‘riot temo he mana cage of 00 crannies ‘Boog ne che. 9.5. FINITE-DIFFERENCE APPROXIMATIONS. ‘The Ssi-Venat equations for iste toting ae not amenable analyti- cal sition exept a fow special simple eset. They ae para iferera “cuts tht in general mat be sled sing bei etd. Meth fee solving pial fee equations may by lied as dec numerical methods and charotersic mtd Tn et metas interes ue Sons room rm the origi partial diferent equations or cont 2nd momentum, Slaton or he low etn wer ce etn as ‘une forcement isan dances slang the eam oie. care ‘ste meds te pal eat eqns it trsfored char ‘Seat form. and th charters eqetns se sled sally Sow [revo fr he Knee wave, or yang fe ferenc repens, ‘im meal methods for sing part lees eqns he ela: ‘ins te efomed ona grid placed oer hes plan. Thetis sete ‘pois tne by taking dane increment of engi xd ne ce ‘Graton SAC Shown in ig 9 51 te dnc pt ae ented y net soa Co ‘ihe dance pint ‘america schemes eansfrm te govering pri! iets equations imo a et of sleet fintediferene equaon, which may te ee ot oats. The finkedierece equations resets espa and temps! ‘derivatives in terms ofthe unksown varlen on bth te eure tie ie, 1 ead th preceding ine ine. J. where ll be vanes ae ows fom pe ws comuon Ge 9.5), Two fh SNe! eats Fate teens Fite dere pens cine ded os no s)he Resse shpat cpm arcoy st epee et an ey + dees Hate Hair +o. 05D here) malar wt) = Fuld... and 9, The Tir srs epusion we oan Haar LaPerey to. 82 Aeterna ye mod Sa we an -ae=89 =28evt9 600) 89 hei en il tig i ene ome Sgr ih Sa set ie " we = 934)hich san eno of aproinatin of ote 3, Thi pproimaton ener. de "epg the higher rer ems lo refered tow rune ror ‘Avorsard difernce apposnaton is dette by sibeaing tom sir as + 80) = Arwen + 0188 oss) ‘Assuming econ and higher rer terms are negli, ving for wt) gives sym Mit As) =o) a oy = AD) 656) ‘hic hasan ear of apposition of xr A “The factwond-dieenc ppeiniation aes he diffeenee defied by (9-52) fom a) ~ Hes 80 = Aw +008) 037) tha sbing for) eves a9 oss) A fierce met may employ eter esl schome or an sre hw i the er cs ee itm ene Stace pth hen eae ict meas ae Se ‘alts ona ven ine lie al econ manent. The exp need simpler bt can be usable. which meant that sal valet of ta a $e rie for convergence of be numerical pte The exp method en ee ee ee i ‘ivnin because ret ae given he gi pois, andi can wet slighty varing chanel seo fom Seaon 1 etn, buts kas efi a ‘mic maiodané hence ao suitable fe rosin Mood fows overs log es pad Te implicit method i maematially more complicated, bt wih he we of somes ths nt users prob Gnce he metas gtd A ‘atod is sabe fre compattin see with ie aso seer rice etsmuch far tha he explck metho. The implct eth as ae es ‘anne geomery waning ipsa rom one chanel rss scion we ne Explicit Scheme Bis fite-tilerencerepresntsion i shown by the mesh of ol on te tne Stace plane shown m Fig 951. Assuming thats tne fine tae te ‘calc ques ae Enown, the probit fo decmise hes ‘arty at pin i) +1) tine a ay of The simplest Scene ceicmies he pr dervtives spit.) +1) in ferme of the quate a adacen points = Ip and FL, i) eee osm tac 0510 1A formrsifernce scheme i wel forth time derivative aad 8 cena ‘ierace shame is wed ore egal serve owe sat the spl drive Is weten wing known ems 0 in ie ‘impli scenes ‘on te oer hend we fitters spp bathe tempor and spac detatves in eos of he cata {iniesieenes scheme able ech eos ae nt eed se computation fom one tne inet the next The mame sal ar oman depen oath fle gid sie Anecesay bat aus se ion fo salty ofa exit scheme i the Cowra eon eee dich, 184) For the Lineman wave eu he Crane sen wet say et isthe Kemi wave celery. Fo he dymaie wave estos, ei revacedby V +48 (85.11), The Cora conn gues dt anes294 mace be le tan he tine fru wave to vel the te Ay, 1 is ole tat "Re Courat sondsion nostic then thee, fc, msec ot pling op of wae. The Courant onion doesnot apy tthe mpi sce For companion! prynes nan exc scheme, Are speed an pt fixed trophont te competes, wile Bi eminem ech ime ep. TO 1 hs, +, fst eing the Courant onion i computed at exch gi ot ‘Fonte ie jd the sales yf ed Beco he exp ee ‘stable alesse salt sometimes vibe to determi teens [ata tine ln en edce I by some perceetage. The Courant condos hes not prance sabi. and hrf ely 2 gies. Implicit Scheme Inpic cheres st ite ieee appronimatos far bo he empoal an Spa desvav nerf the dependent var onthe vow fn ine. At Simpl example he sce ad tine dervaes can be wien fr the una panes hayes os os “This scheme is wed in Sec. 9.6 fr the Kinetic wave made In Chp, 10-2 ‘ccnp init cane, ered ar gi po inp me 46 NUMERICAL SOLUTION OF THE KINEMATIC WAVE [As stow i Ba (9.7) te cont ad momenta equations fr te Ke ‘made wave on be combed a praduce bn eaion wih sth only dependent 2 sos Bae oan ‘Toe objetivo he numeric saluon 1 salve (8.61) te) ateach pine fm be pd, gen he chan! preted ye ow gC ‘Stulthe inland boundary condos pur, pupoe fhe ain {St detemine the ontow hysrogaph QUL.). The amet slaton ofthe "nematewave equation mae ele ha he sala anand In Sex, 94 ean ore ely hue vrai la be chanel proper an ‘he tial and tounary conto, and seve ss anion fo mei ‘Shon ofthe dynamic wave equtns. pesemed ia Chap. 10. To save By. (9.61) numeral, the tine and apace derivatives of ae _roximuted one grid as shown ni 9.6.1. Teeenknown valve #1 ‘The yale of @ on the fr time ie hae bea pevioaly Seemed, Sos G*"Two schemes fr seting up te inte fence eustion sre desi a ths sion: «ina schon, i which Q[2! compute a linea anton of the known values of Q, ands nominear icheme, a which he ftediferece orm of 6.1) soriiner equation. Linear Scheme The car ifn tod ed wp he Fe cienc equ ‘The finteseece ama he ace derane sO od by sossing the vcs of 00 be J > hele ino 13 293i" ae “hee cfence frm often deriva i fund ews by sbting 062 = 6 timnnaeto236 sos menace the value of @ onthe (+ 1h distance ne no 5.13 @_ 23-2 If the value of Q/}} were used for Q in the term @fQ%"' in Eq. (9.6.1), the salting equation would be nonlinear in 41}, To create a linear equation, the Site hn ay eg aes so ap 06) o- tata oan fe al at liprop lhe = dtd 065) z By suing Eas: (6.2 1 (68 no (9.6.1) th ite diferenc form of ‘he linear iaate wane obi ee ere) at ame 7 solved fc the kaw ef res [A fow char for routing inemac wave wing this scheme i given in Fig. 916.2. Qwaschosen asthe doendet varie becuse th eau in ale ‘an rr an ifcore seta ae A were chon a te opendet varie {Hendrste 1960), Tas Sbown by tkig the logan of (3.3 InA= Ina png ose hal aa) een ‘ie tintin en hele er Aad 40. Ug cir ‘erste uy Woche, fay een 2nTe wt he dcr cman rw apie yas @ omar non name 297 UBC te roses sen wee the pendent verb instead of te fw ual 41. ite ee fe mcnsecha! Eag 4 RRS me ec acenaa Tc Kaci ar el nd ee eh en Sie tte tah Sone ing Se SOR EES Sith en! on Te eno fea a So) ‘Sao hetaa e eee eee ae enor i snes Jarl atta. 2--208 EES ese eenamn asl Sve tn mate mg 941, x : Senet er ret Se ee Fromenton spat Steg Fs st a) - esas Seite i ian Seateie eile niosine aceon cote te areas ars poses a eS = aw te nee oe _ [Bier -omrane. (taza f ] sie a aa [BB romven( 32h oe BE 2 = ie poten ed soi pi rn ne 96:2. one ea ee ntgt aiitemecrs amet oo : = Samaiurensees rh es i BRE SB Bs SS eS i gS eRe S igen erie a einen oe BEE 8 es Soucrn Sancti oe eos ' 8 2 Sg o 8 ‘in by linear nsapolation between the tabulated vale. retrace ee a, na cmputaionltequnce lake iTable 9.6 y the snes ef anes: Wah ee ee) Perea eles 3 gee 8 2s ceerinodinattinnrm ita dtammgeet® :: 8 Bes 2 S Sabir ieeee ererd Se SSS 2S Ss as [ibe oeemamiamgss) iP BREE ES Bh + 0.synno( ae 220) some memes tees oe Pail ere omental Sica ce ee eee sang Sega int tee aromas ‘elerity thus saistying the Courant condition dhsaphout.30) srnereneee Ses ‘inate sa say compan wi r= 1000 Rand rs a We ‘sr tte mena scene Iacono fod wining ‘ion, wi te See of dpe nasi in he of ad [Nonlinear Kinematie Wave Scheme ‘The fine diference frm of Ea. (96.1 can abe expres at = = $ AS fo the tina chee, Qi taken 8 the independent variable; wing = og h ost se Aaa dai? 96.12) Bet (6.11) and 66.12) sbi ind (6.10) obi, er ean me 3 sath = et sd af ot 34. ) es ‘Ti ution has been aranged so ht the aeksown discharge! son the ‘ettand sie, andl the Known quater eo te nplrhoed se Dalat, 2/2: se haere to scheme mh ot Newt's hed Vil be reqied fice Sec. 3.6 tra ntedason wo Newer Noy ‘The known righthand side each eileen oes fa Pee aftiitaas) c+ Bat stat oof) osu om which resi eror f.Q/! i ein wing Ea (9.6.13) a8 ta Al } salet Pe oss) The fist derivative of (0) 6 FOhi)= & + apt ‘The objeive to Hd 0/7} at forces 10/5) w eg 06.16)M2 sesame aa Using New.on's met wid teraions k= 1,2. —— sy Oath, He reece (thn leith Fat eam - ‘The camer tton or he itv process | oa aaa Wat.s1 6 a es hes ean or itso. Aw then nee wave hee ae “Thelema foe QF! important re convergence tte itrve T sche, One spon north aon fn bene Sone By, ST ; 5 fet ypoximiton tothe wong scene. US, ae Sem | saa G97 paternity ays etme barecheme tng. 813) acing ‘stmt sae, Tey so hows ats wie rage ties eta | So eo mow intima e supe oe cage aaa | I 9.7 MUSKINGUM-CUNGE METHOD Tae One AT Sev iin of te Lert war ng md hve Seen pop | Ts Cage (90) ons ee ne Mangan nese ea | fe sam ‘ctl pit carpe sap ring Reto ee a ‘qs cna gi own n Pe 36 hs Mehta ing Got canbe wines fer We dichage ats™= CF Dram Dae | O13 = Ga!" +60) +01, om ry es in which Ci, Cand C3 ae as defied ia Ea. 8.4 8) row 8410) nose quits, a tape constant Hang dimenioot of ne, and Xs factor "presi the esi Intoence a tow om sage evel Cage shoved ta Satecceauirmes 079 &) er cst sey comesonsing 10 Q and Bah Bi the with ofthe ‘water surface. The eigh-band side of (9.7.2) represents the time of propagation Foon beets hn‘ gvendchage along a reach of gh x. Cangs (989) showed ht or erica sab eg ht O= = 12 Musing Cange ring card oot y sosng the algeraic equation (9.2.0, The cncens mEq (2.71) ar compte ty ang Ey 19.12) ed {9.73 alongwith Ege (84.8 tough 10) foreach eSpace pit ot ‘omutaton, since and X boa change wih respecte st ace “he Musing» Cunge metod fers wo adtotges over he sand ‘nema wave mend, Fst te soto ota tag aie lea ‘stuntion (71) insted of lite ference or curacstapponimion of 1 paral ierenta eqn ths slows te ee pga to be etn! {i equi cross Sections teat of ruling sao over he ei engi a ‘he hate! foreach ine sepa [ae Amematie wane hod Sect he ‘elation wing (9.71) wl ed stow es wave atenoton, periting tote eb chie of time and spe inerements fr he cpus a cored {o be inte wave med ‘The compeesve Bak Rood Sais report (Sata Enionnent Reseach Coe 1975) cope at he MosgonyCnpe ed sete aie © metas wing * ition wave mode oe Tle 91) bese of is splice secuney ssn, Disventge of the Msp Cage "tod afta it cann de onstear cscs that propa ope 1nd tat doesnt accurately pect he dschnge hyena as downs ‘rua when thee we ge vation ne hina wave speed suchas those which el om the unto of large lis REFERENCES pet a tc ese peaks no hae 8 hye ee Tae te SO. ee. san Seared eee eet sme Insite cé Hyde, Walon, Engion 1975. . ee Ce ne a rm Snel mea enna Sree 1D. ga Meno, im ty nd Mad, Deepen Water oman ie rie 308 BIBLIOGRAPHY pi i oh Si Ye yin ‘imp sy te ne Cane inl FB nse) He, Uso oe a es aa bey eer eae rs tie em rn ramet eee a eee cae IT wear one tect Meni 5, dF Be Fi, Coca a is ttn by eal compu, J. Sanstiates arcs ere aa fae ee caesar ca a “pc he ny tl a ‘Ghani by BL Ye. ogy Skreet * e a oe har ingest Tet els tar. aot rey, BM. F'E. Pekin, and PS Eg, Aili dibeted mal cathe rm SGA, Mog Oat tin ea ao aa b aid Se meta, en a, um nl sesoeNygrghs, irr Resor, eval. 2. pp SSS‘neon BE fsa en on ag ingore pn, Mae Re Bal a. 6 oer emcee eaters ee Fecal ont intacaiie et thee whe nee have, Woe MM a x Sa ey rata mas 1 xan Ciba ut Peso Ores Noe Sen, Coo sere aaa Seater ea amen ERT pene omer wins i caches tn me ey. onan KA: Attic mi eda eH. eel a, eS ee en ST ee See ees ore a 00 an nD mang ig an Use a i Uae Damp oo y Be Ws, wl hep. Ise Rt se ome nr enero on a ee ae concrete hn in has sree ae 8 (Una ue a wne movement PAD, set, Univer SE SE nae so ee EN cer re PROBLEMS ‘11 Dare te noma fm fhe mae geon 2.) fo 8 wit Sk olow ns cat fom be comenice fom 2a (Gr Bowtie the shane ind danfroaags af mpd ptm hyp) ‘ong ded ae di raving mcr now nme 307 (© Wha te ination of eK wre petinatin? (© a typeof suaton weal he ei wove mol be oid ‘cepa we ye re nt oa (a Dest e doce tweet Ina an» aoe eae ne 942 i te mon cin 9 eid B01. ta 4 Demin he mean tic ty 8 1.2, oe ection ingen nro 633 a 9.34 Cle he i Wy he Kel oe cet aie mae lent tad he les of wepgaon of mac er V2 ee ‘haoe ited n EsnpleS3. me wt se ow cro i Io, sn. ad 1 0 Pot nae sow enon Se ey set cs nto on ne 941 Gone iil em md hig Kes we 942 Prove athe Kensie ne coy fot = 3, whe Vi te avenge cy, sen Minne tt nee fw Sane ie cng 943 Prove al he ae tine Tf neat wane ine wide ecg chan of TERESA sir ig pes ncaa eo connate scam eomage ‘4 Gut iv ns mar tevin SSL See crn peer She Ceersngecnaem immer ee Siapetean anwar nan gia Tce eer, pagan ea 0.015, nd @ = 200 cle ico ya er Wut samp Inne you made? How might de ‘spl le ct?ae vas oe ‘foo 10.000 peak charge hs ost pases ing ao on er. Begins smn Aco ee 1s Sem, fv ‘od wig sb ted. How oy Wl it be bee th ed pon he ‘icconmnly Anime athe Chan cgi th wh De pe forcast Set cetrmcnes im eer Serpette ease SIRES es gaat ecaanercaa Sohne res eet Sree vis me mane aa Sage Eocene Eee pte i eet Sp si rerecenas meee es a.ao od nti const na tbe fw of 50 cl " mmo» @ » a wwe ‘Rovtcn) Sm tan son tise tna Sse te en Cee he mono Poh 9.63 be Kar memes neat wae ‘siioe meth wing Stand A= 300 fs Conaecc O's 3 au toa ei ob 9.63 net is ‘ie « compte progim fo he Hor ema wane mod! Seped ft 4 ‘etn the The wna Banay sds rw oops {na alco nto fw Conder coco, remnua10 wie Gnas ame 0 fe, ‘icp an insignis rnin ef = 0 {Ute campuer pou esa n Prk 946 atte karts oe mel ‘Stony eh ype fod eset = + Slt on?) steepest 0 pe rs Santer eme Sem or Boere oe Sicha indies ata Sect AS a ces va) ton tee erin Q aga np de iirc coef ae aati mamma nonce 308 Salve Pob. 9.65 wing he solar Ks wae model wih News's Teac moe pe Comte tf ou Ee ene eh tog: Mung 03s spe 00, Rone lon Ingham neem 6.8) Gr ects P= 30min hua how Qtr! = 7 ‘Wes ampater progam rhe Minn Cige mol retool waes Seah ihe ot opp in Po 9.67 aeama nae ee eee ee eee ee ee oe CHAPTER 10 DYNAMIC WAVE ROUTING ‘The propapation of ow im space ad tine dMowgh ser of network of ver ism compln pblem. The dese to bail ad ve oa sve Sees ‘he recesiy fr scat elation of water leet fw rat nd poe ‘he impets to develop complex fo routing sod such dyranse wave Idle Anoter impetus for developing yess wane male the ned for ‘toe accurate hyo simslton le parclr, sialton of owt aban ‘raters and term drainage spss The dame wave dl cana be ‘Sed for rung lw ows tough rivers or ington cata fo poi eter cnt of water date, The popatin of low longer chan ra {stun dainge system an vse tomar lw dy tem es ‘tine. moun becuse ow proper nach nema levainn, ‘isi. and discharge ae mt cos slog he chen ‘One-dimensional distil rateg metas ave een laid n Chap, 9 1 inemae wave ing, alii wavering, and dynamic wave rng. nema waves govern te ew when the ei tad pres fey, ‘si amparam. tha hho he grvatonal fre te Row Flee "he toa este force Capor 9 demoed ta the oot ae prainatin Ys etl for aplcatns where he chanel slopes ae sep ‘Rclvaterefes ae egligie-When presre foes bee print tat ‘neil forces remain sip, a diffvon wave adel apple, Both he Kinematic wave mel andthe sifson wave mnt re ep im dec ‘Gownutexm wave propagation when the chanel slope i et thn about ‘05 fms (0.01 percent and there we no waves opesg pate Soe M0 mec maim 311 subnces ch ates, tbulyiaflows, of reer operations, When bth lineal and peste foes are import, sch abt sloped ives, 2 Seca et fo dona runes nemo teal, ten be Inet force and pesue force tems he tment equi re hed. ‘Under these cesses the dynam nave couing med seu och lave mma! ston of al Sain Vent ests Dyanc ring uf wed by Stoke (1988 an by lacron, Soler ad Mesh 1884 1980, inthe poner invention of oo routing fr he Ohio Rive, Tis cape esciesthe erica developmeat of dynamic wave routing reel wg ‘ingle diferenc approximations ve te Stet Verat eens, 10.1 DYNAMIC STAGE-DISCHARGE RELATIONSHIPS The momentum equation is writen nthe comers afro (9.1.3) 2 HB yf 2-s, 5,08) slam ow cs hen hee $5 et the ion spe 5a ‘Mere elites tha he tip wen Schaaf ie anne beg et ie even hs see eta ‘Sit om tn’ gn show by etl fae tae ing 1, Nhe sta temas ta i $e tage eats foot lop shown yt ee ae fo Fg 10 Ibex he phe set jt fo Sch, 2 con os vr enry foe Foes ver sg te cage Sy ero behing im «fod peppy an en he mein to Atte dsr tn flee mg cae myers se ape Ip shorn Fo othe Ret Fad, Te soe {cram fw cpl tomy or yap aig eke a Bon +0 =0 C04. | Saou —— ‘ed er oe.312 smowancr ert te data in We Rl Ht, An, Las 8 JQ wie he pain uve spc dae hyd ting ow moet ma ns complica by seve toon {action bth af ow dep nf lasso ihe ern eat ‘mcincting ofthe vet The mirc Wwe eae chanel sa Rd "hin oe tated valley oe of he ua port ater ang Rd Promo, Dating the rig pat of = Mood wer water foes oh fod Pian valiey fom the main han and tinge Eig Rood es fa Fr he outed vay tc sw the main Cael. Te ect af slog so decree the dichage ding the fling ood Ais, st nee ‘Sern the valley Su ones sl vapors “The flop av an eto he wave cee becouse the Nod wave rogreses more slowly in he mandated vley tan ihe ae shone oh "ve. This ieee fn wave cele dpe the Noa wate and cases {rom the min chan! to he Ra pln rng te ng Tad by ei ‘ame wie sre slope sy fh cael, Daig the fling ee the tamer slope ic nwa rm the med valley nee mn a ‘nd ate then moves mth oo plain ack it the maa chan fee Pg 10.1 a a Decree longi! ues of te main he an the od pain valley ‘erly paral. he siuaton deserted shove ven ae compen ae ee asc aeacu 3 Tata mma” i me ne, ‘meaning ive. For» le Moe he ate of the ow becom pra! he ate ae Fig. 10.1. and. Te ley wn pend vale wut ‘elit dept re suffice) can be pee thn Inthe i chanel, wes ‘as longer low pt ths he vay. Ts ston mates afl for ow £5 root main chan! othe sed pla alley carn the ting a sn tg ‘er daring the fling Nad. Flood wave propagation kre compen when fe ‘ow is wai ily. The desertion so more comple fos Meching ‘er system Wa bias an the pasliy of ood pee from eet ‘nurs coisding. Aa wi buts, thefts on Rood propugaton oF Fecha atthe anton hint be some ‘When tacwater effects at, he oop ing curve may com of a seses. oops each coesponing oa fren etre onlin war lvl fr hanes Fig 10.14. Bickwater effets of races Chanel Jac, ‘rowing of the maul rer case ane Bdge can Semonste is dons{Oe 10.2 IMPLICIT DYNAMIC WAVE MODEL Imps fteifeence meds avane the ston of he Sun Vean equ ‘i from me te ine te est maaneouly forall oi slang em Tne. Ayer of alge equa is generated yap the Sn Vent ‘tn sintaeosl Wal th uaksowa ale nme. Impis th ‘ts were developed tees a th imation an the ene ep sie eq for ‘simeral sabi of eal ethos For eatmpl, so snp meted might ‘rea tne ep of om mite fo subi. we tn apc eto apie {othe ume pecbiem could we me ep one hea ot ange “The iplckfnte-diference sche aca weighed foe point method temecn adjacent ine lines a a poit Mas shown in Fg. 1021 Ia gen ‘araledeserbng the omc low rato water sua level ented) ithe tine eva of apposite by the average ofthe eileen Sate at dance pose anh 1+ Toe vale ate ih tee pol te apis and ata the + Hm dance pt ef nf pe - ar foe he pit M located midway beeen he hand (+1 stance po in [A slighty ferent apoach i oped wo esate te spt drvtive vac th mabe Forth spatial eave, te Olean mse J Sod J Di time lines ae calc (u/s ad (wwf "He, ‘Sopsively tena ein alr # is plied wo elie the pati eae 020) 02) [4 NI I = claslant| ie iene, Te te tee em ft in et ee cy ur pat of emg ns a Fee ‘Son Ls pi we rsp eh at ‘Bi eae ep a (ae Fea and an average rau for calcd siya 023) Tee wae of @= a aces pit M vet in the box in Fg 102 ‘A chee ing ¢~0.5 ical hor sche, When 9-6, ne lesen th J tine ie an te scene fly ep. oe a fe Liidith mt hone win ne lnc schemes ewe with One range 3101.0 Fad (13a 19 reonments nase of058 008 : : "Ama locas tween te nts we codon sable rl ine sup, whee epi meee ‘umerly sible ony fr time sept le than & ce value deerme? op ‘te Count condition. Fea (9731974) has shown tl he weg foe, lt sche i uncenitnally nay sabe for ay tine epit08 © 6 ‘is hom aa scons when 90 San er ne)—_ a on on a oe oe oe oe mh oe oe oe ee oe a a a a ‘316 sm racer tte ew et aun ie pine (ap 03. uampl 102.1 Te sale of owe Qf pit ne spacing ectsthorn ng 1022. Ving gr 1 de 100 fend 9-85, {he aus of 30a i he wpe ie Sation, A howe in 102. sof ow te opi we Gra bone ar a hee regs a eat re ‘in eine ies wing 102.1)wiba = Benda = Th = OF 20 _ 1" +0/2!