Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Case Study Sample
Case Study Sample
'(9(/230(17±$&$6(678'<2)$&+,/':,7+
$1$67$6,$$/(95,$'28(/(1$*5,9$0$5,$0$66,
8QLYHUVLW\RI:HVWHUQ0DFHGRQLD'HSDUWPHQWRI(DUO\&KLOGKRRG(GXFDWLRQ*UHHFH
3URIHVVLRQDOSDSHU
! " # $ # % & ' ' " ( ) * % +
&RUUHVSRQGLQJDXWKRU$QDVWDVLD$OHYULDGRX3K'8QLYHUVLW\RI:HVWHUQ0DFHGRQLD'HSDUWPHQWRI(DUO\
NOP)ORULQDV1LNLV*UHHFHHPDLODOHYULDGRX#XRZPJU
, - . / 0 - 1 1 0 2 0 3 4 5 6 . 1 7 8
* 9 :
$EVWUDFW7KHSUHVHQWSDSHULVUHODWHGWRDFDVHVWXG\RIDQ\HDUROGJLUOZLWK:LOOLDPVV\QGURPHDQGPLOGLQWHOOHFWXDO
GLVDELOLW\,QLWLDOLQIRUPDODVVHVVPHQWVDQGVWDQGDUGL]HGWHVWVLQGLFDWHGWKDWKHUUHDGLQJDELOLW\ZDVXQGHUGHYHORSHGDVZHOODV
KHUSKRQRORJLFDODZDUHQHVV+HQFHDQLQWHUYHQWLRQIRUWKHGHYHORSPHQWRIUHDGLQJVNLOOVZDVGHVLJQHGDFFRUGLQJWRWKHSULQFLSOHV
RIWKHµWRSGRZQ¶HGXFDWLRQDOPRGHOFRPELQLQJIHDWXUHVIURPVHYHUDOWHDFKLQJPHWKRGVVXFKDVµKROLVWLFDSSURDFK¶µKROLVWLF
DQDO\WLFDOPHWKRG¶DQGµZKROHZRUGWHDFKLQJ¶7KHVWXGHQW¶VSURJUHVVZDVUHFRUGHGLQWKHUHVHDUFKHU¶VMRXUQDODQGHYDOXDWHG
WKURXJKLQIRUPDOFRQWLQXRXVDVVHVVPHQWDQGVWDQGDUGL]HGWHVW6KHPDQDJHGWRUHDGRXWRIZRUGVZKLFKZHUHLQFOXGHGLQ
WKHLQWHUYHQWLRQVLPSOHV\OODEOHVZLWKWKHFRQVRQDQWYRZHOVHTXHQFHDQGVRPHVLPSOHWZRV\OODEOHZRUGVZLWKRXWDQ\FRPSOH[
FRQWHQWQRWLQFOXGHGLQWKHLQWHUYHQWLRQ7KHLQWHUYHQWLRQSURYHGWREHHIIHFWLYHDVWKHVWXGHQWLQGLFDWHGGHYHORSPHQWLQKHU
UHDGLQJVNLOOVDOWKRXJKWRDFHUWDLQGHJUHH)LQDOO\WKHUHVXOWVYHUL¿HGWKHLQÀXHQFHRIWKHSKRQRORJLFDOIDFWRULQUHDGLQJDQG
KLJKOLJKWHGWKHKROLVWDSSURDFKDVDQDSSURSULDWHZD\WRGHYHORSUHDGLQJDQGFRPSUHKHQVLRQVNLOOV
.H\ZRUGV:LOOLDPVV\QGURPHUHDGLQJDELOLW\HGXFDWLRQDOUHDGLQJSURJUDPLQWHUYHQWLRQODQJXDJHVNLOOV
/DQJXDJHLVRIWHQFRQVLGHUHGDVDµVWURQJ¶DUHD
; < = > ? @ A B = ; ? <
LQWKH:6SKHQRW\SHVLQFHFKLOGUHQZLWKWKLV
:LOOLDPVV\QGURPH:6LVDUDUH V\QGURPHDUHFDSDEOHRISURGXFLQJIOXHQWHDVLO\
ELUWKVQHXURGHYHORSPHQWDOGLVRUGHUFDXVHGE\ XQGHUVWRRGDQGH[SUHVVLYHVSHHFKXVLQJH[WHQVLYH
GHOHWLRQRIDVHJPHQWLQFKURPRVRPHT YRFDEXODU\DVZHOODVDEOHWRHQULFKWKHLUFRPPX
ZKLFKLQFOXGHVDERXWJHQHVDQGLVFKDUDFWHU
C
QLFDWLRQZLWKVHYHUDOSURVRGLFFXHV1HYHUWKHOHVV
L]HGE\W\SLFDOIDFLDOG\VPRUSKRORJ\PHQWDOUHWDU C
WKHLUOLQJXLVWLFGHYHORSPHQWLVDOPRVWDOZD\V
GDWLRQDQGFRQJHQLWDOFDUGLRYDVFXODUGLIILFXOWLHV GHOD\HGIURPWKHYHU\EHJLQQLQJDVWKH\XVXDO
:6LVDVVRFLDWHGZLWKDVSHFLILFFRJQLWLYHSURILOH
C
O\VWDUWDFTXLULQJODQJXDJHDURXQGWKHDJHRI
LQFOXGLQJUHODWLYHO\SUHVHUYHGOLQJXLVWLFDQGVRFLDO PRQWKV0DULQLHWDO7KXVWKHLUODQJXDJH
