ANALYTIC PSYCHOLOGY
dream stems. This dream, which was to have a profound
CARL G. JUNG
Individuation or Self-realization
OVERVIEW OF ANALYTICAL PSYCHOLOGY
 Occult phenomena can and do influence the lives of
everyone
 The most inclusive archetype is the notion of self-
realization, which can be achieved only by attaining a
balance between various opposing forces of personality
 Jung’s theory is a compendium of opposites
 People are pushed by past events while being pulled by
future expectations
BIOGRAPHY OF CARL JUNG
 Both of Jung’s parents were the youngest of 13 children, a
situation that may have contributed to some of the
difficulties they had in their marriage
 Eight of Jung’s maternal uncles and two of his paternal
uncles were pastors, so both religion and medicine were
prevalent in his family
 He saw his mother as having two separate dispositions.
On one hand, she was realistic, practical, and
warmhearted, but on the other, she was unstable,
mystical, clairvoyant, archaic, and ruthless
 An emotional and sensitive child, Jung identified more
with this second side of his mother, which he called her
No. 2 or night personality
 At age 3 years, Jung was separated from his mother, who
had to be hospitalized for several months, and this
separation deeply troubled young Carl. For a long time
after, he felt distrustful whenever the word “love” was
mentioned. Years later he still associated “woman” with
unreliability, whereas the word “father” meant reliable—
but powerless
 Before Jung’s fourth birthday, his family moved to a
suburb of Basel. It is from this period that his earliest
effect on his later life and on his concept of a collective
unconscious
 Jung gradually became aware of two separate aspects of
his self, and he called these his No. 1 and No. 2
personalities
 No. 2 personality had been in touch with feelings and
intuitions that No. 1 personality did not perceive
 No. 1 personality was extraverted and in tune to the
objective world
 No. 2 personality was introverted and directed inward
toward his subjective world
 Freud had warm personal feelings for Jung and regarded
him as a man of great intellect
 Freud selected Jung as the first president of the
International Psychoanalytic Association.
 “Creative illness”—Jung’s dangerous trip experience
through the underground of his own unconscious
psyche—similar to Freud’s self-analysis
 Both Freud and Jung began their search for self while in
their late 30s or early 40s: Freud, as a reaction to the
death of his father; Jung, as a result of his split with his
spiritual father, Freud. Both underwent a period of
loneliness and isolation and both were deeply changed by
the experience
 Towards the end of Jung’s journey, he achieved a kind of
psychological rebirth called individuation
LEVELS OF THE PSYCHE
Conscious
 Play a relatively minor role in this theory.
 Conscious images are those that are sensed by the ego,
whereas unconscious elements have no relationship with
the ego
 Ego is the center of consciousness, but not the core of
personality
 Self—the center of personality that is largely unconscious
 In a psychologically healthy person, the ego takes a
secondary position to the unconscious self. Expanding
consciousness can lead to psychological imbalance
 Healthy individuals are in contact with their conscious
world, but they also allow themselves to experience their
unconscious self and thus to achieve individuation
Personal Unconscious
 Personal unconscious embraces all repressed, forgotten,
or subliminally perceived experiences of one particular
individual
 Personal unconscious is formed by our individual
experiences and is therefore unique to each of us.
 Can be recalled easily, with difficulty or completely
beyond the reach of consciousness
 Complexes—contents of the personal unconscious; a
complex is an emotionally toned conglomeration
[accumulation] of associated ideas
 Complexes are largely personal, but they may also be
partly derived from humanity’s collective experience
 Ex: Personal and conscious experience with a mother
creates an emotional tone associated to it, that whenever
a person hears/sees a mother, that emotion is felt. But
that emotion associated with a mother may also be partly
derived from personal and collective unconscious
 Complexes, then, can be partly conscious, personal
unconscious, and collective unconscious
Collective Unconscious
 Collective unconscious has roots in the ancestral past of
the entire species
 Inherited and pass from one generation to the next as
psychic potential
 Contents of the collective unconscious are more or less
the same for people in all cultures
 Its contents influence a person’s thoughts, emotions, and
actions
 Responsible for people’s many myths, legends, and
religious beliefs. It also produces “big dreams,” that is,
dreams with meaning beyond the individual dreamer and
that are filled with significance for people of every time
and place
 It does not refer to inherited ideas but rather to humans’
innate tendency to react in a particular way whenever
their experiences stimulate a biologically inherited
response tendency
