CHAPTER 1 1 Electromagnetic Waves 11.1. Introduction Atone time, electricity and magnetism were considered as entirely separate subjects. In 1820, Oersted found that an electric current could deflect a magnetic compass needle. Later, Ampere postulated that ‘all magnetic phenomena are due to electric charges in motion.’ Then in 1831, Faraday discovered that ‘a moving magnet generates an electric current.’ Thus it was established that ‘time-varying electric field produces magnetic field and vice versa.’ Thus the time-varying E and B fields depend on each other, and Propagate as a wave (an electromagnetic wave) through free space. Also, electricity and magnetism were found to be interconnected, Maxwell and Lorentz, combining them, coined a new subject called electromagnetism, 11.2 Physical Significance of Gradient, Divergence and Curl These are vector derivatives. There are three ways the operator V can act: On a scalar function 7; V7 (Gradient) On a vector function v: V-v (Divergence) On a vector function v: Vx v (Curl) 11.2.1, Gradient A function of one variable is called a derivative, Whereas a function which depends on three mma is called a gradient. For example, the temperature T(x, y, 2) in a room varies anilly along different directions. It may vary fairly rapidly along the vertical direction and i dually in all the horizontal directions. Actually, how T varies may have infinite possible Teduse. “Pending upon the direction we choose to explore. The theorem of partial derivatives “it to three variables as under: xr) x) (Za (ay =| Jade +| — lay t+] —— a ( ae ( yy)? ae 257Y ‘Hlectromagnei 1s out Woes 299 of a verter wineers how T changes Wh sessed 07 tng > i) aeing one pte be “Under: ay Eau ot ; be ‘can be written as: . | eo! at, 03 4 2a). (ack + diy + a oy (eeaedEps Hs) ete aa vxBH lar ay a| 2. 8B ration of T-VT ie & veces gg, | ae ei wn 8 eto gM Be (Mea a 9 ae ae) ae mn, s0 does VT: around a given point, at = (VT) [all cos T occurs when 6 = ‘or the magnitude of ‘maximum change in ss maximum change ‘slope along the directio ‘Thus we see t in which T unde Tis given by the 11.2.2. Divergence By definition, aoe? cat : VE= («2-95 +48) (ER+E,§ + Ed) aE, , By , Ee | ? =a oy e® . (q)Curtalong +-8xis eens \V-E measure show much the vector E diverges (spreads) out from a given point or amar | Figure 11.2 Curl along +z- and -z-axis. (enters) into the given point. ao Examples: Lef‘as see Figure 111, positive and negative flux 113. Electric Field and Potential ‘hedkeuic field is such a vector whose curl is always zero (V x E = 0). This implies that xt Nf 7 tele 7 < Ie aga of E around any is zero (GiE-al=0), Or the line integral of B any sven point to the oth wl | ere po te oer same whatever the path followed. Thus if one of I ine integral of E from infinity to the other point measures “TN a } N aes Negative flux Vey=-JE-a Trite m Potential difference between two points, say a and b, is: ecgence OU fF " Mb) ~ Ha) = -fz a(- a) Figure 11.1. Positive, negative and zero Aux. i ae260 ryote wore no-no -fea-fea wy -tere fea ane pain Ey (112 we BE ‘has fom (11.3) and (14). 96 8 Jjea-jona os fq) ea pts, Be eas st Be Howe ea Tat the etic pot te gram of 2 sar potenti 114 Theorems WALA Green's Theorem 1h an ih el eer Sos a oot ye nel aro en tm oa Jon ogra ae {fy repress the flow of an incompressible fi then he Ax of AB MS Ey (116) 8 Be al amoust of gd coming ost ofthe sue The It Bt 5 (11.6 sds forte spy gad wich seul to the Hs come 11.42 Stokes’ Theorem toot 1 estat te nepal of he et eer a ua sequal oe va of perme ofthe rr’ joxnaafra fronts ae momemereemenepeengegen™ cal ver seme suri represen hea aout of ome 115 Manwell Equations Reem Wom 264 1 of electicity and magnet an be. as marie ye " towing fou epatons. 