Volume 1 Number 5 December 2018 (537-543)

DOI: 10.14171/j.2096-5117.gei.2018.05.002

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Full-length article

Resilience enhancement strategy using microgrids

in distribution network
Jiaren Wang1, Ning Xie1, Wenxian Wu2, Dong Han2, Chengmin Wang1, Binruo Zhu3
1. Shanghai Jiaotong University, Dongchuan Road No. 800, Shanghai, P.R. China
2. University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Jungong Road No. 516, Shanghai, P.R. China
Scan for more details
3. Electric Power Measurement Center, SMEPC, Shanghai, P.R. China

Abstract: We propose a restoration strategy using microgrids for restoring power supply to critical loads after an extreme
event and thereby enhancing the resilience of the distribution power grid. The limited capacities of distributed generators
(DGs) within the microgrids and those of intermittent energy sources such as wind and photovoltaic power are considered.
An enhanced strategy model of the distribution network is established for maximizing the power supply to critical loads.
Firstly, the importance of the load is quantified by using the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and the model of the microgrid
output is further improved. In the demand response mechanism, an interruptible load is used to suppress the fluctuation
in the distributed power output. Secondly, piecewise linearization method is applied to address the power flow constraints.
Then, the resilience enhancement model of the distribution network is transformed into a mixed integer quadratic
programming problem. The CPLEX solver is adopted to solve the above problem on the MATLAB platform. Finally, the
proposed method is verified by applying it to practical scenarios.

Keywords: Resilience, Distribution power grid, Microgrid, Load restoration, Piecewise linear approximation.

1 Introduction loads in the shortest time after an extreme natural disaster

[2, 3]. Enhancing the resilience of the distribution power
In recent years, large-scale power outages caused by grid includes three aspects: preventive measures before the
extreme natural disasters have become more frequent occurrence of extreme weather, rapid response strategies
and have caused huge losses to society and economy [1]. under extreme weather, and restoration measures after
A distribution power grid makes the power distribution extreme weather. This paper is concerned with the last
network resilient. The resilience of a distribution power aspect.
grid is defined as its ability to restore service to critical The rapid restoration of the traditional distribution
system has been extensively researched [4-8]. Nevertheless,
Received: 5 June 2018/ Accepted: 24 July 2018/ Published: 25 December
power outages due to natural disasters have unique features.
2018 Multiple faults may occur and trigger widespread blackouts
Jiaren Wang Dong Han or the substations may collapse so that the main grids
249157190@qq.com Handong@163.con cannot supply power to the distribution systems. It cannot
Ning Xie Chengmin Wang be recovered by reconfiguration of the distribution network
Xiening@sjtu.edu.cn Wangchengmin@sjtu.edu.cn in a short time. To improve the grid resilience, new service
Wenxian Wu Binruo Zhu restoration techniques are required to reduce the outage
W.wx1993@outlook.com zhubinruo@126.com duration and protect critical loads.
Open access under CC BY-NC-ND license.
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Global Energy Interconnection
Microgrids are considered an effective and reliable
solution for ensuring stable power supply to consumers
and integrating distributed energy resources [9]. When
a permanent fault occurs on its neighboring feeder, a
microgrid can isolate itself from the grid and serve its
local load using its distributed generators (DGs). The
authors of [10] reported that microgrids could be used
as an emergency power supply to critical loads under
extreme event conditions to improve the resilience of the
distribution power grid. Presently, the application of a
microgrid in a power distribution system to achieve rapid
power recovery after extreme natural disasters and thus
enhance the resilience of the distribution network has not
been adequately researched. References [11] and [12]
used the microgrid to supply power to critical loads in the
distribution power grid. The shortest path method was
used to locate the path from the microgrid to the critical
load to achieve maximum load recovery. In [13], the
distribution network was split into multiple microgrids for
optimal scheduling and self-healing, which increased the
resilience of the distribution power grid. In [14], the use
of a microgrid network was proposed to shorten the power
outage time in the distribution network after a disaster and
effectively enhance the resilience of the distribution power
grid.
When multiple faults occur, the power supply from the
main grid to the distribution system is interrupted. This
paper uses existing microgrids in the distribution system
to supply power to critical loads on faulty feeders. The
importance of the load in the distribution power grid is
quantified by the analytic hierarchy process (AHP). The
output model of the microgrid is established to resolve the
uncertainty in the distributed generation output. A power
supply recovery model for the distribution power grid is
established under constraints. The distribution power grid
recovery model is generally NP-hard and computationally
expensive. Piecewise linearization is used to address the
distribution system power flow constraints. Then, the
recovery model of the distribution network is converted
from general programming into mixed integer programming
(MIP) as opposed to the original nonconvex program. A
modified 33-node distribution system is used to validate the
proposed method.
The remainder of this paper is organized as follows.
In Section 2, the importance of the load of the distribution
power grid is quantified and the load restoration problem
is formularized. Section 3 describes the piecewise
linearization. Section 4 discusses the simulation results of
the IEEE 33-node distribution system. The conclusions are
presented in Section 5.
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Vol. 1 No. 5 Dec. 2018
2 Problem Formulation
The power supply capacity of the microgrid is limited
after the occurrence of an extreme disaster. Research on
resilience enhancement strategies focuses on maintaining
power supply to critical loads in such situations. The AHP
can quantify the importance of load nodes according to
the actual situation, identify the critical load nodes, and
provide a direction for developing a strategy to enhance the
distribution power grid resilience.
2.1 Weighting of Load Based on AHP
2.1.1 Index System Construction
The index system is composed of a series of indicators
that can reflect the essential attributes or characteristics
of the evaluated object and the basis for evaluating the
research object [15]. The distribution power grid index
system is constructed according to the principles of the
AHP. From the top to the bottom, the indicator layers are
O = {Weight of the load of the distribution power grid},
A = {Level 1 load, Level 2 load, Level 3 load}, B = {node
contraction network aggregation, node ingress, controllable
load proportion}. The load level can directly affect the
weight of the load in the distribution power grid. Therefore,
it is used as a second layer indicator. The parameters of the
load nodes at various levels have considerable influence
on their weights. Accordingly, the third layer indicators are
node contraction network aggregation, node ingression, and
controllable load proportion.
2.1.2 Evaluation Model
The index of a certain level is set as F = [ f1 , f 2 ,, f n ] and
the importance of fi and fj is compared to a certain index in
the upper level. The value of mij, calculated as f ij = fi / fj , is
represented by the numbers 1–9 and their reciprocals. The
definition of each value in the scale is shown in Table 1.
Table 1  AHP scale definition
mij Definition
1 Equal importance of both elements
3 Weak importance of one element over another
Essential or strong importance of one element over
5
another
7 Demonstrated importance of one element over another
9 Absolute importance of one element over another
2,4,6,8 Intermediate values between two adjacent judgments
Finally, the judgment matrix M is formed, the elements
of which are defined as follows.
 Jiaren Wang et al. Resilience enhancement strategy using microgrids in distribution network

