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Contents
IndIa’s Bilateral Relations ..................................................................................................... 4
India Pakistan Relations ................................................................................................................................ 4
India Pakistan Wars............................................................................................................................... 5
Sir Creek Dispute .................................................................................................................................. 7
Siachen Dispute .................................................................................................................................... 9
Indus Waters Treaty ............................................................................................................................ 11
Kulbhusan Jhadav Case ...................................................................................................................... 12
India China Relations .................................................................................................................................. 13
Major irritants ..................................................................................................................................... 13
Border Dispute India China ................................................................................................................. 14
China Pak Axis ................................................................................................................................... 15
OBOR – Will Connect Asia, Africa, Middle East & Europe.............................................................. 16
South China Sea Dispute..................................................................................................................... 17
Doklam Plateau Face-off .................................................................................................................... 19
Deterioration of India-China relation .................................................................................................. 20
Cooperation between India and China ................................................................................................ 21
Way forward for India......................................................................................................................... 21
India Japan Relations .................................................................................................................................. 22
Complementarities between the two countries ................................................................................... 22
Cooperation from Japan ..................................................................................................................... 22
India Japan Civil Nuclear Deal, 2016 ................................................................................................. 24
Asia Africa Growth Corridor .............................................................................................................. 24
India Russia Relations................................................................................................................................. 25
India’s Concerns With Russia ............................................................................................................. 25
Importance of India for Russia............................................................................................................ 26
Importance of Russia for India............................................................................................................ 26
Russia- Pakistan Relations .................................................................................................................. 27
India Bhutan Relations ................................................................................................................................ 28
BBIN Initiative.................................................................................................................................... 29
India Nepal Relations .................................................................................................................................. 30
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India Bangladesh Relations......................................................................................................................... 32

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Water Sharing Disputes ...................................................................................................................... 33
Recent Development in Relations....................................................................................................... 34
India Sri Lanka Relations............................................................................................................................ 35
India Afghanistan Relations ........................................................................................................................ 37
Strategic Significance of Afghanistan................................................................................................. 38
India Myanmar Relations ............................................................................................................................ 39
Importance of Myanmar for India ....................................................................................................... 39
Concern ............................................................................................................................................... 41
Rohingya Muslims Issues ................................................................................................................... 41
IndIa’s Regional Relations ..................................................................................................... 43
India Central Asia Relations ....................................................................................................................... 43
Importance of central Asia .................................................................................................................. 44
Challenges ........................................................................................................................................... 44
Latest development to connect central Asia........................................................................................ 44
India – Kazakhstan .............................................................................................................................. 45
India Africa Relations ................................................................................................................................. 45
Importance of Africa (1 billion population market) ............................................................................ 45
Convergence of Interest ...................................................................................................................... 46
India’s challenges in Africa ................................................................................................................ 46
Asia Africa Growth Corridor .............................................................................................................. 47
India West Asia Relations ........................................................................................................................... 48
Importance of West Asia for India ...................................................................................................... 48
India’s “Look West” Policy ................................................................................................................ 49
China West Asia Policy ...................................................................................................................... 50
India ASEAN Relations ................................................................................................................................. 51
ASEAN Significance .......................................................................................................................... 52
‘Act East’ Policy ................................................................................................................................. 53
Indian Ocean and India ............................................................................................................................... 54
Challenges in IOR ............................................................................................................................... 55
India – A Soft Power.................................................................................................................................... 56
India as a Soft Power .......................................................................................................................... 56
International Organizations ............................................................................................... 58
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Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) ................................................................................................ 58

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Importance of India’s Membership for SCO ...................................................................................... 58
United Nations Organization (UNO) .......................................................................................................... 60
Principle Organs of UNO.................................................................................................................... 61
International Monetary Fund (IMF) ............................................................................................................ 63
Bretton Woods .................................................................................................................................... 63
International Monetary Fund .............................................................................................................. 64
World Bank (WB) ....................................................................................................................................... 68
New Development Bank (BRICS Bank) .................................................................................................... 70
New Development Bank (BRICS Bank) ............................................................................................ 70
World Trade Organization (WTO) ............................................................................................................. 74
South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) .................................................................. 82
Developments in SAARC ................................................................................................................... 84
Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) .................................................................................... 87
Timeline of India – ASEAN Relations ............................................................................................... 89
ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) – 1994 ............................................................................................. 90
India and ARF ..................................................................................................................................... 91
OPEC, ADB, NAM, NATO ............................................................................................................................. 92
Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) ............................................................. 92
Asian Development Bank (ADB)........................................................................................................ 93
Non Aligned Movement (NAM) ......................................................................................................... 93
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) ..................................................................................... 94

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International Relations and Security forms a considerable part of UPSC Civil
Services syllabus. In prelims it covers mostly from 7-10 questions and in mains
it covers 1/3rd of the GS paper 2 and 3.