1, uss Lo vee 1 amece of fee magnetic poles V-B=0 a 4. Farny's Law vxe 2 4 Ampere a Ve Ba md carat arti a on Se ta beled ns ee ee fictiew e om Jota ete veanlsten ave ead the adition tem, @(9.0) the dplacement cane, whose rsnce wean hose eld canes magnetic feld—the converse of undeyv law. This ee cent ‘Sreplmton of eeetomagoec radiation, Maxwell predicted tht light our coors, ‘repens. snd electromagnetic waver ofall fequenccs could be pedecas Nae euie wear end Ty det i ee ge ‘ty fm te bn fal canal decree ee Means sainary cages pode eae fl wth Smt i te cadens er get Stonary is ota import a thar ee dest teach poi be cota ae) Means sed cent produces mapa Feld wich in ine called mapretosascy (lng arent dont ater pid ary cose neh) ‘ea nay of fe maps pe Meats tmearying mage ld indice on ere Means aiming lc ld proces migeo res ve eect intensity VO) Beet a oT tte oem aes oo he acme aTine + ce = ex 107 WEN (U36q) x 10° CEN at 4115.4 Derivation of Maxwell Equations Maxwells fist equation Gaus’ low ei fldiensy due to charge gat stance is defined ae La pea is a, i ont oe ne of as fre sing uni are popes ‘ ‘Lec us assume that charge ¢ is enclosed én an imaginary phere of radi, en ed en et see at of Edn a 1 4 ante? = Sheae? «£ on ¥ eg atte ange le nie he nai sure be ge Th notes an tre agin ee tend nls mabe of re 4 (ibaa acpi tame, Ben toy an fe qu were Cage dens, the cage per it volume a =u element J -impin le ihn keane by eg = A Ns ssf te of cn tina at ct of EAA nogteas an cement of 1080 he inary seeded nao of keh dt per yi al a con : taps ae imp saben sisson ici aati Se vs i ae si franch es : ial ; frag ug (0113) and (1.18) epreset te itera! frm of Maxwels om ig ren’ teorm, fot opacn Jovi -fe-a at 118, ve be Jorn =} fa ie oe dts see vee e e 11) Fan (1.16 gies the diferent form of Maxwell's fst equation. ors second equation ste pols—a nh pole and a south pole. The number of lines offre leaving ‘iting ares, do to no pole Sich a9 8 nth ole, ae egal te number fas of fice eg te Stshoa nts le Tf, he nt nes offre emenatig th ae N=0 es ales magnate in ce ind ene indcon troughs clo Meat ae some aay, dnt magnet ky, Ths eet ed surface wil be given by « wa§nan — 2 as) om with Ea. (11.17), gives. (119)4 wonmuosn09 JO inj [eoneMoeE S—woHeNbe Aamaoe, oq ° * 988 pes ew Resta e . Sai “vonenuarayp 99 (rer) ew apa 2. f if 277th “e : ‘ whom wet =2P¢-a)f : “wai09q s, tie 3 so] sogms us (an-)annefou pu ‘ap cams op sy ew. df en ve.tg = te eof wah “27 “ooejans ayy unpim 2rEy9 J0 $80] Jo 8098 217 JO mo Buoy 7 ywoumd z2pisu09 mou m7 “60 sqs0d yp soepms Kreuseur ‘Suary Spey wo wots s1 uopenbo sm 05 Tenuazagip us mel s,oxodury st cw Gc Pi=axa soni “uonenuaiayp uo ‘(e67'11) HM Germ wtf = wax af wom pag = yp. axaf uuaxoaqy s,oyong om tpn (6c 11) ‘ba Bute ) soeums Azeueuy ay 4q posoous wouno pro an 3! Pf] w foro vag Me] jpomxey—ssodury :uorrenba yunes spn xe we 3XA nbd S2A3 ‘uonenuosagip uo “zt a ‘hq vo4s8 s1 yuauino pears soy 01 SY | “8.0L 2p usnousieu pue Aqfounooye yey Je=I> $f 8 “ny eHUar2g TP oy wounds romeyy parm st (BTID | | fans #51 azoq zanauayan ‘uoronpur aneadewonsaje Jo sel s.Aepese 5 : vo ae f-=Waxaf v 5 we8 am (SCID) ba AS © vy vase 30 rw) 5 1) bg Smzedmoo uo, ‘amp 04 yenbo osqe 81 ji19 PEOMPC! HL (ew ido 1 rey yons st ou psonpay 5 safe any ee my N xny sneuseaH sae rey of Rup0o7¥ mez s,Aepesey cuopenba pA) SRW qspeo wea sofiey> 9429) 4 11) pus ( bg wold amp soni sr, Poors ayy ony jo afueys jor sm jus poonput ay “t -sojod onouBeur atp you yng wouPjos! UE wy ‘uonenbs puooas s,i[2axeyy Jo wo} [PHUDANP q o-ad 5 a wea = ana of anny am wosony $0849 0 Bunt