HSHREE ALL BRANCH NOTES FOR GATE, IES, GEN TRA , AEE S ALL PSU'S ALL STATIONARY MATERIALS AVAILABLE HERE MINING, COLOUR PRINT OUT, XER COT OF MORE THATE U NEED. THANK YOU VISIT AGAINveh guy Y ENGINE ERIN Gove ami) Objective + Gy To protect humors against environmental facons Gir Fo. protect emninowmarts againet Thuomam auhions: 1. Worker Supply Engg. = § +0 6 marks 2, Wosbe ‘Woster egg = 440 5 monks 3. Solid, Waabe momagemontt 4, Ain pollution Gantnol j 1 to 2 manks. 5. Meine polation Control. WATER SUPPLY ENGINEERING + Objective: Fo aegis nag poly water of par needli of the public (quemtiay) ‘ cooker, ao ) Sounce collection’ sfconv gqamce|>{bread-merct} >istribuction 4 a Wocter supply system Q = Popubakion @ the end o4 deer period, X pa casita woken demandoh Taly, SUNDAY Population Forecasting. Method. AB —> eon! growth Bo—> exponential or loganitienic Bree ~ Logistic Curve Population. CD > covabomtt gt DE —> Lode growth: 1, Anithmetic Groase method. a cave 2. Qromeknic Increase rrethed, a Growmertal Hrorease method woth rake method. 4 Deor0eore 5, Logittic Cumie method P-3 6. Senple Grapric method. 2 ng 1. Comp onakive greprical method par ‘ &. Masten plan method. reser: @o) 9. Rakico mokhod « Py Pe Unknowns, Ps Axithmetic Increase Method: : [Const, Growth - AA = dP mol Method] ory obi: dat dity é an AP pe comsbowt « p,|_ 3 “ we a, kaka |cttg| Old amd settled cormmurvitica fp lous da trend, Ee Por decade increase im population wv asumed to be constant im populabion frocmling wing anithenctic: Inoease methodLok “Po be the latert brown last 3 2 —_ decode population dakr © be the oniltinstic og. of per decade, inorease tw population Popukarion aktor 1 decode + Pi = Py 4 15S Population often 2 daccda, P= p55 = Pot 250° Level 2 + Q-O1 Ans :(¢) Jean | Population 40,000 Pen decade. T in poplin a (ae) = - 1970, sooo (AA) - 14g0 46000 [AP dPe =a Pa) Too0 (dP) 1490 53,000 ai 2000 5€,000. S000 ¢ es) Paoio = P2000 + = 5¢000 + 12009. = 6400 ea 64900. Geometvic, Increase Method : [Exponential /Logarithmic Growth Method] APE APL < APS (fost greeny, cormmursi ties ) Cz x Py (populakion at a tire “+ ) act % Guovestoic inorease method, par decode %h . Ps in populakion tA aaturnel fo fa inereone” be constants = k Pe ap. Ae at APs kde Pe Seg noting, [ae = “PetCir eye = ke ie “Ge = k(-t) > Pe. foe) => exponential Grothe k Gr -t1) Po = e K Gon 40). fe parentage inrware per unit tis Level 2 + Q—03. : 2020-2000) Pao20 = Paooo elisl ‘ al 10! xe § 20). ‘ = 1.377 billion 4.2 x30 Pooso = Pozo es ‘ = 1.974 billon c Ot Ans: (@) Py =2Pr n= in2 =3:46 oa eee Method 2: Gh k (rr) mot giver, ther ib com be worked oud using: the past population data. Lok ¥ (rk) be the geometric averege of per decade powente, wnoveane in population (amwme to be wnetont) To fine feture population , F {a wrepourted wilh ontiating. populakionPopudotton okter 1 decode = Po + zx Po = ¥ = Po (+46, Popuration aftr 2 deale = A+ EP = Pi (+4) - 4B) = Py 4%) Popurativn aftr ‘W decades = Po(l Yn y= (ix vex rg eee rn) Yn = (52 100 nn 4-02 Ans: () y= 40> Y2 = 20 T= (40x20)? = cove” = ve = Ie 20NZ Py = Ps (+) og (14 2088 = 2.155_lakhs wt guy, ~ jwory. Incremental _Increase_Method. dD A AP, >AP2 CARS his is am extension of Anithmetic oS pronease method. Thu method 4precash population bored B@ on past gros without making svg sumptions: Sp foe ature popula arcnage of increments oven increased are worked out kok 5 be the ayy oh We tenements om incre, ay population his F ¥ 40 be added to entrnclis Wooase ome. 4 0 48h , wie fe Pt decade cred Fimo Ww th decode, 40 arrive at feboe pop tation,Populakion atten 1 cecoole, P= py + 1% + g = Po +15 + LC 5 aa Popuhaticm aft 2 decde, Pa = RHI + 35 = Pot az + ay = Pot 25 + a(2t zd Populakion afta rr decadegth= Po + n+ n(nt) g| a 2. P-6 Level 2: Q-0+ Py =50000, H= 5000, =S00, 0 = 2020— 1849 =3_ Psg29 = SOOO + 3x5000 + 3@ eon = 68000 =05 , Year | Population. dP | Increment over eae BTEDGOO || ae | Increase in popln. t@ Nish) 2.50000 230500) | lenemnrmnuonny 1459 | 480500 eee dees AP > APa ’ Py 1960 | 550300 * are (confusing ety 300 pord 1470 | 63¢600 vee. | W320 —— a = method. ) 1980 695200 5 =111300 ieee 66 Poon = 695200 + Ex miz00 + 2X3 x-57966. 64 = 743900 143900 x 200 Uped. 6 148.72 rove (1 mL = 10 L) 144_MLD Total water requinement 4 fyDecreasing Growth Rate Method. AP) >APe > APS his trend ghoum by communities ok mouing towands sotuarctzon.. & Mumbo, Chennai eke ae. aon o«(®5~ Pe) “Rate. of imoeane dleoowes . xosber Sok Dp be the svmage dacnease bm poxcert age increases vo be the latest kmoumn last decade “Ya inemrenne hie method is an enctension of geomanic Inowoee method. Populakton akbar 1 decode ,— = Po + (28), Po 1+ ¥=B. =m (82) Population. after % dsedes P= Bt (2) a = p(it to-20 Too Po I+ Yo- Popubakton. after nr decodes," = Pra('* on Go ae et ee ee _ (00 To} ae io 1470 28000 12 1980 28000 2143 Pres (440 34000 ees eee, 42000 1-64 2010 47000 pozePaoeo = Pore (* 2 100 ot T+ me g2— « eon 2-038 (+ go — ;zo-aa) = 58to00 Logistic Curve Wethod (Logistic Growth Method): bats ln (a Po = HkPst Sy three populabion dato. gpreaded ede equal wbewals ara krrovon , te ® Aw ty=0 » Po tat, BR ten ati, Pp Bakunatior population, Py = 2PoPiP2—P?(Po+ Pa) PoP, — Pe m = Pe=Po Po n = + dn| Po (P—P) ey a P, (Ps—Po) Q-13 4) =20, Po = 30000, P, =170000, Pz = 300600 Ps = 46386q.246 225478 m= Ps=Po _ tS; Po15 * July Tr SSDAY \+me" + aese Sienple Graphical Wethod : Bared on dako form past, Populakion vs Stme plot is made iw then owknapolated basal on oxpariona. +p obtain the ubwre population. population. time. Comparative Graphical Method : Population of, preserrt cornrn ls -foecarted bared om the populalion growth -tnend of Borne other cornrmunittes Whithve dovoloped, ww a fimilar mannar | lakhs) Ge popu Enhancers of arnple grogrical method. 2ot Hrdembak tivne(in years) Naser Plan Method (Zoning Method): P-6: Q@-06. 400 006 s + G2 se soo PR SI aA