~ o/h 39 43 = 3900 — 3386 ‘The pi ering cae ing (02.25 20, QE=O!" Ath 22 (MERWE yg = ose 5 4 pun e800 10.3 FINITE DIFFERENCE EQUATIONS The conservation fom of he Sain Vean itn is wed bcs this frm [Poids the vest reared slate» wie ange of ows fon gaa Fenelon fou waves in rs to arp wanes sala fone Cake by im are The equations ace deveped from 31.8) an (13a alos. coin 2, hm — seen la 924 M8 se(osy65)-pmssma-0 onan see gi eng tan ‘A = rosssecional ae of fow ‘a = rsa eff cane ed sge ont 1 coin ‘bot not momentum) ara 44 lateral inflow per ui length long the chao! | = ue sci eevation veloc of ital Now inthe deton of chanel Now 5) = son slope Se = dy loss spe = wih ofthe hae at he water suice = wind sea force 4 £8 = moment conesion fate 15 = acelin det prvi Te, weighed fouroit fie toes apatinaons shen Ex. (1024) ~ 40:2.) ar wed for mums rouey wit Base ‘Sos Te spl esi adi reid er a ‘ie tines acoding to 1023 2, ,iit=a/"* 7 2s sa- 9% 403.3) EON hsm Be aot 03.4) a estimated ng (102.1) A $A) (A +A" 810 44a! UA 4A! CA tAalen 28 03.5)—— a S18 amo moar ai! +013! ~al~ ‘he nna tems, sch ag aA, eine eee ce Kine Sc ig 2.3 01036) sano tts a 003.9) 02°! +41 ~ 9a A eal AeA ne SM yg ttle a oan =e)" 6 o wet and inden the aera fw ance sectionl aes averaged ove thereat “The fine diference form of he cont eqution i proce by sb tig Bas (10.3. (103.5) an (10.3.7) sto 1831 28% Silay, he Fie enc fom fh meno Sons wit QU serra! ate, | faatanst—iaoray/*! SaaS a & eae ey" "Gl" + a) seal f eof Md ~(arl «wal - 03.0 “The fou pon Fite difeenc form of he comity eatton cn bef ‘ner maid by meliplying Ey (109) by Bs, oe = — ao = = on mec mms 319 HOLS! Of" af 185) +01 ~ O10! = Of ~ a8 SAM HA AILSA +A01— UA +Adf |= 0 ‘aoa Simi, te omentem euaton can be madi by mipyng by A, wo Sty. be moi by muting by Ar, Er Hay!" +02! oF a1.) ACID 30 tue rsp apts i's +a "an sa- ol (C2, (C) earn fan +6540] -(Brris. + fan} hh ed i oh fd BA tBe 03.19) n3i5 9 a eis ct, Maing’ nb nt 5a ‘rie inthe foo sown below, re the tn 0 has aga Ou a ose oe aeave depending on wheter te fw i downseam ef paneB10, 22084; ‘The minor ed loses rising fm cotton expansion ofthe chan! ste proportional othe diference tween the Squares of te downeam tnd Scream seach cnractoexpaio om eet kr wi-a(G-@)] eam “The vlc of he win elativet the wae auc, Vn is ied by 103.0 -[8)- ere (003.20 er wis the angle enn the win andthe water dictns, The wind Seat Tose ite piven by ) = cal, coaay whee Cy i in dag cotficet (Cy = C72 sven in 1.18). he ings Ey (0. 04.8) Sn ner on alco, we sii the San ena eqs icra reo tie ne. The terms. fe Kes Ce aod Vee Kn ‘mo Fe speed npn he elon Te vn Sm ae Q/ rie healed Bf and Bf Hever hrm ‘See enpesid at fantion he wowns. Qf rand ‘ovtere ae actly fur unknowns. The untnowss ie sed powers ke "Yan uni 0 (103.11) ae (103.12) ae salina eats. “Te comity and monte equations ave coded at each of the 1X ~ recta ids sown i Fig. 1021, betwee he upstream Youndy 311 = Vand the deca andy 2) = NTs tN © ego, ‘Thor ate tuo wks a cach a he N grid polos (Q and xo ere ae 20 unkown all. The to aden egaaons reed 0 compte he ‘otaton are sup by he upeun tnd dowesteam Sura conto, The “team boundary condition us species a» tnown low ysogrp ‘She the downs tandary Sonn Can be specie a2 ee ope rgaps =n Uscharge hyogaph os Known laosp between ge and discharge sah sig coe 10.4. FINITE DIFFERENCE SOLUTION ‘Tre felowing duns othe soln of ye of Gi diecaceeuations {alows that of Fred 1976). The yscm fala eatin an cores 1 fonction form in tm of the anknowns had a ine level) + 1s a8 an. en =0 Cilbn Qi hn) 0 MCh, Qin 2) = 0 ‘psa boundary conion comity fr | oes oid t Chi Qt Qe Mb Qs 1 Qos) =O cotinuiy git 0. moment fo rd | Cacsthte Quine Qu) = 0 cotiniy fr gi W = 1 MecsChectQrets ys Qs) = 9 momenta fr rd W— 1 DBChw. Qs) =0 ownsteam tower condition ‘Tis sem of 2V nonlinear eqns in 2V uakaowas ewe fresh ‘ime sp byte Newton Rphcoe method. The computa! pwede i ach ine | sans by asiaing tal alas oth 0 ees thane These values Qa hea hb values knoe fo nal sot er om elas dig he previo tne ip. Ug tel vals lhe sytem (1041 rn in 2 eis Po teh rao es els nb epreed BUH. Oy = Ru reid fo purer bouniay ‘onditon Cu Of. 2b = MO Oh OD = nat residual fo coatinty a grid 1 residual or mame at 1 she) = RCH real for conti at rid 942) MU Ob Mey Qh) = RAE residual for momentum st rd! Chet hass hte Me QR) = RCh-y esl for comin a grid W = 1 61-1 Bhar Qh te A) Reid for eta td BC Of) = RDB! residual for dowasieam bonnyBD maniac “Testi is approached by Ging vals of he unkaowns and that ‘he resdal ae foe Yo 2 vey ose to 3 “The Newt Raph etd a erate echlgu fo slvng a sytem of moicaigtai eatin, rash sea twas pete i Cap forthe detemiatin of flow depth a Mann's equation, excep ta ee Seluton fora vector of vari rer tan for tains: Coe he ‘stem eqns (10.2) denoted in vec fora f0=0 043) Qh) 6 the vec of vakoownguanies and Hike" fea. The nolnar sae can te whee =) ferteraion a= 1 Be) pay esata at 004) where J) the Jacobian, bic i oefiiat mtx made wp of the fst fal drives off evalned at. The ighhand side of Ea. (104.0) ‘te lnar vets fincion o Basil. an serine procedure ed ‘hacoine 1° tat feces the resi ee fin Bq 10-.)to ar ‘Ths can be accomplished by seting 0") = 0 reamanping (10.8) rad Hetty = fee) 04s) This ote i saved for 4!" — a) = Gat and te improved estimate of 1 slaton. 2s deterinedAsotang Se. The proces feted tel (2 ie emaler tan sone speci tolerance, ‘The ym of lina equations epesete by (10.45) ives ic, he Jacobian of the st of equines (10.61) wih rexpst toh tn Q. and Jr, the vector of he negates th retusa (1042), Te rein sem of fan + Hitag, = -nust Kan + Shao, + Siam, « Hao, = San + Bao, + Bhan + hae Fan + Shea, + Baan giao = Ret 046) Bhan + Bao. + Boa + doo =a ches + Mesto + Schann + haan Bachan + Mechdors + Mecsas Mia Bany + Bday = -Ro8" In Pig. 10441 ese equtons re presented in mai fo fra iver died tn a ache Sas ec). plete te we denied inal in Ap. 10.8. ‘Gasuat cmiaon or matin inverinn can be wid save ti se ‘teqton (Con, 19s. Toe coin colle ati 8 pu mai ‘t's bund wi of at most fur elements tong eae agonal Peal Gon gel sn tc ch 3 en Sequins ing aSvtage of hs bande Gan igo) sate Sng God ponies race of hy and, The vaer fore unknowns we ACh Ai ‘Son teu fr el of he Newton apon met fr et futE I [ae et a wom a “in gunn a mie ep Fr ig yen enn ep an enn ah aan eee ee (+ 1) eraton ae he sven by oer ee 047 = of +40, 048) “Te ow can in Fig 10.4.2 tines the procedure for sling he tem of itcace anon fr one ine sep sting the Newon apson meted 105 DWOPER MODEL tn the euly 1970, the US, National Wear Service CHWS) Hyéoloic [Rese bora begat develop a dynam wave roving model ted von I lp te diene ste he Sin Nenanequtions deere te (Be peo econ‘ sad, Known a DWOPER (Dynan Wave Ope. ont Mod foe nperered on varus ves with cw ft an ‘ld tam slopes, hasbeen apie tote Missi, Ono, Coiba Mie {buts Aris Red, Acalay, Combered, Teese, Willamete, Pac, Kar, Verdprs, Ochi, and Yazo vers in te United Stes Fre, 1978), {nda alsa Ren ued in mnt ter conti, "One ofthe DWOPER sppcaone sexed by read (978) das wit the Miosppr Oho Cunberanscemmesee system, 2 ancing er spe ensitng of 398 mee of be Mispi, Ono, Cumberland, and Tennesice ‘Ser as howe ia Fig, 1051. Elven going sans lve a Fr Fey, ‘Golconda, Ponca Metopois, Grand Chin, Caio, New Madi, Red Rock, ‘Gand Tower Cape Grasen sna Price Landing were wef tale De ‘ntsc y comping the chicned an acest wer lvls ad fw aes ‘Siboe lcelon Figur 10.52 saws te observed senlaed snes Cape ‘Graven, Masts and at Ca, ino’, fora ood in 197. Te applying DWOPER to is sper, the main sem iver i comiered wo bere Ghar Lower Misisepyl segment, wit te Camber, Tense, “Seuper Misisip ive sorted fore burs (ead 1730). Te ‘Santon slopes mul. vay fom sou 0.25 tabu 0.30 Mi 05- ‘O01 prem): Each bach f the she sytem i innced by backwater fe ‘Sowomrcun tranches Toa detarge tough thease varies fom ow fw ‘Steppin 139.00 cho Rout flows of 1700000. A al of 45 css Seales ocd el eral ranging fon 0 021 mls were wed 1 ‘Eitvhe te ems Tier monte of malaon ee, comparing 20 observed Ssiconytd ig nn ure nee 1 ond oP ‘ie on an IBM 307198 comptes ‘Ante sptsion by Fea (1974) o the lower Miss isaes ‘ey of DOPER simulating Moods suing rom huis ie 105.3 snp pg NOPE i ed me ng Re eceT il anes ec Sece Se png, Maja 58326 smmnmmacey a ec Pou ia|mo PAHEE, [ome sows the spe and dchage hydrographs oa the lower Misi Riera {Coriten. towcana drag rca Caml ig 100. Te figure show ‘wet prin of mene dockage rsting fm the hice pened Mood ve Fring tert ow up he Missi Rive 106 FLOOD ROUTING IN MEANDERING RIVERS “Te dynamic wave model developed inthe previo section can be expanded te somaer fad tng tough meandering Seen we and pane Pg TOS. The unsteady flow in avr nich eters tough x Rood pa complicated by ive eects: (I) ferences in hye esitances of te ma fiver camel an he ft pl: 2) varios i the rose setona ots ‘te chant andthe pan short ccuting tec in which he om lene ‘termcandcng ia han! nd takes 3 mre est toh od pai 8) rm enone 327 BEERS Se. fost eine Ca ie Rr ie orion f fled pun ating dead sarge ara in which he Now velit etl; nd (3) heeft on cer less of the nteraction of lows twee {hema camel wd te fod pl, depending won the icon of th teal ‘ftom inte chanel can ile sigue fom a in he Noo pi. Fra (197, 1980) deveoged mode fle meandering ies, stings ing the ket foo pin, the gh od pis, and he camel, devoted by the saber I, rand c respectively The coatnily and moment equ Not, melting wind shear sed Ina ow moment, ste expesedeet apt ARQ) , AKiOy * HO) Meth th tA soy wos wd 1, aBICAy | itary ms a 06.2) a ad lin, eset i ling wie ps ‘Set eres ence da ps ee ‘aan ee, tre are eee se ee hes he lp ee te mae er Se ‘tps | Toe tl coset ae of ow the a Of Ars Ay A and Aw The ‘enwintsR. Ky and, vie he ol ow @ it cand ow tod Pie ows and ght fod pain flow, vespectselys anda fies Ke = Tio. k= Ovo. snd k= O10. ‘The flow is assumed one-dimensional. 50 the water wie is hrc ‘cru the ie eto and the ead oe ncbned ting betes five rss section she ste 90 mtr which flow path doped Hence, 4° 5/5 nach eaton ofthe Nw (ety ane, tad rp, 8) ~ hs By aking the rato of be ow compte by Manis qution a hs means ‘ys canceled out th rats of he Nos ia he ef nd pt oer aes aria the canal Se a-seefter 2- ae ns e-eeey ey" nse “The tton slope alo defied for be et ood psn, (gt Mood pan, (Gps change (5) ing Menge equ fr example,290 mite _uiKoiK@ em aaa ‘he weighed pi inp chee ca be wed owe hs mode tx seis Tye we meta trey 06nd 0.63 newperednoe Naoa Weer er pee OaMT-DAMIRK = propa for mayeng be es at oss) 10.7 DAM-BREAK FLOOD ROUTING Forecasting downsream fash Bods dui dam flares isan appiton of food ‘ing tt hae ese conderbleaeation The oe wily eed day beck ‘dl she Naonl Wester Service DAMBRK mol by ead (977 980, {Ox ois del costs tee fnconl part” 0 teapoa an scion th dam beach (2) computtin of the breah alow yoga Sad) mung the trent ute hysograph downaeam, Breach oration th prowth of he opening th a le sown in Fig. 1071. The sape ofa breach (angular reengulr, tape: ‘uid is spied by the slope: and he terminal with Bo the btn ie Iveah Te DAMBRK mode! ssumes the breach bottom wid st pat nd enlarges a ier rte unl he tein with sated teen ofthe aur tie neal 7 The beach begins wen he reservoir water fase ce ‘ton exceeds pce se hy llowing ir overopping fate O ig copa pon DAMN tn om he Hyde Rh Lee, as fy Nh hen star San Sr poy. Ney TIE sre tees pram nett eer See ere onenen cee Reser oatow consists of bath he bic oulow Qy (ont restd sei ow) and pila ontiow : 2-0 +0, 070) ‘Te breach cuow fan be computed xing combisin of he formas for & ‘woadcretd rectangular wei grisly enaping a he Seach des and & ‘pela we forte bracket slaps (end, Bi =m tet the ie aie th enc a forming Ci the comet fate foe elo of apps the mibmergence cretion fo water fet oo ‘ek oom, td y's the lean a the reach bo. The splay oui (in be compe wg (Fed, 1980 Q, = Calath—ha'? + VIBE AGH ~ hy? + Cad ha + Q, (10.73) eC te uncon splay dhchre cocci, sth uacocald ‘py len, hy te enone plone een, Cte ped spillway discharge coef, 4, sh ea of gate opening ee came te cevation of te gud spina. C's the Sichage confer ow one the dam cet, he length of cet, hinted ret elvan, td 9, ‘cmt outow or ekape “The DAMBRK model wes hydrologic storage ong othe dye wave ose compat reservaetfiow, The seo otow byopmph tee ‘tuted owes wing te fll msc wave mode! Cotbed mee 103 ‘eriney te yam wave mode seed Se 106 fr ad ring in meaning vers wih lod pls ean be atd. The DAMBRK mos os sinter rr lend sequel slong aval hs cnbson fsa treching.Hiey and aoa bes ith Sarna tres feral bday onto ecralbonday condos aw dsr te Nowa acon aloes ‘wary wher te Suit Vean sin eal: eer were there are ets such a splay. beaches weal blige opting, Neny emtonkmens an 00, whe the fw erp ae thn poly ad, Two equation ae required fo Seine anna bundy eon, ‘cits mo unknowns (and) a ed at he ral own. Poets, {© model highway steam cosine F102) wih ow treaprs ee {penne Qe fw over he emantant Qu. ot Row truths ea Ge ‘8a ondary cnn ¢ Ol" =O 40m +0 024) +248¢.K¢h= my"? 102.2) ais! = aN" 025)SE amuomnanuer (EG ay on ren nanan, Cm tiny gin a ‘The beach flow Qs defined ya, (107.21 Qe i elie bya eing euve ory an rice eqetion, sch at = CoN REAY Al?" M3 079) sete Cy a rie coeiknt: th embukient vefow Qn defined by 2 ‘ose weir formula (Gon = KeatenCuih"*~hel™ 00.7) hese Cos Lee 88d Km a He dscargecoticlet, length of embankment, ——e ee oe and submergence conection fast, std hg i he eet of he tp of the tnbankmert ‘Referingo Fig. 10.72 te Gite itference pr usta tht for given ‘ine inet atin and morse equations te einen fr ech gs ere "he Si Venant eqhatos apy. trea bondary codons se wien fee he gid fom toi + Ir where the highway crosing's eae. ‘Telon Dam Failure ‘Tee DAMBRK model has been applied (Fra 1980) recon the dowe- steam ood wave eauted by the 1976 fae ofthe Teton Dam in Mao. The “eon Dam wat 4 300fo High exten dan wit «30000 lng er At ‘esl of he beach ths dam pops wer ld 2.000 rons were made omeles, ad $00 milion n damage occured inthe Gowns Ter Sake Rivervale, The oud wea in the se teh downs of te Sm | shown wi 12 cas sections mated la Fig. 10.73. The downaren valley fens o a nuom canyon approximately 100 wie fre fit re, ad eer a wide valley ta was inunatd 1a wih of aout Manin’ n ‘ales ranged fon 0.28 O87 a cine rm field exits, Inept ‘os secon developed by DAMBRK were tue so tat cr secon ee Speed 0 les spr ner team sné 13 les arta oe dows ed (ofthe ech Atal O77 crow sections were aed "The computed reser outow hyrogah ie shown in Fg 10.7.3 with peak valu of 1652.0 ef The peak secned approxi 125 hows Sir the breach peng fred I's resting ata the peak reser ‘uiow wat 20 times ree an he rg eared fod aes Te mpi peak scares lng the doves vay se sawn a Fig 10.7, ‘whch tae the raped ateuation ote peak charge by sage of wate fa ‘he lod pun ate flood wave rogreseddownseam troup he ale. Tae empuicd flood peak travel times ae shove ia Fig. 10.75, and he cope peak elvatons ae shown in Fig. 10.6. The maximo deh of ating was ‘protinaty 60 atte da. The $8 hour smaon ofthe Teton Mood wd ‘lime step of 0.06 Execution ine woul be les ha 10 secondo FLDWAY Modet ‘Tee FLDWAV model” (Fad, 1985) is syste of DWOPER and DAMBRK, and ats significant mavelng costliest stable in eer of he eer ‘oles. FLDWAV i's geerland dynamic wave model foro item “Tacoma ppm WAV oi om epg Reed ae Ot ey fads Wane Sa, NNN Sie pe waTeac wet Te Has a ed sti hdres a fn ind dna, bdo im foi, nnines) faked loon oe Seer flowing spc fee td Ar computional nat equa ous seta fae! ‘org oginess coins tt vay with chug or wer res cleveion sd ih tance log te wars, aby ener ey bled Vowmatremen™ Stary36 smawmmer qos sects wd nnn coef eho ig crt ecto: artis ‘Spt of ial staly flow and wat leva al eos secon en {he wneray.exeral bounarcs of dcharge water suface elevation tise ‘eres (ysogrn Sipe talued looped depp son (alae, ‘x conputdy: time dependent tera now orotfows) eral andres nab he teaent of te dependent dam fae, splay Now, gate com trols rte ows or idprembanknetoveropiag Now Shor steuting ‘Ago pan tawny wavs meandering eve levee ale snr ov ‘eppng special computa tegue to poise numeral aby when treme ows that charge fom sopra suber conver. ‘mand dance sg te wrap and an sai eligation shag ot ‘demining the trie rons oer by ang Sheed hyp MIDWAY coe in FORTRAN IV, an tbe computer pogan sof ata Prog {iry snes evel, wt the ef eh aay et interaly pet Iter ne desc each pclae Nw apn apt tt {the rogram fae frat. Popam ett costs bala soe ‘Papicldgays,asconing toe te he APPENDIX 10.4 “The fone etn dei the pia eine tems ite spn of ‘Susion (00.8) (Creal, 1943), ot the cominayeauton YC). te tem ‘pendent on A" and QF" in Bg. (103.17) come w he desiatvs Fr acyah te pad e aCran = aCVaN % aah = Baran wed. The 0A oan oAs tere B the wp wih of he fans dead rage cone acto ae Fc he monoam cquan the ems Spent on hand ‘in Gq 1013) combust he devas wich me eet ofa a ems weir 357 [sine ota ea"as] «ety W0.As) “y 00.08 "al, oan (00) ae [as «(fae conn “he ere of 5 fy ering (03.18) and 4. aie oH 2) oa oa. oa. oa ‘Te drives FS, foun by diferent (103.19), ae )-42) mmfl can — (S) GER), oa ‘The pata erivaives forth UB and DB futons ae eval a fllows oan coy ie pram andy contin cage opp, oa.) oar ithe owns un contin ge ogg, bt 208 uf oan wa wu warn ie downs toa onion cag dogg, ad 20H, Qi A ay heh ie 2 ona 8x ‘wher ste eaton umber, ifthe downs boundary condition tage tage ring cue REFERENCES Fre BL Bacio of ings a vg ml hme” by M, Ain a. 5 va tae a opto eR a sac mir 399 pa pr ag ei ee, rt inh mi sof cr i dy ni cue tig. 3 Mh Teme ern 0 HNO Toes ey, Nl edatmen Wan Be e eel ee ie econ mee ‘Lene Mngt Rie Fone Cot, Shae Lian, Nant Weabet Sven, Sl “Rimes acne eee ‘ea LB pen juni we mde Pryde. 