IndIa’s Bilateral Relations

India Pakistan Relations
Hindu ruler Hari Singh tried to negotiate with India & Pak to have an
independent status for his state. Since majority population of the state was
Muslim, the Pakistan thought Kashmir ‘belonged‘ to them.
On 15th August Harisingh offered standstill agreement with both countries
which allowed the free movement of people & goods. Pakistan signed the
agreement but India didn’t. Pakistan became impatient & started violating
standstill agreement. 24th October Hari Singh demanded military assistance
from India. Mountbatten pointed out that under international law India can send
its troops only after state signs a formal instrument of accession – on 26 Oct th

Maharaja signed instrument of accession – ratified in 1954.

On 27th Oct. morning nearly 100 planes airlifted men and weapons to Srinagar.
Pakistan army left the main valley region but continue to occupy a large chunk
of territory of Gilgit, Baltistan region – Pak occupied Kashmir.
At the same time India lodged complaint against Pakistan for their illegal
actions in UN. Instead of getting justice at UN, Western powers backed
Pakistan. India also accepted UN resolution on ceasefire in spite of its
advantageous position and agreed for plebiscite in Kashmir, which laid down
two conditions for holding plebiscite –
Pak should withdraw its forces from the state of J&K
The authority of the Srinagar administration should be restored over the whole
state
Above mentioned first conditions was never fulfilled, so there was no plebiscite there.

Meanwhile J&K participated in India’s general elections and then the talk of plebiscite remained
irrelevant.
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Kashmir conflict didn’t prevent cooperation between governments of India &

Pak. Both the governments worked together to restore the abducted women to
their original families, a long term dispute of river water sharing was resolved –
with world Bank’s mediation and India-Pakistan Indus Water Treaty was signed
by Nehru and General Ayub Khan in 1960.

India Pakistan Wars

1965 India Pakistan War
Pakistan launched armed attacks in the Rann of Kutch area of Gujarat, later it
launched bigger offensive in J & K in 1965.
Pakistan thought that this time the local population would support the cause of
Pakistan, but nothing of this sort happened.
Meanwhile, in order to ease the pressure from Kashmir front, Shastri ordered
Indian troops to launch counter offensive on the Punjab border.
War was won by India, and the hostilities came to an end with UN intervention.

Due to the mediation of Soviet Union, Both the countries signed the Tashkent
Agreement [Shastri from India & General Ayub Khan from Pak] in January
1966. Although India won the war, this war added India the economic
difficulties.
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1971 India Pakistan War
The internal crisis of Pakistan after the verdict of their general elections turned
violent. Ruling party of Zulfikar Bhutto emerged as winner in West Pakistan
while in Eastern Part Rahman’s Awani League won with great margins.
However, strong and powerful western establishment ignored the democratic
verdict and didn’t accept the League’s demand for federation. Instead of
responding to their demands and verdict positively, Pak army arrested Rahman
and unleashed brutal terror activities and suppressed their voices.
To end this menace permanently, people of Eastern Pak started liberation
struggle of Bangladesh from Pak.
Due to the huge influence of refugees from Eastern Pak, India deliberated much
and later extended its support to people’s cause materially and morally, which
was frowned by Western Pak as Indian conspiracy to break of Pakistan.
The support to Western Pak came from the USA & China to quash the people’s
movement.
To ensure its safety from the attacks of American and Chinese backed Pak, India
signed 20 year Treaty of Peace and Friendship with the Soviet Union.
Even after much diplomatic deliberations no concrete results could be achieved,
and full scale war broke out in 1971 on both the western and Eastern front.
With the support of local population in the form of “Mukti Bahini” Indian army
made rapid progress and compelled the Pakistani troops to surrender in 10
days only.

With emergence of Bangladesh as an independent country, India declared a

unilateral ceasefire. Later Shimla Agreement of 1972 between Indira Gandhi &
Zulfikar Bhutto brought back the peace between two nations.
Kargil War
After the debacle of 1971 war, Pak army never tried to fight with Indian army
directly & started the proxy war by sending the terrorists trained by their secret
agencies to create havoc and panic in J & K and India.
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In 1999, so called Mujahideens occupied several points on the Indian side of
LOC in the Mashkoh, Dras, Kaksar, Batalik.
Suspecting Pak’s hand behind such activities, Indian forces immediately started
retaliating to such proxy war which is known as “Kargil conflict”.
This conflict got worldwide attention because of the nuclear capabilities attained
by these countries in 1998, which could be used by either side, however
nuclear weapons were not used in war, and Indian troops regained their
points.