2. Irdurtnial wader demomncls. 3, Sratitubional [Commmencial coaster dernanda, 4, Dornomd 4% pulstic ase, 5. dre dem omala 6. Demands to cormpensate losses & thett(15-20%) xMin 185 ped raguined to meeb the olomestic dem ancls cae comm undty Be com von tuapto 200 bed x Mim « 60 Iped_requrred to mech tndustricl damomcs x20 Ipcd. arsgpinel 4 trulttubronal omd wmmercial homande Like nail thakions, airport, templar, modquas, Resbaunoos , hospi rchoole 410 Iped randlad to oddews the darmonelt Be public wo x BB lped, nequined to compensate lessen amd theft Eropivical_Formulae to Find Five Demands: ja = seal P—> population wm thousand Q—> pre damomd in litres minute (pm) 2, Theernere_Sorrmule3. Wational: Board of Fine umclonioniters Formula draunarnce uaenpo in USA. Caraticon is sed 46" pop ulakiono lens than 2 lakh meee accepted -fpurrulo. la = 4ea7P_ (I-o.0fP) | a Bastor’s Jonmnula. Q = 5bb3 JP P-7 2 Q-12 P= 190009 — 00. 1900 @ = 4637 Woo (1-010 Live) 1 1 pm = = Lfman + pinta = 41733 Lf a) = FWESX 24x 60_ = Gao _lped L. B;000 cn Nolura of woaker used to puk off fine = Qxdurotion ob : dunation of fi = 41733x@x60. gig. coker com orth, luni Fine darnord (on ped) m= vols ob wonton erournel PO de i Popubakion x 30 = AI783 KAKO 3.22 Lpcd 10x30. = x a pon IS code, fobal daxnomd of o coramumily wong fom 970 tw 335 lped. Factors Affecting Water Demand t ; w@ Bye of the comemuonity Wy Promune, Wii) Cost of wsocben. Go Climatic conditions cwMethod of aaphly Gil Quality of water Lib Soctn economic starkus of people. i) Type of reuxnageVariations tn Water Demand : 6G @ Average. day water demond ,Q = Population» per capita wate alpen Mane. doy woken olemond = 18 times the oy. daily clemomol. [Ara day = NER, Mase. “hourly woaken dercamd = 15 timed trace daily wootar damay — Qmox howdy, = 2.7@ % Coincident Anat (dnaye = depth of cok. = clemernd) = marc doles water demand + fire demond. xe Totak dorramd (Cr total drat) = rooms shounlg coach, clamarnd) edhichs OR moan Goincident drat ‘ Components of warn | Derign rake Design. Peniod , > sepriy heme | s mace . dod ree ) eae Jevaken bervonnd, 3 ° 2, Into ker mrone daily waren 30 years d demon, 38, Comment main | more. daily. water 80 years > YS Gee) olen ond. i 4, Pumps. 2x Qerouekad 15 years 5S. Jranktrment units | 18x Qmax daily (exeopt nopid ford) 6 Rogid tomd fttos | 2x Oey daily, domond) 15 years 7 Woker crtribubion| Total demand. om 0 30 yearns. &. Durmbation More ho eee % | demand, “8 8 resorw SUL 3 years.P— 06: Q-09. Q= Z00x4x10% = 120 wi¥chay- rip. Qmrax hourly = 27XQ.= 324 MLD Gmrorchaiy = bexQ = 26. mip Q-10 Q = Box = 25 MLD. Givens anna. lift pumpt one cerigned r= 2xQ = 2x25 = 50 Lp Qa Q= 25 mip. Fine darmand = 61 MLD Slotol, darnard = Qmax hourly Bincident draft = 27Q a. C8e4+61) = Ens & Gi+45) 2 Copatily ob dlistnibubion kyatarn = 106 tL Design Period : Boign poiod iu the Bath tub Curve : eccilitay poiod or wohl Pesbotility lg period. Failure, {By Krowing the tanta period, ok cam Faplace the “componersta Waker supp idhemne yon an owenage, Gey has a potod of 20-40 yearsguy, (9) vue a, Bounces 2 Camgyvances og Waser Buroce Souncos — Quosity bod but Longe scotty Pole, alee Bebraunfoce Younces —high quality bat lew Juomtity (groin ce) Springs, wells , inptobion gu Good, quakity wakr due to natural pitemakion. soon (zal infittection galleries ~ hellno trennals mode abe bed or base of noo Q = KLGEH) 5 Q infilgallouy collecte conten qhomn a owlg one ste (bomk) = fy Q= kt i vie 5 U4 16 colledts eaten rome both sides (bed Y | Nentical “holes made to enkract growed. wou, — “Well —o ‘ b Yonigarbol. holes mode to eaknact iar ° | Seepage bon — infftbation. guess v Intakes : Prurkune cansrructal coibhin, the sun free, soaker boat ved ty comn|prtaltig, coiled voabar farm fend» ee ee ae enn conveys wb to distnibudion. pipe. stone + delves —> Wet Intakes (River intake) Arles + —> Bry wrakes (naverwmein intake ) Colleck + deliverWATER CONVEYANCE : 1. Gravity Conveyance 2. Pnessune Comvegamrce, ~ using pipe amok pump,i Juuy THURSDAY 3. QUALITY OF Was Re. ‘ Bow nts pfs |p? whe at Quality of Quality of coarken (testing) caasken (teating) Quay oh Waker, (esting of voatoy)?— 1. Jo ferove the owkentt of tempunitiad prasertt in watt vosed on thin method amd degree Oh dneakrmerts ‘u dacided. 2. Jo ensure the. qucdity of treated watar belere supply. 1. Bowed om ge of terpuniities, t Ae 51 3 qaero & UW) Suspended impurities... 1 mm 40 Oomm Ctoorgm— 1 ays} micro {ee cenpuniibians s+ 12min fe 10 Fm [1 agrm= 15 rm) Gib Duwolwed inp antbien 1B 40. 108m Tis? 10°F aan d ) 2, Bosed_on _natunc of impurities co Ongenic irmpuniites = i present im combers thay promote grow of rrano-ergorusrne Yemca. Yecboon unities — of nakunal, ane one hanmlenss buat Unade induced yf humans are hagendo. Sy: Codemiun, dhnomiumn, niclel, lead che one toxic, wd gnongoric imp gine meray 9, Strake of matter d Physical Urpuniicas Gy Charical trmrpunitios 7 (ii ological tenponitiesPhysical _Worter Quality s Apnorsed ‘4 kenowing- the exkend of Pryp ical trmpuniites Ye voor, Dryspreal water quel Panomokens ane thee which nasponid to human fentee 1 Sempanatune, (18 +o 28) 2. Robouns ) Warm termpanatune we ideal {pr rricnobial growth wo Polubvilaty of ges dapondent- of temperature. Be Ghghan the temperature slow will be sdubility temp ib. Chernrcal noadions are, temperature contro ed: : Li, Hemp should nat be eg + — ) Hasedor dere poraure low thom td’ 2. Coloun. (5TCU to 20 Tcv) Apponenst colour > suspended foliols, True colour —> dimolwed eulocbamces . Colour nn wake measured on Burgers roale( Platinum sete) amd eneprensed in terns of Thue coburn Unite (Trev) bay wing. device kmoun ab “Tintornetor? 