2 ag es Din Sober re a SE lo a Cees man Na eae en at A ence i Ab st BASE Sa a too a Pee gaa ‘wedi ars a te ar Dae BIBLIOGRAPHY. mpl sf Set neues ing. ng ll mig ean JD AS minis Emtec tN Mare Habs an hy ad WG, apc a mon andy obi, "aie ng sD ae ad € i unt ay Ren st, “mS nbn. Wp as Oe he he ok eek emMO mmciey on Sa aig ee a man ere oes roma cegie iia aere on gears cm erie gat ay Se pn Satta te ne a at oma poe ng ge nee eee pay ‘Gunninam. Ban #8 Peis, Name satin of way fw a open chal. STAI a te aetna te sag etrmsn eet Ghanpugn, 8.0) BC Ment togp DN6S fe AN te i The ator ce ert stn nr in Prag ha peo ae, ep oy, nw ATE 2 Sow cece gna et ne a rie i te iar tar ge Reet ee ee ce nn a re ta Se ae so Eh rac nr eae serene eat a, sma Pees et ce gan et Pn halo le emaecwrasers 341 congener Hr eT ate Tes KA. Som, Qnine sgt of te dy ing od ig it Rn Sr St ne bt 07. To, Meing gan am tri, Ji Di os SE Ret not eh lw. od i mS 1, commen ad of ena Pic. lan 8 nee ih Tr Fe tahun Opencann profes by New’ talon enn, Pagid ies ng sR ie ol gly em ne, Yh Dr AS evo Pa i Pai me: PD AS Ba : a ae Ba es oft ety in Ores Cals a a EN Pen cm eae rvs eer,me Ce atc ah Reseach Suse, Walia. Engad, 1973. ee SEES COS nee rnc ‘ui Som Bg, Uy oa ar Chg To, z set Sand We ee ue Saye hl an opin, Prag pith pie pte PROBLEMS 1 Desa te ie dere he are = M0 = 2 Ee a eel a Eine ea toe Bein. a 0 oped foe Tee oA Dion array Bate the esis fr prada he meson ean gen in ‘rrend 0.8 fee OAS OA RN 10.41 Expat pce cd we he em feu (04.1 wing he ‘Neto upon chad 10.42 en hap) te Ip shone sed forthe fi dye wane made is steely lin wy he pc mene a 4.3 pin wy by et ce ch hen ming inet be ne ey me a fl i: Wh ed x ti sn a 4.4 Under what onions wl te Mein’ duc anp ce lacy polme aang ee wa mt 10541 The pupote of his fiom Ho we he US Ron Weer Sve WGP wr FLDWA mss Comider 900 on tape igricn ‘nc Meg’ mes fa f= O05 Incr motel he amet eres a pete shown ee OF fect oe mish een mew we ea tae Pw Poca ieh) 30 $0 M00 Bm 2400 Iumginmmamarscreetoree ‘mi... Thar 3D fet ea ad as oto lege of TERS Ser ete eee ies hee orca aes simon ees ae eeaaneierenes Sy Se me Nie meaner a aac See eres {athe he occ and 0 ef owasam of eson, Tecan da20 tier ‘a am ty EEEEEGE iene 3 Se rh 10.3.2 ge talon gg wn gu 10.8 ‘TR pc ter oe eer Papeete ba See he 154 Sane Pr 10.2 wits Rowregnig sce ped beeen os 5 6 oe iyo ope etait ng ae paaly te gent a Dosarae iy tw) Suh Ke a0 Iso 9x0 7 Ee ie ee SR es ‘tng ses er Com het ant lp, te ma ‘Same uo oda rg in cevelopen ef ase quis ‘Te pre af np ie he of BAMRK oe FLOWAY {epevow wero tag wing te see ong poe rami ‘mat he dove ale. You ato develop the DAMBRK mds (pu sd on th congo The PA ple main Nod ew ‘Brg he esrowr's Bans ROW Row charac Wepre Te 10.3, nang teense snip on ‘pony rans. ic ceed Beek Fn Tae PS eecendob ne fe ng owas ley. Mong ros ‘Sone ws foto fsa orn vaio res cms ston eso froma 0). Tn sp domme val shot 1.18 ‘Petal wer wie evan in he eer 2303 ve men ee wa NE = |e pny acannon compu ‘Son fw a 80 ‘Probable maximum flood for Prob. 10.7.Charsteristes of reservoir Tate rg ip Cros setons of dwt ley 72" pe et ve By at pcg te Pkt oe aed ‘hoe ed sens he esa 10.73 Tae poof spon ow see the oe of DAMBR ce FLDWAY {perirm tem: sae fr nos en Toe i nd ‘ctr iy "ei Sac And ‘Sein at the pot po lee 328). Fa te dam cay ‘Te campacon cs beens 0 ha fon Par eon “roe fom mew 1914 Soke 1073 wins io le of 28 acme he low fai reo fae ‘The pone fh pol orate we of DAMBRK of LOWY st an ae fs ne ii en) Apptaton Ue bese bese heen Se a Pb 7 © The ‘etm ashe sec Pe) Te 10) mo we on een, Ati Cs arin esting it) 2 {Seonioe tops oa eed note 1-1 a4 1073, sara Tu pen eas fe em ac, 1015 cl ‘fou ta. Tee tana com stom (AO od TTP) ted dee ox upton ac fb ca nd ne mel Soe of ‘Te teuch sts hen be nur sre leave reste the po the second 5 Os Geka ae aaa ‘pinch mine in Pc tpn ese eee ree eta es ae on wont enemy a eens tig ech ‘ cea stati CESSES hk ne hairs Fras ten 25020 2 di caeectrhais ef seco am ns Bien 220 20 Shah it ‘Bons to htm ian SS Sah i eet eT ‘peony 8 Sous tt oor ee ee ere aes a ow “haw "ban as a : a3 amo mace emi ec pam ne min ag Swe esky he DAMBRK ce FLOWAV made! pt rh Ten Da fe, Fr in a ee re a mh a 3 Ph eisai low 0 en wend nas 300 ‘eee tre ef Simlvoe To arora ob pom wing Sele tng rae i ie tance Safad SSoeuem 0) hos Sate imine Seas ‘lf 12 crs sess, ech with ety wii, ed mde Sorean geomery Tae 13) Cmdr & main eel cuon B50 ch ete be vole en experince ye page te ‘reat ood ve dou the een makes oer je en ‘anion efi ech nafs nal 0 6, Te flowing Farmers we ga fare op engraver omer sate ete lve = S248 RMSU, espe eh ¢ = 0 ‘Teton Dar cross secton formation ra : SSR cht ase ae we ewe eee eee ee ee ee Ghee sections of downstream valley Semeeg a9 8 8 or 08 See ung fc fh = 7 SL il en il of ch = aici sacra = 3 toe dk fare of eft bec he water nice. ‘he fo fr conn fan at a 100 Compu Youre Soha ie Rp 073-1078, te a ot) Ro sens ey a oto whe Sec rch, Ao, uy emai tear For cach son thts mt, plt matin fed eleven ve. sce ova o ‘She pando mae a P1074 ‘Teton Dass cone ato nfrmation bir $ Weert 8 Sirf econ AML) TI OK OL Bihan 88 een Tron rctuadonge 8 Ea é ee wn espana ee 73S SS Ratt 8 ‘So ce demicn SL) S00) be anh age ccdaT HYDROLOGIC STATISTICS Hydotoge processes evens i space an tne ia maser ta is pal “ikuble orders and arty dom. Sich proces ele noche roe nsame tes anon sary ofthe feces lage competed {Sin scum vahliy ta be yep soi a weg Satna act es foe soatnnet te pie ‘Sorted wehbe ts of ajc cerned he an : Wa etn awe some arene When tem celiontetweenajacntcbseraons, he att ss tyoioge jem tea sche pce tnepmio mo tke imap he Ctaon hone down i Bp At The ype oo tet appt loosen eens bagi vey, sacha feds {ups for lo dat verge oe ny tne val, cat Seat pecpaton. Thi hp Sree yao nm patton frost gs prs dant Stl es weed ‘mhemaia pone dst anor vr sete ec ‘hoe af pea ny foe tet on hse cette ‘Malo ppc pects wh oie hem Scr ie 11.1 PROBABILISTIC TREATMENT OF HYDROLOGIC DATA. 1 random variate X sa vale desc by a probabityariution. The tiation species the chance at an aber ofthe vale wl fal ame es 2 a pecied age of X. Fo example, 5 anual reipiaion a pci Incie, then he pebiy Gbaton of species he che at ‘Sccted ama! ppt fn gen yea wil hea dfn range, sch 3 ier ban 20 90 8 na 0 on ‘het of craton yoy xf te rom vail tld s sonples sumed tha sles at rn fom a hyptealiite ‘oplnin posing cess opr, whe te poets of 3 ‘Sra alway none tng mae Toes ol pss samples ‘Rau te sen rom he popula cad be sample pace te een A Miser of ample ct (hig 111). For example, te sample space team pect ecretey hanes 1 postive ay {Gough th pt! lower and oper ets ae loser than sand a FE A seen ccorence of smell pecan les than sme sour, sich 3 2 ye prabailiy ofa eet PA). he q “he pbb of a evel PA), he eee at i wil et when se oeron af te nso vl sage, Pris of evens ane SSS See cn hg to See'e retuve frequency ofA h nln A the sample Se meta, Tinie deqency cones 2 popesseiy beter eximae of te pobbiliy f Seve tty ray = in" oun se ttn i sc rl oie wo Spiny aioe Sear acrertatemen wes ithe" careunme Secale sp als noe ‘oa probably. he ample pce completely vied nto m nmove Taping rear or seas Ay ae Aus eh PAA) + PUA) + + Pe) = AO) ant) CComplenensriy, Hollows ta 7 the complement of A that it, rear Pay PA) ans) mt Ber en heapSB amaneeos 5 anna! robin, Supe te eee A nd a sn Bet Amit be the event ht hie ya's pipiens than 40 in, while B mipht be he even that next yen" pecpion wil be less han 0 in, The oveap is 4198, the eve hat A and both seca wo sccesive yes wih apna! precptaton le han #0 nea. IPB iste condor pratbiy tae B wl ce given ht A as siren to ha 4 lw th PPCAP Bh the pract of MOA) and te pay tat Awl eet, ha pain) = ASIANA) man 7A) Pasay = au ite secure fH ds mt depo he acurence of A the vets aa, gig biden, sa = PB). Fr penn hen, Ana) = PAR) aus) 1 for he example ced eas the precision evens ae independent from 2a year. then the probably ta precipitation Is es thn 4D ifn ‘sce Yeu ny the naa te poy at sn pean "The motion Inieendet events obtains ccf the cect staiscal erection af hylopc data sequence, case He at a Independet ty can benz wibt rept toi ane of ecearecef ‘ccesiv obsates are conelaed no Indepeade, the Hata! thus ‘equied we mae completed ecu he oat potliy PA 8) of cer Sv evens isnt ea 0 LAID, Somituh fart USEEEae ‘ta Brecptation in Clleg Station, Tes 1911-1979 i) romeo mes 353 ‘tecvem > 45. fn The mambers of aes in Tale 1-11 fling in these ones Se= Dsndn' Isso Fa) = 2068 = 0393 and AD) = 1909 =O FES TTS pty ate am pcp fren nd P0802 R= 1S0M=1 ARE ISO~ ARDS. soon ‘rample 11.1.2. Asin tat see pcp in Cap Sean ine ene pt cles roby al ee wl ee seen sf Fenn than 35.0 Cpe ima pay wh eee Stops chs, Air's 380m) ~ 0309, snd amg depo oa rection, PO=IAR< 35015" ons? eth ia st 9 pio cnn eof reiitonee 580m o 6 oe mh n,n fom ee coum oad bee oe} 2h T inn wesuueges haa i ney hm bg ‘pi ge, 0-7 gy pn ety354 amu mney on 964015, pronase ying Pras simatd fom spl aa a in Exaples 1.1 and ae aproximae eeu they Seer on he specif ae of te carves ‘anpe oftivied sie. An aleate approach it ta pct dation ‘nston fo the data and then 10 determine he probes of evens om hs dnrbaton fre, 11.2 FREQUENCY AND PROBABILITY FUNCTIONS 1 the oberon: in a sample ae identically dtd (Ach sample valve ‘tao fom the ane pity stab). hey en be aang fom regen hiangram: Fs the eal range of anon var ed nose ners then the nbc foxes falling a each neta ound nda te weal ploued sa bar gh, shave Pig 11-120) fr ssl precption in Clipe Station. The wih Ax ofthe tral wad ‘tig up the Feeney Mstogram i choaca tote asa spose we si ‘ving sisi erat fag it ach tera forte sora to hve {estoy sooth vation over the range of te da the umber ‘of obaratons mia tral, covering the ange fa, ~ du ides by the tl umber of rations eet cle the reltive rguency ation ay hh sn, (1111, an eit of P= = = the rbily “hate random varie wl he nthe eral y= A ah The subaci ? indies ta te fncte esite from sanple dat “Te som fhe vac the lve Mqpetes ptoagve poi ithe cave equ econ Fas nem Fo = Efi ai2a, This a estimate of AX he cama probably of “The relative tequeney and culate frequency fonctns ie defined fr 1 ssp corerpning fenton fr the poplin re pened ss tho mE fad eo. Im th ns the cate equngy ftom ied by he col eng cn the pty dey fn fe) tin, fe 23) Ps stl fy oso ones he oil dian ton se ai ety ety actin era given ve of Fs he culate podbiy AX, and tn be Exess Sats py conn ncton vee ge nas [pea men 126 thr i day vale of tego, Pn te yout of effing sample ata oa tere btn ‘te far unter eqeny 4s) a cama een Ff ‘Be sample and potbliycatbcon Fad probability demi fo the ‘platon ma be aranged na cycl a shown Fg 11-2. Bepaing inthe coe erane! ote elave epenyfencon comp om he ee See sd ol fm ey sons ate lowe et, (0) Te probity ation on ae Meno. se beset in of he cumattve eee) Zicon rang ces ny un ne aa la ‘Te prem deny foc, athe ope i (0, te val fe Wag iit fan for 4 peed valu of The ec ay be kone i cocputeg neue we bernie eqn fant, cal th emer prt fnton paver are £62) of pte = [ipa [ae Fun) Fin = 80) =F) Fein) «an “Te match beeen ps) ad the observed elatve freuency fonction) fo Dav cte be woe tn means of te agree of of te sie 0 he ‘The relive eqn, cumulative frequency, and probability dirbaion ‘socom areal incon fncon varying ove the fang (01). Hower, ‘iScara) is Smentniens and at has the mensions of Khe probably ‘itty fonan a) = aa hw mens [Xa vais oer he an {OS te velop ats) = fs ae eam be seed by saying at 7)ae eee 356 amapinemcer Cae ea fn mane ot sews "seat ene of ty ne ina + ‘One of the test known probity dens fenton + ta fring the {anita behaped cre for fe tral Seon fe zal ere and o are parameters. This function can te simple by deiig the ‘ondard normal able #8 as =e ee ee oe neexcoernnes 357 ott 29) “Te coexpoting stndard normal dtrbtion ba roel dnt fcc fore which depends only onthe valu fz an i plone in Fig, 11.2.2, The sanded ermal potaitydtibaton fncon| ee OM eeeze (nai 2a ten emmy lof mph ni om chaitanya atu SE ens t= J xsl + ons? + oan? + eon ‘tide fen ln if tt sl tn mcs mice ‘vam heen aad mt en 08, Example 11.21, What iste rdity Ba he sans oral as aie {ite ihn "2 Leta Whe Be ‘hep ey con nd rl rn = 0‘Camu probabity of the standard normal dstibton pce ari (4 ~— Seton, 2 2) =F so om Ba (1.212) wil =| == 2, $+ o1sase 2 + oatsi9 ay “+ ommoe x + 001957 «et Frm 182.1. Fo = (has Tym Fh om 2120 belly sotsasen onisio xc? + omm0s 1? + 0019809 CNE* fst Aotez een AD 11.3. STATISTICAL PARAMETERS “The abjeive of satin i to entrat the exten information fom ase of ‘Ean ecg ge sf mmbers t's sal et of mers. Stes are frmbr cles fom spe which summarize sport chances. ea mone ais os in, ssh od ical parmtr isthe epected ae Eo some ection of dom | ratte Asiple pomee eth meu pe expced valve 0 the ode ‘ale scl Fort random varabe Xt ean £00). cles os the (oduct ofa the comesponding robs density fn, negeted ve tbe {eal ngs of the andor vane eae [ee eee ee the dpe cena enone ofthe dbo. "Te sample eimat fhe mean se sverge of he ample ats an 32) “ible 11.3.1 smmarzes formulas fr some populion panes and their imple tai.= 28 eo oe oe oe ach = 08 00 pea en paar 2 Sewers ya He smo shout ace md Fe ale wa he sect u— wifinde ass) ae meee ee ‘The sample estimate ofthe vrnc is sven by San a6 in wich the vitor i a — 1 rather ta ese tha he sale sie nba, that not havig 2 teneey, ot average, 1 be higher lowe han ‘he toe va. The varane has dimensions [XI Toe sonar devin 81 aero varity having the sae dimensions as X. The qa 1 the {are oot ofthe valance andi ested The signee of he sand ‘Ganon Used n ig. 13.10, ager he sanded vio, the leer isthe pen ofthe da The cove of variation CV ™ oj, xia 1 8/R e dmemnonlenr menare f wera. "The ary ofa bation Sboat the mena smeared bythe shewnest ih eed men abot eee ee Bie w= [wine as “Te hewn spray made diensolet by diving (1.3.5) by ow ge the concent of sewnet 1 = Sau w) 436 ‘A sample etna fr ys given by: Saw sn) eet py my i tng en ii{e-fle [As shown in Fig. 11.3.1, for postive skewness (y > 0), the dt sre stewed he igh, with ly saa mambe of very age ales fr mga ‘Mewsess (7-0) te dana skewed the lt the das ve 2 porn ‘Mewes, the small ne of exteme values eet sient fect on the tihmetc mean acne by Bq. (1-3.2), and serie mene of ental Tendency ae appepint such ths malo eos meu ae a Tae re ae ‘sample 1.1, Clue angle es, sme tnd evi, sa - Bee So i onl eaten Co eto Sotuton The vale osm pecgeion fom 179s 179 ae sid in toon tae 2 Vang By 113.3 em ences 69 tig 1169. a (1.38) fe ‘The mad eto nor “a es fhe evan fm he sn a sown in clam 4 of Tae 11.3.2, ~ oxen 114 FITTING A PROBABILITY BistrBUTON A protbllydatibto is uncon sepreseating the probity ofoeurence (aon vale. BY flags dstibaton oa et of yagi a. pest ‘ul of te potable formation in the empl ca be comps suninataes Inte tncio ad is asad purete. Png dssbatos cnn be nso ‘libel by the metlad of manent othe meted of mas ello Method of Moments ‘Te mato of moments was fi developed by Karl Fane ia 1902. He conse red ht god ese of he prams of a roby arsine tee Feewhich moment ofthe peasy dent fenton sou he erg ae et 10 te comespnding moment of the sample daa Ar shown in Fg. TA it the data vals are each asgned a Hypethetal “mas” ol elie frequency of cconcae (ln) sd 8 imagined ta this yer of sar ted tet he gn x0, he the Ft moment af each ours et {he igi se roof 6 moment am abd ass Vn a te a of ‘tee moments over al he dt 8\ ee ‘Sse ns ie ty sei ein tne ample mes. Ths eet cel f body The open contro of the probability density function ix ine a ee ‘ D LUtewise, the econ and hed moment of he probably dsibution can te set equal heir sample ales to deemive the values Prunes the ‘obey dsibuon. Person ginal considered oly tetsu! the ‘igi, bu eK cane cstnry to tar the vrince te sce cena imme o= E\~yo, andthe corti of snes he andre ed ‘swe! owen. El etn cod sd i pees sample 1.41. The cyan! drtaion cn be wd dere vs hire ype da uch eal ier tl een ht ii omy Sion) = ex > 9. in te eon gs. fin ih ay egy pas ile nics A Vp and te samp ete fo 4s “Method of Mastmum Likelihood ‘Te metod of maximum leibood was developed by R.A. ihr (1922. He Tesoned ta te best ate of «paneer of rbaity isbton Shoal be that ae which maximizes te Ukelbod oot peobabiyof xeurene a ‘hseved sample apps hat th sample space ded [no eras of gtk {de and that a sample of depencet an el ae tatty hare ano val wil karte terval inghading {Cie flag)e ice the beans ae independent, el lt pokey of ‘Sccunece egies rom Eg, (01.18) the product lz) aefis) de fs at II) ee, and since te imeva size de is xed, mining the jit robbity of tbe observed sample's eqlvalet Yo manag he eAced Satin t= Flo (naa) Bec many pobibilty density fects are exponent ts sometines more event to war th he lg Heino’ fans ne-S te anaExample 142, The wing dan ethane tines beeen eet {rein cnn Assuming he merle lee lls ot ‘pm dtaton rin be parame oh oy etd oe toe es na e248 Sodio. Fes pen vive he exponential ay ety i paeiers 12m (1-43), ep liad ton see Stn “Sear =Son-10 The manana of es when A Lh i, we ‘Tikit same sane sinner fr as wa pote ye nt of momen intiene T= Gi sti von Tasks rises mace om 28S 038 dy Noa te Ls ch ntennraSn 1m (020) 242556 re 142 stows the arson of te Wot faton with wh he ‘timom aie = 035 ay ae Serie aay ‘The meted of maximum ioe ithe mow eoriclly comet mead of Sing probably tons wo dain he sense hat produces the most ‘Site! perce eae tow which eximae the popaaon partes ‘Tn telat verge emer. But, fr some pba dbutons, er mo {alc solute fra he puter interme of mle stacy, el he log teitoodfancton mu then be nmerialy maximise, which my be gate ‘ical. In general the mend of moment i ease o apply thane method ‘atin keto ad Is more satel or prsicl blog aay. ‘Testing the Goodness of Fit ‘The goodness off of probably distin can te wesed by comparing (oe corel end arte vcs ofthe ela feecy ee carat {fequmry fancier cine ofthe relative qucny Roo, the "fst Iced. The sample vale f the lave frequency of mera is fom Ba, (2d, fn), me the toe vate fom (1-29) Be ple) PO) lac) eo ret nate xs gen OY 3S Med : xo Sunes nae i mt mer of el yb a a ff) =m Se rece eal ad py Bang i it foc ni te Cc oy Tira ones en cee eset— 2 ee oe occurences, dividing bythe expected amber of occurences nthe itera, ‘nd semming tne est oer al gral, “To dese the test. he 9" probaly irbuton mast be ines, A Af disibton with » degree of fede the rnton for tes of anes {independent sta’ normal andom variables i stn the ono ass) aad ‘The? disrbgion Futon is used in many satin tents (eg. Ha, 1977 nthe x tex, v= m= pI, whee te nae nr before, lp it the name of pratt te In fii he pope Srna A ‘Seve ee chen the teat hen eaptcede ae ee tes tamed the signe Ive A lal mae fe confidence lvl 1 Ss\pecen The tll hopes fe the tw feta he pope posiy ‘Suton ste data deg Th hypo ced (eee the ‘eemed inadequate) if te vate of x2 (1184 larger han ing va, “roe: devine from the 92 dibaton wih » depres of fedon whe ‘ie avg tle probity xample 1-43. Ug tt of momen enn dnton he Hitec army a cel pay fod {tequency and urate probly fncon, Use he elie wet ‘nme gun tthe a Staion. The neo pepo Rive noe neal, The fine ‘Tee cum Frequent fncton cla 4) fol by sing pte ese pences nin diay here Faas Sta) =F + faxd 010040203 se ee Ba Trt We int ane 81 eh mae ‘tangle 1 and uo ene ory an Te ar eal aie eoenpng we ape ima of ehh animes elie {i1Zoyand own tan a eae: Preamp et = Gust ore 1151 se Be fed i nm Te 144 The {nce pty tnson congas by 12.7 For! = (Huse PQD 2 X= 350) sn sity compe as fr oer nr oe in cle 7. "Terie teeny ncn enn om Tae we pe la gt ta, and be Calne gue nd peat dan ane: ha Fe) ad Fee Fi 1-43) oa the Sty fhe csHl Discs) sto neh lait appr at he sal ton ft ee sa cht pth of he esi aed by 8, hsp 3029 0.1592 77 Theatr of, race pba '0.9San cepa sencoc mance SO fecom v m= p= 1 = 102-127 exh =H (Aamo an Sp, 136) Sie i aoe pene hn 2 BE al pte fe aon tse a) ca etd he 98 pee Sac vee of he tonal drt whe Clg Stn seal reponse (Seton ha ied port he vee ff) tn x) won te ee (gs few fom one ser reusing nse oer an Te ‘isn me ton wis har bee ee 11/5. PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS FOR HYDROLOGIC VARIABLES. See. 114, the normal aun was uted to dexsbe anal precipitation at Cole Staton, Texas. Altough ths sbton fs hs set of aa prty ‘el observations of eter tog verables flow difleret srutone. In ‘is ection, selection af protabity datos commonly axed for hylope ‘aries is presente, and amples ofthe types of warble fo whch these Ssibution have een applied we gives. Tle 1.81 summuas, fc each ibe, the probabity denay futon ad the ange the aie ta [Bres eqns forestimaing he dsbtonsaametet rom Semple mone [Normal Distribution ‘Toe normal dtibtion ass om he cena a harem, which tes hat if { Sguene of random varies X, ae independent snd enbealy td ‘ith ren and variance ohn the dstbon of he sue of such dom arbi, =F fey Xen ova he noma dba ith men nn ‘arice no as Beams ge The portant osha hs en mater ‘hatte probaly canto ston of Xe 5, fr example, he probaly ‘Sibtion of te tample mean ¢ = na ean be sprinted orl ‘eh nen ava (io? = ono mater wb he aban os ‘5 Hyroope vanals, sch as saul precipitation, ecules he sm of te eles of many independent evens en ofl he normal ston The ‘in intone te sama bn fo deengtcope vrs we ‘Bat vanen overs comin agpe [=== whe ow ysl arabes epee, adam bt he ne, Sysop aa ‘Lognormal Distribution 1 de rndom varie ¥ = log X ie somaly site, thon X i sido be Iogaomalydsrbued. Chow (195) resoad tht sabato apples te hydrolpie varibles formed as he products of ober variables sine fX = KAO woe ae Ben Y alog X= 3 ey tg My = 3 tye ich tends the onal dibton fo ge m provided that the 2S indeennt and Ioetealy dtbted. Te opromal dion has bon foun fo deca the dsituton of bya conduvity in s porous Meu (ete 1973),™ 2 |SR tn dation of nop te na stm, ad ter byl varies. The Iceman har the avantages Oe he moa tration tha ‘Rind (> 0) and ta he lg weaforaton feds to fedice Se poste ‘Seve common fond in yop da, bectse king logis ees lage number yeoperonsely mea docs sal ster. Some ettatons ‘ts lagnomal intone ht tha on partes ad hat ues ‘te fogutins of ie xa oe syne tou ter ean. Exponential Distribution Some seuencs of yoopc eve, sch a the ecarence of pein, Im be conser Ps proces, a which events err instanton and Independey ona ne hrize,o longa ine. Te tine eweea such vet, (errr ine este he eponeialdstibaton sos pete ith tan ate of oscueceof te evens The exponential touon i {hed Yo devete tho ltr tines of dor shocks wo halo pet, ‘ch lg of plu ruoo nerig sea a afl wates he plata ‘te Lad sure. ‘The lvenage ofthe exponent douaton i at ‘ey tote fom served das td the exponent ron len lf Stil terete! sue, such s+ prota mode forthe near resent (ik where the trge conan nthe nee eer) Redeem Ist egies the omens of each event 10 be completly indyeen of Ieneightoe, hich ry no be ral assampon for the proces unde sty fer exile, the aval of «ont may generate many showers of rin~ and hs aed ness 0 tay varius ferme of compound Pion processes, in wbch A consis undo varale iad of conta (Katt Dele 98; Mayme and Gap, 1981). Gamma Distbution “Theme taken for aero vets to ocr in ton poses i dered bythe ann dstrbton, which ste dibs of indepen an ‘demi exponen bed random vars, The panna dsbation as smoot vaing fom Iie the pi bit des on Mees in Pip 112.1 tnd weal for Sxebing sewed elope rales wont the ned for og wasfoaton, cha ee opie dese te dtbton of ih of precio in tors, fr example. The gamma croton valve te noma con TS, whch geen TIE) IKp—2).. 