ON wanuai3 0) 6M ¥9Ton cg (1.30, we base iveynce of se Vive B= WES anger’ esting a en ee A ns veo Y i sg 10.9884 , : : Boo * (tug simple a he Aner’ ton RF ny UTE ey stich impli to se of varying eles feld, we should we Sew compce tn it Be ‘ Boo sy J lle Gglcemet Cure ke A ny “Thus a atonal iw gen by By (0 VeBe nid *39) tes ow ig veges of, (1139) ve we (0x B)=adVd + Vos) and thas Vilpe Fd oa . veiw) Eating Ee (1139 and (1.31, We BE be Sy an vitp=% Ditating Goss i, VE = pt 6 % 1B gg ELLE Shih Oe wee ° IE _Se)eg gg A =0, bet v(-z leo «ete 2 Xe ue prey KR Mag Sting fr Jp in B.(1139, we get - wn vane (seut) stems 9 foo wt Euan (1140) i he Asie’ iw with Maxwell coretin, and guon iran orm Senin ay rom Be. (1129), We have A= Hota + Mewes arene BA ble Holo n= Di f splice’ cuen $= Hs Bef toed nay, . 14 : $= mint fee ae (Using Be (1139) 7 $0 de act Wiel - 1 on 1.0) he oth Maxwell eto ia ite frm, * 1152. Displacement Current ‘eit cre wongh te necomectng« pte Cage he ee oa Cea iter are soma ence oo eee Bd =, t sedis ante ‘ “ : $e +19 au 114 ts of ete fl ene he aac ple, en ‘ (146 We Jovan =e fh fe espacior i lates tne el pe been the plates “Se Se coco beng sumone by an imaginary sper of radia, we bne Neete 2 opie xtat ok : eae cua) pot aa aus)268 Physics for Eines t Stony apy we Be | Diese £4 om 4 1s, ‘ or sy ee a | (59 | : css), * | oe x Bane cent euent (= 1) x4 eg the ea cy = = “Thus we ae ta he doen ld produced by bth the comdotn era mie | = (56 ‘We cam alo sy that magnet electric field). This has ben he major fd wi 158) and (1.54) infer tha the Bux of E and B felts ot of. ie spacament cant (ats ene Seem, Table 1-1 ves egal mae | (55 god (11.56) couple the lds tge, impinging Sah ‘ound 1 eum fl (or, eng btn tine sc eavac aves ston | Spee Sie ale 3LL Mano nto ss (1150, For nonzero 2B/t, > inal nz. Bu VE en oa ene raatm awa” | it'g + hnction of postion, Furter, if Bis tine dependent, 0 does V> Bw Taga form fell equations Diereniat femme Naveshegin | sat Faanges with time as the operator V cannot. Thus Eq. (1.56) establishes at a vest ESL genruce eld, which vais bot a ace snd ime Senehy es \ = STIR Sere ata time-varying E Bed peer B fel varying Sot 2 See jae | Niutow these coupled fields constitute an electromagnetic waves canbe sow flows. suo 6 ths, we must ote thatthe Maxwell equations aze linear, ie. the Sever of {Ubbed ato the first power ony. kn addition, Eqs. (11.3) to (116) ae hamogenecs, vireo ‘a ecrens represent every tr coin cer Bel r Bld. mch |S ns ite ni ste sat es reproduced fo the absence ef atc charges ad sexy cares. . va. fats dons tat on locuoragaete Bed constes a wave, ve climinte Bld a graett SEX58 aad 1.6), to achieve an expresion sling the pil aan of Fe . : witine.Tis ean be done by taking eu of Eqn (11.35) and (158 aemictnaf Ea VeRealenes es peace Sata SS VxVxE=-v x B 5 a 11.6 Electromagnetic Waves Vx Wx E20 xB) ais a : iz 320d V ar independent ofeach oth wat commen h toes ag | : ae enna pe ot ne ente 2SUT stems ca samara Se o = mee SE as)270 Physics for Emeeer> sector identi Using ver ve wx cy=BiA-©)~ CAB). we Bet Me eye B)- IVY) = 0 PE = OE “Thos Eq (1158) becomes ty, ccan show that Paenntbad (Ley 11,60) are vector wave equations. Thus it is established that he tne propagate as waves. ote that it is only because the term ej @E/@?