1 Tcu = 1 my of Platinum as a Chlonoplatinate Wr mised. im 1 Uebme of daliled water, then the coloun. prodiace te taken as 1 stomdand Tov. & uh Amy raced ww SL, TrvsO5 Tov (maw + vdlume) Brienkingy eebor stomdond wore coloun = 5 Ho 20 Tev (mail) Yow than Sta & not cantly adkievatle » Gloun > 20 Tov tu perceptabile, 0 on thing, above 20 Tu is ngjected. 3 Funbi city (5 Tu +o to TY) Opaguanse rn water ib known ab tunbiclity Ib Che rosisbamce $0 parrage of lights through var bg Che parciolesTenbidity to woken 4 caured. by Rupendad, & colloidal at, Brralhon particle — ‘high turbidity (mone will be the Surface anea) Longer pontices — lange tunbiclity erns turbidity, aa 4 Sonlpae anor gov My Tunlidity i a turface prenomene % Dinwolwed particles do not poreors cova Surface anon. Shey o into molecular level. 20 turbidity 4 olfpmed by suspended. 8 and choidal pontieles Fuolicde, ww the measure of retiskomee olfped. by particles fr dad, “to the: pasoage. of Ught Uroagh, coma “Brea Seale? and exp x TFunliat tw measuned on mm toons of Turbidity Unie’ (ru) LT TU = Vimy of Fooly divided silica iced by 1L of distt ed, wot» than the senladity produced is uke ad 1 Skamdond turbid unit Be ale mown ab Gackson Turbici Unit (oTU Surbadity 8 rreasuned bys a iy Devices costkingy ON the prinazle of light absonytion king, the principle of Vigh Seabtening ae Faunlbidinnekons (Mgpet Absorption) ty Gackson Tanbidi Nod — field measunement: heon Tunbidirneker— igh tanbic «goo ~ ne (325 aT) di Device © ay meker = lows tunbidity (0-231 ~~~ apto. SJTU) —— wy Ghilege meker. (upto 50 ITU) PE needle = ) engin, meter)x Wephlomanr (light scattering ) Wephlometer measure. turbidity in tbemmo of (Wophlonetric Sunbidityy Unit) NTU TNT = Teng ob prmegyn polymer mixed ie 1k a distilled cock, ges abso orepraroed. te FTU as poorer iw used os a polymer W771 tight sar ple. Source, convergin Zz PLAN tose Photometey | Viephlornoten measunet amount of Ugh seaktord L4y inciolert Lig amd vhe meooune eteckronically, displayed, emcee poe daom — hurnanm orons Drinking, woken atds une turbidity = sNT +o 10 NTU he guy a A Odoun & Jaste (<8) Odoun i woken i measured by a dewice kmoun, “ Ogmoscope”. Fee orn baler with capacity 200 ml. cy croune the tahety of, He penton who conducts stent , clilucted. ene. obovong sed Odoun % exprered im terms of STON’ Ghrashold doongles Odour Warnbor). TON 4% dilaton nakeo ak hich odour te lo bor) « gee dekeckakle Ton = AtB_ 3 A+B =200 mL (capacity of : ovate) A > vel. of water tarnple used i dilution (mt), (Asean Ss gp vol. of, didted, water (mot) A Be TONNE ‘ tomt 190 mL . ig mL 1@5 mb (detected)Brinking waka stamdarls 9 Odour = lew tham 3 TON % TON = 1 com be obsowed oni strained portons ToN=2 cam be sereed Uy avg. imdividuate th told Thine ore nO such tests 4o measure tesbe. Germaig a tamngle wilh bod. odoun in enpected to tote bad — Flavoured Thredvold Wamber, FTN p-23 43. Ton = 200 = |b 25 = At gs FTN = 200 Chemical Water Quality: 1 Solids, Reriduc let on evaporation ts cated Solids in water, ty Tovah folie Gnansivnets Go Buspended Soiole Coseight mead nement), Giv Total dimolved. Zoliols (ros) J Expreweak im mgll oe ppm. d ; nore: For wok Tmgil. = t pprn x Toboh Solide:~ , V mb of 5 > ve woaten Sample. 3 Ld Ee dritiol wacight> Wy ee oun gren at ol woh he he ) qo tes he on oc ago S Foval setda = oe eg Qa A somi of water gare drow, on 40 on empty doa oe » the final chow Iniivol wil. fyund 49 be ARN. After overs drging, wr oh containin puma to be der4Ok g- Find total eeu in wood in mg llJotor folida = G2. 468— 42-434) 107 ‘a 5ox 1074 0-064X10 = 64 mgll % Suspended Solids 3- itor pope of, pore Sige smaller than the dw auspondad, partie. is unk 4A fiknotion. waight of solide pdboinred Orr filber paper are rmeanured, Drak ust: of Fi lke popor= We gritial wt. of empty a ain, oven doy fibten popes Wi fog ee eee: Busperdad abla (gl) = We-wi Nols ol, oorbor -fittenad. @. A Wee of water aocergle. parsed Hough empty dy fiber paper whee intial wk fpurd tp be bang ge Abt oven dogoog a fon ak wk rroasuned to be 1262 gs ind suspended solids fon woken wml. ooo 3 Junponded lide = (1-280= 1-248) 107 _ og mil 50x 107% =o x Jotak Brwolved Gold» (ros) [4 300 mg tt) tps Incduoles both G0 We IRAE Gg. , we = FB. 4be g. Ts = 64 = 640 L {00 x10°F nen : Volattle solide = We-We = 22x10? _ 229 mg/L Vv 100 — tle solide = We-Wi = Kamo? _ VYon volattl ol + AO = 420 mgll 100 2. pH (6-5 + 8) pH we a meanune of potential ob Myarogen ion > concentration. Ho —> Ht + 0n” — (Jonisation) Gonisakeon constant, k = CATCHY H20 Gr pune water @ He, HeO=1 => kK = 19S mol/L App) beg — either Bide, ="4 log th" 3 + log co +t Jt. = lobo HF * 4 Onm i pH + poh = 14,ph = BHF = Wl CH por = leg te = —log,Cowd Whethon tbs strong oxi bore or weak acid (bare, product Cea) eee) er constants (14) 44 ConmD= FFF mol/L, then find ph oh water a p oH = 10g 5% 25) = 825 pH = (4-25 = 5:75 mol/L pre Cn ala tat] = 41 CHT = 10 = reayaid® mollL p-23 — > 3. HS 7 =/7 =! WL Q.at Pow )= Tegle = 7 '° ey Tx oor aI, mol/L 2 mglb [x Ge git) = &(& mall) * rool: wt of 2X * 1000 pion) = 3 plat = 4-3 = Xfngn) = ew) % &, wk. of % * 1000 Eq,we of 2c = Mol wt of 26 Valeney, Shag = tmioguisy® robs fx.P23 p42. Qs 5-6 a CO = 10 emo = 