32 fey iege adn general by (Atramowie a Sten, 1968), The m0 pares stbton (eam ‘tes fant 3) hata ower bound a to, shih vaste for apn te todos veal ta ave lowe Noun lager han er, smc manne STS aarson Type II Dstetution ‘Tee Pan Type I dsb, als cle he he paramater gana do Ion notes hed paramere, te lowe Dvd es at bythe met f'momens, ee sample amet (he rca, the stand deviation, andthe octet of akeween) can be tassfonme nthe tee partes hf amber a aileret sages as A.B and € ary Bote apd Rodale, 1977). "Toe Feason apt of danas inden seven pe they all solos fof) a equ of the fos goo] foo GHC Oe where isthe mad the dation he vale of for which) a mason) nics, Cy, ant Care coeticens we series, When C= he soon c's ype an, vig ati ay hn Ste soon of (1152) Ths, te nomal ute spel ee of the Penne Type Il inbation,Seenhng 3 nome vile The Peon Type il ison wa fre apt nRyéongy by Fos (1928) decribe the poly drat of svat mana ond pes. When the tan ‘er pote skewed og tanfomatn is Se a vedic the skews ansay og-Pearson Type II Distebution 1 og X flows a earn Type Il dation, then X is sid wo ftw Jog-Feanon Tye I sisrinatonThis dtbton i the tnd atebaton {or feqcny aij of sual maximum lod athe ate Stns (Bena 196), ands ee deserved in etal in Chop. 12. Ar peal ae, he og ‘Xs symmeti bout its mean, the log feasn Type HT dsibton reds to “The neato ofthe ound ein he o-Person Type dsbuton depends nthe kewner of the dats the dats eptvey stewed tea bg X= cand Oe Re) Name Mm mae ve eae ae«is. fower bound, while ifthe dt are negatively sewed, log X= cardi a ‘per toun. The og nsfrstin ries he kee of he eastormed at ‘ily produce enefrmel data wich re gael skewed oa it ich ae poe skewed. I tet, he pplication fh lo ean Type Ti cintarton wet moses aca wpe tow! on fe ea Depend ‘he sles of te pret tel Peanon Type lt dsb cen as may ferent shapes, ar shown in Tbe 1.52 (ote, 1973), {As desebed prcviesy, the fog Pearson Type I dstetton eas deve ps a met of ing cre 1 dats est by the fact a ‘Se ig lsd ny penn, ly Bo Bing potty ploune ss ceed ie Cap. 1 Extreme Value Distribution ems vales ae sled matin or mini vale of sets of dts, For ‘spl, the oul esi dacharge a pve aoe ts arse edad ‘charg value daring year, athe snl anima che vl foreach ‘or af hte rec! make op 3st of eee alte ht San be sold Stsicaly. Deans ofthe eee vale sled im sets of aes any peta ibwion have tee shoe by Fer nd Tipp 1928) onverg one of tee fom af eee tle dtibuon, eae Typ | {Kant I respectely, when te suber of etd exes valet age The popes af te tine iting forms mere fore developed by Cambs LU94H) fee the Exeme Valve Type 1 (EVD dation, Freche (92 for be Extome Value Type I (EVM, and Wel (1939) forthe Exe Vale Typ evan, “The te lining forms were stown by Jenkinson (1955 1 be pei aes of asingle distin cle he General Eureme Value (GEN) don, Te otabiy dtu fect forte GEV i renew [te eve and rae paranetrs to be tern “The ier liting cases me (1) for f= 0, the Extreme alee Type 1 tution, for which the ebay ews fncon vena Tale 113 1 {2)fort'0, the Extreme Vale Type lta, for whch (15.9) apples for (a+ ot) Sex =, and G) fork > Oy the Ente Vac Type ‘Sabon for which (1.3) apps far ~o0 x = ual na ‘uci stud ob pte the EVI dsibton xis wounded (be 115.1), wil for EVI x ‘bodes om below Cy a) a forte EVI dst, sary Sounded fom above. The EVI and EVI ditbtos at aun kane the Gumbel and Freche dations respectively. I a atic is decrhed ‘MC EVI distin, hen ado hae 4 Wel dbo REFERENCES mt, My tA Sep nc of Marta Fans, Be Yi ne ao ee tpn am Tia Pt ca A iC en aM Shi fain conte ey mn co ER od Fasc a st Ri ay tpt et erly ak The PROBLEMS 1h alsin Ce Sn Tn, e110 nasal mene pc) yo Sif ee woe78 ama meme 1.82 Cae te mtn, il Son, wl cone of sewn fr Cage ‘Stn! peipanen a 1p prs ago i 0 {St sa, ist, fro ep 950-1909, Compete ar ef ies feet amp Caleie mea nd ana evan of he si se tan ance of aon. Rept ha sre hs le ‘Sita voto and he Asef of sheet a mae by See i pe ai of he ‘tpl me ov ene fe xen an) = een by onl eines fe pm fhe ma 11.44 Glan vake of lps anon of alee Son su Fert foe 189010197 ah p= A rad = 10 eg See mp np ea nal ny suns SES gona to Se oer mien rats vas Sasi ye oe hy om heme Secaarresen tos menmscereeats toiguacu mre mecnioa Poo rteeetiiaa miners ear aces eee Feneri ates wpeaaeratee ogy rea Se eaeieee ee Peete ny Riko gers eee oe Oe te Teas ate ne Se rare irae ainare eet ee tae ee Soa acta ish ‘ym capac Ree oe proof ty wea, Ralf il se eS ss neice scaees 309 ‘Dm forthe wml matnum dich of he Gute Rive Vita, ‘ema pned ae ie fr prions [Ota une j= 429% a's, 058, Fu te goal Gaus {steve Pt te eine suey nd meena pny fans {de ema eee) a peyton anton of et ‘wp Tht ane» Se eth Ouse Rove ache) ‘at ria these props nears gen ae {SIRS Casaa be men. sa evn, acre o cet ‘Stal eal elo at fe pty tne atCHAPTER 12 FREQUENCY ANALYSIS celope systems ae someines impacted y extreme eves sch a8 sever ‘toms ods ad drugs. The magne ofan exweme een avery ‘ene is egteney of xcuene ery Severe vest oun let feoety "tan more moderate Cents The ajetive of fegeensy analy of YS} ‘tate te magne of eeme event ft eqn of eure ‘tengh he ane nf pity arntons, The yelgi dats alee ae sSsumed 1 be epee nda tite, and he Wydlope sytem ‘oteng them sr rafal stem) score Yo be Hach, Shoseamlpenn, snl tine eye othe cluefesion shane she He Tait Tae hyokogc dita taptoyed shud be eal elected 0 that {me msimpton of independ sed cecal dts ated, pre tes ihicasen athe y sleigh anual mati fhe varie Nong salae eth anal mania dnt, which whe args insane Fest Now acuring st ny tine daring the ean th the expectation “The rea of Row feqcney any cha be se for many eng resring pups the gn of dat ridges culver, an od fom “rts t dtermie te econ vue of food ono pos 1A RETURN PERIOD Swaps tht an ets ese dined have ccued if random variable beween occurences of X = sy. For example, Fig. 12.1.1 shows te rca of ‘wal masimom cares af be Gaadlue River nea Vics Testy ot 1938 to 1978, pote em te data piven ie Tale 121 sy $0,000 ch, ‘canbe seen ht the musi dcharge exceeded this evel he ines ing the prod of ecor wh ecurance ner ranging fom 1 eat 16 year, shown ta Table 12.12 “The reuperiodTof the event X 7 the expected valu of r, E10, ls average value measured over 2 very age mur of sceuensn Fr the Gandsupe Rivet daa. here we 8 acureneinerl coveing Wl ped ‘14 year ten the fin nd st excandeces 50,00 tes he are Peso of» $0.00 fs anal maim dschage a the Goapele a tim dha fe CanaanTa — — — — om oe ‘ent wth anal maximum dishare equaling or eceding $00 the Guadalupe River near Vicor, Teas, and corespondingrecarrence Interval anpwoxintly¥= $1 5.1 yeu. Ts the eam perio ofan vet of gen imigne muy te veined the strayerewence ner ewe EE “he pobaity p= POC = ey of ocarence ofthe evet X = xy i ‘any oberon may te weed 1 he etm prod he flowing. way Fot ‘ach observation, tee we two pssile outanes: ‘eer “cent” X= ay {roby 9) orale” X = Gbilty Tp) Sine the observation ar Independent the probably of a recueace neal of arin i the prod the potable of +1 fares flowed by one sucess tha 8, (=p), Shh expected vale of ie peen hy fine Saree ce, $241 ~pip + XI pip + =p + W420 p) += pF 4A =p +d ‘The expresion within the bracket at the fom of he power sexes expansion (Ps eT eas(n eUme— VOLO e= = ane aioe =u Meace Flo) = T= ptt the probity of sue fa eee in ay xem = cna Fu cxampl, he probability th the maim discharge inthe Gane River siege or exes 50. nay yar oppo p= IF i = sea e ee Se What is he probably tht «year eum peiod eveat wil occur ates once in W year? To excl ths, Fst consider he station whee no Tat ent occu Wears. Tals would equie a seqence of W sucess "ales UX 0.5.1 pis subsite frp i (123.6) and he ale of x omputed by (2A Dis ens nave sn The rein tn fomel se then 0 0S 2 ar i Sz, eh ey fe Hr as the lognaaldieton, he mame proce pps eet tht tis plied he garth of the vrs nd ce mesa td standard eve {MP wed Io Ba 11239. uml 12-41 aia een far re ar tice fron pew (237) (oi “he, aig 12.3.2) ae 281897 + coms 2.9m + 90108 «a0 oan x TP tE VALUE DISTRIBUTIONS, For the Exe Value Typ I isrba- ton Chow (1983) deed he exesion eSfesmeabfeO J} ean where y= 0.572. When ar = ps a: (12.3:5) gives Kr= 0 and Ea (1238) {tes T= 2.3 years, THs the tm eid of he mean of th Extreme Vale {ype I dabaon For the Estee Vale Type I isbn, he lop of ‘hare flow EVI bon Fort eae, (123) ane ene dy. ing the ae of Ky fo (1238). ‘uample 12.12. Dnemine he Sear teu psa inl Cin ing ‘tree fae met snd tol msi aml a enn Te mat Me =" inands = 0177 in exec Pr TS By (23.09 een + il Sam {LOC-PEARSON TYPE I DISTRIBUTION. For his dition, he fn tp ‘Stowe te lguitis ofthe hyologt a = hogs Usa logan292 smo mame , ate cuit frthe inh of the dat. he eguncy fae Sepenis ‘the return period T ad the ctficem of stewnese Cy When Cr= 8 the Freueney facie esa the snfrd gona arabe When 6.20.57 round by Kae (977) 3 Kees vet mee tet cent betes fee 20) were k= C6 ENaise earsan Type I dstiaton (pie sew) megane a 38 ‘The vale of fora given set prod canbe cleus by he proedine ed in Bump 123.1 abe 2-3-1 pe ales of he fsueny factor for {te feanoe Type Il (ad log-Rearon Type Ih abate fr vate vas ‘fh own ped tad cutie of shores Fnample 1233, Cale te 5 and $060 fm psi sm maxi Acre th Gane Ro er Vato ng he lp wd ine th a 51 me pew Tse [ethos for Peurson Type 1 arbton (negative shew an pet asmauve nares 385 tiers the dbo fncton, The pode data me the fied wih « ‘stig ine fer wurpolation and exon purpose, era ait Te any ear eed om ST area deme Re =o 9m A Probabiy Paper setting 12.1 sk 2064 etme ec ed ‘Tic comive reat of ert stbaon may beeps hs Wtmieias orcas ‘io oy pe ees x da spe se wo Ker ‘te aly rps eva fin a cota went be aca esas “tana 2050x040 Se potbiy Pts i) PC) he wn pra Tt race oe estas 1 Theorie a ais sels reso desig tt he es el se ~si01 ‘Sas cect nigh ine Te pape fv te Poy ‘fr tence he prby relates the ted enon = oe ‘Sty replat, eaplon trpace pose ‘extrapolation, however. the elect of varios eri ale magia tg, foe, hyatlois shoul be warned spain ach pace if o cme np nN, ee Eat al teint Wy tcp fon Tae 123.1 By (210) By erin ning orton refers the probaly vale signed tech pic of aa tobe cas oe ote ners mets hve ben roped ere era of eg se = 2084 + 22084 gg) = 2016 Poses, mos of wich ae empath tal mambo of tals sesae co, Blt adm sth nk of ae ait oder by dese maps Seve=8 + Mar = 421+ 2016 04027 = $045 nd n= 108% = "he exceeds pebbliy ofthe mh ages vale or gem 131 Sct By asin can, Kn 0.48 9) = 4.6146 bry, OCH, re toed sa asa Schr roreey et om However, hi simple fom (own 8 Cai’ fra) produes a rb cd 2 te ere =p yma ly ed ons oy oe Pen) = Bat (242) aphim em aure s ‘Whe his ol oot rote a obi 100 cen, a0 wotblty (orm = 1), wich may not be easly plone on protaby pape ‘The shove two fama reeset the limits within which site ploting ‘mca en a et cating he sal epi coeicen f hewes Postions shoul Ii Onecompreniae othe two formals bere ee orp pen) Bats ae eee en ea arenes eae pee ee Ceneete M ie tons cpr ley adn OSS Sree ra PROBABILITY PLOTTING co ine peach tata yy tt of gs et a ie ae ‘nay lod sil spe proaiy pape, owing a pling Sele aces‘The Weil fomula is «compromise with more sats jenn, I the n values ate dstbted uniformly betwen O and 100 percent protaiiy, then te must te w + Titra eI betwen the dt poeta BS ‘idk. Ths simple plting ssc sexed bythe Weil form Mees 4s) Indi tur io ne year ones ha he pid of eco forthe largest, ‘ae 'n practice. fora complete drat ees employing al he dat, not ut sctced xtreme vues), Ea (131) sed, wh eer athe mie of ‘emi he ats rather an othe member of year Fr aa tr sein Hy 12-48), which cule he lowing fame etn po, ‘oped te senda ploing postion metho bythe U.S. Wate Rese omc (st rettl nae he 9 eno he ie nh ed ieee ae na Rd ye tel om aim wher is a parameter Fr example, b= 05 for He's formula, b = 0:3 for ‘Chegedaje's and b = O for Weal’, Ao, fr sme eer exatipes b= 38 fer Bows fol, 19 for Tks ad 0.4 fo rages ee Chow, 1963). ‘Cenane (1978) sed the vain svat poting potion ies sing ertern f hisedess and anima avon AR snes Ico soe thf sd for pig ge amber sally sed supe ‘i eat the average of te plod pone fr sich va of fling the theoreti abun line” A mia variance ploing thd os at Iinimacs the varance a the pled pom hou th eel ne Conane ‘Sioloed th he Weil ploting formula aed an pt ie ae alae (2 sare a oo sal a etn peri, For naa este da he fond atthe Bl (1988) ping pson (0 = 38) eet to bing ve, ‘tie or da dtsboed accor othe Estee Vsue Type tcebson ‘eigen (1968) formal = C4) the best Forth hop-aon Type ston, he epi vale of b depends om ihe ve ofthe een of ‘ewes being ager tan 38 when he tase pkvey skewed en male {tan 8 wen the it a negatively sewed. Te tne ping poses ean ‘apple wot loguitns uf be et, when eng he lapromaldabaton, for emple. ‘Once ie data srs i dentied and raked, and te pling postions cael paph of magne (0) vs. probabil (PX >=) PX EOF ‘Se ted optically fi btn, Aleraely an asic Axe) man coms 9 be made using he rete of momen, ad he resin ited ine copied ih sample a, aample 241, Reform a pobbiy pg tes sin srg fh Gente Rive ca Wet, Tea. pe Tbe {Sep plated noche opal Sinan fe 9 en ap Solin. Fete dn eed om ges m=) oan n= 48,28 te wie an ged os ce tia Be eat ‘tes B= 9 in. 1247, For exam, farm = he xeon probaly RQ= 19.0 elm tn ~imatas Team) “hwad Hote cae ei rn en tein tompe 3 trios Tatiana rae ‘he sen mputde wi one excene posh eed egal soon od ing te eer mcd wih e445, hy, sedi a3 erat Q=4in 2218 © Oath = Ss8 Froabliy pling wing the normal distribution and Biom’s frm for {he anal maximum charges of the Guadalupe River neat Vitra, ‘Tena (ample 1242, = Taw fe Bee ies foo. fae, ieee ee eee a. sme Ve 1.286 : arree pony (1/7). i c A soe i mati cage Cape Rit mV, Te, Hed wing Bows ‘ma ea a. tr 12. WATER RESOURCES COUNCIL METHOD ‘he U.S. Water Resouces Couns” recommended tht he log-Reanon Type I esihuion be wed 8 bse dtrbaton for Nol ow fences (U.S. Water Resuees Coun. 1967, 1976, 1977. an 1981; Bena, 1965), ‘Their decison was an tet o promotes conten, for apace fod Now teqcney dterition for ase al fede planing avaling we nd ‘ltd Id escurces The choice ofthe lop-Peron Type sutton Ie Towever, sejecve to some tent, at ev seve ea tht may BS ‘layed o tlt the fest dito, snd no sngle probably dbo {he bet ener leer Determination of the Coeticent of Skewness ‘The offsets wei ing the lg-Reron Type I dition ivory see othe se ofthe spl ahd pire dium ie US, Wan Hays Cw lied i The Cs wt sis ‘em edo py wn ten men ny Eo ot Wa ‘BATU GelpeSoney, Rom, Vc mauner nie 389 sccutely fm smal samples, Hesse of hie, the Water Retores Cont ‘commended wing 2 generled ese ofthe coelficem of sewnes, Co: Bese upon he eqn C= WC + = We hore W is eign ate C, ihe coef of sows comp ig (he sample dun nd Cp skewness, wich Yad fo 2 ap sch at Fig 1251, The weighing fro W clcisted oo maize the ance of Gy, a explained neat "ie estates of the samp skew coffins he map stew coefficient ‘nq (18.1 are sete ndependem wih he sare nea feet etc RE and Hen) The aso he mph he. Wey safe cas We.) = WMC) += WMC 02s) ‘Te vale of W that minimis he vrace can be dtm by die ning (1232) with spt fo W and wlving iC )VaW= 0 for Wy eban Ma) O° Hee HeS ee Te mond ave 2HC0 e anen + ss Beamer encase rete than eo, config hat he weight iven by (12.5.3) minnie the ‘atce ofthe em, MED, ‘Desert of W ting Ea. (12.5.3) rues knowledge of MC) and Cy. Wen) estimated fom the apo skew coficen for he United Sos 1 0.3025."Aeatively. MC) ean be derived fom a epson ty eg te skew topographical ad celia charters fh aso ang tno Mays fa By subting Ba, (128.3) io Bq, (12.5.1, the wephied wow C. can ve water Weare, + weyea 4 OO Were we ‘The vane of the station skew C, for ag-Paron Typ I rnd arabica beable om he ets of Mone Cal apts ty Wala, “Mata, aad Slck (9%). Tay showed tha VC) ft opts satin ‘Slew is fonction of oor engi ad popu stew, Fo se caleuling Chis faction cane approximate wi sullen acc Wc.) = 10!