}—cald e makes Maxwells equations yield the wave equation rE in this case, is a free space, we proceed as follow waves propagating through free space. In 1-D, Eqs. (11.59) and (11.60) can be written as, aE, Ez, ae he vB, 2B, ue) Geto belo where the wave has been assumed to be propagating along z-axis, with the along y-axis and x-axis, respectively Relationship between refractive index and dielectric constant tna medium, ober ta te fe apace, velocity v ofan clectrmagetc wares # 5° vee 1 a Wee Vanes, Tite Tine, Vea fields B 0 Pecromagretc Wore Refractive index = £0 Jes; Ea) od ibility, which is equal to 1 for ve permeal *# non-magnetic we eee permittivity of dielectric constant ‘material te 1 ot Shoe si eer E and H ina free space travelling along z-axis, if E is along y-axis, then seapine She Maxwell’s equation, wil be along x-axis. Thus VxE= -2, 1-D form gives 2E» __ 2B, " Ca nee ; 2B, aE, A Vx B= Hfa'5, 1D fom gives St pyey =e, aiortee space, p = 0 and J = 0. Thi solutions are respectively £, = Eq sin(ot— kz) and B, = By sin(t — kz) sssntng these in equation 3E,/8z = -9B/2r, we get (HE y cos(wt — kz) = (-w)By cos(ct — kz) C = B ' v= By ' tg Vite = B, [98 in free space v = c} ' ’ ‘ , Vine ~ Tglig (Bo = baht] £ st. Hy fe = [4X10 We Nm Tt Fog X 10°C? Ny? A % 73779 A272 Physics for Ensinee® as the dimensions of eMPedANES: and is called the intrinsic ang sng, | ‘that's EyBo impedances of Fee sae i in Conducting Media nl.-2 11.6.2 Electromagnetic Waves 8 f--S For a conducting medium, RE ‘Ohm's law is given as ema ¥ density. The time during whic ret harge 1B which -R i Po Feduces to pele is calle the A170) be characte where pu B= petro j= Electric current A Pe = py y= Potential difference Peron pa Resistance of conductor “ 4 the macroscopic form of Ohm's law, since the values of Pingy | elu of the given conductor. The Ohm's ‘aw can also be expressed a nF mensions of the conducty as et fee o ich is independent of jncertic time t measures how good a conductor is, Lesser i is the characteristic time, 5 or I-08 7 i eae good isthe conductor. A for a perfect conductor, t = 0. He where me Borge in a good conductor immediately flows to its annem 0 = ©. Tis i why, ‘y= Current density Am? dpe! good conductor is always ZeTO, 1p reduces pecmancaly to are Bea ae 8 B= Blectric field Vm | Vv . Hence p’= Electrical resistivity Q'm v-B=0 ‘= Electrical conductivity @Q my e 2B sn aa ob un pcg he emit and pec oS Te | xe 3 swig yet ely ee) facet reunions fr a conducting medium can be writen 2: | Vx k= pok+ ne ; | 11.74) | tpt mited eee (us | ®t molied wave equations for E and e een aay Ce ae tae Sone Bs we teen ee i (1.75) aml (11.0), Pt v-B=0 us s j vx VxE= -Vx2B__2 vxe=-= an xB = -VxSo=-5 (xB) 2E ae" V(V-E)— a yxp= pob+ ne (7-8) Ve -2(uoE+ ne) po pee Sting ar ar or 5 ay VS = op eH for Vx B ar rurther, using J = of and V-E = pe in the equation of consiniy le from Eq. (11.74), and also, as V(V-E) | » , =0. ae 2 ae . 22. yon) =-0V-E)=9 i 2 BW ORO HF | Sy fan View pee Es yo a o _— Fa. (11.74), we or a (175) or ete which, on integration, Bives * get Pp = pee By eB ae MO (11.76) A© 974 Physics for Enineers , Electromagnetic Waves, ; are the solutions of plane wave equation, Assi tie Equations are te sacs and B long ans, thes slatens ge Sie rmis aes be travelling alone £ es f= SD ike (un, gees as 7 se Be, 0 = Bee (iy, : cause, in this case, 42 becomes ~ ve (as 63/24? » SNe (05 CEP 1 ex wave number. 75) and (11.76) are respectively t of forms of Eqs. (11-75) and ( Z aa 2 a i (11.88) som ittion oF fom Fa. (1.86) in Bq, (18S) yes i 2 (uy wow) 2 (‘e AE = pea? ‘Using Eq. (11.77) in Eg. (1 ee os sags : # neo pe eee) + wo? Bye) i 2 HOO 9 wee = Mesa rs peat focF STE (ib? = nei + Hot-io) 2 Pre ue! 2 leo? 4h B= -pea? 7 iow S Pa pea? + iow Let kek tik : ‘Squaring Eq. (11.83), we obtain Be +) +20) Es) : + pew? ‘ 4 Be oO) Ba B+ 2k wu 7 [8 +(Z) ) with Eq. (11.84), we have é oi new? . = o - BR ape 5 arate Bei [as K2 cannot be negative] ad . bk, k= now < usw « F o whence we. REM ok x=of2| h (= a : 2k, DV \atice (11.89) Substituting for value of k_in Eq, (11.85), we have 3 ' 2 wore? ge ea? oa? Ki = peotk? -E— =0 “ting of Bas, (1188) and (11.89) gives (11.90) 1a itora oe Hesce _ wea? sear oH a SeU ss FE, = Bye tietorty ; and Bz, 1) = Bye*e-Kor)276 Physics for Engines | ecto which the amplitude reduces by a factor of Ie is called the | : Tae dnance during WT which an electromagnetic WAVE Pentate ing Fda | keofEl(o ae oh NF (cs) igue 113) | nace le 2Ve | gy depth for # poor conductor | 6-2 fe | ove (1.99 rs shin dep independent of frequency me | jaa lor conductor, 6 > £0 oF Zoi enon owever, the real part of k determines wavelength A, propagation speed y,refactveiae_ | 2 fo 1, ie " 8 at ante eatt reall. Ang yo ow : re) ky ar : | BG (135) a ae | ° oF +(=) = Figure 11.3. Skin depth in a conductor, a Be = Bye Hetertyg and Ble, ) = Bee For a poor conductor, 0 <*: eo \* c-of#(2)" n= of [ar +f I. a : | of k= a sap | ue - keke [fF k= Hf “ | eee NG | ‘er 8 poor conductor | and zoo ff fey =f [Using Binomial theort} | 2 lhe oo | 20d conductors, x “reo K nd kare nearly 09ngineets a function of freq nd poor cond ju7 Poynting Theorem (Work Energy Theoret sonductor, whether ans 279 en. of Ek set of charges and currents, at time 1, tect hese charges move further, certain Seed done en : Ieee We A na ey wn oc fee on time arcan be eee | Ne pe Fed = (E+ YX B)-¥dh= 9B vir aly “sit Le Gqyagh: vat = (DANE vik = E prddy) = (8 ote catoff fequency of lowest TM med is greter tan te lowest Ty, ia en waveguide 19 Hectromagnetic Spectrum ‘Reema wats tel in fe spice withthe velo igh They ee aeporee cy of mementan. The atibtes of electromagnet never change wih fp) ‘sod They ae cxegrced asunder ‘me OW): These can be ieting “ Thee canbe produced by sccleing cages ough» conducting RE tes eves such a LE oslo. Tair werleng gee 30 mtd Ter fe eplctions in raion and TV communication seme = ron: Tt a needy cn deen Th rg Pens 302. They find applications in airs MW ovens, Sy ‘opie of mater ang satelite communication aus) APhysics for Engineets Treas TR photograpby. Ph’ uch as radio, TV, DVD. 400 nm dowen to Sratosphere produced w 4 when high-energy electrons bombard a metal ta ire om 10 am to 101m. They are used in medicine fr ear recs as well as for study of crystal structure ttc, Gamma rays: These are produced by radioactive decay and nuclear reactions. Their wy range from 10° im to 0.1 nm. They are highly penetrating and harmful and, therefor aN empust for those who work in nuclear reactors, nuclear power plans, tg,” "= ‘Solved Problems PROBLEM 11.1 Find divergence and curl of E-feld, E = (« ~2)4 + 9] at point (3 Solution wd eeneBeyetert-ont i jk aaa 72 42 [2 a vxee/2 3 2-12 ride-osi[Zer-Zees] bz ay 0 = 0-j-8y-0)=-j-fy=-J+k PROBLEM 11.2 Develop Coulomb's law using Maxwell's equations. Solution Let us consider a charge q surrounded by an imaginary surface inthe fom ts sphere of radius 7. From Maxwell's equation (Gauss's law), vE=e £ OO’ yer spare of AUS 7, we gt “ome Wem 394 ; 1 fo Bare L Ipay Joav=q Joma = 4 7 % sss theore> on Jo eure $a Ge-as= 2 ait $ % E pds=2t , $as= 5 (bing conan Exe) = 4 & E=—t_ 4nre, sce ona test charge go lying on the spheres’ surface = Eg, = ie Fa0= (gq,N4me is Coulomb's 113. Show that E =-sin(e— i and # = sing —j nose ‘98 and B = sin(e— 1) conse an ision Eand B fields constitute an electromagnetic field i fing treatment shows that given E and B Sods concen) Mewes msderng free space: ute an electromagnetic field; 7839 0a 1 V-B=| i+ j——+k—]-[-: c cog: (igig 3) sins = -D 2 sin peo © vae(ip +13 +e2) A ean Es az | Sine =G-H Ssinx—p}= » Spline n)=0 a i & 2 2 321 : Be [PARE sinee~ 9] =joosee-1) - 0 singe — a) Gi) a 5 Sint — 1) =~ jcoscx— 