There was huge controversy surrounding this Kargil conflict, that, the then PM
of Pak was kept in the dark of such move. Later, the then Pak army Chief
General Parvez Musharraf took over as its President.
International Court of Justice stayed the execution of Kulbhushan Jadhav, who
was sentenced to death by a Pakistan military court on the charge of spying. The
Court said that India should have been granted consular access to Kulbhushan
Jadhav as per the Vienna Convention.
India accused Pakistan of violating the Vienna Convention and conducting a
“farcical trial” for convicting Jadhav without a “shred of evidence.

Sir Creek Dispute

Sir Creek is a 96 km tidal estuary on the border of India and Pakistan which
opens up into the Arabian Sea, & divides Gujarat state of India from Sindh
province of Pakistan.
Pakistan claims the entire Sir Creek, with its eastern bank defined by a “green line” and represented on a
1914 map belongs to it. Accepting Pakistan’s premise on the “green line” would mean loss of about
250 square miles of EEZ for India.

India supports its stance by citing the Thalweg doctrine in international law. The law states that river
boundaries between two states may be, if the two states agree, divided by the mid-channel, also shown
on a map dated 1925.
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Though Pakistan does not dispute the 1925 map, it maintains that the doctrine is not applicable in this case
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as it most commonly applies to non-tidal rivers, and Sir Creek is a tidal estuary.

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Sir Creek itself has little value. It is a marshy wasteland. But where the
boundary line runs through it will determine how much Exclusive Economic
Zone (EEZ) one country will lose or gain. Much of the region is rich in oil and
gas below the sea bed, and control over the creek would have a huge bearing on
the energy potential of each nation.

Challenges due to non- resolution of Sir Creek Issue

Due to lack of proper maritime boundary, inadvertent crossing over of fishermen
of both nations
Main route to smuggle drugs, arms and petroleum product to India – exploited
by drug syndicate
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Terrorists are using disputed area to cross over Indian side. In 26/11 terror
attack, terrorists captured an Indian fishing vessel, Kuber, off Sir Creek, and
used it to attack Mumbai.
Way Forward – Designating the non-delineated area-Sir Creek and its approaches-as a zone of
disengagement or a jointly administered maritime park

Siachen Dispute
Siachen is a triangular bit of land between Pakistan occupied Kashmir and the
part ceded by Pakistan to the Chinese, which has the dubious distinction of
being the world’s highest battlefield.
The Siachen dispute is a direct result of the ambiguity that exists in the Karachi
ceasefire agreement of July 1949. The agreement, which established the
ceasefire line, the positions of the two militaries at the end of the 1947-1948
war, did not delineate beyond grid reference NJ 9842, which falls south of the
Siachen glacier, to the Chinese border but left it as “Chalunka (on the Shyok
River), Khor, thence North to the glaciers”.
Indian and Pakistani sides have since interpreted the phrase “thence North to the
glaciers” very differently.
Pakistan argues that this means that the line should go from NJ 9842 straight to the Karakoram pass on
the Sino-Indian border.

India, however, insists that the line should proceed north from NJ 9842 along the Saltoro range to the
border with China.

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Siachen sits at a very strategic location with Pakistan on the left and China on
the right. So Pakistan re-interpreted it as North-Eastwards to claim the area
beyond the Saltoro Ridge and beyond Siachen as its own.
This would give Pakistan direct connectivity to China as well as a strategic
oversight over the Ladakh region and on to the crucial Leh-Srinagar highway
posing a serious threat to India.
In 1983, Pakistani generals decided to stake their claim through troop
deployments to the Siachen glacier. To pre-empt Pakistan, India launched
Operation Meghdoot in April 1984 and occupied the high points of the
glacier.
Cost of military deployment in such inhospitable territory
According to reliable estimates, over 2,000 soldiers from both sides have died on
the Siachen glacier since 1984, when India beat Pakistan by a few days to
occupy many of the strategic locations on the glacier.
It is not just avalanches; the challenging terrain of the glacier and its
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surroundings as a whole have been regularly claiming lives.

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Ever since the two militaries began a costly engagement on the glacier, there
have been numerous efforts by both countries to find a way to demilitarise the
glacier, but a result has yet to be seen in actual.

Indus Waters Treaty

The Indus Waters Treaty, brokered by World Bank, was signed by the then-
Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru and Pakistani President Ayub Khan in
1960.
It administers how Indus River and its tributaries would be utilized.
India governs Beas, Ravi, and Sutlej; Pakistan governs Indus, Chenab, and
Jhelum.
However, India is allowed to use 20% of Indus water for irrigation, power-
generation, and transportation.
Exchange of information about the rivers through Permanent Indus Commission
– comprising of representatives from bothIndia and Pakistan
Disputes have to be referred to seven member arbitral tribunal called “Court of
Arbitration”.

Drawbacks of Indus Water Treaty

Division of water during the shortage of river water flow
The impact of storage of water on the Chenab river on Pakistan
Treaty is criticised being highly technical which leads to far ranging
interpretations
The political situation between India and Pakistan is affecting the performance
of treaty.