VNLOOVLQFRQWUDVWWRLPSDLUHGVSDWLDODQGPRWRU VNLOOVDQGDELOLWLHVDUHQRWFRPSDWLEOHZLWKWKH
VNLOOV6WURPPHHWDO JHQHUDOOHYHORIWKHLUFRJQLWLYHDELOLWLHV3OHKHW
,QGLYLGXDOVZLWK:6KDYHGHYHORSPHQWDOGHOD\ DO6WRMDQRYLN$OWKRXJKWKH\VKRZ
ZKLFKOHDGVWRLQWHOOHFWXDOGLVDELOLW\DQGOHDUQLQJ EULOOLDQWH[SUHVVLYHVNLOOVZKLFKDUHXVXDOO\DPLV C
GLIILFXOWLHV6HYHUDOVWDQGDUGL]HGPHDVXUHVVXFKDV OHDGLQJDVSHFWWKH\LQGLFDWHLQHIILFLHQWDQGLQDS C
:HFKVOHU,QWHOOLJHQFH6FDOHVDQG.DXIPDQ%ULHI SURSULDWHODQJXDJHFRPSUHKHQVLRQVNLOOVERWKDW
,QWHOOLJHQFH7HVW±.%,7SRLQWRXWDKLJKSUHYD C
SUDJPDWLFDQGVHPDQWLFOHYHO0HUYLVHWDO
OHQFHRIPHQWDOUHWDUGDWLRQZLWKLQWKHPLOGWRPRG C
,WKDVEHHQZLGHO\DFNQRZOHGJHGWKDWLQGLYLGX
HUDWHLQWHUYDO+HUZHJHQHWDO
C
DOVZLWK:6KDYHUDWKHUDQLPSUHVVLYHYRFDEX C
+UYDWVNDUHYLMD]DUHKDELOLWDFLMVNDLVWUDåLYDQMD9RO6XSSOHPHQWVWU
HQJHQGHULQJWKHSKHQRPHQRQRIWKH³FRFNWDLOSDUW\ RSUHDGLQJVNLOOVRIDFKLOGZLWK:6E\LPSOH C
DOO\IDLOWRPDLQWDLQWKHWRSLFDQGDGKHUHWRWKH
J K = L ? @
FRQYHUVDWLRQDOFRQWH[WJLYLQJLQDSSURSULDWHDQG
LQFRPSOHWHDQVZHUV5RVVLHWDO = M N O P Q R S T S O P U R
'HVSLWHWKHIDFWWKDWUHDGLQJLVH[SHFWHGWREH
DUDWKHUXQLPSDLUHGVNLOORILQGLYLGXDOVZLWK:6 7KHSDUWLFLSDQWRIWKLVVWXG\ZDVDQ\HDUROG
3RUWHUDQG'RGGUHDGLQJDFKLHYHPHQWVRI JLUOZLWK:6ZKRDWWHQGHGWKHVHFRQGJUDGHRISUL C
FKLOGUHQZLWK:6UHPDLQSRRUGXHWRLQGLYLGXDO PDU\VFKRRO&OLQLFDOIHDWXUHVVXFKDVLQWHOOHFWXDO
GLIIHUHQFHVLQLQWHOOLJHQFHDQGSKRQRORJLFDOVNLOOV GLVDELOLW\DQGHOILQIDFHLQGLFDWHWKHH[LVWHQFHRI
/DLQJHWDO0HUYLV WKHV\QGURPH6KHDOVRVXIIHUHGIURPKHDUWGLVHDVH
IDFHGODQJXDJHGLIILFXOWLHVDVZHOODVGLIILFXOWLHVLQ
$OWKRXJKFKLOGUHQZLWK:6UHVSRQGUHODWLYHO\ ILQHPRWRUVNLOOV+HURQH\HDU\RXQJHUEURWKHUDQG
ZHOORQZRUGGHFRGLQJWKH\HQFRXQWHUGLIILFXOWLHV KHUSDUHQWVGLGQRWH[SHULHQFHDQ\PHGLFDOJHQHWLF
LQUHDGLQJFRPSUHKHQVLRQ/DLQJHWDOOLNH C
RUOHDUQLQJSUREOHPV6KHZDVERUQLQDQDWXUDOZD\
O\EHFDXVHRIWKHODFNRIVHPDQWLFDFWLYDWLRQRUWKH KRZHYHUGXULQJWKHILUVW\HDUVRIKHUOLIHDGHYHO
LUUHJXODUVHPDQWLFSURFHVVLQJZKLOHUHDGLQJ,QVWHDG
C
RSPHQWDOGHOD\ZDVLGHQWLILHGHVSHFLDOO\UHJDUGLQJ
UHDGLQJLVSHUIRUPHGPDLQO\WKURXJKWKHSKRQRORJL C
VSHHFKDQGPRWRUGHYHORSPHQW6KHKDVEHHQGLDJ
FDOSURFHVVLQJRIWKHZULWWHQLQIRUPDWLRQE\RQO\FUH
C
QRVHGDV:6DWWKHDJHRIE\SURSHUJHQHWLFWHVWV
DWLQJPDSSLQJVEHWZHHQRUWKRJUDSK\DQGSKRQRORJ\ DWWKHKRVSLWDO7KHJLUOKDGDOUHDG\EHHQLQYROYHG
DQGQRWEHWZHHQRUWKRJUDSK\DQGVHPDQWLFV/DLQJ LQVSHHFKDQGRFFXSDWLRQDOWKHUDS\VHVVLRQV
HWDO7KXVWKHLPSDFWRIVHPDQWLFIDFWRURQ