1) (ivy)292 Ps tor Eine ring Eqs (i) and (iv) #8 Be vee Compa {Bates ond ix} =e cote 0) , Comparing Ea (i) and (vi = 8 ae yxB- 7 obvi, and B fils satsy all the four Maxwel’s equations: (ay er sae given E and B ds consti elesromagnets fds [PROBLEM 114. Fad an expression forthe time-wverage Poynting vec “Solution Th time-averagePoyating vector is even as se Sao hfe Lor coer (| ele uapins=9 & now HVE yet » ith “ di sys Fed apne aT pc ving i oda HA pe at pet AC was ase oe met el te pent se cats, 2acHact, Mrewcet = BACT ACS Una eect oe pan et sty Jo = = = atc 4, een rat y= So = Co cnet = WCh, con = Contin cure c= odld ‘Eieliplcementcuent is equal to conduction en 116 Fora FM signal EUV) = 65 con x Im Feta FM sil Bn) = 65 eon 10-29, dein of Stee Deen uretdensy aE wok a = 4 Z165e0s6 x10" —29)] sini =2») Ampinde = 034 Ait 2 eet ind at what fequencies sea water is (1) Poor conduc, (9) Good Ps te sin eget sin depth in both ofthese cases ad (©) Is 7 Soph of Th of ese css ad (1 commune rl— 294 Physics fr Engineers cat equencio® (@= 10" Ha), the metal wil by Weves 295 “ tg? arorti Poorly conducting ee pce = sa vin depts 8-2 [E om electrical conductivity aa ovn = 6X10 m=6om | qhe skin depth being insignificant, the gents TO ‘metals are Opaque to Visible ign what distance, in case of a conduc. mis At 4 conductor, the electric ost Vestn reduces to tor, 16 << @ (@) For a poor conductor, than 10'° Hz, sea water ree ce frequencies substantially great i, S08 water behaves 35 apuy tp Ce know that conductor. ston Lila ; Skin depth 6 = p= 5 : g22JE= =89x10% ‘Skin depth for & poor conductor 5= 7 msley jstance x, therefore, H st dappens at i Ne >> @ (b) For good conductor, / Hz, say radio frequency range, ie, 10° Haw: So, at frequencies much less than 10'° E | aan ‘water is a good conductor. ee zo a 2 =056m SL am 6 ze S fe axx10* BP x5) x10 5 100 Am Qm 2x m7 ~1op,100 = ~25% , ww sea level, the frequency rege! vil (© To communicate with a submarine 10 m below sea al 2 ts ¥= «2x 2302620732 : 2 o poe Ns ts ROBLEM 11.10 Calculate the Poynting vector at the surface _ owe L r rn of th energy rai v= oe am mod? x4nx10™ x5X100 wipe ete = 3.8 10 J and is eadiue = 700 milion kn soe a Skin Poynting vector of sun S= Power radiated by the sun per unit area cc _3x10°ms _ 6 19%m=592km Power ___3.8x10** Vv so7s* Ain ait) = J.s Yim? =62x10 Wn? ise, That, = isnot pone to aie i Area 4(700x 10°) eee of omy ‘submarine at a depth 1L11_ Given that earth’s orbit around sun = 150 x 10° m and the energy radiated ‘Thus we need an antenna of size 600 km, is oms3e Far f (any, pee Tins (0 Js". Find Poynting vector at the surface of the earth. What will be the ‘two-way communication is possible with sey is 107 metal, electrical conductivity is 10” reg of E and Hon earth's reonunes tear tet ach ae nH mn ee , ; ‘ ies, it will be conducting? Also find skin depth at the optical freqvenc Fovatng vector on earth 5 = POWER 38X10" 5. tig? 21.3410" Wn? : ‘Area 43 oy ° o_ 10" _ igs "i Solution 2= 1° =10! Hz telow BB the time. @ 10 Poyatl For a good conductor ole >> a Therefore, it will be conducting substantially \ wverage Poynting vector, Siyg zoek vssay 10" Hz, (microwaves region). Rai frequency, s4Y Yestoron earth Ey = (2)- 2x134x10 IS ogy mt 20) Ns toms! Oe e 36m N-m? A296 Physics for Engineers for the TEyo-mode, and, com 12 Fora given w PROBLEM 11 the Tiy-mode, is Solution The cut-off frequency, for & PROBLEM 11.14 Find cut-off wavelength for « dominant ‘mode for the Problem (1.19, ion Dominant mode is TEyo- Cut-off wavelength Ac = Short Questions (with Answers) 1. Which Maxwell equation represents Faraday’s aw? xe Vx B= plod + Holo 5, 8 does the Maxwell equation: = 0 siguyy SONOM Wars 297 yen’ cola a wi a mathematical form of comervten ay a swe tes form for Maxwell's equation for Gauss lay, ge. joes the following Maxwell equation mean: V.