15 mol/L mm mol/L = millt mmol /L pon = %6 * moll, a ph =5 pl =a.25- ; pon = 4.75 Cow) = to mol/L = 4215 = 10x 100% 17 = 0.302 mg/L (pr = 72 CPH)o = BH (Pag = las tI mg, = Za Crt, = 10 mol/L Carty = 100% mol/L ee re) 7 CH Dong = OTE TL 395% FF moll. 2 Cpt, =44 TpHlg= 64. Saco K more acidic Hoorn Soragle. B. K-Acidtc sie Basi. —ay Cet, ot GH wool hte. A: Vol ww 300 ml, pH =7, catd=t0! Bi Vol ww Fooml, pH=s5, crty= 10° Pihnsntene) = 101x300 + 15°X700 i" : 1000 = 7-03x10 5s pH Geiack unt) = ~log [7-09 015 °9 =Cri = Va Ca + VeCg t VeCo +++ Vat Ya+ Ve ++ # Charvicals raqeined to ‘inet usacter dapencls on pH x Cackrore “high plamd low ph afberts the. Propet, Gyr ocd acids come commotion alkali comsra Scaling. se ANeten traakrnertt te ph gerailive Measunernent of pHi- Eolonomeski CpH paper) hed dekorminalion of, pi Gy Fienornetrg wo Potontiomebry- (pH meken) Drinking outa. dramdonds wrt ph = 6.5 8, 3. Acidity Aaa io the ability of, water to neatnalixe the base Gy Minorok Aadity Cabrong. acid, ) couned y vmimerals, pH inv the Demge 0 to 4.2 Gin Conbornie acid Cuoeak acid) caused iy O25 pH im the range, An? to 83, tabencil Aadity combos + (iy Comrosion, Gy Juboculakion — projectors on. icterton of pipes which nrosutts we erongy los.“@. ww we % Waker eaed iw cordnuction, should have accity low (9 «€ tham a equal to 50 mgil 05 Caco; Acidity < SOmgi. as Cacds | 2 Intenms of git oF y x Aaality ww estimated 4 Tibometry Sfitmowt === Naon. Godicokers + 1. Wlethyt Onange CPonk yellow) 2, Phenaiphbhatein (Yellows~ pink) 20mL of O02N Nan Zoln wv woramed in arabing 5D mt voaker fowngle, Find acidity wn wooden fampla as mylL of CaCQ3. Concanttnation ‘2 = VEN x &yrwt of & ¥ 1000 (mail) ml of, woot en sornple teabed. omen of “2” bm Kamora Y= Varn Sout of y x 1900 mL of woter sample tested. Acialidyy = 20X0.02x (2124 3a) 1000 2 2 = 200 gL 50 4, Alkalinity CTA ¢ 200 malt 92 Caley) Abiiirgy of water to newtnalive tare adds is called x Alkdily cause biter baste to wader * High alkalinity cameos Scaling (reduces comping, capacity # Gnowstakon.* Alkakinity im woten ib cured ba @ OFF tid cog Gi, Heo” (pi: 1410-2) (pH: 83-102) (pH: 4:2 to %3) a V Both cos & Hi couse alkalinity Alkalinity comsed Lye OW negligible « Fotol alkabini’y TA = of % Swk - of Caloy Gall ob Gengil) = cs) wb of OW TA = COS GH wh of C000 + HCOZ % Grok of, HC% ore email) Cy wk of BCID BE cag - 005) ong oes A = v Crag) 7 2 ~ SO Hoos x BO cos # SO + a th, VQ July, SATUROBY P-20 1@ TA = = qoxs0. 4 61x50 = 200 mygiL 08 Ca.COg 30 6 Peat 2 pu=4 4 pon = 14-9=5 LOH3 = 10° * 17x00. = 17 1G mg IL TR = (TKI %x SO = 05 mglL O8 CaCOz (this com be neglched a os pH <10.2) 7 2 = MmequifL * & wt. ~ Poze agg = SKBO = 150 mylk C xno) eqs ® ey ust «of 26” 33. Hoos = 30x61 = 1830 mg(L TA= 5x380x50. 4+ 30x6lXS0_ = 1500 +250 = 1750 ragll, as cacy® pH= @5, pon = 55 OF =-55 10 XI7XI900._ = 010537 TA= 10537 50 = 0. 15S mg/L A Cacdg (neglected ) + Alkakimiy is eotimated by Titrometng. Siknart used — H2S04 Grdicakons used t 1, Phenolphatein (Pink — Colounlers ) 2. Methyl Onange (Yetous — Pink.) orst and port & calked P—Alkadiniryy Sournd end point vs called, Methyl Onan m Abbsownsty $s We cabled an Total Alkolintay (n— ikalinity o& “T-olkatinaty | Reloction blw - 2 pert OH CO? Heo,” P=0 ° Oo | T (Sum will be T) ° 2p T-2p + ° 2p © (eP=2xyr= Prat 2p-T 2r~2p i oo =T P Tv ° ° Q gH TH 9b wot 800 mgil 28 Caco, amd P-A ity 290 mglb 98 CalOg > ben. fond OW) C037) HOO me my lL 5) T= 300 mg It P=200 mylL L => poit On = 2P-T = 4oo—300 = 100 mg] on CaCdg 2- . ot-ap = 60o-400 = 200 mg/L 09 CaCd3 ch = aug =O mylbx Drinking, water famdand cork Alkakionttgt a= Total atkodiondty < 200 mglL as Cacdg 5, Handness (TH < 300 mglt) Dandmerr ie comed at the neadtom of divalent mockalic lions present Aw wake with amions+ Sr Catt, rapt ott, pet, noch Alondners cauneok by set, cet, mort ane +00 small + consioler. Cok, Heog > C1 Soe are Che Giana, comacng harrol nena cat as voye* coo oat a ne — > andrew Fett S027 poet anions cations % Toto andres (TH) = Conbonaceous Vordmes (cH) + Won carbonaceous Gondre (NH ) TH = CH + NCH Cott x Eq: wk of Cac, + rath) “a ak of Cat* rogt Eye ob ACOs Eq.ust of vyr CS et x BOY Mety 50 Cail). 20 3 * aE TH i worker if THDTA | if THET if THOTA | Voy TA => (cog + HeOs) Wearean Cees = 205 mgiL as Cacdz. ge Cah = 12 magi = (2x20 = 240 male og? = 1G mag =IexIe = 26 engl TH = 240x50 4 21bx 59 20 a = 1500 mg/l ad Catog 2+ 2 BE mgll» tog?t =10 magi. a gl» Py 10 rag Qlandna = 95X50 4 1OXS = 174 Fy oe 20. 1202 Q ragiL an CoCQ3 Peal > “30 TA = 280, TH= 350 => THD TN Ans: (A) = TA =250 mgll 2 CACO3 Gnbonate hordnert = TH-CcH= 100 mglL a CaCOg. 4 x20 = 0 mgiL Hoos = 3.5 x6) = 218-5 mglt Git = dog = rare = 2 mglt Tal = 4x20x5d, 4 1x12 xsd 20 SO = 250 mg ik => TH? TA A TH= 25Xx6IX 50 in a V7S rqgheH = TA SITS gle New = 250-15 = Bryglt Hr ee #50 + Mt x 50] Coal) lowe it) p19 = ox 5D. + 4Ox5O 7 ae 35 50. = SGT mgll a8 Cacds a, TH = 200 mg iby TAH 250 mg/b.=> TH STA CH =TH.