UHDGLQJLVWDNHQLQWRFRQVLGHUDWLRQVLQFHLWKDVEHHQ :HFKVOHU,QWHOOLJHQFH6FDOHIRU&KLOGUHQ,,,
FODLPHGWKDWLQGLYLGXDOVZLWK:6HQFRXQWHUGLIILFXO :,6&,,,ZDVXVHGWKHHYDOXDWLRQRIKHULQWHO C
WLHVLQUHDGLQJSVHXGRZRUGVRUWHQGWRFRQYHUWWKHP C
LFDOGHFRGLQJDQGLQHIILFLHQWUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQWKH
SKRQHPHVDQGWKHJUDSKHPHV3LQKHLURHWDO V W W
N
W W X
N U R S U
W
R Q Y
X
N U R
W
7KHGHEDWHFRQFHUQLQJUHDGLQJSURFHVVDQGWKH
FRQWULEXWLRQRIWKHSKRQRORJLFDOYHUVXVVHPDQWLF %HIRUHWKHLQWHUYHQWLRQVWXGHQW¶VFRJQLWLYH
IDFWRUWRWKHSURFHVVLQJRIWKHZULWWHQLQIRUPDWLRQ VNLOOVDQGJHQHUDODELOLWLHVZHUHLGHQWLILHGWKURXJK
KDVUHVXOWHGLQWRLGHQWLI\LQJDQDSSURSULDWHPHWKRG LQIRUPDODVVHVVPHQWVDVZHOODVWKURXJKVWDQGDUG C
WRWHDFKUHDGLQJWRFKLOGUHQZLWK:6$QXPEHURI L]HGW\SLFDOPHWKRGV
UHVHDUFKHUVVXSSRUWHGWKHLGHDWKDWZRUGVDUHLQLWLDOO\ Z
5DYHQ¶V&RORUHG3URJUHVVLYH0DWULFHV7HVW
IRUPHGIURPFRPSRQHQWOHWWHUVHJDQDO\WLFDO D E F G H I
+HUFRJQLWLYHDELOLWLHVZHUHDVVHVVHGE\XVLQJ
)RUVWHUZKLOHRWKHUVKLJKOLJKWWKHDGYDQWDJHV 5DYHQ¶V&RORUHG3URJUHVVLYH0DWULFHV7HVW+HU
RIKROLVWLFPRGHOZKHUHZRUGVFDQEHIRUPHGHLWKHU PHQWDODJHZDV\HDUV5DYHQHWDO
,QIRUPDODVVHVVPHQWRIWKHDELOLWLHVUHJDU
= M N S U R N Q k N U R S l U
GLQJZULWWHQODQJXDJHDQGSKRQRORJLFDO
DZDUHQHVV7KHDVVHVVPHQWLQFOXGHGVHYHUDO 7KHLQGLYLGXDOLQWHUYHQWLRQSURJUDPPHZKLFK
WDVNVZLWKOHWWHUVVXFKDV³&LUFOHWKHOHWWHUV ZDVGHVLJQHGZLWKWKHDLPWRKHOSWKHHLJKW\HDUV
\RXKHDU´³5HDGWKHOHWWHUV\RXVHH´³-RLQ ROGJLUOGHYHORSUHDGLQJVNLOOVIROORZHGDPXOWL C
WKHFDSLWDOZLWKWKHVPDOOOHWWHUV´³5HZULWH PHWKRGRORJLFDODQGPXOWLVHQVRU\DSSURDFKFRP C
WKHOHWWHUV\RXVHH´³:ULWHWKHOHWWHUV\RX ELQLQJHOHPHQWVIURPVHYHUDOPHWKRGVVXFKDV
KHDU´WDVNVZLWKV\OODEOHVVXFKDV³5HDGWKH µKROLVWLFDSSURDFK¶µKROLVWLFDQDO\WLFDOPHWKRG¶
V\OODEOHV´³5HZULWHWKHV\OODEOHV´³:ULWH µZKROHZRUGWHDFKLQJ¶7KHLQWHUYHQWLRQDGRSWHG
WKHV\OODEOHV\RXKHDU´DVZHOODVWDVNVZLWK WKHSULQFLSOHVRIWKHµWRSGRZQ¶HGXFDWLRQDOPRGHO
ZRUGV7KHVWXGHQWSHUIRUPHGVXFFHVVIXOO\ LQUHVSHFWRIFRQVWUXFWLQJWKHNQRZOHGJH
WKHOHWWHUWDVNVDVVKHZDVDEOHWRUHFRJQL]H J
V
= K > ;
V m
@ K n ; o <
HDFKOHWWHUGHWHFWWKHOHWWHUDPRQJRWKHUV
GLVWLQJXLVKFDSLWDODQGVPDOOOHWWHUVUHZULWH 7KHUHDGLQJPDWHULDOZDVFRQVWLWXWHGIURPWKH
DQGZULWHOHWWHUVDORQH$VIRUWKHV\OODEOH
C
PDWLFD[HVZLWKZRUGVLQHDFKUHODWHGWRWKHJLUO¶V
WDVNVWKHVWXGHQWFRXOGUHDGWKHV\OODEOHV HYHU\GD\OLIHIUXLWV DQLPDOV YHJHWDEOHV PHDQVRI
JLYHQH[FHSWIRUV\OODEOHVZLWKOLJDWXUHVRU
I I I
RQO\UHDGWKHV\OODEOHVE\SURQRXQFLQJHDFK
I I I g _ F p h q G