~ = P» that stationary charges produei swat © electric field that’ are ‘constant in ti time: Ampere-Maxwell equation, what represents Ampere 1a te tv acemeat current: " Ampere's law and Vx Ba el + ype pape’ law: = Hol and — displacement cunt: at 7 4. What is responsible for the displacement current? ‘the time-varying electric and magnetic fields. 4. Wy n electromagnetic theory of waves, we prefer Ohm's law inthe microscopic fm (J = GE) and not in the macroscopic form (V = IR)? This so because the microscopic form of Ohm’s law does not. = , depend on the dimensions 1. What is skin depth? How it varies with frequency? The dsance travelled by an electromagnetic wave into a conductor during spl reduces by a factor of / is called the skin depth. The skin dept it Genemey ‘pendent for good conductors and frequency-independent for poor conductors "Docu the variation of skin depth with frequency for good conductor. Tat dept fora good conductor 6 = 4/27 ‘it increase in frequency, the skin depth decreases. Ths is why even @ good a mes poor conductor at high frequencies. 2 electromagnetic wave can penetrate into a conductor in terms ofits Skin depth for a good conductor 5=—1 = =for Engineers ; 298 Pic ductor, the wavelength loses its physical significance ince In case of a good conductor, th vw the wave attenuates bey different waves ‘avin di ee ‘ona flows to the th reduces permanently to zero. charge ae refer to electric E vector only? 4 hae a a papery ‘of magnetic Hi vector is negligible as E = 377 is ? 15, What does a Poynting vector 7 rectangul ilar cross-section. ilar waveguide is one which has rectangul . ‘What are the modes being carried bythe transmission line andthe wart ferse electromagnetic (TEM) wave, ‘A transmission line can propagate on configurations, For example elt ide can transmit many possible field ‘vaveguide can transmit TE and TM modes. 19, What is cut-off frequency? ie Cut-off frequency is the minimum frequency of an electromagnet propagation possible through a waveguide. wave to mike or ce but no be The frequency above which propagation is possible through # w2¥ it ‘What is cut-off wavelength? ~ ‘The cutoff wavelength is the maximum wavelength of an elev which it can propagate through a waveguide. fc wae or Plc Wowe 299 spe wavelength below which Propagation is possiig (rough q a waveRLide by sort order i the cut-off Fresueny for a wavepuster = » ee rencies of the order of microwaves, ‘Te Tne waveguides can be used as high-pass filters? y for ides ann sport al feats. They ca per ely ey ie over of MW and above, and thus are used as high pays my eH ghey ret ba dominant mode, Toca ne ode, degenerate mode snd heh 3 Miiode, TE, mode, having lowest frequency is called » dominant mode. (Bode with frequency less than the cut-of frequency ig called an o ‘r mode cannot propagate, ‘evanescent mode’. or more modes having same frequency are called “degenerate modes’ A poses having frequency more than that of a da : a aa wave does? How their attributes change? Aware isa transporter of energy and momentum, Their attributes tmelegth. This make the electromagnetic waves such ne isble rays, x-rays and rays, Exercises ‘fips the meaning of each Maxwell’s equat tion. What Ange’s law? What solution Maxwell gave?” VD AS the problem with the 2 Blin what you understand by displacement curren mninant mode are called “higher change with frequency ‘dio waves, microwann, 3 What isthe continuity equation? Derive 4 How we can justify the im magnet