~# sewn (rss) (236)meses 401 sere A= -033+008c) it [eJ=090 425.70) « A=-052+0301C) if |e >050 123.7% Bo om-026e4 ed=1s0 «ste « be oss if [ole iso” u2sz9 in which Ci the bole vl ofthe ston skew (od 8 an etna of [plain shew) ands the oor le jeer tom ar tay =gistrt a ernie aoe came Sete lean of ats fr grits of sn ‘maximum dacharges for Want Crh (Example5p 3. Compa whe se, Te map et -0.3 fom Fi. 12.5.1 ce TEN my 8 A= 052 +03) =1.244| = 0187 ram (125.20) whe] < 180 = 098 -029)~1244| = 0817 ey = Hoe THI = g535 ‘The wane of he eed he ie MC = 0.08, The weigh be pt Welew= Meme © NC} = UOMO + O53) £05, ed we ‘Seeman igh te sled to Cys 1" W = 10361 O68 Tan, up +. Compe We wstecy cue cide. Tog Pnce Tipe In-tale tate tas hr Coe "Ot ae fmt Ine nce “espn yee and om Eq. (230 ad agit hee ecm ee Nod mn Fr tage oT = 108 ‘Resulafroquncy ana sing the Water Resources Coon method (Examples 12.51 and 125.3) ery guy Pt rretl pret oe or] a ary yf ik, $3.09 + 148890409 8 = (10! « 2.90 hown coe and of be. Siiaty ‘mp Rl en rer med eu rss ow ‘A wu sown in xu (1235), ere nfo mage ss than creciy pope the tren ous prod Fer amp ewe ‘hen pre om 10 yas 09 yur spprimaty Sate nnd Iho magne ine i Arse pei Nos maga eete og ft leon Type I dite every some tne of ese ‘Seis. Te fod magne rh loner tan pes (2 e100 yen) ‘Me eta eine lym ol Te yeu oe ‘Testing for Outlers ‘The Water Resources Counc method recommends th sine be made for tates Outers ae ea posta prt Siem te ea of Femsiing da. The reenon or econo tee cues can sgl aot {he mogntade of satel parameters comps! from the dat expec fo sal spe. Pega for vesing ster equi gent nein bth ‘ttiemal and fydaiope cosietons. Acsarng to he Wat Reseuees Coc 191) ihe shew pene has +004 ss or igh eters tne conseted fs: te son thew fe fs an 0.4 sts fo ow sts fe cosiered frat. Where the sation shew i beeen 204, tnte for bth Np and low oui. hold be apied befr eliminating any Cars rom tie‘The flowing frequency equation canbe wed wo tet igh cate: =I Katy «asa here ie high oir esta in og ui a Ke i given in Table 12553 frsumpl sz The Ky values in Tube 125.3 we se inonesided ttt tha det utr at the 10-peren level of signfiane in nomaly dtd (a, tthe loparine of te values a4 sample ae gen than yy ia he ‘Stove equation, then hey ae consieed high outlets. Flood peaks costed ‘gh uti sould be compared with hte Neo dts sn fond infomation leat ser Minor foed dats compre Information on uur exeme ‘Shen ouie of te semi ecor. Acorig whe Wiser Resources Coon {Goat i nteraton i taale tides & igh eter ft mane rer an extended pei of tine the ole ened ts sti Dod dats sad ‘clade fom says If fl std information i ot salle o compare to high oats, ther te tien soul be reined at prt of the emae A sina equation an be wed to dete ow oui nda key «259 where yi the low outer tvestold in og unis. Pd pels considered low ‘ties we deed from the reord and eoaioel robb dunes ‘sce by the War Resouces Covel (1981) can be api Expl 122 ig he i he Wn Ch sale Cle 12.5. Brie tt Ka ales sensuacel Ef Sep 1, Dearie rtd ere ue ig ates, rm Te 12.53 idan Pom 4 (23 ning nds om Bam 3.1 1 Ry 23.69 + 22990-409) = 4681 meee geoeent goes ‘Sep 2 Dewrine esol alte fr ow ours, The same Kalu is “ef -haye =A = Boro emit er tnd ie rte tarens aces oe eqn cease ae aioe ee eben eee RaSh aire Eerie tae ee setae Sen UR Sse decom eiitateteee meneame Sus gaia sae Tacomas ee Sees eee Serreersta sr seee EHgEe Computer Programm HECWRC “The computer program HECWRC (US. Army Caps of Exner, 1982) per forms lod lw tegoency analysis fawn matin Nod ees ong 2 tte U, 8 Water Resources Counc Daletn 7B (198). This progam = tie rom he U8. Army Corp of Enger Hyeoiopc Engineering Cente in ‘vin Calfomi, in bo» mine computer tenion snd 4 misecompuler 12.6. RELIABILITY OF ANALYSIS. ‘The realy of he resus of feqoeney anlss depends on bow well be ‘Ssumed pobblie mal apis to givens of herlope da. Confidence Limits | ‘Soil estimates he fen preset with 8 ange, 0 confer inter within hich he ru vale can reavonably be expel fe The site of te=—— ee ee ee ee confidence interval depends on the confidence level The apper and lower Toundary values ofthe confidence iva ae eal confer Ut (Pg men ‘Coespnding to the confidence eel ix signe level a, given by = «26 For example if 8 = 90 percent, then a = (I~ 0.992 = 0.05, or$ percent. Fo einuting the vem magne for eu prod 7 wpe nt Ure tod toner int rye ed by sete fe hen) ct tothe 262) a brn 294 he (263) vehere Kf an Xf. re the pp and lower confidence lini facts, which cn te detemined fr normally dsted dua sng te nonce 7 bon (Kendal and Suan 1967) The sume ator ate ed onto Spin ‘tiene its fr he Fearon Type I dsbton. Aroma aus for ee es gen ye ing formas Na 18 0.8 Wot a+ Jima - «260 Kr Vina = (rss) = as on an an an an ae an) 3 mauney nares 7 in wich (266) weg 269) The guaity 2s he sundrd normal variable wih exceedence probly Example 12.61. Demin he 0 pre efector he 10-year er Wi Gh ing as pede El 2. Te ~O.6t pete, for 18 yer of da. Saion oe B= 0.9.0 = 0 adhe regi sud nal vale rms er 0 ine aly 09, om Te shad in Example £25.18 Kg ~ 1.850. Hence by Egy (1264) 0 12.8.9) ws ae = 090 boxy 29, 1+ JR 99 + ss? 90m «325912 ston Hse 50? — 05098 «3.2684 Teco ne ope ig (2.63 al 2.4635 il =300 «oat 2m ona +nln iscnsebecose herp ie anal Auta snes, with GUNES ome tnd he cana Noss mgaoce il ch, Standard Berar "Te standard eror of estimates 4 esse ofthe stant deltion of event {tre snr emoe of emt foe he ornal and Exteme Vlue Type T Seton ae te, 197 Nomal (268) ume Yee sem [hr 966+ timorg)"s 289) nhs the sand devin ofthe original sap of sem Standard ees ‘hayes ott confine its 3 snl mae o ht tate Insane [2.61 ensp ta ni cae te conten Uinks for sinfnnce Wesel he defined at 72 tte ‘ample 1242. Deine te in! no of ein a he 90 per Fee mie of Searstn pe 1 mime stan rail Che ts, a Em 2.3 iia eu ph sr = 97 a. Solio. The tnt ena is coupes fore ene Va Typ asibon se Ba 0269) vee some el Bir same can cao} x0 Expected Probability xpi probes defined ose average of th we exeedecepobabites foal magne etna at might be made fam sescessive samples of & ‘pestis fore pect foo egency (Dead, 1960 U.S. Water Resouces rca amare 40 Council, 981). The Mod mpi ema computed for» gen sample eect themed fall posible ents hat these ot aprose ‘tly equ! chance ta etre rape wl be ees see ooh the ‘stmsted magne, But the probity stun of the stmt poe Skewes he seape f he agate computed fo man saps rer than he medan The stwoes aes berate ond maa bt wes bd ato bat 0 pe ond “Te comeece of te dcrepacy beeen he median and the me od «ste hat fa ery ge wuer af stints of flo gts se made ‘ta region, on average more OD eras wl cer hen epee Bea 198), The expected probably of escesce of food eet sy a an wim er ven of oni tn pid 7 hw ema, ih ‘eerie fr te ora dsb, and apply apponmaty te Raion Type distro Beal, 1960: Hardinn an Feng. 1973, “The expected protblty forthe normal buon epee for a smple ze Ona ‘wher testa normal varie forthe desired probability of exceedcnee {tsi te sens rate wath n= Sopes of feeco, Calelton {in be pefoned sing the sprint abe ory Tee cmp oe an als be cared ot wing te following cqunons 8. We Resarecs ‘Coon, 1961 US Army Cope of Epes 17). (26110 (26am) (26.116 (266 (268Example 12.63. Dexmie eget pai fore 10-year or the Wet Cen penn Eagle 84 ne 10 cn Seton oe T= 10 eas By (24618) tin =001(t + Gara) Te 1 year dsr ascteg 1 te sone alent Nata expat motaiyo 0.53 Inu 0) or etm pro 0.08 = 30 yen. REFERENCES Seu ttl er myn US Any Cane of Engine, uy ‘eR tet of te eis da B,C sap cal ge enw ei We Ura a Exp. ge Sam a me ‘oe The npn ne ig sai Pri Sc Ch eT a phe an ol ge a Un Hot Dodi yt Coe tt vate vm ‘Gress tk pn i ne nay OC he 3 iil yah, Pt a Bp ea Se nt al Aa 5s 8, eg, an ed 1 be ei he ST Pay of Se 2S, Me Xe eg Ase hg, Warnes an ei ami rn Sui a Ba Sch 3 16 “ecm Mec oc, aa aa in iy Wana Sova =m eo oo a Gg ee! ge or, oe ys ‘Scar pga GAS her's sama, Caton, ety vs eRe Cake ce eri lew ental ys a Re Ci Gin mig ow ft a ‘ap Be us, Mer cig os, Cin ering Dd ow ta, bln A, 12.1 inate ea pr f an nal matin charg of 40 hn ‘bean pen a Te TL 12.42 Evins Oe en pdf wal mina daar 2 10400, 2000, Soin sy at S00 fare Gua River Vater Teas inl pen le 121 Pots pp nd dnt npr 12.13 Clee oe pty 10 ye Aa wiles gens a ‘Sov rar 3100, a Too yon Whe the ne at 8 Se rdw nor nt a aa ene 10 ys? 12.14 What pobiy at veer Bod wl ear) nt next yr, (8) tet te ge et pea, (2) eee ig ee 30 12241, Case the 2 yar sot Wyte dein “Gacgs wn espe Fae 22, Use te Exon Ve Type Tien pat Sache aye Eavme Vaee Typ rion eat daca ae) 4760 1530 930 _In400 4x0 2120 aA olde 20 2m hime dono _3om0 3310 tha etd Om 32 950 HID man 790 _1Sc00 Petters 390 340 A160 6504.00412 smear nae (2 Deine hei a a eugo xeting 25,00 ct wil ese airs aug nt 1 Sete (e)Datomine the ery od far oe of 1509 ‘hematin Scheurer ing ti em allon ee Rew tere Rae tna ox an teow, see da mae ‘flow for 10, $0 at 100-yea return pends. eee Fe Shoe sige meena ara Si Gari oes ener sain Sica Eid ne in Poles eterno eee ee ae ete wing the grr ibn (a) The proba al lo yak of 428 ms wil abe ened (ts The wom pa a daceg of 423 he. (0) Th nue 2 Syed Sow at he eur: frre Extene Value Type 1 itu ety as tal macoum dichage de fom Wat Cie sven in Te [2's lama potas og Bs py oa 1242 Soe eh 241 ing Nel ong fos td npr ees ‘te oe ping form 1243 ext crn Pod 23.1 onan Bene alu Typ | aby sae ‘ing eect ym he ol wa sarge a he eet {Ss Use Bergan alg formal 1244 Sate hen 124) ing fe We pig fowl compe es she oe pting orm 12.461 Retm's fy ma We smal miu Sra of Wait ‘Serban vinous U5. Wer Rote Gch exnetinsbr ens ‘cou you iia en a e232 be? ‘Ung ine op-fearce Type I abut ad eho in loi ule compe he $12 St nd 10a sal mana ‘ool a et Rr as Use US, Wer Reoer Coe mod {etter nd ck iar The mp saw for Le Ren “0 Annual maximum dacharges for Let Rive, Minos Daca eh) 20 321930 4 HO HH HD 15D SH "283 Ving hal msi ow iw ils Gr ts ai {te fp-Ranee Tye drtwion with he U.S. Woot Reuter Comet Sets edu temp eo a Le ne Daca eh) 1 650 1990 $400 100 Datare a0 139 Nao 1230 1400 69m 328 eee ee veo i12.54 The sto mcr fo Fil Cu t Bean New Yak a tf te ‘named ws og) a 15684 td eo were foes ‘3G, aster een of ewe ow of 0750 Tre a ‘er sin nbd pn ae, (G) Datei hea care 3, ad 10 eeu pein ing {te opm aban ( Beerine ea che rte ane ped ing eae ‘ewe ng Rai btn ass Dearne 380 71500 2400 400 tale 2900 Sam Peck 10 2180 39700 1120 96040 12546 Sate Fob 12.55 ing he U.S. Amy Cot of Eines compute porn ECWRC roe ney amy wah ep Ranh aon 12527 Use the U.S. Wier Rees Cou tl ode Be 2 1 25 50 yen peak daca fer esto ee te 1211) fr he Gistpe Rr Ves, Tne The map eect 6 ewes 0. 1244 Soke Pe. wing eS Ary Ce Ege compat pepe ECWRC foto trguny sale wha ete Rana acon GY at Cee one HR BS Cae ae Ses oe $8 Ge vgn, am 15 Comer 166 renner saree 418 the prc cole Lani fo ow igen cae fr tase Rie Visor eas 18), Deemite epee preity of Oe eve forte Wat Ck at (ae 25. Deermie expect poly of 4 year and» 10D Road on he (Gattpe Riv Vitra, Ts gen le 121), ‘Dexemie te etd yroiny of yee ad 1 ya ad case ‘inne ore Sen Gabe Rive Gera, Tea (ah 1353).on HYDROLOGIC DESIGN Hydoie design ithe proces of sessing he impact of hyo events ‘wt sauce system chore vas forthe Key vara ofthe ye 0 hati wil perform adel. Hjraopc design maybe wd devel plas fora mew scr. sich Noo! cara ews o develop manager ‘rogams for bee contol of sn exing sytem, for example, by preg {ood plan map fring const aa ive There we any acs tess hogy that bear nh Sp of wat xo yt thes cade ute weifre and set. econees, sesh, al hacen md epic Fac sch as geteocal and strc exgn While te Sena cone of the hetlops on the ow water thought system, feo she mes slo be ‘are of these ether (ctor and of hte hyicloge option the Ste teh act them this seme yagi design i me rw tan ‘pdr tly veel texas shaper 13.1 HYDROLOGIC DESIGN SCALE. “The puss of water resources planing an minagerent may be povped roughly io Wo exegre. One ner cnt uch a nape, fed co {il polton sheen sect cnt, seen Sn st si Cote The ee Is mater we aod anagem, ach domestic and mdi wat sippy nation Hydropower generation, reteatin, fh ad whe nprove none lowlow augmentin for water gay minagment, and wate Iamigenest. I ether sie the tsk of te hygiene, aly {dete ads flow, ore the ow tog teste and wo cee ete he ouput vues at sts. The dference betwee he 0 aes ‘Garton, sacha ie ntantaneows peak shag cng od, the minima how over a piod of few day ring a ry psd, wile design fr water se Cm wih omit fw Yue be io oy, "he lydralopc desig cle the range mage ofthe design vibe (sch atthe sign oclug) witin which aloe mabe elect determine the iniow tthe system ne Fig 13.1.1). The mos pore far in sling the design vale are con and fey. to Gn 10 design sal tractus ‘Seka eer for ery ge pe dichargs: however, it major yer Stace, sch the play o ge a eigefr oo sal od ‘heres might bea caustope, sucht adam's aire. Te opin mgd for sgn soe ta fuer he calicting codraione of cont sey atimated Limiting Valve ‘The prac uper ii ofthe hytloge design sae at inf, sie the tal yogi eye sw close sate at te ta unm fw {chs eesly conta Some yl ecognze mo upper i bet ‘Sicha view i pysicly ues. The lowe iio he Sign ele rn ‘ot cates, sine the vale of he design vale cannot be negtve,Alogh he eve wpe limit is ually now, for pci purposes an ested per Hit ay be dtr This ezimatedUmting alae (ELV) fied oe lergest mapitade posi for a hse even ata pre action, based ‘he bet avalae hydrologic information. The range of uncertainty forte EL | | Core ae Mtl : ete es he7, oo “cyends on the bility of nformaton, techie Knowledge, and accercy of tna A information, knowledge, and analysis ipo, estate beter ‘pprorinates the ia ope i, aang Of unceaty deessen, Tere Te Been cues in wich observed yell eves ened the evo ‘inated limiting vas, “Te concept of a etme ing vale ie fps nthe commonly ct probable minum preipsnion PMP) andthe orwspeding probable ‘maximo food (PME). The pestle maxim pcptation define! bythe ‘Wend Mecrsopicl Orgeitation (193) a4 “any of peptone ‘lose w the pyscal upper init fora gven duran over «purl bain = Based on weidwide recs, the PMP ean have eum perio of slog 8 S6n.to060 years comeyponingtpronnaily ton fegeney fc 1S However. the em jr var gpa Se old shay {om pri ay 0.000 yy, ote PP or PMI. bo his agen ak tpi basi Probabit Becase of fis unknown probabil, tbe mite Linking vale is wed ermal. Lower don on he ign sale, pou. a ei tesed mech is commonly nde. The agai of tap een ‘hsv re smal, ly within or nea geo fen oer ‘sare the pics of ecarence Can based sequal hes ‘uaa econo acon ae aval frequent taj Te {robbs pach i steve tod mae trees sage hn [Re deeminite appesch: Probie meade a lead lapel Wey of ‘Lacing pat un ese uch ary hacemos ‘ich willbe dhcoed Se. 13.2, Esl pil re hel of wae cn! was would retin fom fie and excep damage aig wig he ELV mgt be sted ns ese pple ae hr fete wad va ay {man sanage a Sign ors mocks dep af recon nena, Becca hese tenes on elope deni sce yng condo st nd waning desig ales we reuied. When te robes Bore ipraope even ean be Sines, ks sul ast oe the vet mage {er ented eum pest dng ac ‘hid on pst experience an ulgmen some generic design tera fe waren sates hve bc eos ar aie in ae ‘ccning tothe ntl cosas fale, aera casi ‘mabe, itmedate snd moor be oncipanng apres eae he ‘Sie cts te shown io ig ISLA ne ct fr dain be TT fenuin te dsgn of speay capaci, and ae ten tom the Nana ‘Rademy of Sclences (1900). The Acad tessa dashing 30. Tae of sas Ping 25-0 high a nme a vig Ini-0,00 ace sage ing 0-100 igh ae do hing ce han 0.0 Seo sage Being orth 0D fh ener Based Limits rane = ews a ide Cea = ‘toe act eta fone ioe 1098 iret = ioe ‘hee would be considerable os fife and extensive damage ifa major ste ‘iam he cue of an nemedte rae, smal oe of ie wuld be [sie aod the damage would be win he finn capably of be owner Fermin race, tee general would bem bss of etd the samoge ‘olde of same mage Cnt replacing repent soca Design for Water Use ‘The above discussion aples tthe hyo eis forthe contol of excessive ‘wr, sock as food Deg for wae te ls nde sary, enep that [tse rer han ekenve wa the concem. Becrst of i ng tinespan of éroughs, there ae fer of tem in historia yéoloi ear than ‘tere ar extreme Moods thevelore more lio deme Sug design Tevet though frequency aay especialy te sgn event la seves ens, sv sometimes the cae ia mur suply Sug A common bas for the design of moncpl water suply syste he ee! doug of record, tar ithe wer reorded dough The design i comida ft Srl sippy water atte reuled rae hoghou en sql real Peed, ‘The limtion of he cite eng spot th ea eel sted “shin he design on hi single ol events waknow, To averse ‘is ineaton. meas of Sythe realow generation have ben developed ‘ing comput and aniom munber gentoo prepare ne vaso ‘ecrds tht re satel equate to he stra ied, Tope wi he Disoreal recr, he syihene recor prove potable for design ‘ata ugh vem (ich, 199, Sls et 1980 ying dsp fr wate wei closely regulated bythe el framework of wat ight, epi in hd fegtns. The law speci whch aes il ive the locations race inthe tne oft bape: Tao eff o rte the fh and wldife of «steam. metbods have been Geveoped I ee yeas ‘o qumify ter ned for inseam flow (Mis and Grey. 1960, Use Tod contol and wat sippy, for whith sificethysolog nfrmatin Is ovied by low ate and mater ltl stem ow neds ae ifvenced Hd Sytner and eter ae guy vale i omplex mame ‘jing fom one specs to ater Wa secs sy eset he einangs of competing sete aed to maa Int fo aed competing raid Adify sgn mae) pp 132 SELECTION OF THE DESIGN LEVEL, ‘ hydraogc design level 0 he design sae he maga of he yogic ‘het to be comidered forthe design a sacs or projects nt says ‘sonoma in design sites and eject forthe esd ling al, We ELV is oan med for specie desig purposes The al dig vl Iu te frber maid according to engincengjuignen andthe pee (tthe designs ce planer. Thee aprons we commonly edo Setemine hope sgn ale! an empl approach ik anal, ad heen abe Empirical Approach Dating he ety years of dai enginering racic, sound he ely 1900, 2 silly designed to puss 4 food 0 100 percent lage hate largest ecole na paid of pups 28 years was sonaeed ade, Tos dei ‘ition smo aretha le of ham valving aa bray tr fey. At ‘netanpl ofthe aleqaces of is eterion the Replica Resa Nebraska in 1938 experienced ood over 10 times a arg ay tha ad ceed oe ha etd 0p yeu of eth This eign patie wa od be ‘Sitti, bout bya ce ac a aes ‘AS an empl proach he mot exten vet ong pt bron is oten sed a te Sage vse Te promy Oa eh eke re ihe pt ea wil be gue or te oti et Je ok Pins gi wan Ths fr ample he obit at he ret Nod eee i yen wl gated rade ney 00. ia ough sing m yas ce vet of ed ovr a ear ed hate poy PM me) hs wore eg wil ern teurn yea Theme taro eng min ges fe We iad mya ear n= Tne a Sot ‘ret ove fe ps Conte Wl Cnn inthe Seas pen primal fomen a Wam+D+G=m ed oN tet ic es (13.21) wen m= 0322) oem ‘sample 12.1, ect ahs of sot emi fo 40 ye of Ira ine’ yn wat Gs a se ee Soon. Wg 6.1322, mnse1 Risk Analysis Watson design lnvlescoasierton of rks. A water-conal sete in ai meas deiner pid Ye we {pected eof te uct. This nar inherent, yl kote ‘ane eased wing (12.1 Retreat (323) whee 20 = a7) = VT, and ng he expt ie ofthe scr: reps ‘he proba tht an evet = ay wl acura omen yee Tew Ia nt me ene ep ig edge ‘eaoeship is ploed in ig. 13.2.1 1 for example, hydro wants to be Spranmately 90 percent cea ha the dexgnepaiy ef cv wil et be kceded ding the snc expected lea 10 yam, he othe designs et he 10.year peak discharge of ot Ifa 0 prensa he design ret vid on he eae to 20 eat othe expected ie eens ws ye sample 1222 A ae ha a epi of 10 yeu he eceple seta anu ey ve ay dy ee ‘Sven oe pie wi ot vet ep xo Sato. By 4.182) vit see eee SS aera, er fer phy ut coc wit a xed ing 8 09 pea it am be sen ia Fg 13.2.1 hat, fra given sk of ite, the equited sigh eta period Pines ery ithe ig ie. Fand nome lage Under thse condos, wh tit fale he eign et ped ‘ual to th eg If, T=? By expanding E032 3) a8 fom ‘is Itc be town at forage vlut fe Tt = Tye Teo fr T= me rak ine"! = O32 For example, ere apport ‘Gxpercen! chance thats 100.year ever wl be aed atone ing ‘tenet 10 years, ‘Although aural hyérolgic uncer canbe accounted for 4 shove, ites Kinds of uncertainty ae ifel gels Tes sien eed wing 8 safer factor, SE x safer margin, SM. Lting he hylogeSsgn vale ean the ata apactyadoped fo the projec be Ce fet fay wef a9 an sary marin i SMe CHL 325) ‘The sta copay i ager than the hydrogen vale ease it has 1 allow forte Kinds of uncer” tecnlogel Ole, str ‘srction, option), soctoeconane, poll, ae evn Foe 4 spied tydaige tak Raid deugn Wien of 3 ace, {4 (132.3 Gn be wid 1b compute te vlevant seu ptiodT. The bye. logic event apne L cresponing to the xceseace posal i oe ba guecy nays Marl dat, The eign ale Cs hes pve Coen nd oa ney pm wd mg ok safe. For exmpe, customary wo desig ves with say magi fone tote cts 8 the fee bod svete elaieé pn Hydroeconomie Analysis ‘The epimam design ret pei canbe determined by hyroeconbac aay ifthe pebble nature of «hyrlope event and te Cama at il if oscars ae beh known over he fens range of kyo evet. As he sig rum ped icrene, thecal cost ofa sce ieee, the ‘expected damages decrease becaae of he hte proton ode. By snga2 See eee ‘he capital con an the expected damage ot onan anal bss, a design rare ‘id bung minimum ta tt can be foe igure 13.22) hoe he damage a would rea if an eve, ach as sont Mig te pci el wae i the ei set Iugitae lst, seat wil preven al damages for evens wis 2p Bat none for «> ey, he cpected sama damage co fad by taking the product of he probly ar that an event fag wl occ i any given year, and the Gage Ds) ht Would est frm ht even, and Bas fs mitcat Opie Tio ‘Soman en Se sib ys a ae 2.35 meer ee erg epee pees coe eee MEST Ce ttt in eg o> i es oe rae ae Sccacs =f powoe on th pat rea 04] py smell pa was = a On 3) Renna Bu Pe 5) — Me soy) =~ Ae = aU eB tied Por Soy) Piro) 301828) cam be wi a0, = PE Pree Ares] 4329) eee ee Po pies ae calleee ee ers er eee eee ae Deer tcemtom on tease Simm ample 1223. For event of vs rr pre a» gine can, be ‘image Covad tr snail capa co of nes