ZRUGVFKRVHQZHUHWZRV\OODEOHRUWKUHHV\OODEOHDQG
SKRQHPHVHSDUDWHO\WKLQNLQJDZKLOHDQG PRUHKDGVLPSOHVHTXHQFHRIFRQVRQDQWYRZHORUPRUH
FRPSOH[FRPSRVLWLRQ7KHPDWHULDOZDVGHVLJQHGLQDQ
] ^ ] ^ ]
G _ ` a E _ E b _ c d _ e G d a c E D f d _ g d E _ h
7KHHYDOXDWLRQRIKHUSKRQRORJLFDODZDUHQHVV DWWUDFWLYHZD\IRUWKHVWXGHQWDQGLQFOXGHGFDUGVZLWK
ZDVFDUULHGRXWWKURXJKVHYHUDOWDVNVGHWHFWLQJ SLFWXUHVDQGZRUGVFDUWRQSX]]OHVUHDGLQJZKHHOSRZ
KHUDELOLW\WRKDQGOHLQGLYLGXDOSKRQRORJLFDO
C
HUSRLQWSUHVHQWDWLRQVDQGVHYHUDOWDVNVZKHUHVKHKDG
XQLWVLQWKHZRUG6KHZDVDVNHGWRILQGWKHILUVW WRFLUFOHWKHULJKWDQVZHUWRILQGWKHPDWFKLQJWRILOOLQ
RUWKHODVWSKRQHPHRIDZRUGWRUHFRJQL]HWKH ZLWKWKHVDPHFRORUDQGPDQ\RWKHUVH[SODLQHGEHORZ
ZRUGDIWHUFRPELQLQJLWVV\OODEOHVRUSKRQH C
SKRQHPHVWRILQGZRUGVE\ILUVWODVWV\OODEOH
SKRQHPHJLYHQWRLQYHUWDSDLURISKRQHPHV 7KHLQWHUYHQWLRQZKLFKODVWHGIRUPRQWKVZDV
7KHVWXGHQWHQFRXQWHUHGGLIILFXOW\LQSKRQR C
LPSOHPHQWHGWZLFHDZHHNIRUKRXU,WZDVFDU C
ORJLFDOWDVNVDVVKHFRXOGRQO\ILQGWKHILUVW ULHGRXWWKURXJKEDVLFVWDJHVWKHSUHVWDJHZKHUH
SKRQHPHLQFDVHRIYRZHOLQFDVHRIFRQVR C
WKHQHZZRUGVZHUHSUHVHQWHGDQGWKHVWXGHQWZDV
QDQWVKHUHSHDWHGWKHZKROHILUVWV\OODEOHVKH WKHZKLOHVWDJHZKHUHE\VKH
] ] ^
` a G ` g a G F E a G g F G D I
FRXOGQ¶WILQGWKHODVWSKRQHPHDWDOOQRUFRXOG PDLQO\SUDFWLFHGUHDGLQJWKHQHZZRUGVIRFXVLQJ
VKHLQYHUWWKHSKRQHPHSDLUVJLYHQ6KHFRXOG VXFFHVVLYHO\RQWKHVHQWHQFHZRUGV\OODEOHOHWWHU
FRPELQHWKHV\OODEOHVJLYHQEXWQRWDVVRFLDWH WRSGRZQPRGHODQGWKHSRVWVWDJHZKHUHIHHGEDFN
WKHZRUGWRWKHPQRUFRXOGKDQGOHWKHSKRQH C
ZDVSURYLGHGDQGWKHQHZVNLOOVZHUHWUDQVIHUUHGLQ
PHV6KHFRXOGILQGDZRUGE\WKHILUVWV\OODEOH DQDOWHUQDWLYHIUDPHZRUN$GGLWLRQDOO\UHYLVLQJ
RUSKRQHPHJLYHQEXWQRWE\WKHODVW OHVVRQVDIWHUHYHU\WKHPDWLFD[HVDLPHGDWUHF\ C
6WDQGDUGL]HGVFUHHQLQJWHVWRILGHQWLI\LQJUHD \
FOLQJYRFDEXODU\DQGVWXGHQW¶VSURJUHVVHYDOXDWLRQ
GLQJGLIILFXOWLHV 7KHVWXGHQWZDVH[DPLQHGE\ )XUWKHUPRUHLQIRUPDWLRQLQUHVSHFWRIWKHLQWHUYHQ C
WKHVWDQGDUGL]HG 7HVWRI,GHQWLI\LQJ5HDGLQJ j
WLRQSURFHGXUHDVZHOODVWKHHYDOXDWLRQRIWKHLQWHU C
QHVVDQGSKRQRORJLFDOVKRUWWHUPPHPRU\7KH
7KHQHZZRUGVRQHWKHPDWLFD[HHDFKWLPH
SDUWLFLSDQW¶VSHUIRUPDQFHLQHDFKDUHDZDVVXIIL
i
ZHUHDWILUVWH[KLELWHGWKURXJKFRPSXWHU
C
FLHQWHQRXJKWRSODFHKHURQWKHORZHUVFDOH
[
+UYDWVNDUHYLMD]DUHKDELOLWDFLMVNDLVWUDåLYDQMD9RO6XSSOHPHQWVWU
FRUUHFWSDLURISLFWXUHZRUG,QRWKHUZRUGV
VKHKDGWRUHO\RQVLPLODULWLHV
i
7KHFDUWRQSX]]OHGLUHFWHGWKHSLFWXUHZRUG
PDWFKLQJZLWKSURSHUGULYHUVRIWKHSLHFHV
i
7KHVWXGHQWKDGWRXVHWKHFRORUWRILOOLQWKH