 Ex: A mother’s unexpected tender reaction to her new
born even she previously had a neutral or even negative
attitudes toward the fetus
 …but such innate potential requires an individual
experience before it will become activated, such as that of
a mother’s experience with her new born
 Humans, like other animals, come into the world with
inherited predispositions to act or react in certain ways if
their present experiences touch on these biologically
based predispositions
 The accumulation of certain experience of our ancestors
that have been passed down from generation to
generation begin to form as archetype
Archetypes
 Archetypes are ancient or archaic images that derive from
the collective unconscious
 It is also emotionally toned but it comes from collective
unconscious (from accumulated primordial experiences)
 Instinct is a physical impulse toward action (unconscious)
 Archetype is the psychic counterpart to an instinct (also
unconscious)
 They both help shape personality
 Once a present experience activated an archetype, it
expresses itself through several modes, primarily dreams,
fantasies, and delusions.
 Dreams are the main source of archetypal material
 These dreams produce motifs that could not have been
known to the dreamer through personal experience.
 The motifs often coincide with those known to ancient
people or to natives of contemporary aboriginal tribes
 {Albrecht Dieterich}
 Autonomous forces called archetypes, each with a life and
a personality of its own
Persona
 The side of personality that people show to the world
 They’re roles we play as demanded by the society
 May have originated from experiences with his No. 1
personality, which had to make accommodations to the
outside world
 Although the persona is a necessary side of our
personality, we should not confuse our public face with
our complete self.
 If we identify too closely with our persona, we become
puppet of society and we remain unconscious of our
individuality and are blocked from attaining self-
realization
 …but to be oblivious with our persona is to underestimate
the importance of society
 To be psychologically healthy, we need to balance the
demands of the society and what we truly are
Shadow
 Shadow is the archetype of darkness and repression;
represents those qualities we do not wish to acknowledge
but attempt to hide from ourselves and others
 Shadow consists of morally objectionable tendencies as
well as a number of constructive and creative qualities
that we, nevertheless, are reluctant to face
 To be whole, we must continually strive to know our
 Shadow—first test of courage
 People who never realize their shadow may, nevertheless,
come under its power and lead tragic lives
Anima
 Jung believed that all humans are psychologically bisexual
 The feminine side of men originates in the collective
unconscious as an archetype and remains extremely
resistant to consciousness.
 The process of gaining acquaintance with his anima was
Jung’s second test of courage
 Like all men, Jung could recognize his anima only after
learning to feel comfortable with his shadow
 Anima originated from early men’s experiences with
women—mothers, sisters, and lovers—that combined to
form a generalized picture of woman
 Anima may appear in dreams as feelings or mood, not
necessarily as woman
Animus
 The masculine archetype in women
 Whereas the anima represents irrational moods and
feelings, the animus is symbolic of thinking and reasoning
 The animus is also the explanation for the irrational
thinking and illogical opinions often attributed to women
 Like the anima, the animus appears in dreams, visions,
and fantasies in a personified form
Great Mother
 Great mother and the wise old man—which everyone
has—are derivatives of the anima and animus
 This preexisting concept of mother is always associated
with both positive and negative
 Feelings (terrible and loving mother)
 Great mother represents two opposing forces
(nourishment-destruction)
 The fertility and nourishment dimension of the great
mother archetype is symbolized by a tree, garden, plowed
field, sea, heaven, home, country, church, and hollow
objects such as ovens and cooking utensils
 Because the great mother also represents power and
destruction, she is sometimes symbolized as a godmother,
the Mother of God, Mother Nature, Mother Earth, a
stepmother, or a witch
 Fertility and power combine to form the concept of
rebirth—Individuation or self-realization
Wise Old Man
 Archetype of wisdom and meaning, symbolizes humans’
preexisting knowledge of the mysteries of life
 A man or woman dominated by the wise old man
archetype may gather a large following of disciples by
using verbiage that sounds profound but that really
makes little sense because the collective unconscious
cannot directly impart its wisdom to an individual
 The wise old man archetype is personified in dreams as
father, grandfather, teacher, philosopher, guru, doctor, or
priest
 May appear in fairytales as a king or magician
Hero
 Hero archetype is represented in mythology and legends
as a powerful person, sometimes part god, who fights
against great odds to conquer or vanquish evil in the form