lated es? S Dave Maxwell lectromagnetism in f me ‘Hw do the Max mana a fice space differ from those in conductors? Ltt ie 's different wavelengths penetrate upto diferent depths, Lyng 2tA8's theorem? Prove it hit depth? Explain i, Lultis¢ waveguide? a Wat are fea a TH-modes for a rectangular waveguide? thie meaning ede. ‘erive an expression for cutoff frequency? Also explain . Se eter waveguide, deri "length tic wave travel in a 4 Wve an expression for cut-off wavelength? Can an ‘Waveguide if its wavelength is more than its cut-off300 Physics for Engineers 14, For 8 rectangular waveguide <2” free space? 15, Discuss electromagnetic spect 16, Prove that the pacement cunt i «capacitor is He SMe ws the wut, ey in the conducting wires. ‘Unsolved Problems 4h Find divergence and curt of E-field, B= (© henomena are sn agi P due to elec charges group vl be MO thn he vey sty “thy na (©) Ampere 8 motion’ was 4, Secor by ©) Faraday (©) Faraday’ tay following lew fag S27 lw Maxwell equation means * on means ‘hanging magnetic fel induces an electric. Be pal + HoG(AE) — 0) VE = p= -aB/ @ velo” cement current through @ p 2. Find the displ trea A, and separation d, when a volta onduction current in the external cic iced ‘displacement cure Ans. 50 C cos lacement current = C ei term’ to account for the ti ondton cn (©) Magnetic field time-dependent | (d) Current 3, What will be skin depth ata frequency 2 MHz in a conducting med Jim and ji, = 1- Also find the propagation constant. tm if ei concept of displacement current modifies the 44, Caleulate the magnitude of F and Hat the ‘sun per second is 40 x 10° J. The earth's 7 (y Die (5 x 108 — 1.5y), find {} ese proportional to di © piety proportional to square (gover to square root ‘current density. submarine at a depth of a Wecty of a waves is given by 6 Is communication possible with @ the permeability 4 = the permeabil of free SPaCe, Lp = oe ee A and the electrical conductivity = 6S m ) ok & yR, (dae wy) Bt ofthese (@) New of 1 At what distance, incase ofa conductor, te electric ‘vector reduces to 1 perce! a ‘these A [Ams (b) 377A 4. For rezangular waveguide (15 0m x3 6m) opera in «doin @ 377 ms the cut-off wavelength. [lm So] tens stance during which the it amplitude {3 dn which a leapt eres ty nr of Ur 1 ns fr ihr fequncies Penetrats into the conductor 1. Maxwell equations tae stement is (a) Describe the behaviour of electromagnetic fields conductor can be ® Po ha of ol sil temas AY fer an fod at ow fetes cae nee es (c) of conductor tad uencies and is (@ None ofthese Fret sedan oneal ni a hoc ee stone fequeney i poor at al equenesis ng E and B fields propagate as waves varying E and B fields do not propagate as waves and B. ‘medium conductivity cand charge density p are zero ied by an electromagnetic wave {@) Energy carried by an electromagnetic wave per unit area (@) Power caried by an electromagnetic wave per unit area Momentum carried per unit area tromagnetic (TEM configurations 300 GHz), test ‘and dielectric losses increase to the extent that sission of electromige®* ‘energy through transmission lines become impossible (c) A transmission line can propagate electromagnetic eneTBy from zero (direst om uencies below microwaves these electric (TE) waves has Team does not make the Maxwell's equation to | ‘Yield the, | vy | re j 8 Tectomsenetc Wave, 22 odes is coneet jodes havi ‘more m ving same frequency are cates M ig) T00 des having freque a ney more than ‘ 0 that ofa dominant Mode” Mode ae called ihe modes having frequency more than that of ( : Of dominat mode se eaeg higher (a All of these 20) 3. (@) 40) 8 © % © 10. () 6. (a) 14. @) 15. (a) 16. (©) 2w 20. (4) 18 (@)