SLFWXUHDQGWKHOHWWHUVRIWKHZRUG
i
3DLUVRIFDUGVZHUHXVHGDVPHPRU\FDUGVIRU
WKHSLFWXUHZRUGPDWFKLQJZLWKRXWGULYHUV
7DEOH3UHVWDJHDFWLYLWLHV
v w x y z { | } x | ~ { { x z
UGSKDVHV\OODEOH
i
$IWHUGLYLGLQJWKHZRUGLQWRV\OODEOHVE\
FODSSLQJKHUKDQGVVKHKDGWRGRWKHVDPH
RQSDSHUFLUFOLQJHDFKV\OODEOHVHSDUDWHO\
i
7KHJLUOKDGWRSXWWKHV\OODEOHVLQWKHFRUUHFW
VHTXHQFHWRFRQVWUXFWWKHZRUG
i
6KHKDGWRGHWHFWWKHPLVVLQJV\OODEOHDPRQJ
RWKHUVDQGSXWLQWRWKHZRUG
7DEOH:KLOHVWDJHDFWLYLWLHVUGSKDVHV\OODEOH
W
M S N s R P t N
:KLOHVWDJHDFWLYLWLHVUGSKDVHV\OODEOH
VWSKDVHVHQWHQFH
i
$IWHUUHDGLQJWKHVHQWHQFHE\KDYLQJWKH
UHVHDUFKHU¶VKHOSVKHKDGWRGHWHFWDQGFLUFOH
WKHZRUGLQWKHVHQWHQFH
i
7KHVWXGHQWKDGWRSXWWKHSURSHUZRUGEDFN
LQWRWKHVHQWHQFH
7DEOH:KLOHVWDJHDFWLYLWLHVVWSKDVHVHQWHQFH
x y z { | } x | ~ { { x z z { | z x y z x { x ~ x
WKSKDVHOHWWHU
i
7KHJLUOKDGWRMRLQZLWKDOLQHWKHSURSHU
V\OODEOHVWRFRQVWUXFWWKHZRUGKDYLQJWR
QGSKDVHZRUG
FKRRVHDPRQJV\OODEOHVGLIIHULQJLQRQH
i
6KHKDGWRMRLQZLWKDOLQHWKHSLFWXUHZLWK H G
] ]
G a h
WKHSURSHUZRUG i
6KHKDGWRFLUFOHWKHFRUUHFWZRUGKDYLQJWR
FKRRVHDPRQJZRUGVGLIIHULQJLQWKHILUVWDQG
^ ^ ] ] ] ] ^ ]
q G e d a H g F E F G G c g _ F c d a c H G G c E a a G c
ZRUGDPRQJGLVWUDFWHUVORRNLQJDWWKHSDUD C
E _ G D E a G H G
] ]
G a h
F d e D h
i
7KHVWXGHQWKDGWRFLUFOHWKHFRUUHFWZRUG
i
6KHKDGWRFLUFOHWKHSURSHUZRUGZLWKQR KDYLQJWRFKRRVHDPRQJZRUGVGLIIHULQJLQ
SDUDGLJPJLYHQ DQLQWHUYHQLQJOHWWHU
u
x y z { | } x | ~ { { x z { | z x y x { { x w
ODEOHVUHDGLQJIDPLOLDUIURPWKHLQWHUYHQWLRQZRUGV
DQGUHDGLQJXQIDPLOLDUZRUGV7KHVWXGHQWZDVQ¶W
DEOHWRUHDGV\OODEOHVZLWKOLJDWXUHVRUFRPSOH[
SKRQHWLFFRPELQDWLRQV+RZHYHUVKHPDQDJHGWR
UHDGVLPSOHV\OODEOHVZLWKWKHFRQVRQDQWYRZHO
VHTXHQFHZLWKRXWSURQRXQFLQJHDFKSKRQHPH
VHSDUDWHO\ILUVW
$VIRUWKHLQWHUYHQWLRQ¶VUHDGLQJPDWHULDO
3RVWVWDJH WKHZRUGVZHUHJLYHQWRWKHVWXGHQWLQDUDQGRP
i
7KHµUHDGLQJZKHHO¶ZKLFKLVDURXQGFDUG VHTXHQFHZLWKRXWDQ\WKHPDWLFFODVVLILFDWLRQ6KH
ZLWKWKHILYHZRUGVZULWWHQRQWRSZDVJLYHQ PDQDJHGWRUHDGZRUGVPRVWRI
WRWKHVWXGHQWZKRZDVPRWLYDWHGWRKDQGOH ZKLFKKDGWZRRUWKUHHV\OODEOHVDQGVLPSOHFY
LWDORQHDQGSOD\ZLWKLW VHTXHQFHDQGRQO\IHZKDGWZRV\OODEOHV
i
$WWKHHQGWKHJLUOZDVDVNHGWRFKRRVHRQH DQGOLJDWXUHVRURWKHUSKRQHPLFFRPELQDWLRQVDQG
ZRUGIURPHDFKJURXSDQGGUDZRUZULWH FOXVWHUV6KHIDLOHGLQUHDGLQJZRUGVZLWK
VRPHWKLQJUHOHYDQW V\OODEOHVZRUGVZLWKFRPSOLFDWHGSKRQHPLF
FRPELQDWLRQVRUFOXVWHUVDQGZRUGVZLWKDEVWUDFW
7DEOH3RVWVWDJHDFWLYLWLHV
FRQFHSWVDVZHOODVVHQVRU\YHUEV
v z { y z { | } x