of dragons, monsters, serpents, or demons
 Powerful but has a flaw or a weakness
 Heroic deeds can be performed only by someone who is
vulnerable
 (Ex: Superman has kryptonite as his weakness)
 Serving as our model for the ideal personality
 The image of the archetypal conquering hero represents
victory over the forces of darkness
Self
 each person possesses an inherited tendency to move
toward growth, perfection, and completion, and he called
this innate disposition the self
 The most comprehensive of all archetypes, the self is the
archetype of archetypes because it pulls together the
other archetypes and unites them in the process of self-
realization
 Like the other archetypes, it possesses conscious and
personal unconscious components, but it is mostly
formed by collective unconscious images
 Self is symbolized by a person’s ideas of perfection,
completion, and wholeness, but its ultimate symbol is the
mandala
 Overabundance of consciousness, the person failed to
realize the vitality and richness of the personal and
collective unconsciousness
 People who are overpowered by their unconscious are
often pathological, with one-sided personalities
 In the collective unconscious, the self appears as an ideal
personality, sometimes taking the form of Jesus
 Christ, Buddha, Krishna, or other deified figures
================================================
 Yin Yang—representing the opposing elements
 Mandala—representing self, which motif is unity, totality
and order (Self-realization)
 To actualize or fully experience the self, people must
overcome their:
 Fear of the unconscious;
 Prevent their persona from dominating their personality
 Recognize the dark side of themselves (shadow)
 Muster even greater courage to face their anima or
animus
DYNAMICS OF PERSONALITY
Causality and Teleology
 Jung insisted that human behavior is shaped by both
causal and teleological forces
 Jung agreed with Freud that dreams spring from past
events, but in addition to this, Jung claimed that some
dreams can help a person make decisions about the
future
Progression and Regression
 To achieve self-realization, people must adapt to their
outside environment and to their inner world as well.
 Adaptation to the outside world involves the forward flow
of psychic energy and is called progression
 Adaptation to the inner world relies on a backward flow
of psychic energy and is called regression
 Regression activates the unconscious psyche, an essential
aid in the solution of most problems
PSYCHOLOGICAL TYPES
 Jung recognized various psychological types that grow out
of a union of two basic attitudes (introversion and
extraversion—each has 4 separate functions)
Attitudes
 Attitude as a predisposition to act or react in a
characteristic direction
 Each person has both an introverted and an extraverted
attitude, although one may be conscious while the other
is unconscious. Serve in a compensatory relationship to
one another
Introversion
 Is the turning inward of psychic energy with an
orientation toward the subjective
 Are tuned in to their inner world with all its biases,
fantasies, dreams, and individualized perceptions
Extraversion
 Is the attitude distinguished by the turning outward of
psychic energy so that a person is oriented toward the
objective and away from the subjective
 Are more influenced by their surroundings than by their
inner world
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 Psychologically healthy people attain a balance of the two
attitudes, feeling equally comfortable with their internal
and their external worlds
Functions
 2 attitudes + 4 functions each = 8 possible orientations or types
 Sensing tells people that something exists
 Thinking enables them to recognize its meaning
 Feeling tells them its value or worth
 Intuition allows them to know about it without knowing
how they know
Thinking
 Logical intellectual activity that produces a chain of ideas
 Extraverted thinking people rely heavily on concrete
thoughts, but they may also use abstract ideas if these
ideas have been transmitted to them from without
 (Engineers, Accountants, Mathematicians)
 Introverted thinking people react to external stimuli, but
their interpretation of an event is colored more by the
internal meaning
 (Inventors, Philosophers—they react to external world in a
subjective and creative manner)
 When carried to an extreme, it results in unproductive
mystical thoughts that are so individualized that they are
useless to any other person
Feeling (or Valuing)
 The process of evaluating an idea or event
 Perhaps a more accurate word would be valuing
 Feeling is the evaluation of every conscious activity
 Most have no emotional content, but they are capable of
becoming emotions if their intensity increases to the
point of stimulating physiological changes within the
person
 Not limited to feelings; any of the four functions can lead
to emotion when their strength is increased.
 Extraverted feeling people use objective data to make
evaluations; by external values and widely accepted
standards of judgment
 They are usually well liked because of their sociability,