=200 eagle wa. NCH =O, TH = 65X50 5tx50, = a Bt ME = 225 gle TA= mee = 203 mglt q THO> TA cH eta = 203 ryll Now = 172 glk ‘ xe Uondnew “wa water’ cstimatal by Versanate method” CEDTA method) Sekar + EDTA (Ethylene Biarnene Totna. Acetic acid) Grdicakor : Eridtmome Black Tea, (EBT) oloun chamge + Wine red to Plue Nore: When tebrakeng coith EDTA, coloun ch ea to blue on Peele Oly eet i ae han diners mm water, % ordre wooken causes + a) Biren toate a)grcreased Soap consump tion b) Conrosion ° BolingSa Hardness Netune of (mg IL Of acs) woacten. <5 Soke. fo eso modoately hans, {Tie 0 mat mains unnatice, 150-300 ee . >300 Vous head. x Drinking, cooker stamdands » TH <800 mg IL 6. Chlonides (<250 mglL) x D4 ANanices ore prssent tr wabor odomg. cotth, fodisura, te comne Riclmoy- md, candine problema & Jeawekin iwknution inte groundevaten is vorified sith eMonidars astimmaticon % Chlorides in waston estimeadtral uy Mohv’s Method Titra + silvar ritnate Gockicadors PoArarsinore Onnornecke. Colours yellow 0 brick, red. * Drinking cooker shamndand < 250 mg/L 7, Saphates Cg 250 git) © hancotine” problerse (loote motion —> diewha) je Bul droite estimated. ey Dunliaomelnyy? oaing, Faviuom. . * Drinking water stomdbands <250 mg/L 2 Dissolved Oveygen (3-4 mglt) x dimoWwed oxygen Keeps water pork long pound & High DO conc. cause connosiom vinn at 94m 4 mall thawed be ne ateck, tombGE improves Fasbe of water HK DO im water estimated “Wwimklev’s Method’ tt us Lulph Brown ppt Reagents + | Morgen pose. reeds iu i Ihibe. Aa, dite “ie RS Bw) Juenacns + Bodiam Phiosulphate Grdrcotor: starch HeS04. + broum ppt == Yellows paleran Bh Vw the volume ob non wraumned, noun of DO = V* 0025%# X1000 _ 200 eel po * 2 9 Tluorides (1 to 15 rll) x Fluorides ow o found im Fron desakeon < tangil > Bertal corres (clersbal covities Thaonides + Eramel —> erorg eoth. Cin vocsken) (in. teeth) % Flupricles Fwonades > WS mrgle —> ch moteling of teeth Cbeeth. sain gellow patch * Go Fluonesis (fer veg thigh Fl co! a Be fbaonosis® 2,245 mglt bPhelotol fluonesis. Cre rosie % Drinking wakor shamdand = | to 5 nyll st Fluoricts ior wood antornatreal bg ‘Glounomerng? using Linconiaan,70 Mitnoger Gorm pounds @ % Gndicoke sogorie contamination of woot. 1, ny 4b NO amou of nitre \ . on compounds are aMoroed im doinking. wocste Kjedahel( cb Ammonia. eertrogen — indicates recent pollutton, nitevoge®) Gay Ongomie ritnogen (Atbuminoid mitmagen) — indicatar old pollatzon Cvegekative ond enimal saste), iv Wiknikes — inwrermediate stage oh pollution @ Wietnoter — oxidixed ongenic smakter. xe Vinegen sorvpoumds ont atlin ated by. Chowne ¥Dninking water — Stomdande 2 Prremoria wk rogers < OS mgil mab nog en £03 mgib Orgone. Vines = ml Witnotes < 45 mg/l: Gh vibrates 7 45 gil ie leods to “Blue Boby Disease? mown scentiticolla ‘Methernog “Aoeroglabin in blood, hos rors okey towands ‘nitrates’ than Sxygen. Jo wilAotes sn wonke, ona cornied 10 dlithewri body pants bubead of ompgon: Adken thin hoppomds body turns blue for infants of a pak aye 11 trom & VMlangamese, (Fe 0.8 mit 5 On 60:05 mgiL). ¢ Iron — reddit cdlaun to wabr yan present to » Moragornia = porgle to brown edlaun Sigh ores 4 Estemadred by “Coloromatyy’ 4% Drinking water sbomdonds t Sron £08 mgle Momngomese < 0-05 mall A 2 lobinoemen.wv, Toxic Chemicals (Heavy. Netals ) (Damage central, nervous systern Gv Barrage. Hood eis , (iy Darnaga Wood verels ti cameanogenic: (cancmogenic) Soacie_Cherrical Salostornees Drinking conten Frances, Load Ol omit Anoenie Soos mil Borianre <1 engl Bono Soror agit Coderiuarn Y= 167 stokes. 1 stoke = 1 ontlg Ie xio4 xig* = 039 mms 7 4 Find setling welotty of ponticle af diameter 0.018 mem with 21 tabbing, wm vankin che temp adc, \: Ss = 41 Gud @r4D) (A011 mm) 4ye x @T-) 0-012" ( 3x20+70_ | 100 4 = 0:2aq mlsVs = %8ix @65-1)x 6.025% 16° ig, Pale reeane 562 x10 Is = 0562 cm/s Sedimentation Tanks + The place wshene settling opmation w connie out % moun a8 Sedimentation Tank or Settliyg Tank or Clarifier $i ie 1 Drow anc fle “Bre Settling tomks 7 Ny aw pg Continuous Flows Sebiegg, ie -—~fel— % Continuous Tow Soveling. Tomb + 1. Hongortal Glovo nackorpulon Bottling, Tanke. 2. Podial Flow Ciralan WiHlima, Tanke. 'Reckorngukon Saitlingy Soak. Cirwalan Ring Torok. wein,Design Pancemedons + 1. Bunpace Yonding nate (91) Runface Overflow nate (0%) Aydroratic Loading rake (®) Oventlow velox “Me? Few the volume of woten applied. iw umib time, pr unik turlace anea (plan anea) of obling tank % kmown as ~ gunfpcce. leaclina, noe. Zanhoce loading rake (SLR) Rnhace overflow rake (SOR), Vp = Yolurne /time furkare area, Vo Banlpce Arco. Vs > Vo 2. aca = _Q_ => ponticls capho Vo Panticls are captwed from water, Ve > Vo 3 Sh Vs >No —> ponticles captured. 2 Ns & No —> particles sveape. 3 ap Avg, = 500 +0 750 lit/hn/ rt Tugsony © SLR wm SOR, Vo : = eto 1 rtldag [n€ (10-20 day) nt) ; 2. Detention Time (Hy droulic Detention Time) or Retention Tirne Ueonstical bere taken by cooton to rave : Se in the average © grown Wale to ode of, taibing basins = 4 to @ hows © DT- Flows trogh Velocity Arortgontal Slow ~wdlod}y), Mi Spood with KR woken trowel om inlet to outlet ob ting amk is Rmawn ob “Flows through velouty” wv ‘Nhosdy oh fod. Jen rackoorgulan vobcling, Vu = _Q = <]s onea Bx d= @ Nw Vy = 022-019 m/min. = 0.3 m/min. Langth of, nbtling bork " Vy * DT 4, Wein Loading Rocke, WLR lou por unk length of tank, hmount of voackon VyCeeewound P * 8 07 a VEyiceney of patie removals yg 1 Vo t Y Bunkoco area % 41 Vo * SS we 1 Panticle removal efficiency, S © Particle removal expiienyy depends ony on Banhace ance of, sitting taunk. St w Undependlarre of dagth of tank. H vv, then Vu ty (els = Q vw) sparicle cacaper withouds ‘aiking: the botkorm 0b Va ub increorent © Choral, Mhernoal of oll putilan= =Pin; =Pi (Yet x 100 Ve @ ent % Io a. Vgt > Vo Dei eee Nu Qazi nt /day. Nb = 20 m/dary Gunlpce ova = Q = 60 to 70% lo Pi-> Yo of, partic 100% Removal of panticles from water in Letting tor (Effective rornovall) 5 Portidle ea time < Drtantion time Ho< V. L “a (Vs =Vo 4% 1007 nermoval,oF. ee 5° 7 a 0-897 x10" wils., d= 4-81 (265-1) x@-03x153) = I@ x 0-847 x 10° = 9.02 x10 4 rol Vo = 12000 L/b/nt = 12 wha = 3:33x102 mls = i a 1 SL 00 = G02 x15" i909 = 27-06% 