7KHVWXGHQWPDQDJHGWRUHDGVRPHRIWKHXQID C
PLOLDUZRUGVJLYHQWKRVHZLWKWZRV\OODEOHVDQG
VLPSOHFYVHTXHQFH2EYLRXVO\VKHLVDWWKHVWDJH
RIDFTXLULQJGHFRGLQJDELOLWLHVIRUVLPSOHZRUGV
ZKLOHWKHTXDQWLW\RIWKHV\OODEOHVDVZHOODVWKHLU
LQWULFDF\DQGWKHDEVWUDFWRUXQNQRZQPHDQLQJRI
WKHZRUGDFFXPXODWHWKHGLIILFXOWLHV
> K n A
m
= n
6WDQGDUGL]HGVFUHHQLQJWHVWRILGHQWLI\LQJUHDG \
LQJGLIILFXOWLHV )RUWKLVPHDVXUHPHQWZDVLPSOH C
,GHQWLI\LQJ5HDGLQJ'LIILFXOWLHV´3RUSRGDVHWDO
H[WUDFWHGIURPMRXUQDOVWKDWLQFOXGHGGDWDUHJDUG
ZKLFKZDVXVHGEHIRUHWKHLQWHUYHQWLRQVR
C
LQJWKHSURFHGXUHRIWKHLQWHUYHQWLRQDQGWKHSXU p I
DVWKHSRVVLEOHDGYDQFHPHQWLQKHUUHDGLQJDELOL
C
SRVHRIHDFKWKHPDWLFD[H$YDULHW\RIWHDFKLQJ C
DLGVZHUHXVHGZKLFKDWWUDFWHGVWXGHQW¶VLQWHUHVW WLHVWREHLGHQWLILHGDQGUHFRUGHG+HUJHQHUDOSHU C
OLNHSX]]OHFRORUVFDUGVDQGRWKHUVDVZHOODV IRUPDQFHSODFHGKHUDJDLQRQWKHORZHUVFDOHRI
YDULRXVWHDFKLQJWHFKQLTXHVOLNHSOD\LQJFRPSXWHU UHDGLQJVNLOOVDOWKRXJKSKRQRORJLFDOVKRUWWHUP
XVHPHPRU\UHFDOOPLPLFVHQVRU\DSSURDFKDQG PHPRU\VNLOOVLQFUHDVHGXQLW
IHHGEDFN7KHHLJKW\HDUROGJLUOVKRZHGDSRVLWLYH 4XDQWLWDWLYH DQDO\VLV 7KH LQWHUYHQWLRQ
DWWLWXGHWRZDUGVLQWHUYHQWLRQZLOOLQJSDUWLFLSDWLRQ LQFOXGHGZRUGVVLPSOHWZRV\OODEOHZRUGV
DQGLQWHUHVWLQSOD\LQJZLWKWKHQHZPDWHULDOPRVW VLPSOHWKUHHV\OODEOHZRUGV
RIWKHWLPHV6KHHQFRXQWHUHGGLIILFXOWLHVLQORQJ WZRV\OODEOHZRUGVZLWKSKRQHWLFFRPELQDWLRQ
RUVLPLODUZRUGVZRUGVZLWKFRPSOH[SKRQHWLF OLNHOLJDWXUHVDQGFOXVWHUVWKUHHV\OODEOH
FRPELQDWLRQVHVSHFLDOO\LQWKHWKSKDVHOHWWHU ZRUGVZLWKSKRQHWLFFRPELQDWLRQOLNHOLJDWXUHV
RIWKHZKLOHVWDJHZKLFKLVVXHVGHPDQGLQJSHU C
DQGFOXVWHUVDQGIRXUV\OODEOHZRUGV
FHSWLRQRIYHU\VOLJKWGLIIHUHQFHVEHWZHHQZRUGV 7KHHLJKW\HDUROGJLUOPDQDJHGWRUHDG
1HYHUWKHOHVVWKHVWXGHQWDFKLHYHGWKHOHDUQLQJ ZRUGVZKLOHIDLOLQJLQZRUGV
JRDOVIRUPRVWRIWKHWKHPDWLFD[HV PRGLILHGWWHVWZDVXVHGIRUWKHVWDWLVWLFDO
,QIRUPDODVVHVVPHQWRIUHDGLQJDELOLW\ DQDO\VLVRIWKHUHVXOWVZKLFKFRPSDUHVUHVXOWV
^
q G
+UYDWVNDUHYLMD]DUHKDELOLWDFLMVNDLVWUDåLYDQMD9RO6XSSOHPHQWVWU
7DEOH&DWHJRUL]HGLQIRUPDWLRQRIWKHGLDULHV
6XEFDWHJRULHV
} | { x } w x z w x x ~
ǹ 7KHSXUSRVH YLVXDOUHFRJQLWLRQRIWKHZRUGV
¤ ¥
¦ § ¨
,QWHUYHQWLRQDO 7HFKQLTXHVDQGDFWLYLWLHV
¤ ¤ ¥
ª £ « ¡
¦ © § ¨
¡ ¢ £ ¡
£ ® ¡
¦ ¬ § ¨
¦ VHYHUDODFWLYLWLHVRQSDSHU § ¨
¦ FRORUV § ¨
¦ PDWFKLQJFDUGV § ¨
¦ UHDGLQJZKHHO § ¨
7HDFKLQJDSSURDFKHV 3OD\
¤ ¤ ¤ ¥
¦ § ¨
¦ XVHRIWKHFRPSXWHU § ¨
¦ PHPRU\UHFDOO § ¨
¤ ¤
ª ª
¦ § ¨
¦ PXOWLVHQVRU\DSSURDFK § ¨
¦ IHHGEDFN § §
6WXGHQW¶VDWWLWXGHWRZDUGV SRVLWLYHDWWLWXGH