when they to conform to social standards, they may
 appear artificial and shallow. Their value judgments will
have an easily detectable false ring
 (Businesspeople or politicians—these professions demand
and reward the making of value judgments based on
objective information)
 Introverted feeling people base their value judgments
primarily on subjective perceptions
 Critics of the various art forms make much use of
introverted feeling
 They ignore traditional opinions and beliefs
Sensing
 The function that receives physical stimuli and transmits
them to perceptual consciousness
 It’s not a physical stimulus; it is the individual’s perception
of sensory impulses
 Extraverted sensing people perceive external stimuli
objectively, in much the same way that these stimuli exist
in reality
 (Proofreader, wine taster, or any other job demanding
sensory discriminations congruent with those of most
people)
 Introverted sensing people are largely influenced by their
subjective sensations of sight, sound, taste, touch, and so
forth
 (Portrait artists, especially those whose paintings are
extremely personalized)
 When carried to its extreme, it may result in
hallucinations or esoteric and incomprehensible speech
Intuiting
 Intuiting involves perception beyond the workings of
consciousness
 Intuiting differs from sensing in that it is more creative,
often adding or subtracting elements from conscious
sensation
 Extraverted intuitive people, rather than fully sensing
stimuli, they merely perceive them subliminally
 Guided by hunches and guesses contrary to sensory data
(in providing solution to objective problem)
 An example of an extraverted intuitive type might be
inventors who must inhibit distracting sensory data and
concentrate on unconscious solutions to objective
problems
 Introverted intuitive people are guided by unconscious
perception of facts that are basically subjective and have
little or no resemblance to external reality
 Introverted intuitive people, such as mystics, prophets,
surrealistic artists, or religious fanatics, often appear
peculiar to people
================================================
 The four functions usually appear in a hierarchy, with one
occupying a superior position, another a secondary
position, and the other two inferior positions
 Some people may have cultivated 1 function, others 2 or
3, but a person who has theoretically achieved self-
realization or individuation would have all four functions
highly developed
DEVELOPMENT OF PERSONALITY
 In contrast to Freud, he emphasized the second half of
life, the period after age 35 or 40, when a person has the
opportunity to bring together the various aspects of
personality and to attain self-realization.
 However, the opportunity for degeneration or rigid
reactions is also present at that time
 Psychological health of middle-aged people is related to
their ability in achieving balance between the poles of the
various opposing processes
STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT (4)
Childhood
 Anarchic Phase is characterized by chaotic and sporadic
consciousness
 Experiences of the anarchic phase sometimes enter
consciousness as primitive images, incapable of being
accurately verbalized
 Monarchic Phase is characterized by the development of
the ego and by the beginning of logical and verbal
thinking
 Children often refer to themselves as 3rd person
 Although the ego is perceived as an object, it is not yet
aware of itself as perceiver
 Dualistic Phase The ego arises as perceiver (ego is divided
into the objective and subjective)
 Children now refer to themselves in the first person and
are aware of their existence as separate individuals
Youth (Puberty until middle life)
 Youth is, or should be, a period of increased activity,
maturing sexuality, growing consciousness, and
recognition that the problem-free era of childhood is gone
forever
 The major difficulty facing youth is to overcome the
natural tendency to cling to the narrow consciousness of
childhood, thus avoiding problems pertinent to the
present time of life. This desire to live in the past is called
the conservative principle
Middle Life (35 or 40)
 Although the decline can present middle-aged people
with increasing anxieties, middle life is also a period of
tremendous potential
 If middle-aged people retain the social and moral values
of their early life, they become rigid and fanatical in trying
to hold on to their physical attractiveness and agility
 People who have lived youth by neither childish nor
middle-aged values are well prepared to advance to
middle life and to live fully during that stage
Old Age
 As the evening of life approaches, people experience a
diminution of consciousness
 If people fear life during the early years, then they will
almost certainly fear death during the later ones
 Jung believed that death is the goal of life and that life can
be fulfilling only when death is seen in this light
SELF-REALIZATION
 Psychological rebirth, also called self-realization or
individuation
 The process of becoming an individual or whole person
 Self-realization is the process of integrating the opposite