7 3:33 x10 by dal2mm Vg = MYA mls, Helga (a>1 a) ne Yueixésxiaxio3 = = 0.743 m/s W = Mi = 0783 x too > 100% & 100% Vo 3.38x103 =e 1 = 50 + pede. ( consider only, Liquid depth) Qe 2mLo = $333 ri /hn L=lsm, B=6m) son = GQ = $838 = 0925 wifhalet LB isxb = q26 Uhl : = Volume 7 h Drtertion Hee = 15x6x3 = 3.24 hours nam g 3.33 2S = a Sromk efpiienyy = 70% a e oh oy Cds daporital = cone oh ald gehide setrhed. Snes sot i oe a che = ON “ng on 1s1 Vlogs ores lle 2mL= naxidxex0” Arurcings gr amk weed wun Conc. oh dry solids dep ea SJorck diarmeken = 26m) Kael m Q = 13000 a ey = Volum rm ho = 1% sx 21 pt = Yolur wth x18 x 21 a Q 13000/24 z und & Qe A = 2.06 ho 2.441 hos Ved (ood + O-T85H, Nan loading &- 12000 1 on ae = 159155 wildeyfen. Total ammount of ares sulbseamce: % cone, ob fubakance Chg idey) ee (rgts Aug, FRipay COAGULATION (Bedimnentation aided with Coopaletic Gadionortbatticon ieled with cong ulation ia erpleyed. to couphiane Busporcha ponticles oaks colloidal particles Colloidols cat be copraredl y plein telirnontatt stp remove colloids accalonatel sedimentation prows “u ereploy ox dd escape ploin sedirmenrt ation along cotth 1, Qilloicloh particles one changed particles. Gown att oy coy negate Oranges (Colloids aeqiina —ve Shongar hile raw cling st dug. 40 abrasion, wear ean, Brownian motion ete), 2, Colloids carry changas 3, Most of the collide ore Healsle in water ecamse of Khe a+ + = hang a they Orange on shen tunface b—> thicknos of difbuse. layer D —> diclecbric conatont 5 Thre ae we {ree acting bebween too collontl Pee a Sora. of repulsion due to clecboitate potential. by Force oh attraction ous to Vamderwaale fore. Bo oor Jone of nackton x1 ue Aistara. blo particles & ( aaere oe J26" Aug, ® @ uesony he chemical sudsstamcees thot anc odcterl +0 usccter to can A coaguladton krroum as coagulants. “6 A feo adding the coagularsts, the plloosing mechanuame ouuy + 1. Gompration of elecronic dovite laser 2. Adsorption amd change me utnaligabton. 3. Erinapment wm prssyitadton. (Seoeep coagulation ) These three mmcdhomiarnd one collectively catled stabilisation . Tks coneeph wos may oto Derksdr gdenbids Sno ais covered this 08 Verweys Ovenbeak,) Colloidal wo Runion ond tive DLVO Theory. (Deorgzegir > rlamdow A Smrzorponacl brielgny. ‘ > ulation. ———> flowulation. ——> sedimonctatior com ee eemaibioringy Physical corso Sevrbing of « aon ch Feed Grote ob panda), floccularta 4p wok). —> Common Coogularts He pivolent aque 7° } howe YO Nigh coagulating powors. Shey one used as cong la , 1. Aluminivem Badprecke Sulphate amd Jennie chloride, ic cationic Sulastamces thought to “ 2. Jornrouw 3. Joie Ja\prate 4, Bodum lure x Aluminivem Bulprabe (Alum) — universal cong oharct — cheap, eon Gy rendle onel etone — produce effective foc. _ it alto nemeve colour, odour amc ixwpnove baste,= requirement a pH 65 to &5 b) alkalinity tn water. — drawbacks. a benpants “hondners (ren) by woten become wonmrerive Alz@0q),.18H20 + 3Ca(He03)p —> 3CaS04 + 2A (OW s|-+ GO c Jo Caso. 3 1 (OWs } Calkalinity) qnew Fi Clee) 18 Hoc. Molewtorn wh of Ale Cogle = 2x27 3(s2+t4xlo)+ i@ (2+ 16) = 666 3 Ca (HCO3), ——> 3 Cacdg + 3602+ 3H20 Mole cuton wh of 3 6ac03 = 3 (4041243 x16), = 8x100 D * og pants of olum reqsine sxt0o porta ob alkolindy Catdg ——> CO + De Cauick lime} Mole wt ob Catog = 100 Mad. wt of Cad = 5b “po posts of allendinly equine oo pear of Time, gq. 02. Q=10 MLD Dore of oluem = 20 mglb Alkalinity present fr woote = 6 myll Mol. ust of alum = 666 Mol. wt - of 3 Catdy = 3% 100. Mol. wot. of Cad =5bGoo part» of alum tombine with $100 parte of Qe os — CaCD3 1 parc alum 2 300 poste oh alk ating 666 20 vag Ik alum 2 3190 x29 mglL oh alkalinity. 666 Aikorinay nag used ee wool = GF wegll ab CAC. Jot ol alkalinsty pequored per = Qx come. of alka (ig/stoa) 4") (git) toxd =90 Kg ida = 40x10 wg] choy Depiiergy ob, alkabindg me oak = 9-6 = BmgllL a Calg 100 parks oh alkalindy as CaWs rmine: 5b pata of line an GO. t gant albany = Bhs pnts of ne = C03 = Sb IL of, ene amg ll alkalinity of CaCOR = OEXS an, Coty dlote (lime) ragytinel) = Bond = 1-68 mg Jotol ome required = Qx doie, of Ure 10 x1-68 Kglobow Aon wel reyinemers of Ure aa Onis 16.@x365 = 6182 kg) year = 6132 x108 mg ]ya.4. Q=12 Med Dow of dum = a4 mg iL = I+ ppm Jotat alum rsqured pa day = Qx dese FI4K2 = 168 kgldey, Mol we of alum = 666 Mol wk. of 6c02 = 6 (12 Fax) = 6x44 1 part of alum release = SA at pate of Oz, ta mgllL of alarm neleare = SHAG x14 rngil of Coe Ce, nalenned = 5:55_~g Iu x FJonnous Sulphate. Ccopperas ) — elective mn wok 14 pH > 8-5 = Copperas react with drcded Une amd, produce {loc, — Oheapor then aku, bur doe not react with colouned wok Cad + 20 —> CalOH)e (quick Une) C§yyarroctect. me) FeSO, TH20 + CalOW)e — > CaS0q + Fe(OH): b+ TH2O Flog) 08. Jotoh ferrouy sulphate requinel = @ % dete of ferrous Bulpharte = [2x10 = 0 kg lea Mol wk of Fes04.7H20 = Bet 22+4xI6+7( 2416) = 27 Ca (COW a — 2 GO + Hed Coo = 56 Mel ust. of,, ; $ 21g parts of fomous sulphate Aequinel—=56 oly @ ab Cad. 1 port o sfomrous sulphate = 56 % Sag Park oh Ume os cw 10 IL o Fas! = Bb gt cee cee co ie Cad loge nequianel = oS 410 = WIS yl. en aL Verne raquined = Q x aloe ob Vine Joe = jaxzowe = 2418 kgldcgy, * Chloninated Coppenas (Ferric Sulphate & Fennic Chlonide. Chlorinated copperow- Germ chioniae > 2 Fee (S04), + 2FeCls + (fennic sulphate.) 42 R20 = Goppror + ONonimne > G Fe $04.