dene orc ‘Sent, a sown i sont to sees of Tae 12, Decne ‘Saeed aml imagem ens pv lane oon Sign pra Sat. ce etn nl 2 he 12.1 ‘ec ruby Kao) Te comping cg’ cou SO {ed wig E029 For xp. bene = aces P= Iyer foraerr)2% smamnoee Ei tte optimum design rear pera byhyéreconoic nase (ample 18.2.3) ee ek en Sr pen ene ee ee =$s.conyet pec seman Sn new ie ca ht Th rn {Sedo Ts aman be mage i concave m0 ed ‘Shen nto av ea tue "he te a cos ih te ign set pid of coat sates Fr came 72 yea eee be damage a Sale no =D, itso ‘sien eae Se cen noes n Pi’ 2.2.30 constr en te 2 ear whch nl ons Lape OF hs oman SOIC {tpn capa co mn 31 8046 pose) nage kt nao) ydcoamis mys te aid he sip of ol cn servi. lences, chic ipa) enn cronings (Cay Soes ad ‘Teompson, 1980). Fora lod damage sy. he daa dente of fd Im be dtemind for events of sous tt pro ad Scena: Ses fst be eno quai damages foreach level odig. The trl costo Moon re fia quan. Te U.S. Amy Cape of Eager Hylo Enpnecing Come n Davis, Callen, onsite te flowing comet props for Hpeeconomic ana (Amy Cap of Engin, 186) resaccinn 427 DAMCAL (Damage Resch Cleon), EAD (Espace Anna ood Danage Computation), SID (Stu Ivey for Dumage Analy ‘AGDAM (Agscltarl Food Damage Anais) an SIPP (trace Nova ‘ual Analy Pakage) 13.3 FIRST ORDER ANALYSIS OF UNCERTAINTY rte ac np gi ‘gee cen eee ss emaisiairy atta canara ears Sete eden wa yah omy ataetcnctpeat sete ee ie el rca Si Since ce ee me ShiGhe peacetime Sec ma cS aha Termes cette tte hacer Sip enaeceusv napa ose i inact eesti fe Pacer tan eae ci se fem Pe ee mea eo eee Tar ees erate ok et ann va oa Den oe tn a Tn soa Seca age separa ltt e {athe eran espero eae an Sree eves eeacr tac, Ae Nooptadtctmncy aca ss wan tn es foots rin Siac tt wasn La-n+ tyne 3 10+ Fn 2 5p (339) her the eaves fe die, reve at = I secon nd Naber ort re npc the cing fa ener exon forte oe wo en Le 13.3.4) funn «3.4 ‘The variance of his ero 2 Ele ~ 5) whee Eithe exgcttion operator (see Bg (13 tan,2d} a-(éfa m3) wheres te vance of ‘juan (13.3) gives he variance o «depend varie w as function of he varance of as tdepenen arabe sy stig tet te focal ree Uiowthip = Jl) ls coc: The tle yh don ror eine Toe deendet on seer! muy independent sabe se ‘han be shown bya proces the above at a-(ffec(dfen (Ea we Kapur and Lamborn (1977) show how to ented (13.3.6) aecoent forthe tiie ono eel been res =n May ae First-Order Analysis of Manning's Equation: Depth asthe Dependent Variable Mansine's eqn is widely applic in hyology wo determine dees of fw For speies fw ras. o 10 determine dacargs fr speed deo of low, {aking io scout the sistent flowin has fom be ones ‘common apletion, suck sn chanel design ot ood pin dlincton ‘calcu the deyh ef fow he chanel, gente flow tte Q, ough ‘Steffen mand te ape and slope he chanel edt y ig oy Ses: Once the cp of Me evton of the wer mac) Ene he ‘ant ofthe eign varie re determine, sh he chanel wl eleva ‘the Noo plain exes. Tae Ryolopet faced with tak cose of be thceainesinvlied especial i te selection ofthe design fw td Meoning ‘uphness. Auph ets ovis tee uncesny fhe ae of {hen slope 3 cepensngon how acted ging fom he sist ‘Sse of nfo flow (Sz 5) 10 mere comple tse f ey tomsiform ‘ow or wnseaty nonuniform flow (ee E21). The fatrer says of nce canbe vedo estinetheeet on funeral Sy “Conse, fist. the efecto fow dept ovation im the ow tte G- Maniogs equations writen in Epic wt = WPsyaee «an sere coset a nd te i ais, th pene on ‘3 ow dp vray Spent ely eos ee emeconen 8 wns, ae (aja 338) here hid theta which he depen changes wt hanes in Q. Now, in {hap 5, eas sown (Eq. 56.15) a the ves fi Seite, nae #0 gen fr Meanings eqnion ty #@. 2: 1339) $- 453-13] wan “Table 56.1 gives fouls for the chase shape fonction (IARI) + Wada for common channel rose scons, bing nto (3-3 8, Sania am ae (et Aa ‘Bat sl = CVo, te coe of vrition fhe flaw ate eTable 1.3.1), (18 5:10) ca be vein or nay ania e3san Bt AG hich pcs te variance of he flow depth a faction of he concent of {arson of he flow rt nd th vale of te chanel shape fncton To ake Into scout ss the ancerainy n Mani onghec andthe tion slope ‘Sj lemay be sty shown, bing Eq (18.3 8) ta ga SSCs wwe, (aan at 1d aa * a5 ving the enc of he fw phy fatness of ation [der Massing wood cn soe an soe ape fon tmp 4 inna a Se ieceee eraner ce Soiree ee Se Sateen fearenanncr eas Sekow eae ronseewawonicn Smee areas SSeS “Sato, Fa wih 3 A 5p ad = S180 + 37 the ow ep ithe te ee cine anaes= = Waytaee oon en tes ing Newtons ato tig ee, 1d yen3Th ‘a sand er fh eat i yee y (133.12) wi CV = O50,C¥e = 015, and Cty = 8, Fe Dike S61 fl cungr ead oes INSTT (as C+ evt + woe (aS +33) 0203 + 015" ax We hes bil ih ie et net ste er sees Se at ne Sd peer nS robs tht ey nl fused eva by somesag sed femal va ying mao) (9 er rat nested G2 > = A222 50613) =I Fea ee Fs th star al dsrtion nt Ung THe 11.2.1 he Pepe eign Ear 2 ae rae hath 08 Res “hi cp heed ny rman in cain, The ne pobcy ht tc ene wl Hd ee es ha Sed Eee he By eed ep pan a recur 1 1s lea rom Sample 13.3.1 ta resonate amounts of cei in ‘he estimation of @ nd n Ean pode igi uncertainty ow Sep, A {Seren enor in einatng 4= 0038 an er of 0038 Os = 6008 ‘This woul be inked from + eseuement of 0.09 0.05, wih is stout as acute ata experienced hydrogen et fm ober of an ecg ‘hana A‘S0pereent erin etimaing is S000 0.10 S00 cs At ‘mae of = 50002 1300 es my alo refit he ees era of voit ‘Spey fe eg eterno age py F100 yet). “Tn us of he chanel shape function GLIRVAR)) © IANA) ia (033.19 depends on hnowlege af dRy and dA, wise maybe el 6 ‘hain fr iegully taped channels Als, tw seurpon ta) depends on {alone may atte val, In such cscs, Eq (133.6) ane wed Sh Weang yaa Tonto of @ and ad emp rogram snug ow he chanel can be eed Wo estimate the rogue prt deiner 3/40 and ‘any reruning the progr for varios values of Q and and edie st he ‘mate values ow dept or water suas levnion Figure 13.31 shows he tls of sacha pacer forthe chanel! sd onion piven In Example 31, The pralens 39/00 ae dy on te pont nas exp ts slits te we a only Fst order tet the anal fencer Ui he ies wer sigifiandy core, analy would rou Kepng te stood ‘rer ene inthe Tyler epanion). Example 1332. Fo te se condi ot nage 13.3.4 (8 = 90 @ = ab hf Oh n= io win av wih re Sees Sh = whe sor had ore eg eo ans Cie Sn fam B4998, or(Ba (Re Wah o™500%030= 11. 038X015 = 00,0 = sae a Re . Bo (pd) x mor + (gba x oon! 1.6 os computed in Bape 13, First Order Analysis of Manning's Equation: Discharge as the Dependent Variable Anctr appiaton of Masig' gunn ithe excl ofthe discharge or ‘apc € ofa sam chanel oar coeveyane sre fr sve dep, ‘tines cefien nto slope, an crs scoalemey. Meaing’s ‘oto (13.3.7) ean be express ng R= AP ah.“qe wom cn 0038 eal Seige he wane daa co yeane «ay {in wich Pig be wened perimeter Pefoming fsx analysis on (133.13) the colicent of varaton ofthe capacity canbe exposed a cv ~ evi + devs, «33.4 suming CVs = Od CV» =. ‘Minsing's equation for chate an fod plain overbn) ca ao be cexpeacd a (Chow, 1989) farce 4 tn wich adm the topes oes fo he same! ad the Noe Pun, rpecively an A. Pr Ay ad Py ae the crossing) wets an he wetedperiawes of i chanel an the overbank flow. Euan (133.15) ‘Sumes tat te cess Secon shop af the channel an he Noo plain ae both ‘Seta! shout techn entries equation cn ew vate [Re ewpecty the ow re the lees ca cry without ovenoppeg). Th evs ‘Sacco be snsdere anon varble eed wo the acpenn aoe ‘ates ray andy Aplin stoner nals, be cele of vation fe ep is tae and May, 1980) e apes}s? aaa (3319) rmamccomon 43 where CV CV. CVay and CV, hve Ben stam nelle, and verde) coun nse fn i on Oi Rr ean Mas 86 coed ta ance mics ts a le eg et fener af een cmp cy To est teed tecnig way a ape wh 8 ed Aad pen of 134 COMPOSITE RISK ANALYSIS ‘The previous sections hae induced he concepts of ines vceinty due ‘oe nara aru af Ryaope enone, and nea pate ‘eran aig frm he wy he poenomens re aac. Comet ak ‘maine a method of accounig forthe ks reaing fom he as soc ‘Fonsi to proce an oral rk staesment ot pasar sein, The ‘weep of fading and cass ae cea os aay “The loding of demand. paced ons em whe str ofthe impact of ‘extemal evens. The demand fr wer spp) fs eerie Oy te pope nh ‘eth water. The magide of «Mash ood depends onthe chassis of "he wom podicing and on the condition othe nated a the tine of he ‘oan. Te eapciy- or ressunc. isthe mesete testy of he sem ‘wind e owing o met he demand ™ toning is eos by Land capacity by C, thn the ik ffir Fis sven byte probabiliy tL exceeds Cor =rc~L<0) ‘Tk depends Gp the probability ssrbtons of Land C, Suppose th te robb density fonction of LiL). Thi ection cau be or oxampe Envene Vale or log-Reron Typ Il protay my fancton for ec ses sds ear iene chance ta tela wl nce fed andtnown eat Cs ae Fg 13.4.1) a4) ‘Toe te capacity isnot known escty, bt may be coneed 19 have [rotates fnion gC), ich oul ee noma or lagna dt Secon acing fom the sae nals of uncer nthe sae capac For etamples if Maning’s equation ha bee aed 0 Stee te cpa of yale uct, the uncer C canbe eve by finn ait ‘deserted above. The protbliy tht the cacy his with sal gevrmcioacoen 485 Say egacagety STZ Phaatwe fond i om eth an (4 8 = We Ser [noe is mist i peenrnenents ne {AC son x vale Cs CAC. Assuming tat Land ae independent indo “seabie, the componte rat cola by casting the rosy tat Tiing wal excedcopcity a eich valve f he range offen epics, ed negra to obain efiffime}ne ——eaen “Te relay of syste i defied oh he robb that ym will perform ts reared action for a specie period of tie under Stated conions {iar 987) Reliay isthe complement of, othe ray tha the Itading wil a enced he api Reru=o, 3.44) ‘Pesime tt ent at ne py erate tact of Stompin, 1 Te acy ow as normal tron wih ne = Sade = 075, ences pty dea 2 sfi[fmabme aan tin va of trent Cae) fo mand ith fae ite esi of ie acy essed ero Ran Aan ad aac sey a, soe ko tigen by (1343), wt) aber fae Lge eens ‘ah eon tom Eg 2 Sh : "6 muemmmer ‘Their relay compte ing meal nepnono esd 8=0.08, ‘Partha cy wer ema wi enced wy ng Be ony suming te cpiy wb nomally aed heen 3 od ee Tae penny 3 pce nga let el fom Example 13.4.1 ta eaelaton of be compose rik of future canbe a complied ees eging te wef x compute fo perform ‘heneetayineraton Ths expec te when more ele datotont {rte loading wd capacity are chen, ath eh Extreme Vlog Peon ‘Type dbtons olan, a te lganeal abc or epacy. Yor tnd coiedtes athe Universty flan (Ye, 1970, Tang aed en 17a. Yen. 916 and Mays and coworer ae Univerty of Teas Assit (Cg mi Mays, 1980; Lex an Mays, 1986) hve made dtd ik nays ‘Std for various kinds of openchae ad pigeow ergn problems. “Te compost rk aa described here a re sna, wich means tha it ostmates the rk of fait ene he single worst ete Tong othe System dings csp fe A more comple dae ik aly oniort the pss of number of exteme beadags Grng he design fe ny ome ‘which eld came a fare; te tal it off nl the hangs of lp ares dring the signe Cg td Mays 1980, Loe and Mays 1983), 135 RISK ANALYSIS OF SAFETY MARGINS AND SAPETY FACTORS Safety Marpia ‘The safxy margin wat defined in Eq (13.25) a the diference between the oj capacity aed the tal clsaed forthe dng long SIC = From (1341, theif ure Bie Remc-1<0) ASM <0) Cand Lae indepenient rom varies, ten he meas vale of SM is given » «3s.» so He «sa ea - o8 + of «3s se he andar deviation, or standard err of exit, of testy mine m= le + of «33.4 tte, ten (SM por i andard We ster mario soma snes 437 ‘ral ait By subacing iy on oh ses othe neu in (13.5.1) ‘td vg tthe by ec be Son tt fae ema {:< -Sat) (3s) vee) ‘ie Fite stand noma dation fc, ample 13.1. Cael of wat system in Ete 1341, suring ha he say arin sma on, od tt eS tis oe = 0.78 ant = None = te Seo, From E412 a eu = 3-3 2. rm (13.58), o94= Teepe a aS BS Ut da, * -a8) =Al-Le) hc rane wig Tle 11.2119 dB = 0058, wich i very ne 1S vale oid Bane i341 87 mame (eee {Dee rei. Tet flr dr ed onos w=88, Nott hs method of nls sins tht te fy magni oral laced bt doesnot ey white baton ang apc ms be, Ang (197) indies that, proved > 00D, is at rely cme by Sechelt frLand nde spn nr os foc Sis astcry. Fo lowest ta ti (eg B= 0.0001), Be taper i of he non for Land € eco Cea anit eee {st compote ik alin Ses Se 13 soul ened as ako ar J a Safety Factor ‘The saey factor SF is given by hero CL and thes of falar ean be exes = USF < 1). By aking logan bh ero thi inequalityASE<1) = Aims) <0) ase Fi canbe enresed (Hann, 1986) ~[xiss] TE [ie [a+ eva + ev) (57) rape 152. Ste Example 13.5.1 stung cpsy td lending ae be Iegmmalyivied Seton. om Example 13.5.1, nom and 090.5 andhnce V0. 2/5 UE Lewin, pan Sud ot Sov, ti9 0.35 Howey 633°, ] ~»(sisea3T'] [nfaFe.sR0 + 0x9] 4-15 = 0.061 Fee emp 18 saeig th yeaa et ecay Sb SSrsh see pc er a gt pty Risk-Safety Factor-Return Period Relationship, | common design patie i 10 cose a eu prod and determine theca ‘ponding loading Las te design capacity of hye uct. The sfety {Ger i iereny bait no the hace of he eum pid AReratelys he leading value con be maid by safety co SP hen he Sovtre esgned fer eucty C= SP Ls dacaued i chaperone emcee atc beth with nd with the easy othe tac st Sesigne. By compose rk analysis. of fale can We elated forthe ‘ected etm period and sf actor. The west of seh aes shown ‘Yegnis The pehany dooney hs gu os Ean Vs {yp ional anima dX pr ain eer ee at ‘Spd un ee tay wm Tet el ar ge ut a ly ‘Se Series ming open a in Ge go, tn Fig. 12.5.1, whic hows ak cha applying to culver dxgn onthe Glade River near Reson, Vin. Te ik an athe cht repent sons! pob- Abies of fae For example i the rtm persis 100 ena he sey factor 0, he ak offre is 0.015 or 1 percent i ny gies Yar, wie the safe factor is incesed 02th kf far i reac oR = 0.00, o¢ (06 percent any given yu "Curent hyrlogi Sign pracice copes wit the inhret uncer of ‘nolo phemamers bythe election ofthe Gsgh Tetum pei aad ih ‘model and parameter uncealty by the assignment of asaya actor ot ‘fey marias. Te saad enon canbe eva oe spate {ing he proces pode by ftom uncer and compote ‘i anys as permed here. However, a be fore nadatono ‘ny fmt of random vanes is sls undo are te eis of ik Sd relly provided by Bese mathods aio have encerany atoll With ‘fem. and tiene valics an acter be doe exact REFERENCES Jet A Se mys li i 1 Src De soe AST ha Cig id ehSoi tect a tsa, Sy egierg om. 17 edo igheny Amar, 3 —— ne ea Mapa fn Ny 8 Nc ne Rae eh Pn ay iy Sr a Rt seek TG, aL. ry ai, Wy, New Ya, 17 ETAL si og nly sa pena er toe di nlc i ey. J i me EES ee aE cman vm mm me. 1 eB pres nae ercereeamneea pee “eae aT oe case eae Sito i Hd rig, We Ree be PROBLEMS "1 Te se def ad em 0p dg a ‘tah onde dein le en, at Cane ware ea Stren date dig ie 22 REGS Sar fe Gon dt a nee dup wl ae ig 8 pt pec cee i’ Mh 3 ye? fet he ace et ore pra ny yo vet Seige pas nas mas rometcceenn 4 Aintree pe ces me Sent armtacrnreets i ee tata SuSS ice war mcmateresans SRoSSoere meet Sopa itiae arcana “yew ho pla? ae ae ie Sacer arom eget Secece pee torre as on aiee Beenie iaae aera at ara nega rc Spam oreme sake SS tremor = cmpmoinis Eeicneacatnan penis tents nate Seiad citar ce So ceeomr esas nah prearmnra eens Sete ranirtisrtceercetsutrmeaaae, Deception arcs ithe Siteaat gs aStrwemampmnos men Sh Nace ees eset ea Fp on wp inne eterna Sra temas ater ecore come manera suet ied tno nena 6 S'S pe at henge ee Pastore tebtstote} (ore nrc) snl wl ight doped 8-41 hat cae eo 74 pk STP oy eet ee artereaate S08 na oe 8 ssamed? this ae dia? a ‘etc fearon of ie carpe ghey CVE = Cv = ac Seen eey Rima toate reat ie Sans neti Timtainia toceineer asec42 omanencioo Ba mss econ it etn of ation 029 pr em pois mae, ‘Sieh atonal sit athe bossa Eel 122.19 eed dn ihedtgve ang on eo of hn a can ‘men pa rey eae he opt ‘rg int ng wth me ae 0 and ana evition ‘sn he ot owe WE sane Soe Pr 13.41 he aig agora Ino, 1341 sme ot cpt eal ue wit mean 12 ‘itt ni evo wt Recep he a fae, Bot tego somal be ‘iat al he el ater sty fr sors Calo povided y og ‘in tts ott aia ma rm Co “rete i 190, an prj fo sy 1.77 MA a 1980" Sy ‘screed saat Son fo 900 9 er fete ‘aan of cere sonal mane wed ee unc prone ‘State somal ea evel a a 7 pe ac tg ed (etree nna 190. Clee cans at see ete SSIES in em tae ma Semen In 13-4 cau he hance at» in of 20 MAF nwt ete ‘be exceed at et once fs 9061 199, Aenea ean ‘Spend fe soe ert easy sed ang me St pom Sted, chow th ik cn be TT ~ofiss88)"] 1-71 aac sone Ie eva + ev Tec and hang eth roma ow ak an Be ‘oem y Inlet iow + evel ata he kf re fa enchanting thal he sft margin i coal sil Mag cae ed ce et ing 50 sand esi Of vaio fading ctoneoen 4S (0.2. Thelema it 001 with acne fwiaion CV = 0.10 ‘he Manning pce or 038 snd has cet of ation ef Gy, 018 fe cmel cuanto ecm wi wi 30 td al Son rane ned to ceri he we vey evo Pi 13.3.3 compa ei for singe ecy a {sod openly Sos ‘Ute a aot mpm determi py hat ‘Se hour wl be foe nan 133.1 BeeCHAPTER 147 DESIGN STORMS Asse stm i rciitsion atm id for in te dein fy inocu Chal Senge rssh pn pe Se ie af fg hog he uc cuca wie nel as a ‘sing pce Agno can be dined bya valu or respon Scns poy 2 dees cngogh opens tine asec sin dg yl map et pe Deve storms a be hs yn Nal rcpatin data a st or mune gS of penn ‘Seo The option ne: an he i ff ecto vals oe ‘sl thd for erm pk ow sein Sow eves en ighagy sehen Yo te se of orn yep a np fr ronal mel eae ‘tan detention fis frp Sgt lang sro pee Pe “tuner oer te dean fois peintoe daa mee rane, ieee catty eighth ad ae ing Ss ed se fotuhic matiem eben MAL DESIGN PRI Point Precipitation ‘at peipitaton i precigiation ecg at alae point in space 28 opposed ‘cl precipitation niche pectin ve asin For am pcp "en anys the aaa minum psig fr pve duro PITATION DEPTH am eee ee selected by applying the metiod culled See 341 ll soem Ina yeu fe ec er hitler Te pon jee for hos of drains. For each dation, fequetcy analy s performed onthe a, 1 seed in Sex 12.2, Srv he devin preciptton depth for vous ‘eur ei hen he design depts ae conven Yin by iin by ‘te reeptation drow By analyzing dat nhs way, Heel (1961) developed hye maps of design rita! dept forte nie Unies Star: these wee publi in U.S: Weer Buea eceial paper no. 0, common ealed TP 40 Th nape [wesc in TP Aare fer diatom from 30 mites to 26 ho an ween Foc fom | 100 yer, Herel lo fumished merlin gra or ‘ling peition enim fo uatons ad tre perso shoe he ‘up Fig show the TP 40 map for 00-year hor rah The U. 5 ‘Nether Breas (1960 ater poled ape fr aon of 2 to 10 ay fm many design Stans, such at sors sewer Sig, drain of 30 minus res must be cosiee. Ina pabiaon common knows as HYDRO 35 rederick, Meyers. and Atcello, 197), be U.S. Naonl Weater Service ‘meiened toiye maps for event having duons fom 5 t0 mime, ‘arly supersedng TP 40. The maps of econ dep for 5, 15 and ‘Stine Grates an eu prods of? td 00 years fre 37 een aes Teh ng nS apni, Wer oa4sane shown in Fig. 14:1.2, Dep fr 10- and 30-minute drtions for ven ‘tum pe are sind by striata he Sand 6O-te Sta {hese rem pre 0410. m+ 0590 5 we stip Po na "O51P i na + 059P. win cay) For en pts te hn 10 years, th flowing iran equation ‘sused, wid he appre cout wa fom Table 1211 Pry = AP + Dy 12) Miler, Frederick and Tice (1973) preset eye maps for 6 and 24- wor dries forte it mourunos ste athe wesem Une Sine hese ‘pene he careyuning mae a TP 0 Ermine dig in dh fr 253e Stee Salton Okihoma Ci se ne een ine of Olson st Se alae of 1 ad inte pecan fr 2 tn Oy wen pst Se fed fom Bp 142m Pog 18 fe Poa hte Pe tas Pana = 380 especie. Ung (TI), he aes fr mite epee FocT= 20am, Py = O51 102 + 9 LAS = in etch for interpolating ‘design precipitation depth sing Batti) irs prt cnr 453 Areal Precipitation Depth Freueny tay of pein over an area has nt Ben wel developed ‘tht anys ofpoim prepa, Inthe sbienee of information on he He ‘otaiiy distibaie af areal peiptaion, poe Pecipsion eines ‘Sil extended o develop an swerage psp dep over an wes The eel strate ay be eter sor cetered lose Gned For he eu aed {se one aos or the fat ht prespiian stato ae sometimes nea he "on Cent, sometimes on he ot eg, sn somes ln Btwee he wo. ‘An averaging process ress i locaton xed depres Caves fling wes Precipitation point measurements Fg 41.) provides ces for ealaatng {eal depts as percentage of pi precipitation ales (Word Mecorsope (Organ, 1983, ‘epire relsionships for varius durations, sich tho shown a Fig. 1813, re dered ty'sSeptivaeadtaion ely, In ich eet Is te Fepured for each tation othe telat of atm at ‘afl ecowed in demey gaged te. The se cotied win each ye thes maps ete ands aap of average pein depth ¥. 