poles into a single homogeneous individual
 Have achieved realization of the self, minimized their
persona, recognized their anima or animus, and acquired
a workable balance between introversion and
extraversion
 Extremely rare and is achieved only by people who are
able to assimilate their unconscious into their total
personality
 Almost never achieved before middle life and then only
by men and women who are able to remove the ego as
the dominant concern of personality and replace it with
the self
 Self-realized person must allow the unconscious self to
become the core of personality
 …but the person must neither be dominated by the
unconscious or by the conscious; but must achieve a
balance between all aspects of personality
JUNG’S METHODS OF INVESTIGATION
 Jung did extensive readings on different fields to create
his theory of personality. The following were also
incorporated:
(1) Word Association Test
 Jung original purpose in using the word association test
was to demonstrate the validity of Freud’s hypothesis that
the unconscious operates as an autonomous process
 The basic purpose of the test in Jungian psychology today
is to uncover feeling-toned complexes
(2) Dream Analysis
 Jung agreed with Freud that dreams latent contents are
represented in symbols and that they come from the
depth of the unconscious. However, he disagreed that
they are wish fulfillments and that most dream symbols
represent sexual urges.
 The purpose of Jungian dream interpretation is to
uncover elements from the personal and collective
unconscious and to integrate them into consciousness in
order to facilitate the process of self-realization
 Dreams are compensatory, meaning attitudes and
feelings not expressed in wakeful life, will find an outlet
through dreams. We have a natural tendency for
completion/self-realization; therefore, if conscious life is
incomplete, the unconscious will strive to complete it
through dream process
 Dreams include:
 Big dreams—from collective unconscious with special
meaning for all people
 Typical dreams—common to most people. It contains
archetypal figures
 Earliest dream remembered—dreams can be traced back
to about age 3 or 4 and contain mythological and
symbolic images and motifs
(3) Active Imagination
 This method requires a person to begin with any
impression—a dream image, vision, picture, or fantasy—
and to concentrate until the impression begins to “move.”
The person must follow these images to wherever they
lead and then courageously face these autonomous
images and freely communicate with them
 (The same he did during his self-analysis)
 Purpose of active imagination is to reveal archetypal
images emerging from the unconscious
 More advantageous than dream analysis because it is
done during the conscious state of the mind
(4) Psychotherapy
 Jung identified 4 basic approaches to therapy,
representing four developmental stages in the history of
psychotherapy
 First is confession of a pathogenic secret. Just like
cathartic method (Breuer’s with his patient Anna O)
 Second stage involves interpretation, explanation, and
elucidation (Freud’s giving patients insight to the causes
of their neurosis)
 Third stage is education of patients as social beings
(Adler’s)
 To go beyond these three approaches, Jung suggested a
fourth stage, transformation
 This means the therapist must first be transformed (to be
able to help others transform) into a healthy human
being, preferably by undergoing psychotherapy
 Especially employed with patients who are in the second
half of life
 Ultimate purpose of Jungian therapy is to help neurotic
patients become healthy and to encourage healthy
people to work independently toward self-realization
 Jung recognized transference and countertransference
and that both can either be helpful or hindrance to the
success of the therapy
 CRITIQUE OF JUNG
 (1) Generate research Moderate
 Attitude, Functions
 Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
 has great number of investigations
 (2) Falsifiability Difficult to falsify/verify
 (3) Organize knowledge what Moderate
 is known about human
 (4) Practical Guide to action Low
 (5) Internally consistent Low
 Operationally defined?
 (6) Parsimonious Low

Concept of Humanity
 Complex beings with many opposing poles

 Neither pessimistic nor optimistic

 Neither deterministic nor purposive

 But motivated partly by conscious, personal unconscious

and collective unconscious

 Both Causal and Teleological

 Strongly on Biological (collective unconscious)

 High on Similarities; low on differences

 A person who has achieved self-realization has reached

middle life and has lived successfully through the stages
of childhood and youth
Anima
Mood
Emotion

Animus
Thinking
Reason

Shadow
Anything we’re reluctant to accept

Great Mother
Tree
Garden
Plowed field
Sea
Heaven
Home
Country
Church
Hollow objects

Godmother
The Mother of God
Mother Nature
Mother Earth
Stepmother
Witch

Wise Old Man

Father
Grandfather
Teacher
Philosopher
Guru
Doctor
Priest
King
Magician
Life itself

Hero
Victory over the forces of darkness

Self
Ideas of perfection
Completion
Wholeness
Mandala