¥ ¤ ¥
¯
¦ °
7KHVWXGHQW LQWHUYHQWLRQ
¤
¡ £ « ² ® ² « « « £ ¢ ¡ ³
¦ ±
¦ DFWLYHUROH § ´
¦ DFWLYHUROHDIWHUPRWLYDWLRQ ¨
¦ PXFKLQWHUHVW ³
¦ FRQILGHQFHZLWKWKHPDWHULDO µ
² ¢ ª ¢ ³
¦ ¶
¦ GLVDSSRLQWPHQWZKHQGRLQJPLVWDNHV ·
)DYRXULWHWHFKQLTXHVDFWLYLWLHV SRZHUSRLQWSUHVHQWDWLRQV
¤ ¤ ¥
¦ § ¨
¦ SOD\ZLWKFDUGV § ¨
¦ DFWLYLWLHVZLWKJOXH § ¨
¦ SLFWXUHVZLWKKRUVHV §
'LIILFXOWLHV DWWHQWLRQGHILFLWVSUREOHPV
¤ ¤ ¤ ¥
¦ § ¨
¦ WKSKDVHOHWWHURIWKHZKLOHVWDJHDFWLYLWLHV § §
¦ ORQJZRUGV ¨
¦ VHPDQWLFFRPSUHKHQVLRQ ¨
¦ ZRUGVZLWKFRPSOH[SKRQHWLFFRPELQDWLRQV ·
7KHREMHFWLYHV DFKLHYLQJOHDUQLQJJRDO
¥ ¤ ¥
© ¦ ¸
(VWLPDWLRQRIWKH ¦ IDLOXUHWRDFKLHYHOHDUQLQJJRDO ·
LQWHUYHQWLRQ ¤ ¤ ¥
3UREOHPV ¦ IUHTXHQWGLVUXSWLRQVRIWKHWHDFKLQJ § §
¦ DWWHQWLRQSUREOHPV § §
¦ LQVXIILFLHQWWLPH °
¦ GLIILFXOWLHVEHFDXVHRIWKHVHTXHQFHRIWKHLVVXHV µ
¦ VORZUDWH §
¤ ¤
® « ¡ £ « ³
¦ ± ¹ ± ±
¦ H[WHUQDOQRLVHV §
¦ GLIILFXOWZRUGV º
)XWXUHGLUHFWLRQV PRUHTXLHWHQYLURQPHQW
¤ ¤ ¤ ¥
¦ § ´
¦ HDVLHUZRUGV º
¦ KLJKHUPRWLYDWLRQ §
| | w x x z z { x w ¾ ¾ x ¾ w
1XPEHUV 3VHXGR
¤ ¤ ¤ ¤ ¤
¿ ¿ ¿ ¿
¡ ² ¢ ¡ ² ¢ ¡ ² ¢ ¡ ² ¢ ² ¢ £ « « À ¡ ª ¡
± ¹ ± ¹ ± ¹ ± ¹ ± © ± ¹ ¬ ±
ª ® ¡ « ¡ « À ¡ ¢ ¡ ® ¡ «
¡ ¡ ² «
± ¹
SLFWXUHV LQWRWKHVHQWHQFH À
±
¡ ª ¡
Á }
§ ° Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â
SHUIRUPDQFH § ¸ Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â
§ Ã Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â
§ µ Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â
§ º Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â
§ · Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â
§ Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â
Ä x ¾
§ ¨ Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â
SHUIRUPDQFH § § Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â
§ ´ Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â
° Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â
¸ Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â
Å
à        Â
SHUIRUPDQFH µ Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â
º Â Â Â Â Â Â
· Â Â Â
     Â
/HY\DQG$QWHEL¶VVWXG\DQGWKHSUHVHQW7KHJLUO¶V LPSOHPHQWHG7KHLQWHUYHQWLRQIROORZHGDµWRS
SHUIRUPDQFHLVVLPLODUWRWKHSHUIRUPDQFHRWKHU GRZQ¶DSSURDFKRIFRQVWUXFWLQJWKHNQRZOHGJHDQG
FKLOGUHQZLWK:6H[KLELWHG FRPELQHGHOHPHQWVIURPVHYHUDOPHWKRGVVXFKDV
$GGLWLRQDOO\WKHYDULDEOHVRIWKHVWXG\VXFKDV ³KROLVWLFDSSURDFK´³KROLVWLFDQDO\WLFDOPHWKRG´