1 pace foreach ues ak Pe a é NSS Sie es ng i dal i et ge a oe: a Me ‘Srinagar fac Re 90.5.1 menmnecvnt 14.2 INTENSITY.DURATION-FREQUENCY RELATIONSHIPS, ‘ne ofthe Fit steps in many hog dexin roe, such atin wan ‘rainage design, is be deerminain of te fanfl event eves fo be we ‘Tae na comnon approche me delgn soem of crea at eles © ‘laostip tetnen afl beni (ot ep) aration, ante freuen of ‘tum pend appeopite forthe fait) dhe oeaton Inman ese, te relapse has tuna inesity-dran-equeny ID) curves aval for ‘ho nd dows nt have to pefom hs aa, However, motile Understand the procedure red evel he elation. Us, he norma ‘ine peamed ars raph, Nit orton plod onthe rat a, nes fon te Yerical ais ad seve of eves, one fr each design fem eid, a ‘hse for Chicago in Fig 14.2.1 "Te meaty etme rate of precipitation, dati, depth pr uni tine (emf orion be te nttansus tye the average ey ver the duran of he rntal.The serge east mmly ed snd eh reaped a ae i z cen) ia ec ge ef mum il Cs 8 er she fal dpi rm on) and Ty he rato, wally i ous. ‘The frequency is usually exes in terms of recur pad, T, Wah fe he verge length of te between pein eves Wat equal or exceed he (sign magaiude ‘ample 142.1. Dei be dn pcipion meta pt for 0 3- ‘one dno nom nin peur pes a Cosa ‘Setter. rm he DF cues fot Chie Fe. H4.2., he eign nent or Spar 2smume worm n= 3.50 oh Te corapenng pense TEakenby Ep tab 77-30 maw0.00 8 ample 1.2.2 Ue he US. Natal Wend See mig Fig, 1.1.2) and ‘pest and (1:13) pI eres fer Ota aya, fo {Sn pnt 51,35 yu Co ls ag Satin Th i maps pee in Fg 1.12 show precipation fr 8 Sia Cy tom sane mapa ay 2 On Poe OD ms Pgs 1 ‘Be pecilinion fr 1s 30-minaedraons obey pln fh the Sl mma ng (1 at ae i eT tina i name 10.1 Te een ‘ie 12 in em prepa et ny ae Sen oes by i= Bry Sto son 280 0k. Te wong pecan near ‘0 dorson an eum eid we plowed in i, 10S ‘Bain reaton depts t Okla Cy for aralon and Teturnprtadexampi 1.1) oar,56 smo ancce IDF Curves by Frequency Analysts ‘When local inl ats ar aval, IDF carves canbe developed wing f= ‘hen oma A commonly wed ibn for ral eqdocy ages ‘She exeme Vatu Type tor Gumbel rutin te Suc In See 12.2 or each dustin sled, the sual maximom rl depths te ena From ht fal ec fen een aay spit the aa ‘um Insane sation, periclary when ol few yeas fda ar avable tes than 30 to 25 years an anal exceedence series foreach ration ay ‘dcrmine by akong te deh and choosing he Wares ale fom oor ‘ON yas Sch sts shown i Table 14.22 fran gage a Coron, ‘hin thle, the ines comet pepo aa fer varios rats the ‘in ttm even. Te despa pcpiaton cp deter! ra the aaa ‘matimum snes by mellying te eps by 0.88 forthe 2-year eum pid ‘Sus, 0196 fore Ser mt oi alt, and 0.98 fr he 10a tare rl values Henhel, 196), No ajnent ofthe oie segue or anual fol oe45 amin ase Example 1423 Using the dan sed in Tale 4.22, eine de 2 dear nd yen pcipnton ep xr Sn nsf Exon Sn Anene ne Eee se The | sb Sato, he dig al deh for + gen et pind Tt deen emia sen Tag Btn ee snd ae ee nd td devin oe il dep for 8 ‘peed aaa Tad the equ pen y E238 se~ Sam + mn ie in ute a nun ii te 11230, ye <0 +l =) i = “06h cretig ae P= 9 a TU alee. tre ye tr mle 088 tan he ei pian ep 0.77 088 = 0.8 in eye pase eae tee “Tau mt ae Becas te psi pera 1a Equations for IDF Curves ney urain-equency cures have ako been expressed 4 equations 0 ‘oid having to rend the design rainfall nny fon 9 raph Fo example ‘Wenzel (982) provide eelicem am & umber of ee nthe United Sues tn cuton ot Tom wa wan i te sin inl iy, 7 ec “tes agin nn en eae 1025 Soe ns es gestae phen 0, he Wasa pito cnc (2 oe ed Fig sesoerom 459 Betta oe “es 423) poe, ren) baz uample 14.24. Denne and compar ihe 1031, 2a design in ‘emt Anges ad Deer ‘Seton Te dngn ail inna coped wing Ts = 20min, ad {ales f conic fr as Ages" 9035 ¢ = 8. anf = 3.0 e123 fer whch Ey (622) ee ay me Simin, Deer = 7 +f) = 96.208 + 1390) = 300 wn, The ‘ign ty Demers pcr 300 33 = Oh Wh pena 14.3__DESIGN HYETOGRAPHS FROM STORM. EVENT ANALYSIS. By analysis of ebeeed storm eves, eine sequence of recptatonn pet ‘ss canbe sete Hu (1957) developed tine drbaon eno ft40 smmroancer ‘eae storms on rea aging pt 400 min iis. Tne dbtonpates were developed for our potty gros, nthe mos severe (st que) to tees severe fourth quate). Fg 13.1.) Shows he rosy Sabon ‘Of fest gure storms. These caves te month, reflosing strae ral ‘isin with tne: they doo exhib he bus characteris of observed Soma. Fg 3.10) shows slate Nitogrrs of equate storms fr 1, Soin! Spec comlaveprabiies of oscumenc, exh sang the Percentage of tu so afl for 10 prea ieeeat a the soon duration, ‘The 3 pete histogram represent a camiatve fll patent soul be ‘endo i abou half of soe, The 9 pert haga ane ped $2 som disrbuton tht sequel exceeded l 10 percent rls the ‘om. The fst que 30-percent dsb at Ben tae in he TLLUDAS ‘i aio son sy ert and Sa (197) "Toe US Detarmen Agere Sal Comeraton Seve (1986) e-em The yee cea ened ‘tem en il ew cat yt Map fuse SELEIGE betty hon app Ue vem 46 developed mittic sor hystopraph fr we ia the United Snes fo storms ‘of 6 and 24 hour Guaion. Thee hyeoraps were derived from ifr: ‘So peered by Heshield (1961 a Miler, Precerk, and Tracey (1973) ‘Sp alonal soon data Table 143.1 and Fg. 14.3.2 present he cumaaive Ieopaphs. There we fou hour ration storms, called Types fA, ad I respectively Figure 14.3.3 shows he peographic lean within he Une Ses wht they shouldbe spied. Types and TA we fr he Pcie marie lima ih wet itr andy suns. Type I's for he Gulf of Meio and the Alun cons aean, ee opi somns reli ge De-boot al ‘nt Type Il fre remain fenton. rim and Condery (1975) develope a hyetopaph analysis method dat is tased on ring he tne tes isso by he deh of precipice fcuing seach and fepetng ths excise fo aay sri he Fee 1 stmming tb tant fr each sera » rp yeograph shape San be ‘Staines approach fe sndad ached Te Abslinn Rylope eign {he Inston of Engineer: Ase, 198) See talnat BEEE Se 8 eo ipl Cano Ta=—_= See eee ‘Telangular Hyetograph Method ‘nian sai tape fos san toh hecauioce e i ‘The be ngs Tt he ih ho he ol of pan yep is en by P= Hah om ra 4a. rm adancement coin i ied 8 eri ofthe time baie the fest vote tl rat a3. ‘Thun the receston ine ven 0433) [value fr r of 08 conesponds othe peak intensity cccing in the mii rie som wien acess hn 03 wl ave ie pa ei and ue — Stent eg thw i ean ar Daa Aten Sl (Coser Ui Ss pin oe 9 2 i soe. a: 8, Df Aan, Slae eee sae ee ee = ctr hn 0 wil ae the pk tr tha the mii. A sable vale of ‘Scermne by compu he ao fhe peak ies tne to he orm ran, teen srs of toms of vara darn. The mesh of tee rats, weg scirig tothe ration a ech event ed for Vas freon the erature ae peste in TMS 145.2 which sows th nny acon Sens ted w be of the advanced ype, wih ress than 0.8, "ee nd Chow (98D) al70d 989 Some a ea Ictons: Uae, Wings Boston, Moshe Eat Chey, New ey and Sa Las Ob [Califo Thir nals vend tht the nga yeoeaps for mos ey stoom nel lec in shape, with only soa flee om sem ‘Siren, messrent nacurais and eopapic eon am 14, Dori ae edi tn Vales ‘of the storm advancement coficientr {or avout oations Seon Pom Fs M2 fr ein ian ince i), Pa 388 and Pos ™ 1.90 Te ef 2 ee pri Ges by Sedu wie sods mab s0N ton Be 0604088 6 02785 1.70 The ime he nosy cad y (4.3.25 b= Tats = 025-005 «01554 =93 ain ‘hs ing design era pated i 1.3.0), Ve pipion ‘ney ann ccs oe pes ph M44 DESIGN PRECIPITATION HYETOGRAPHS FROM IDF RELATIONSHIPS Inthe hyde sign metas developed many years ag, sch the etna ‘meth, ol the pea dschrge tr te. Thats wat oo conan of the {ine arowton of charge (ie tage Npdopap) oe ine drbon ‘sf ecptaton the eptationhetaprap) However, mre cently eloped ‘sign eos. wing uay ow snare rae petcion of th ‘ig hyetogagh wo ban dein hydrops.465 so eascce Alternating Block Method ‘The allemaing lak mtd is simple way of develope design hytogaph froma intensity eran fequeey curve The design hyeograph produce Dy {hs wabod site the pecan depth caring It acesive ne inter falco drson By overs tll dunton Ty nde Afr sling the design Tem pd the intensity ea rm he ID ere for ech of he datos [S.2An Sra be conesponding precipi ph found she rods ot inensty snd dato By takngdiference tne sucenve pecan ‘kph valves he acum of pectin fo be aed fr each aoa uit ot the Bri found These increments, e ees, fe erred in aie soe ‘rhe anu inenty ceatng athe cet of the eghfed duston nv veining bck ranged in cescending cde alert othe Ha JS ote cena Back frm he despa Byer angle M44. Doze in rine inemen, he desig pipson ‘amet for hour tom a Dever wis 1 yer em pos ation, As ws estan Expl 1.2.4, 100 pps esiy ee er trai ont sal for ees by GD he = 9, ign set) 1390 Fora oon of 3) mee, compnn ls {slo a fev ose dros tam f 1 mina se shonin shana 8 mips ees an aon be ovepen fran ph esd Fort 9 nae Saaton P= =.0 mh Sele 1: hee ce nae mcs ho ANISIgS Blinn nyetograph devetoped in 10. increments for 9 10- Sear Bhar sor a Dever, sing the aternating eck method (Example sings cg ne i oi 20 mak ‘ied each acne nner dren ud nln 6 oe [pron dp eed tat he tan 95 ra 0. Beans sec ck 8 al eno mio Tages 0178 ue toe et othe mas ek Sina me ld nF 1 Seg Instantaneous Intensity Method Wan cquton fining te inten drtion-equnty cei known, saint {abe eveloet forthe aration of ens nat tie ees Setgrnh ‘Foe uniple esinaria hat employed the sherman biek meh ely th he recitation depth fora pero of Gitation Tend he sa ea ‘Sulfa gen bythe [DF cuve or equation, The diference tom he Sensing lock etd tat precpation ests now consieed Wary ents tropboe he orm "Conner ast ystopagh shown in Fig. 64 2. The ded hoot lin dwn on te Byetorap fora given prespaton intensity ill eset the hyetopagh before after the ak Msised othe ine of he pak Icy ie ine of imesecton before the pea Tae ud that Ste the pe he ta time fetween inenertons i atled Ty 30 Bal came 44D ByFring ate ce “Te rm advancement ccf dfn a before, a her of he ine ‘oe the peak tothe tine een eects 442) 1 flows fom (18.6.1) and (18.6.2 a teh 44s AS shown in Fig 1442. pie of cures fg = fly) an p= ft ste asued oft e yetograppcipaton Innes, where diy are Fret ntesities tetera fer the peak. espeively This he fa oot of afl within ine Tis ven y te rea under ie cures ang =f yen Ts loetinig By, 144A wh ct wages Sp =10 a4) We aneage nal items or be ion Tw hen R= Tbew 445) Dilleemiating (144.6) wih respect 10 Ty ges =f) =f) re Keir ant Ch (1957 developed a synthe hyeograp of hs ype for we in sewer sytem derign for Chceg They defined the sverae flint ne 8 BG (142.25 +7 By siferetining (4.4) an sssising the et into (16.4.7) tan be shown the inns! fr which he ne nee the Ryetogragh fr» duration Ty ee (445) ‘The equations fr te lenses abd nts of butting fr Ty (1-49) wing (1883) 15a fund by ample 1042. Delay 22. dig yetggh fe 10ers ‘orm a Dene ig «fam svemen cca = 05 Seon. Aa f=. ant sn dion f 12 mie il pute pk item ane = min emcee peng oe There te ea befor ana he pea ie ae shown cl 2 Tae 16S2°A ae ne neal ed eae pea forte wy mina me mena! ore emander The al iene se ected bby (tangles c= 9 = O97; and f= 139 fo Tale 0.23 Pees a % greniy C43) 7). dcen +s test Bele hepa, Ty= rs fe = $0 min, for xl, 1, = 50 = 10min meets r= 160.5" ome, 1 Seale aga + 139 i SP 123 The ales of men hepa we calc ye pei Seat" 9 Rem ta tay = = me "The vate of pcp neni o See we inane aes ‘te paipinin cp intach tne mere maybe cated ng the per ‘ie Fr exp, ering abe 104 pecipon cep Sung et {D's (0.18 + 013612) (0) = 0058 ia shown cue ‘The nono al te peptone 9 nich sy he ‘ane soul pn apt of 0 fr 2 oy ow term Deer ‘ed mame aa tence str fe he octet of he ‘Stace tt ls ual sede nos oper etaman EURLSS? cme gear 2hour desig hytograph a ‘Denver by the fstananeons nena eto Example wa Fi rl Besucseneeseueseuce Bebe eEaewonnenseeEs EF alate cin eth The done wold be Sins i inte fermen te sl ropa eh, aa fo iewy a Tne 1 pe 1883 sows he bce devel in ti exe og ih 2 to vcr cco of O28 nb tela ftps ety Bt cage meat 145. ESTIMATED LIMITING STORMS “The etna linking ales (ELV'») commonly employed fr wiles contrat (signa the proeble maim precip (EMP) the probable mana Storm (PMS), tnd the prbahle maximum fod (PMI), aiboaph many abet ote LNs could he developed area for varios typer of dooge {sign The PMP provides only 1 dep of preciptan, te tne eisbuton of ‘ich must be defn form «PMS. The PMS canbe employed tthe pu ae ee ee eee eee eee eee Bi nr ee Seances o Sine PERS tame to afl ate of dsinage basa stem which can then be wed 10 (velop «PME for the desig fra cool srs, Probable Maximum Precipitation ‘The PMP is the estimated ining vale of prcipiaton. Consequenty the PMP ‘Ray te ceed he anlyeaty eximated pesos dephof pecipeion or Poe rio nt ply fea ron hrc re 8 ‘pac geopaphicl ope t coin ine fe. I atic, no allowance Tina nthe station of the PMP forte effect of iongerm imate chang. Rian remembered tlhe oop of PMP = at compel reliable bec {e Zaen te precy eum ands probity of excurence i shown, However, n operat ppiction, the PIP has ben fond fo be fe aod ‘tor wil cou beau of pubic concer for sate o poets oh oe pee ae vty of metas fr deeming te PMP. Bec of the cern nd inane fit and knowledge, the PMP mat be one ‘cmt and alge mat be sued in sting vale. Matbods ef esinaing MP we dicated belo ison of or model, Sm mi ay employe ‘kee rugged lopprnhy tat comple he tom phenomenon and kes ‘ip neurone cl The convective il el rnd Fronted a Sc. 33 ane exc of orm model, and Wiese (170) bis Freee similar msl the respon asing from orgrapie Hig of Tot arover lls orig, When oop nd cones efec S “utaneosy, he to per of cel at be superimposed "the wo crm mous sve sues determining PMP ors age arcs thn over snl ens Toe pple f coal 1s more ely appliedom ning mean votes few al oto, nd the mote cone ofthe Inowng ir can Be eine rr the depot tmp pating for nscale ine (sally 12 hou) ever + ge ae These factors a ie Sit defn foc exteme precip rt that oc lcly a ve shen Periods Therefore, sthogh ov mts ay inet the magatade of the Freciptaton tobe expected hey shoul be erly elated with dt om ‘ered sos theron tre tore we desi 2 Maximiatonof acl strms Te hfe of the rm mele ‘ther oversimplified teresettion of te ta orm, Hf secon of me Stems ae avalible, they may be masnzed o bt the PMP. ales Ths frocem ioe tnresing he cred orn pepo by he ra of the ‘ta moc inflow othe sa othe nasa mee nw here ote en equ sure of sn i the prj tin, spose 1 wasp toms ro or mes to the poet fai forte computa {ihe PMP if hee sor cold have sued Inthe tsi, The pce of ‘tom transposon lnvoles te selection of agate ss for anon, “Iteninaton fhe eatin of he stems eres! ote bas and ss “ferences, fan. epi epee leva, previ wd, and rape eects “The wer’ greet reorders contng fo he Worl) Meteo ope Orgnzaton (9K. are nonin Oy te eguton pean cas.) thew P isthe precipiaton dpe ia milircters nd Ty the daration io ors, ‘Thecqaton wn anne ying ats rem abs ete als may so aug ang oo ate ee es Ti cao ‘a ewmate a he pecpation dcp ht Soul cro Under wey etme One Gerad PMP chars. Dein of PMP ye ma ithe oe nnd! o fo lage eines cacompaning tamer bain of vars Stee arcs te este rele 9 8 genericd exis nd ie wl played apt maps tat dpi he regina vaaon of PMP {te seme specie Srtion, hs i, anata Seon arin, Te The most wiely weed generalized PMP chars i the Used Sues ae hoe cemaied i U.S. Nao! Weather Service hydmeteealgeal ep Sieonmny Son as HMR SI Schreiner and Rese 978th United Se es ofthe 15th ran Thee mape speci the pac maa [nccitaton dh fr ay tine of he ear ee sm arses estate) {So fancton of stg aca ranging fm 10 0 90.000 an rm Seen "ngng om 61072 ho For reps west ofthe 10h mean, he Nan [Aca of Scencs (1983) fas pepe the Sign shaw fF 3 ‘hic cies the aproprate Nawal Weather Seve pablicon fom wih Foie maximum recipation dts may be oboe, sera 73 Osco “oxast “see Regn Manaus Gt Seti abe mer rine ed St “The Probable Maximum Storm “The PMS. probable maximum sam, aves the tempor diituon of final, The PMS values are peel given ss matin accumulate depth Forany specie dation Fortxanpe, gen dep fr 12 8 and 24 hoes ‘apical repeat the tl pth foreach Gre a th ine eqn stich he precipi cr Inte devi the sopra of «PMS, oe needs o kom the pti ‘nd scnpaldtibton of toe PMP. One procedure to termine te PMS a bon utined in detec ep mo 3 HMR $3) by Hee,Schecnr, and Mile (1992) for aes of the Ui Str eat of te 108th Fr the pose of modeling maximum rust ferent cea tine sequcnes of Pinte soul be ivesigae, I gener, eed! ine ‘Eire of PMP increment ie determined Wy jaant from experience and “ale infra nth fom weater map of ea! Ror orm ‘x Tommanly doped solence fe heat abvanced ine dab, tt, ‘sian th tbe highest and coming Wi decesingieremens ‘The Probable Maximum Flood The PM isthe greet Oat he expected suming compte coins of ‘acer, ed owe the bestest al and mui rn Ts i dened fom + AIP. aa hence egueney Camot be eerie. Fon the economic viewpoint, is wally robbie to design a stu for PM, ‘hcp for lane spieays whose fae could ead excessive damage and lst ‘eile Hence, a pragmatic aproac for many design sans ot 0 define the design food ara etme ming vale, butt scale downs bY ‘Sin perenage dapeing on he type of srt andthe ard fal Foe ‘hs purpose the Med even stl wdfn design i fen the pets food ‘ha nay seisoably te expec, taking ino sero! all perinet eonons ‘rican, metewolony. Ryley. ad topopaphy. This sin od ry Fe dSeminel sayy oe fn comedy apne oe! eget ‘Som and gade may bea faction ofthe ELV. tpt the design Noe is commonly elle ibe standard projet oad (SP) "The SP seit sing rfl rama modeling by applying eval thumeagh mtd tote standard project arm (PS). which se genes. ‘that ny betsy expecta. The SPS can be deved fam 3 deta Suis ef rm pac sndtemption of sonnet 8 posion tat wold {he mmimom rant. Fors pac damage arent eon 0 ern wich Sow mel i nts mane concern he SPS estimate shuld reese he mst ‘Sve fod poducing depres dation elaeship and ae panier of {hy som hate connered reasonably cates he epon. The waterbed fhm Gumcersies and any waercome svete nthe bain shoul be “osited When melng saw muy costae a sats vole of rot to tte SPE hydrographs slowances or Snow elt shoud be elo Imite eaimae, Whee foods are predominantly the result of meng so. {he SPF estimate shuld he sed onthe mot ciel comBnalons of Sow ‘copra wer lone conierel eaomly carers. Pst stints ‘eee har SPS mages nl SP acares are erally oe age S040 pent ofthe ELY forthe same ba In sone ates he SP xia may bate 4 major bering on he design of sayaiclr poe ner cases the este may Serv onl sa neation of {ibm dge o yoecon pon ort prec SPP estate are waaly see eee eS ‘made only fr major and nteedite src ince they requ consieale ‘fo i reparation Computer Programs for PMS and PME Development ‘The U. $. Amy Core of Enginaes Hydrologic Engineering Center (19) ‘Brees computer propa cle HMR 32 wich compues eb average ‘ecipation for he robebe maximum soe in accordance wih the citi in yonterlogia spot No, ept othe program fcaes te PMP ei Innes foe HMI, progam conpues he swtly averaged PMP fr ty ‘tthe snbesins or cobain of oar in he raiaage asin The propa ‘Sitch ng hse and evistaton x a fo poe the ana Msi erage recipe, Sonn centring sa tie ation Yt be provid by the er Tai prog can be nud coajncon Wi he U.S. Army Cops ges: HEC (Sec 152) rfl rmalf model to compat he probable ‘mann food. 14.6 CALCULATION OF PROBABLE MAXIMUM. PRECIPITATION Extimats of i rn fom he PMP are regu nthe eign of illaye nd ‘Safty so In oder cary out a fintl-anl antas sig te PMP fern emporal and pra baton of he PMP estimates requved- Ape Prove to deve he itn tthe PMP for be United Stes east the Toth median has teen deveoped by Hasse, Scheer, and ile (192) a tetometerologilspet No 2, Tht procedure used forthe determination the probeble matin so, whch repued fo Gurion peak Sacharge “ndto velop te posable matin fod Hy doyaph hough aft ‘Saipan The proctor bed pon ifomation rived fom maj sens of ‘ecord sod is plicable fo nonropapic rons ofthe eaten Unie Sse, “he proctor for Soermining the probe makiminprepation ovr 3 str ta five pote elements: (0) decree draion faves, wich {peste PMP ors Spesfid oon te nd arto (2) a stndard oye ‘ern deteting te pein spay i he fom of sn eli (3) an ‘rai atten ator whch reduces the PMP esas i te sada ‘Soe! pat’ ongtial ei nor ocetd a the ection of wormal {imophete morte fw nthe pon) crcl rm area, which genes ‘Sc lngst PHP ove te watertbde and) moe adsoment ator Wh Species te pcentge ote PMP dp tht ape on ech Sou 2 be nied say pate. Depthvare-duration curve. In potbily-Ssed pit precio xin, there ne tage vanabes be coneret testy (or dep) Caton, and Feseency af eccuence_ Forte PIP, he equ of ccuence fread ton ve ose id vrs, Fgee 146) shows he PMP fo the stern478 manne Unie Stes fo 10 ae and dations of 6 and 12 hr. For er {Tp dept tr are th rcs for vos ot stone, Standard ‘td il tre te no AR 52's shown in Fig 14.65, H hav 14 contour, bead A tmeph Na of ta a ei a cna A i 10 mc 8 3 ‘ne and soon. The rato ofthe length of he major and min sts of the ‘ipcs shown is2S oi rand ae he Lng Of the sana and Semimnor ies in) Fig i462. the ‘ea of we elie is given by = mab as) Since a = 2.9% abating in (146.1 ves te length of he seminar ais v(t) so) le fA = 12 = 100. S)!2= 1.13 mi anda = 2.56 = 2.5% in Me nth oars tangle 8 wth thc major nisi given Dy ‘Shy pe mm tl ie PP 58 men Sc Hee St Mile 14. 