Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1
Introduction to Gravity Separation
¾ Types of Separator
‘2-Phase’, Gas, Liquid (eg, Degasser)
‘3-Phase’, Gas, Oil, Water (eg FWKO’s, Production Sep’s)
‘4-Phase’, Gas, Oil, Water, Sand
¾ ‘Driving Force’ for separation
Density difference between phases
Smaller difference = harder to separate = larger vessels
¾ Other Factors
Flow rate
Viscosity – higher viscosity = harder to separate
Temperature – higher temperature reduces viscosity
Outlet Specification
Introduccion a la Separacion por
Gravedad
¾ Tipos de Separador
‘2-Fases’, Gas, Liquido
‘3-Fases’, Gas, Crudo, Agua (ej: FWKO’s, Separadores de
Produccion
‘4-Fases’, Gas, Crudo, Agua, Arena
¾ “Fuerza de Transmision” para separar
Diferencia de densidad entre fases
Diferencia mas baja = mas dificil de separar = separadores
mas grandes
¾ Otros Factores
Rata de Flujo
Viscosidad – Viscosidad mas Alta = Mas dificil de separar
Temperatura –Temperature mas alta reduce viscosidad
Especificacion de Salida (producto)
Typical 2 Phase Separators
LIQUID PHASE
LIQUID
OUTLET
Tipicos Separadores de 2 Fases
Fase de
Fase de Gas
Entrada Gas
Fase Liquida
GAS PHASE
OIL PHASE
WATER PHASE
Fase de Gas
Fase de Petroleo
Fase de Agua
Salida de Salida de
Agua Petroleo
Typical 3-Phase Separators
GAS PHASE
OIL PHASE
WATER PHASE
WATER OUTLET OIL OUTLET
Tipicos Separadores de 3 Fases
Fase de Gas
Fase de Crudo
Fase de Agua
Salida de Salida de
Agua Crudo
Vessel Internals
Vane profile Vane profile
from above from above
GAS
OUTLET
Foam Inhibiting
Entrada Pack
Vaned Inlet Vane Demisters
Deflector Perforated Perforated (in 'V' shaped housing)
Baffle Plate Baffle Plate
'Interceptor' Adjustable
Plate Pack Weir Plate
Inlet Perforated
Baffle Plate Longidutinal Baffles
Vortex Vortex
Sand Wash Headers
Breaker Breaker
WATER OIL
Baffle profile Plate profile Nozzle profile Baffle profile
from end from end from end from end OUTLET OUTLET
Inlet Devices
¾ No Inlet Device!
Requires large nozzle/very low velocities
Creates spray, turbulence etc
¾ Simple Plate Deflector
Most basic type device
Breaks momentum of incoming flow
Still considerable spray / shearing of fluid
¾ Vaned Inlet device
Good momentum breaker, with low pressure drop
Controlled introduction of fluid into vessel
¾ Cyclonic Inlet Device
Excellent suppression of foam / spray
Higher pressure drop (approx 0.5 bar)
Expensive
Dispositivos de Entrada
¾ No Dispositivos de Entrada!
Requiere boquilla grande/muy bajas velocidades
Crea pulverizacion, turbulencia etc
¾ Plato deflector Simple
El mas basico tipo de dispositivo
Rompe el momento de flujo entrante
Aun crea considerable pulverizacion / corte de fluido
¾ Dispositivo de Entrada de Veleta
Buen momento de rompimiento, con baja caida de presion
Controlada entrada de fluido dentro del separador
¾ Dispositivo de Entrada Ciclonico
Excelente supresion de espuma / rocio
Mas alta caida de presion (aprox 0.5 bar)
Costoso
Cyclonic inlets
Entrada Ciclonicas
Coalescing Media
Empaques de Platos
Plate Packs
¾ Outlet shroud
very simple deflector, low level demisting, no guarantee!
¾ Mesh Pads
reliable, simple design, droplet removal down to 10
micron, good turndown (0%)
large area required, can be prone to blockage
¾ Vane demisters
more compact than mesh, droplet removal down to 10
micron, reasonable turndown (~20%), low pressure drop
fall off in performance at high pressures
¾ Cyclonic demisters
most compact design, droplet removal to 8-10 micron
high pressure drop, poor turndown (~40%)
Extractor de Neblina
¾ Anillo de Salida
Deflector muy simple,extractor de bajo nivel, no garantia!
¾ Malla
Confiable, diseno simple, removedor de gotas hasta 10
micrones, capacidad minima excelente (0%)
Requiere gran area, puede ser propenso a bloquearse
¾ Extractores de Veleta
Mas compacto que la malla, removedor de gotas hasta 10
micrones,capacidad minima razonable (~20%), baja caida de
presion
Disminuye su desempeno a altas presiones at high pressures
¾ Extractores Ciclonicos
Diseno mas compacto, remocion de gotas hasta 8-10 micrones
Alta caida de presion, capacidad minima pobre (~40%)
Calculation Methods
H oil
H water
H oil
H water
¾ V is calculated by
d (ρw − ρo)
2
knowing the height of
V =F each phase (Hoil &
µ Hwater) and the
horizontal velocity (and
V = settling velocity hence time in the
separation zone).
F = force of gravity
ρw = water density ¾ d is then calculated
using the equation
ρo = oil density
µ = water viscosity
Leyes de Stokes
¾ V es calculata
d (ρw − ρo)
2
conociendo la altura de
V =F cada fase (Hoil & Hwater)
µ y la velocidad horizontal
(y el tiempo en la zona
V = velocidad fija de separation).
F = fuerza de gravedad
¾ d es entonces usando la
ρw = densidad del agua ecuacion
¾ Typical performance
<0.1 US gal / MMSCF (13 litres / MMSCM)
Gas Carry-under < 1%
Tipicos Parametros de Diseno para
Separadores de 2 Fases
¾ Tipico Desempeno
<0.1 US gal / MMSCF (13 litros / MMSCM)
Arrastre de gas < 1%
Tipicos Parametros de Diseno para
Separadores de 3 Fases
¾ Tipico Desempeno
Agua en Petroleo 5-10% (baja hasta 0.5-1% en el mejor)
Agua en Petroleo 1000 ppm (puede bajar hasta 2-300ppm)
<0.1 US gal / MMSCF (13 litros / MMSCM)
Arrastre gas < 1%
Typical Separation Train
Gas
Treating
N2
C1+
Gas
H2S
CO2
Produced Raw Gas
1st Stage
Well Fluid
Outlet – 10-
10-
Oil
Fired Heater 20% water 2nd Stage
(or S&T) Outlet – 5-
10% water
Wash Water
H2O
Separator Export Oil
Solids
Export Oil
– <0.5%
H2O H2O
water
Dirty H2O
Water
Treating
Tipico Tren de Separacion
Tratamiento de
Gas
N2
C1+
Gas
H2S
Fluido
1ra Etapa
CO2
producido
Petroleo crudo Salida – 10-
10-
del pozo 20% de 2da Etapa
Petroleo Calentador
Agua Salida – 5-
10% de
Agua
Agua
H2O
Separador Petroleo
de agua Desalter
Deshidratador Crudo Deshid.
Eelectrostatico
Solidos
Petroleo
bombeado
H2O H2O
– <0.5% de
agua
H2O Sucia
Tratamiento de
Agua