-TH2D +3C\2 Degh ph (oes) amd low ph (26.5) cam eort be. chlorimoked copper. ed, coagulant Fe2(6O)3 + 3Ca(OWJ2 —> 3CaSO4 + 2Fe (OH); ¥ Coc) 2FeCl; +3 Co (OK)2 —> 3 Cle + 2Fe CON) \ _ Colour, wow snot oo esnstaaint to use hem = Fagrey casein hare alum & Copperas % Bodinen Pluminate ( Naz Ale % ) — independent of ptt = voy ompersive of all coogulerttn Neo Ale 04 + CaO), —> Ca AlaO4 + Naz C03 + CO2 + (Hoe) Hed maWO sop, weontspay —> Jar Test Gor Jari is partormed to Ytnd optimum cose of coggularie. (ee mririonscrn cougutomit dose. amd mex removal TEL A YE: % Chemical umn ditioning (cong ubodion) Addilion ob congguloorts amd iaing ete Rapid mixing —1 eo 3 min cc 490 to 120 ypm (umifprm bler x Prrgpical Conaitioning Corthokinetic Flocculation) Ponikinetic jlocaatton i— partotos move amd attract on Ud ou Slows Besta 20) co 40min at Ito 3 vpm x Allow he floe to forme Ao tethle down yy keeping. Une comberste oh Jor quite ond quisurst, ho pariod of Bo mn to 1 hour,-> Design of Cloviflocculator + Claraifloceutator cmnsiste of — @& ® 1, Rapid Mixing Unit (Flash mriscen ) 9, Floceurtoton ( Blovs mmiecing) 3, Sedimentation tank ¥ Design of Rapid Wiring Unit + Mednanical mixingy unib ip designed. 0 blind coaguber with wed, Besign ob nogid mriam Vs based oni 2) Detention time b Velocity grater: — Detention time: 1 40 3 min Volume of medng- bam = Q x DT Dopth + 1 m tO 15 Bunhow orca = Volume oh mice Depth uty ane erculorn on sq.uone = Misings — Veloudy grosiont, 6” G = 100 ~to 1000 §' im plon Dregne ob vovoding ot degree of turbulent & ‘6’ coagulant: 4 Jor one novetion, veloc wokor 4 atisteribiction el Tee fa HAL, Tor N rotation, Ny w= 2 aa Va Verw A obs Blope ob velocity distrabution cunve iu G.whee P= pow im warts we AL = cookgiciert of ayant, viscosity Ve vol of verdana basin sin P= Fev. = Cy Pu ApViv 5S P= a Eo Pa Ap V9 2 3 = A Qa Beton mds >= 0g, G = 600. ST, A= ITF NS/ Hy V Re e= FL Vay. B= 60d x2x0? ete or @ = 28800 riiday , ¥= 15%, G~ a008", pT = 2 min Volume ob micting tamk = 9. oT. = 20800 _ x2= ar 24x60x Design of Flocculotor : cy Uydraulic Tloeculatons L There ora orctolated Proceso floc ferraadtion te not under our control. aN CW ip L So sto gee required ype of B Ui for, mmachamical tlocculorrons uw one ured Gb Mechanical Tlocculaton Mechanical flocarteon commiste Rackamasslan tbomk . eoith lous roving. deter Comum nobaber or paddle nobader) — Basigr panarnekons G) DT (dekereion time) ee Gy Ge (non Aimenional swmber) 1 l UU pr: 20 rn to 40 ™N > Nolume oh Peeulobor= Qx ST {Hl | 0 Apsuoene dagth + 2:5. 45 mm Bunboxe oven, = Volume 6) ga st = S Deh 20 min — GE: 20 + gs" 0 min le [ewe + pT = 20 *0 40 win Gt = 10 to 10 (effective {loe) - 6% ty —> smaller & denser {loc Gh EP > Longer and lighter et tt => ee o ua Gl tL > Only ize inrearosQ= 3000 wilkn > DT = 20mins G= 405", = Lo08TKI0* Pas 6 Lig = 2, dep = 04 B Nolume = 8002 x29 = 1000 mt 6 LxB = 1900 __ 0-4 B tL =2. L=28 2B XB X0.4B = 1000 pe m2 ™ r 21.5443 2 3, = 40% 1.0087 x10” X1 000 = 1613-92 Ww Vi Sept, % Design of Sedimentation Tank. (Sertling tank) THURSDAY Berhing stank, follows Type IL soutling. Type tebbting deals catth Ploceulartt_panticlas sHarment. im dilute euspenatont TRocculant pandiclts arc tote wWhids charge Hain age, thapa, mans » 2prehie groty with time omd epace To olarigh. settling, tank: SLR M SOR, Vo : 20 +o 30 Wilda [nk pri 2 te ¢ youn Now linear path followed by 4. Q = 4.2 WR /rmin Ploceulants particle. Yo = 0.2 mls Deph =3.5 YW = 2. > saz Qe 42/60 so5y ne SA No ox ==Qa 36 vil = 3.5xI0%x24 x40 = 5-04 FOLD. &) @ Aur dptgge = 28 mglt = 44 GT= 4x10 Jotol aburn prrquincl /day = 5:04 x25 = 126 kg! Chung “0 Alan required As 30 days = 26x30 -> Relation among turbidity (concenbrection of colloids) Alkalinity ond Coagulant Dose: Funbiclity Alkalingty Bere ob cogguula Predominant coeeeeeneneel | cat = Medhanisms of Filtration. @ Unedhanical, ant Gy Sedimembatiron iy Jrrpa. cto Gy Sribenception. w Biological mek abolinm . DOYIo oS CREVC © COOC0OSo a Sedimentection " @ tmpaction. Biological Metabolism Clo a valnen ge mat of micro —oganismn, CSehmutz Decke— Ditty Skin) The place where media is packed amo wartor u parted, through yeedla i kmowm os Filter:~> Classification of Filters @ @ 1. Bored on the force Wy Which ftrakion & carnrial ov Growty dittou Go Pramore Fibtore 2 Boaed on rate of fUnatton (volume ob water flare in uni terme per unit tuniace area) e @ Blow Fitkow > Rapid i ttons. 3, Bosed on Nor of media employed. i) Bogle media fetkow iy Duroh Media fro Gy Mulkimedia @ mixed media fitters. -> Slow Sand Fitter - Gb wa tingle wmedion growiy wpe, low Pr = Rete, of Bitnation, ROF = 100 to 200 Lf hy [ne > —Pordicla removal efficiengy,y, = 98 to 99 % — Ne pactnaatmert of water a rsquinady Post treatment . ia opttonal. Coagulated water iv not allowed to pos Ha ough c pie one te di, te otlowed to paw, smaten panticla im i cogguledel waker gress inside, the filer media, blooks tb pornanantty mck Caunte oprrakimna-L probleme 3 % Component s of Plow Sond Fitton Gy) Fitter Boo. — eee open to ectrmasphere,, yooker sagt samt , Sige + 100 - 2000 we fod slope : 1 im 100 Gh Febron media — silica Zand used as media Thickrers + 9O em “to 110 em= Effective alge of tard, Dio + O12 40 0:35~wUniboon wepheciertd, Cut Doo = 1e to 3 ‘Do Braden the panticles > emallar the pore sige —> higha anca of corerack > ow rade of (leratton —> bebe quality cocker iy Gronel bed — ge Mpporé %9 famd media Sicknos + 306m to 75 om Bize : Fmm to 60 wer Covell graded grovel) be wet fend particles to eocape form fitter media. ge dowre Pp” Gv Undor drainage Byatorn — oper drainage system paoweded with — Lockenols omd cembnal drains, 2m Ben spacing (c, wy Qnlek & Outler & , Gplat > 0 opply omer umiferenly oe ental wea Bamd bea Ly to calle (load water a Ouklee Tooter ok constants nok] Pregornekor—> to