4cs69) Fo game 1 wi = 240 x Orientation adjustment fate. The eintton ofthe akg pte most ley Yo be conducive to PMP even foray plain te Und Stes eat ‘the TOS mein ned Pig. 1,63" Nh cone Oot ths i ad pes esd lb om th eon, To Fe Tape sno for major soma Ute (48010 290, 1 import nate hat he mote fw for PMP a any oc Yoni not ese ony on retain: eaonbl expt he ose ‘ow to ecu ver a ange of oes cere on the vale in Fig 18.6.3, {Whe longa of esto pater sel ote recommended fatto, the PMP exit sound y a pecegs depending oh te gl tween the wo dectons. The ajosnent far fer oreo eens i ren n ip 1884 (Cita storm area. The cial storms that or which the precptaon from he depharen uation curve yes he greatest PMP over the Saeed sna 9)Fee a eee eee ae a ee taking no aecoun ie fc hat he waterbed tea no shaped lip ke the snd ahjet pen. Itohyeal aren factor, Te vale of he PMP represents the avenge pcipittion ‘spon pected are fora gen dra. Wen sor represses by {be sandrd eye patentee wil be regions of renter peptone EAR Scucr one pcr ad fier Sp eae es, Figure 146.5 ‘Rown ter the ost enc our Hom ier, he pent of the weed Pa dy be pid ach contour ofthe stad oye paste 1 {be cost spat urban. For example, osig the PMP foram aes of 10 SStcortag wo the graph contour Afr 10m) gt 10 percent of the PM cop and cigar B wen 25 mu) ges 6 pce $0, nce te OME MP deh fr 10 mi a Cheapo 26 1 8 found ext, this arm would fave deh 26 O14 =e nover 28 mit, Wich represent a ole of 25 Ima Tee in = 416 min of precipitation, of which 10 mit 26 in = 240 (evan or 6 pace, osc ia he most ita T-mi ah Se No Ln RT, ‘inspite ppt ran fom PP nia ie Se Hci i, 12)Example 1461. Deere te SS cr pl mains pecpn nt Lem et ‘time e wwah te dosoge ome of SAS, WATS W. (Tn ex aged vee sane ample resend n HM 3) te oe a ad rs ke Some tet canes a rl Seni aneeeseme erent DSSoicioe hnitnenaeges amet ecb i hs not es Seheatmesaer mie mace a ee ca a ce seeueaen tome Sgtercetin teen ts hantinca cette pan tat ee panes ‘rection of mazinum atmosphere molsure Bow (Example fonts nmr San Aad he St ae Cree sect ce seo Rim Tdi gi minum pcanos marinoun Compton of ichyetal and area average depth forthe Gh probable ‘maximum precipitation at Leon River fr nomial orm aes of 150 ral? (Example 160 = aera ee PP ht re) = 84088880 = se tt teeny ee i i sagt ene meteor ee Stain woreneet heen gaere ieantan rari! Seigermrant as Pian caren muian mansions See eianine cp mpeecs ne Heyeiede tema aeons gare Samhea horas fasta Ee Ss Perera pecarperieere teo ioke cea ienceitane mera et Tana deh ee iets Pa ee ea are weer Tana See resomne 487 steps ie Ta a reenter ran etree SESW ites peg ee ote Sposa tee eee ie Sine roe een Ee eer erin epee re MoCo one Seater ce Sartemereneeneinren Sear Sa ec onan torent sain eae Tree eee wiipreeies ima apiece eae eee ae iceman nee ioe eds [REFERENCES rt MS ma ao Gl 1. yD "gee Sc oe eer, No onan edd, BM, Rl ery ae of he Use Sues ain fo 3 ies > “thou eam parE 108 ath pg 1,0 8 Da Sei a A eRe sc yo Se St of ing Da hn on oem, Naa "oy Pen, Wanapa 8.ay, nt les le he A ear Cima hi, oe aaa ree en Soha era ea See ern a ttn Ee ee Ste iene Sa eevee vs ELE Maton BE ad Stee een ane mree Siam hntyraptees on Eee nee ee era a ie ea i cs pier eigen mn ore ee ‘i eWashtenaw ea” a cw a a a rere a. 8 Ae, mig wee serene dase PROBLEMS 41 Daemin te 0 yer rtm pod preitan dep 30 mis ion pork imeroet merc Sane Spite poet an sae fshfame Speci Sottero Soa entero en Sense ane ag ta ga seas eae ert ay mtr ee seas Cte SP so nga REI oe ears maania eer Sima seamen Sa a were ieee ee tan ere ZS a sas SEER po em iat ie Seine mee seen eens wos Sepurie tartans tet ne matt Eee emer pesto, See Steet oe ae ges oan ac reac u inte cin reyes el 1M2.7 Patten dept-doron enya forthe Conon Oi, Tae tad shire reget see ene Seem areeaee See eee sess Tyga om 2 pr Sasa rece mt sitios be Shera omiae Mor SER Goa roan eaetn Shim ohio ee Sea Seiierae me santo bees SRoaeo Sy hees eth se Some ceayede cia ae Sern diabomeeessin SCS em tan psa 1S) wep Spe Se iar sgn som metre r Wasagen, DC Decne» npr herp fhe dein ce a Pipi ‘ec pin 0p on ae Tea ‘Const ringer yetogaph forthe design of a ule in Balimore, fra ‘ice praetor nds ou: ane 7 ae ‘Show tha sme twee he beponing of precisa cenit of « ‘hn sgn peynpa legen by ste ae Fe on Semen Sten tty. singe IDF canes for Cag gen In i 1621, dele » tou ‘ibn eowphi lmine meee wang te semang Mek wed ‘Ges tar em pore. me ‘cn nie Sg ine La Angele wg Sve Pos 12 wang sane Sein 0.78, Pt te ein Sempra lcr'= OSuni r= 0. one ae pam ‘Develop the ot csgnNysgre or Le geting he seming {Sak me omit tne net ie oa ea Sena ot 103 en ml ep Mam ang Seca tac dn ei Seg Cent wg Ties 23 and 103.2 = sy eset ‘Der einen gui or sgn tgp deep ye stant ‘tne yea tc ey “a ee 7 ail don For Lo Ang = 109, = 0381 7 © Tissand "08 Cominct soar iardnge hipaa, We (6.1 oe wert eae eared fa dep and lt 1 ard neptune rene ye ring eck ‘ere he ee how FMP dp ne Lane Re aed ort ‘am oso ae 150 Sr Eames Syringe numer of som ue dion tom ose howe Tae 1461 ‘Sain sm a ss hr Pp Be lt eee Shou PMP epee Lan Riera ming ‘nue ar testo See Epis 1.61 fr, ‘tte ese Rive dep scar cues i 166) develop sign ‘yep ree eta ee e wha a he tec it si typ. Stam os Frum e L2on Ret depo un cues (Rg, 1.66, et he ‘ie patie eh ins afew Pa ‘ema he lal aston ai th vege ep fe owe pod fe tates emer a ppesany SESUN, OST, Cir # sor TR eee esis—=— a a 2 smavwnmcicer = So 0 pt Ome He, Ata, in tener Hace inion 951273", The wad coin al of he conus A gh Hof ‘Som pen, Cor cugh id he flowag ene en Sane tes kee ae 14467 Se bob. Li86 we striae be merge depth of te Stow ple ‘ninum psp othe Onan Ri, Any, sone Reel Be {hg 14 comings com of 100 1468 Comer nunter stom so Stemi eet som we fr he ‘er Pt web Ouchi Re ated Pe. 15 DESIGN FLOWS ydotone desig for water consol soncened with mitigating the advene ‘tft a hgh ows ot foes A foo i ny igh ow tn overtop eet ‘tule aici easiness long area. The fgets of ose area ender concern ‘The ete period is subi by design sanded chose by the elo 14 ig pean. ‘Rinof is assumed to reach «pak st he ine of coneeaton when the ‘ec watered i consboting to ow a he ott The tie of cosenaton ithe ime fr «op of wae 1 Now fom the mmote pe in he weer 1m he pont of incre. Aaland err procedure can be ued to Seroe {be eile time of concenstion whee tee are sever! pole Now pa ‘sie. The tine of concern fo any pnt nt wom dag see ‘bes fe nets ff time ake fo ow from terns ot ‘each he ever ine andthe fw tine In th epee sewer connected 1 ‘he eter pon 5 neney 2 «asa To ow sini given by (5.3) ne Sk asta) ee ng of he pipe slong tem ph dV he Now ‘elon te pipe q ‘Then time rine of concession forth te of o wpa seme, an be btuined by ‘experimental observations, of ean be eed ty ing ferme sch tne Tse i Tbe 18.12 Ther my ex sever pole flow routes fr different catchments rinad by 8 sett longest ne of ‘zecenratin among the mes frien one etme be he eal {ime of comenraton of the sea dae es te es cnn 0 ex st sve ie ae eaily allo casa to determine thet new the ls of epee ‘er sir conditions. let te eres a the slope ad ingens of he surface cress, nt inseaes she tance over whch he wer ba ‘uel inreies an seen bythe comact suaces ites. All net ines ‘Seine on the bss of experince shouldbe Vere by et Oven ow ‘computation, Drainage Area ‘The size an sap ofthe cuchnest or sexes unde considertion must ‘be determined The aa may be detenined by penictering topographic maps, = by fel surveys were apograghie dah changed weet mapped ‘tourna too gato esiagul the detent low, The age ek2. see eee owing tthe system being designed and the dinage sabres cooing {oreach iit pls mn be metered. The oc of he cogs lide must Fellow the sca watered boundery ther ten commercial and boda, ‘simu be oid inte eugn of saniary sever Tae damage visors Intuenced by puteren saps, oestions of dowspas sd paved td paved sis, pad of lawns and any her feetues nsocced by eatin Pipe Capacity In chosing sor sewer pipe diameters, te mimimum regued dane i com> ote, andthe eat lrger comercial value sei selected. Commer Fre tenet in reser of 80,1, 15,16, nd 18 ct incre hereon 1 and 56a st romans of 6a between and TO ‘One the design dacharge Q emarng the emer pipe has ban calcite by te rain formal, be danse of pe D requ o cay the dacarge WS deemined. Is usally assured bal he pipe flowing fall ender ravi oti oo presse, so he pipe cpa can be alelaed by the Mein Dury Welch equtins for oprchanae low. For Mannings equi, ie eng A'= =D" andthe byl radiat fe R= AIP = (eb HOV mD = Dl ‘Te fiction soe 5 gal othe bed lope of he ip, Sm an sing ‘ifr Now, and he cichurge competed Yr il pipe flow asa) This sve forthe required diameter Ds oe" ee ich ali oe @ in ebic feet per scan ad D in fet, Whe axing St hts wih Qin ctie meter per second and inter, he concn 26 ‘pho 2163149 21 EG (S18, ‘Using the Dry Weisbach eganton (2.5.4), with A, R, and Sa for men oo yy ° asin Solve for D, hie give " pase" ss (en ann site it nc ein ey ania teria Sinema Assesment of the Rational Method ‘Thera! method i icine by some hydrlogitebetus oft simplified 19 te eau of deg Now es. Neves, he eal med ITT wey ued forth dein of storm sewer syns te Und Ses nd ‘er enone eke fs py ted the a tha the requed dinesaes tthe sr soner retreat he computation process. Moe reac {ow snalaton proce naling te routing of flow hySroprph egce be Say forall ater mea Normally spay flow Q,= 0. bu aig cod of high inflow may oct that So computed frm £9 (5.6.3) 1s ewer tan $c inthis cme Q,= 5, Sm, and anew vale f Sy = Say it Sot‘ he nei computations Sp. uample 15.4.2. Compt errs wtr le fr Winter Ee Ck Feet fe 1 hdtogcal condone gee a ie 13.0, ewe theel mu Ye ae Satnon, Th ne St melas et evgrin 10a ‘Scien a rage tae 585 te tummy Soma tn {ic genin cura By raping te ocr twit te = A ‘xi | Gan l steae al srt Su Talons tor fash 0 saohacw' ea ow. ten “hp tne ett ile 15. pen wenger mth PRET eee vag (74 » SOIR HS edb ‘Span 2h ae may enn ut Aan rier ‘shesncns 04, wt ofa srg Ss fond tha conse wih (136.3) SSS Sa ry at ep fom eg ‘hmulton‘of water balace in Winters Elm ‘thea rat of 120 sere pr and bydrlop datetome ome Se oe oe oe oe ed ee ee ee oe ee i i sane 1663; Deemieefi p he Wit in Cre Rese sree bpem dar he 183 ‘Seton. Te wate ane snl arte n te prvi exp fr 160 ‘seat earl fo ogc nh Jes 109k Se il dn ee en, 80 Te SEW tow thn rout ea gl, HT Ty A : BE sien ee oc sn ne 3 2 ‘inimum soe eae ua te Seno ete (ce, feed itont wenden he mle ppl ed ‘ur veo Yul nian wince shine acs soccee ‘Sodio on mana gn ‘Balance of apply and demand. The servic ie of he servis tht ration for which he fm yield or reser ply et) gener than the pected mand. For the Winters Bim Cieek example, the fim yl Y= 12 ‘sce year = 13106 MD. As shown 8 he plot on ig. 136, te coon ‘Xiestalinced supply and dematd is expected o acct in approximaly Jem 4014 or 4 yes fom he yar of rsencr conection may tented hat whe he demands re rjc forma a tine (om {980 to 2030, the fim yield scala onthe bai of gs yaoi 6 (134001969 athe example). The anderyng ssn of eae that [Ast halen condoms ae ep! of panera cul he epescd iy fare tegirc of years Sot eld ea be hgh of tes teen an ‘supply ae at cul be with constay, year after ya, even in be ce oft condone equivalent fo he eel draght of vcard, OF couse. he ‘hn yield no abcaely gure Decne ute covet may cea eh | more severe than the eel drought of recor. Star of te chess of ‘seal ings inden tht a sre eins eeu hve ecard in previous entries mae severe than tan eof th cet, for which fl and Tape See few ‘hen. pre, A pre ty dy ps neta ‘gi U5 Ate Con Een Smee DS ahah ‘te, Eisen ProeesTerhao Sers.BPA A Mo, Nana Ear on WT CY ee tii flan a roar Paring ir AE Ne. Sas ee See een US, oy 19a en Ms 8s So (8 a0, Ra A ml fm a ne eis Wp. U8 ‘Simulation of wale balance in Winters Elm Creek Reservoe for a withdrawal rate ‘120 acre fly and hyrolge ata rom Jan o Jones 181= oo oe ee oe le ee ee ee ee eo ‘Stee wt 6. ee Pa Wag, eB, Se dg me ee, pe it tpt No See ins agi. ty. GN ned pein fssing ty NSIS. Rae Ra Pg en tat SC agro 2.79 rose TR hen ST A Ri or of a aa ai ak Tei JG £2 Sho SOE oper 81 Fatt 98. ae, A ied iggy oes ‘tin ar nc aes te Be Fel As ee: no Retin ato = "eh get Ct meee a ere pi eat a HEP Pa es “oui Wi 'W Sgt meg ns og te ae ‘rrecolg, katte, rr fm Ne Sn di nr ae Che Bags Woe HVT pO hay Te I Oe ease, Dam and Richt nf Texas, Penis fining Rep, Wie ak “ae aa ep ated wie Pe He Nl Eee ie WEI hy A, Mei, WAR hed i, ‘wet sanapenet mel ers mama veri Barone! Peron chen er RR on Enno Ra aby. USE Ns Sa yam on ore ots, ey Rr ok nes ea es al yi sion gen FORTRAN Eh tat ay Hanne sta To ain, Dre mand Ca et lan, pi en Ser eon a0 cacy A Ric tear wae ter psn Wns Ge Cas sefay,mea e Sct Cade ‘Arig Rear Ye Pca ‘© 1133 tmaig on td sage fhe Cots Rita Calas Seah St 113 cSt! Se i i NS Se ne Loh, Rat ean: tee gon ey, Wey Re ea wl 2, a8 BE aE tan Tne pet % oy OC tr PRM toot sa ef ne te RSE tony ates ai enenoveenes ee one “mci i nce os Was toa Nan Popa Set Mevtpagenan sat, Wate Ron Contet Bae Sr BO 10, Mech RoE A Lin, Cpt api ofl Bw Jd Bi, A Bs aps Wh ty rai ag ht i i, Wr oe ree, Ri pl seme egy al Ode tg, Pred ces ‘rat Cs oi Ban ans fp Pe eon A Ri nk C Di, Lr: Maal ti Ser ane nae Tita mb ei oma Na Roan Seana amet rae ‘4 Ustaea Champuign. Aap 97 PROBLEMS: "SI Cn ae Ae wane eon IF Tei di yy sn if Ht eeeraesese al‘Average inn Urban, ais Fig 1S), Ta eae cha SSEbskS ede ale 1 P2 Te tt oy to tp {era yea tum ped io bed, talon Rati namin) 5004835230278 i we at ey 250 10 ein he wa ar on enn Fi 13, Te inay-ion kore Ta ‘action in mines A vet prod of 10 yas Be wed, and emmecal ‘rrr tno, eu hl i pe am‘examine a expres fo te cnet of vio fhe che com Pe ea a OC mon eee Co ak 1519 ag your mate fon Pb 15.1.5, compa te seit of vation ef fe tte he onl i Eve = 0. CW, =O "su Deere meri te ee of ini of ih oe Fie tow: Come camwur D, stop nd rope ne ation ‘ing por fo rb. decree cue oro of ‘ehcp cont! ing Maing egos TEV, ~0.0555,C¥ p= 001, Miev, Teves 15.12 [Beemib cmp vik fang exceding be cay of ‘ow Asm bah ga cape oly Sar ‘iinet 15113 Reform atin of wri fre Day Weitch geon feta tow eg te along gear amie Si san ee ties, MOM er a idl etn ae hig te ee ot ‘Shay ermine sg the BayWenbch seen Te oon Sor S18 A wee ff ett Cf er aaa cin be expe 3 CL3Ga,in whit ay 4)4, wire A etl we betes 1nd 4, ie nie ving mst can Dace reson {etc ttn fhe weird Cin fhe na ak ‘ctccm fant he ym of15.6 Deemine he meas wei elt confit te Pb, 15.115) a ah ‘Seti of vara tte Dey catchment cent Engin len, 193) ‘feremhes hats ol wes of 8734 m2 are) wh Be be {efi gies low whom % Ua te U$, Amy Core ot Engiers prop HEC w deine te a iv he wated dae fig Te wae ied Racent—he Vaarel—aghie Sere =) tn i ee Syd mac wt hgh with C, = 025 an C= 0.38 fr ba 532 ‘ibe omit ef eachnen 8 Use ee Amy Cae ot Eager HES ‘compa ropan to ptorm We computa veo nyo were ie in owe st) ‘ene mn wie tihng te Fo 0.230 e sh ‘etm compton chr a ti ae Wi lod ‘Sal ecole fechas?sa penne ‘Sihtes Bisoeraphic characterises for Waller Creek Watershed BEEEE cried seh ng det Tipe tteeeme rete gee pe Seveeweirnenasnmemeanaen Sofa sv ogame opera iS o muniitre Seema e Bie Segforen econ te Sera etre pa See renee Sa eee Seve Pb 184.1 for «100 yeast prod. a Sr ty en perience renee aaa Sareeseh SEE ES ct cern mento Spc gece meee ee ‘Sec, te teens sng ferent ep! tc and Tita Ses— = See ee S80 arawracicer sas ne fe ey tin ii in 843 a nee te al esti hen , terion nmi Toe Tomb dca le ‘Unie sgt evap a Feb, 1.5 w ema eres tag fas seston pnd en 3. wanredAt, Tat. To ome 1 cteanrian far penelope soni 50 mien wd for Sle ‘Secme0 mimes Tit tice peso cones etand fr devaped condone 0.90, Arme tar al ste rent {nthe cnn nd Casier 23a storm wih @ = 97.8, = Th, ind 0.36 te mal med eos Sve rob 15.6 wing the 100 ye som, wich = 17.28, b= ‘evel an egaton fr inating te matin sarge of « een in ‘ng nfl eho Ge ig 13.8 fr eng te vne of tp) Un he owing rfl geo | Paatys cred tee Pe ce of precios, be urton i Bar. {ete eqn developed ie Pb 1548 Te esi te eee mina ‘ore for cece poten 428 wee Th tine of eentn (er peep cto 9 att a oped edt 3 ‘ins. The rf cece os pede condor 0.4 ed fo ‘Eve! ens 090 Aste tl Suc af ows ‘ren oo. Coser 25-year io, b=“ 2, Use MBC: sae sition mde wos ge i ogg SR aLcr ites ioogease ype tS soe age Se Sie a eRe Rt ed aap Techn sao to 500s) 6am 600) swoon SSL 5S tar raring ate (Gana [center come ema ‘Ase ie nia werner a he i pay rotten Waste eat ngs ak se on ge se HEC or moter sntin mol se sien fo ogg ‘hese om 210, CS Type sins, neh SL ‘nee Rav ak Te tipper nn esSr amanmnnsce la SS aS eee eee ee ee eee ee Fos ote A548, sagen ron re pes cn Eee ate SS See SoS Ens SSS Se aeveen sarees See ence eeesSenmuarremac Conse sau demand of 2,100 we with lion ema = ‘The et vpn date en in Tae 15 Pada ta eerie ‘Sour ae pees the Ps 1543 Ghee compere tn FP, 5.1m te webs iene 19 fe he host reno se Soares a Pe 3.03 sos te im em ete pen sea Uae cer rpc 8 per er be Fob i863, ut sme, a tum, e flowing weno pa 30.80 ret 6 we a 9.00 eh 145 Detemio the fm or the org en ake ob 862) Use $eeccmpts ort wn 18.0 peo he a ne Reeve tea aso 8.10 sah aw comp or 1546 Soe rn 15.6.5 deine fem il rami cpa of 10.000, {Stet ubving»minioon soup of 380 ne s847 Siete ama imide of 3000 ‘mam sage of 00 a casteett forsescburg reservar site nacre ‘nt! dia for Sorcbarg reservoir ste i ere= oo INDEXES=e oe | oe ee ee oe oe oe AUTHOR INDEX erin efi ge 9 semi 10 Le cme 3 erin ee 2$52 vc sot 2d ae Ay Sat, 0 aod | | | | | | ot aseam oes, 19) ews Nk a sty yaa des ieeegeSUBJECT INDEX 15 son Cae of Ege 15 opti eae mop ct, 9-56 aa 2encraces $67 ompem Doi iy, ASN Sena lone See st Scone. Pe Eyre sor mes ay ee =e ae. Se | ER nn Dome ene ae eae STS aa se =Sey ee alee te Se ee i jn an iy Is Sada Spied na, a a = ocala ete ‘chat tase ey Ss oie ara Sarre. Sore ete Serr" Etter aren eerie Soe baa Score ef eta. ‘ect ‘ernie me 3 ca See a ne es eee meni me Ss aos = ee a8 ae =a = Ere So" Sek mn =e. a feline tenements Seamee Oe ee ‘chee? beige St gen em et nag yah 6 2038 nto lp meee, Ry Een penn 88 teat 2 apa tt, ‘teste Ab) eee Se. ‘Remy an Tow, 9-8 ‘oka age ea, 57-8 teh ows 9, ee je ye, (twain it fe. 8, alin tai. 20 Fe fe re Fea nm eesteces eet Pepe i "sina.— ee ee ee eee Seam ert ‘terme tg ae cin, 259 Sey dma 6.49 Scatter aan eee oe aa ‘Sone wep Sra Bhs, ‘Spe mt pga 3823, Sion Seca ma veer a,aoe ee ees