W\SHZRUGDQGUHDGLQJVXFFHVVFDQEHFRUUHODWHG ³ZKROHZRUGWHDFKLQJ´7KHVWXGHQW¶VSHUIRU C
5HDGLQJVXFFHVVLQVLPSOHWZRV\OODEOHZRUGVLV PDQFHZDVHYDOXDWHGE\XVLQJVHYHUDOPHWKRGV
LQVLPSOHWKUHHV\OODEOHZRUGVLVLQ VXFKDVUHFRUGLQJLQIRUPDWLRQRQMRXUQDOVLQIRUPDO
WZRV\OODEOHZLWKSKRQHWLFFRPELQDWLRQOLNHOLJD DVVHVVPHQWDVZHOODVVWDQGDUGL]HGVFUHHQLQJWHVW
RIUHDGLQJDELOLW\DQGVWDWLVWLFDODQDO\VLVLQRUGHU
C
WXUHVDQGFOXVWHUVLVLQWKUHHV\OODEOHZLWK
SKRQHWLFFRPELQDWLRQOLNHOLJDWXUHVDQGFOXVWHUV YDOLGLQIHUHQFHVWREHH[FOXGHG
LVDQGLQIRXUV\OODEOHZRUGVLV7KHFRU C 7KHLQWHUYHQWLRQSURYHGWREHVXFFHVVIXODVWKH
UHODWLRQWHVWEHWZHHQWKHWZRYDULDEOHVWKHZRUG VWXGHQWH[KLELWHGSURJUHVVLQKHUUHDGLQJDELOLWLHV
W\SHDQGWKHUHDGLQJVXFFHVVKDVSYDOXH DOWKRXJKWRDFHUWDLQGHJUHH%HIRUHWKHLQWHUYHQ C
PHDQLQJWKDWWKHWZRYDULDEOHVDUHFRUUHODWHG WLRQVKHFRXOGRQO\UHDGDIHZVLPSOHV\OODEOHV
,QRWKHUZRUGVWKHSRVVLELOLW\RIIDLOLQJLQUHDGLQJ SURQRXQFLQJVHSDUDWHO\HDFKOHWWHUILUVWEXWQR
LQFUHDVHVDVWKHOHQJWKRIWKHZRUGLQFUHDVHVRU ZRUGZKLOHDIWHUWKHLQWHUYHQWLRQVKHZDVDEOHWR
LWVSKRQRORJLFDOFRQWHQWLVFRPSOLFDWHGE\KDYLQJ UHDGDOOWKHVLPSOHV\OODEOHVZLWKRXWSURQRXQFLQJ
OLJDWXUHVRUFOXVWHUV VHSDUDWHO\HDFKOHWWHUILUVWDODUJHDPRXQWRIWKH
ZRUGVVKHZDVWDXJKWWKURXJKWKHLQWHUYHQWLRQDQG
VRPHRIWKHVLPSOHWZRV\OODEOHZRUGVJLYHQ
@ ; n B A n n ; ? <
$IWHUFRQVLGHULQJSUHYLRXVVWXGLHVUHODWHGWKH 7KHVWXGHQWHQFRXQWHUHGGLIILFXOWLHVLQORQJ
PRVWDSSURSULDWHHGXFDWLRQDOPHWKRGVIRUFKLO ZRUGVOLJDWXUHVFRPSOH[SKRQRORJLFDOFRPELQD C
WLRQVDVZHOODVSKRQRORJLFDOVLPLODULWLHVRIZRUGV
C
GUHQZLWK:6DUHDGLQJLQWHUYHQWLRQSURJUDPIRU
WKHHLJKW\HDUROGJLUOZLWK:6ZDVGHVLJQHGDQG FRQILUPLQJWKHLQIOXHQFHRIWKHSKRQRORJLFDOIDFWRU
[ »
+UYDWVNDUHYLMD]DUHKDELOLWDFLMVNDLVWUDåLYDQMD9RO6XSSOHPHQWVWU
REYLRXVRQVWDQGDUGL]HGVFUHHQLQJWHVWWKHOLJKW SULDWHZD\WRGHYHORSUHDGLQJDQGFRPSUHKHQVLRQ
LQFUHDVHRIKHUSHUIRUPDQFHLQSKRQRORJLFDOVKRUW VNLOOVE\XVLQJDPXOWLVHQVRU\ZD\GXULQJWKHUHDG C
WHUPPHPRU\LVVXHFRQILUPVWKHFRJQLWLYHVWUHQJWK LQJSURFHVVZKLFKDOVRSURYHGWREHYDOXDEOHLQ
RILQGLYLGXDOVZLWK:6LQWKDWDUHD%URFN WKHFRQVWUXFWLRQRIPHDQLQJ,WLVDOVRZRUWKQRWLQJ
0HUYLV0HUYLVHWDO3OHKHWDO WKDWSKRQRORJLFDODZDUHQHVVKDVEHHQVWURQJO\FRU C
GHDOWZLWKRQHFDVHVWXG\RI:6)RUWKLVSXUSRVH
IRUPDQFHZDVUHFRUGHG)XUWKHUPRUHWKHW\SHRI IXUWKHUUHVHDUFKLVQHHGHGWRVXSSRUWWKHFXUUHQW
WKHZRUGZDVIRXQGWREHVWURQJO\FRUUHODWHGZLWK UHVXOWV
WKHUHDGLQJSHUIRUPDQFH,WLVDOVRZRUWKQRWLQJ
WKDWSKRQRORJLFDODZDUHQHVVKDVEHHQVWURQJO\FRU C
[
[ Æ
+UYDWVNDUHYLMD]DUHKDELOLWDFLMVNDLVWUDåLYDQMD9RO6XSSOHPHQWVWU
[ Ï