kmou vhe woken lrel, on the top Ab omc bed Inlet Outlet Raw water in sand bed gravel bed. | | SS > fiitered water o Guridiol read Les Creat low before starting of Umtion): 10cm tr 1B om Avhken beast lors ranches 40 a value of TOem—Aoem (40% sand. Ged thicknes), i indicates Chak fitter UU mot woonlsing. oe naked capacity. $F badly reach alaconing, 0% worshing,= Plow tend fitters ane cleared once iv ewer ont mar ® ty thaee months: Sop bs —3om of sand be ie senappal off voy oti depth of tamd bed a” reduced to SO cm Beyond. thes dopth coor Berd (low fbtrotion) uw found. % the snopped off fine Sond wished with 0.2 -0.6% of filtered waren, nat sept, MEDNESPAY s Design of Slow Sand Fitters + =~ tbo one dantgnedd bowed on Rete of fittration (Ror Supangiial velocity ) ~ Jotal surface area of lous sord filler requined = Q ROF — ioc sige ob ecadh filter: L&B — dink mor of ewe FN oh RUM Cn) amet irda of ench fells sgh & brenda nelotzons - Goce no! (1.88) boa on le — Provide ome aockna fiber (ntt) for reliodbility condition P39 Jor ROF = 120 Lit / npn 5 » Population = 50,000° pewons. a Parcapita. demand = 150 ie] nell oy Mase demand = 1:8 x ong demord. Lume i kept an thawal bay + Nor oh fle Hopman, = 61 = Q= 50000 X150 Wel hogs Design demand = mex demand = 1:¢Q = 12x50000 x ISO Jota onea of tow Sond, fiten repre = Qapsgn ROFc= 1@x 50000 x150/p, i 3125 me Igo n= B(nol ob fbbeu vy operatten) Ane of en ‘bean = § mck filter = 825 — Gas e LxB = 625 of = 625 => B= 17.673 m = 95.35 — Sind “how wn ccna nos of 20x10 sige slow snd ~{bbena @ nequsned to trek 10 TLD woken with Ror = 200 L]ha/me. nx Anew (Lx8) = 2 Q_ RoF = 10x 10°/24 200 6 toxio'/24 toa, me 11 flew 200 x (20 x10) > Rapid Sand Filters — Single media groty ape rapid fitkens, — ROF 3000 to 6000 Lit/ ba] we (x30 slow send) — Ponticle rernoval efhiieny, 1 = 80 to 907, (98-99% slow a — Prekeneakment and pats tratrment of wakm is , compulsory (not Aaquinel i tow and) = wnsumes \ittle pace. amd merle the damandt of Lange carmen erie, % Components of Rapid Sand Filter : Gd Fier box. — open, warn tight, rectangular ctamk- Gi Bige of HHO - 10M tw wowGiy Bod slope = Woo eA Q wo Depth of fbb = 25m to 8m Ww Pitter medio: = Band iw btn media. = Ghickneam of zand bed = 60 40 90 cm — Efpedtve age of sand = Dio = 0.35 to 055 mn = Umikorm cockgedent,Cu= Doo = 12 to Ke Dio Gore pore space inereanes amd hen, note of filtration increanas bude umvbace with foil dacrearer. Due wp Wx emtboct with tanad, Removal ekbechengs> dacracsoe Cel > usniborenli graded. Poo tard grain a ebigetively evolu cl wn ponttele. copbune. This accoune yor go-90% eh erey Athoygh pone space one opened. wi Gaowel bed: — te give jupp ort to Band bed. = i dort atlouw sand grains to ercope chong, cotth wot — Fricke of grovel bal = Sen to Soom = well graded gneve packed (3mm +0 40mm) iy Under drainage % stom: = cleresh dnaina ant ured tp collede woaho. spacieg blw laterals 1Scm $D Bdem Cle C, grave LTTE ‘ perforated laterals — total anes Of porborubtons = 0.2% area of each Fitter— total orca of lotonal = 2 times total onca oj PrIrotions _ otal onan of cenbnal domain = 2 bimts x anea of lodorals. — len ok, Length of Laterot y 6 5 oK diiamebonr of, Lockenal — wiiy Inlet & Ouctlat Aonangarerita + — Gniek applies wacker canifgn ral oven sand bed, without disbanbrra, tomd, gos: — Outler central drain acts ou oct lab. ci Otho Components + a) Wash waster “proughs. by Ain compaeworn (ain pump) ©) Values. &) Rote control dawice (verrbunimeter) 2). Mecca mmearurivrg, danricas back reer “s 7 wom A] ed UU sand bed 44 gravel bed. oe D vertuvimeter c [water valvo|A > influent volve, B> Fittowd waknr valve, sand bed. C—> Work water volne. D> Pittowd water waste valye, vcctor vole gravel bed co a © a Oe > Back wash F > Hin vakoe. Bosak or either oh these : : a conditions aml filker ts Jerrnenal = Bm atoppal and washd ym Tunbidy brake through = 25 wry JY 24h to 48 hn, Gmitiol head los = 10 IE om When fberatton w continual {or lomgan poriocs, pore paces ge cloned and, ‘ead lors inereanes. Ag pore spac area ix reduced, velocity of vseter eee} rough sured bal shoots up ond i shoo torre of the poriclag retained on the yoke bed arnd conniaa t alomy with the filtered woten. Fhis iprgwosn the ctunbiaiy of fib arel water kmown aa “arbichity break through’. — Rapid send fille one cleaned (0) voashed: ly ‘backwashing Amovint of pUeored vscrhn raquined {or backuraihi = 206% of fitered” water Arwothio wa the faut step bnckuvadhing Whine compren pursped Hoag athe Her bed for “E-5 rn, Shich agiveabes the. particles amd by opening. valwe Fy Neovo wong valve ia cloied ocapt E RC _ flugizet an hin inuvwases the pow space amd, gard bed 3X ancpandak upto a neight Zo. (los than Vp ob wash coaton trough) aWwakor gate ceckal In the dnraing os volve CU opened: DAA DADDY RaB, VeX Design of Rapid Sand Fitter: — Jobat onca of RSF naquineh = _@ ROF — Give the sige of each {i fitters (n) Yin the moi oh fOr OG) amd find BE Of each fitter ~ eof, filtered wocckom | used mn TY ~ Her (LBB) cmd find ‘not of Vol. of uraten_ use im backwash Mol of water fibtinad bho backwou) — Volume of frkeored wootenl _ py, ob back woodhing a used mm backwash dunotton of backwash ana. of cach flor ROB DOB anca, of aach fil ios Sob opt eeead Cele Dette backswoshinge duration of fltration » anea of cach xlker ROF % DOF % ane of each { Q = 24 ro. ROR = 5S ad/ha] oF Anan of for bed s(Lxe) = 24x10 /24q 55 22 5 Lx aL 200 => L=10m.& B= 20m oh funad os amquanel | _ ROB + DOB x ane of each fbr 4 ckwos ~ be ba “6 ROF % DOF % ance of each filter = SKROEX 10/60 = wig ¥, RoF x 4-19) =