Way forward
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To resolve the water dispute political will from both the countries is important.
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The Technical aspects of the treaty should be answered through bilateral
meetings and discussion involving experts from both the countries.
The global warming and climate change is melting the glaciers Tibetan Plateau
which will impact Indus river water system in future. Therefore both the
countries should aim to reduce water wastage and develop sustainable river
development plans.

Kulbhusan Jhadav Case

Kulbushan Jadhav was allegedly arrested in the Chaman area of Balochistan on
the Pakistan- Afghanistan border. India denied that he had any links to its
government but said that he was running a business in the Iranian port city of
Chabahar after a “premature retirement” from the Navy.
India believed that Kulbhushan Jadhav was kidnapped from Iran and his
subsequent presence in Pakistan has never been explained credibly. Kulbhushan
Jadhav was sentenced to death in a Field General Court Martial after he was
found guilty on charges of espionage.
India had dragged Pakistan to the International Court of Justice (ICJ) for
refusing consular access to Jadhav and for violating the Vienna Convention on
consular relations. India accused Pakistan of violating the Vienna Convention
and conducting a “farcical trial” for convicting Jadhav without a “shred of
evidence”.
India’s argument at ICJ
Kulbhushan Jadhav has not got the right to get proper legal assistance and the
right to consular access.
The execution of the death sentence cannot be done while this court is hearing
the appeal. Else, it will be a violation of the Vienna Convention.
Jadhav was kidnapped from Iran where he was involved in business activities
after retiring from the Indian Navy.
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Pakistan’s argument at the ICJ
There is no “urgency” in this case as the date on which Jadhav will be executed
has not yet been fixed;
Pakistan argued that Vienna Convention provisions not intended to apply to a
‘spy’ involved in terror activities.

India has achieved its immediate objective in approaching the ICJ i.e. to ensure
that Mr. Jadhav is not executed pending adjudication of the matter. As an
immediate consequence, Pakistan is now under an obligation to grant consular
access to Mr. Jadhav. However, this is a preliminary ruling and all issues are
open for adjudication at the final stage.

India China Relations

India & China, both the countries started off on cordial note post independence
with signing of Panchsheel. However the relations turned cold post 1962 war
which created mistrust between the two countries since then. Both the countries
have similar attributes and problems including large population, huge rural-
urban divide, rising economy and conflict with neighbours.

Major irritants
Border Disputes – Share about 3,488-km long border which is yet to be fully
delineated.
India supports a Tibetan gov. in exile formed by Dalai Lama, unacceptable to
china. China recently opposed to the Dalai Lama’s visit to Arunachal
Pradesh, particularly Tawang, which it considers as Southern Tibet.
China began the practice of issuing stapled visa to residents of AP and J & K,
though it stopped it for J & K but continues for AP.
China has an undeclared policy of String of Pearls to encircle India, which
involves building of ports and naval bases around India’s maritime reaches.
While India has been trying to develop closer arrangements with the countries
surrounding China viz. Japan, South Korea & Vietnam
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China has been building dams in Tibet part of Brahmaputra. India has objected
to it but there has been no formal treaty over sharing of the Brahmaputra
water.
China has been blocking India’s attempt to entry to NSG & has also blocked
India’s attempt at the UN for sanctions against Jash-e-Mohammad chief
Masood Azhar.
India considers building of the CPEC as China’s interference in India’s
sovereignty and territorial integrity.
Trade imbalance with the imbalance skewed in China’s favour viz. $46.56
billion in 2016

Border Dispute India China

Western Border Dispute – Johnson’s line shows Aksai Chin to be under Indian
control whereas the McDonald Line places it under Chinese control. Line of
Actual Control separates Indian-administered areas of J & K from Aksai Chin &
is concurrent with the Chinese Aksai Chin claim line. China and India went to
war in 1962 over disputed territory of Aksai Chin. India claimed this was a part
of Kashmir, while China claimed it was a part of Xinjiang.

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Eastern Border Dispute: China considers the McMahon Line illegal and
unacceptable claiming that Tibet had no right to sign the 1914 Convention held
in Shimla which delineated the Mc Mahon line on the map – Thus claims parts
of Arunachal Pradesh – India and China have held 19 rounds of Special
Representative Talks on the border and there has yet to be an exchange of maps.

China Pak Axis

Higher than the mountains, deeper than the oceans, sweeter than honey
China is Pakistan’s great economic hope and its most trusted military partner
Pakistan lies at the heart of China’s geostrategic ambitions i.e. New silk road
connecting the energy fields of the Middle East and the markets of Europe to
China
China opposed India’s admission into permanent seat of UNSC, & insisted for
Pakistan
CPEC – will connect Kashgar in China’s Xinjiang province with the port of
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