  fi where Ω is the set of restored buses; Wi is the weight of

mij = f i≠ j the load i and represents its level of priority.
 j
For the discretization of total research time, T on is
 fj
mij = i≠ j (1) divided into N discrete time periods. The step length of
  fi each time period is H= Ton/N; therefore, the resilience of the
 1 i= j system can be expressed as

obj = max R = max ∑ ∑ Wi ⋅ Pi (t) ⋅ H  (4)
i∈Ω t∈Ton
2.2 Recovery Model
R is the total energy supplied to the loads weighted by
A conceptual resilience curve associated with an their priority and maximizing R is selected as the objective.
extreme event, as shown in Fig.1, has been proposed in 2.2.2 Constraints
[16]. The time period associated with the event is divided The following are the distribution system power flow
into several subintervals. The corresponding states of the constraints.
distribution system are also defined. In Fig. 1, F(t) denotes  P t + P t − P t − P t − r I t 2 = 0 ∀i, j ∈ Ω (5)
the function for the system performance. The system states
∑
ki∈L
ki MG, i ∑
ij∈L
ij l, i ij ij

include event progress (t1 to t2), post-event degraded state

(t2 to t3), restoration state (t3 to t4), post-restoration state (t4 ∑ Q
ki∈L
t
ki + QMG
t
, i − ∑ Qij − Ql, i − x ij I ij = 0
t

ij∈L
t 2t
∀i, j ∈ Ω (6)
to t5), and infrastructure recovery (t5 to t6).
Vi t 2 − V jt 2 = 2(Pijtrij + Qijt x ij ) + (rij2+ x ij2) I ijt 2 (7)

∀i, j ∈ Ω
t2 t2 t2 t 2
F(t)  Pij + Qij = V j I ij ∀i, j ∈ S D ,bus (8)
Ton

 λitVi minĸVi tĸ λitVi max ∀i ∈Ω (9)

performance
System

 I ijt ĸ γ ijt I ijmax ∀i, j ∈ L (10)


Constraints (6) and (7) represent the active and reactive
power balance constraints respectively. L is the set of lines.
PMG
t
, i is the power supplied by the microgrid at time t. Pki ,
t

Pij and Qki, Qij are the active and reactive power at time
t t t

t1 t2 t3 t4 t5 t6
t at the inflow and outflow i nodes respectively. Pl t,i, Qlt,i
Fig. 1  A conceptual resilience curve associated with represent the active and reactive power of the load node at
an extreme event
time t respectively. λit and γijt are the decision variables for
2.2.1 Objective the switch state of the load node i and for the switch state of
The time period relevant to our paper is t3 to t5 (Ton), the feeder ij respectively.
i.e., the restoration state and post-restoration state, during The microgrid output constraints are as follows：
which the restoration strategy is applied. In the actual PMG
t
,i = PDG _ gas + PDG _wind + PDG _pv + PDG _ ESS − PMG_ DL (11)
t t t t t

recovery process, Ton can be determined by the distribution

min max
system dispatch center according to the actual situation. The  PMG ĸ PMG
t
_ iĸ PMG (12)
resilience of a distribution power grid can be defined as the
∑P t
MG ⋅ H ĸE ex
k  (13)
area of the system’s performance over a specific period of t∈Ton

time, as follows: where PDG _ gas, PDG _wind, PDG _pv, and PDG _ ESS, t are the output
t t t

t
R = ∫ F (t) dt 
5
t3
where R is the resilience metric for the period [t3, t5].
Increasing the resilience of the distribution power grid
is equivalent to increasing the value of R. F(t) is regarded as
the product of the load and its corresponding weight at time t.
F (t) = ∑Wi ⋅ Pi (t), t ∈ [t 3 , t 3 + T5 ] 
i∈Ω
(2) power of the gas turbine, output power from wind
generation, output power from PV generation, and energy
storage at time t respectively. Ekex is the upper limit of
the amount of energy that microgrid k can provide to its
external loads.
The topological constraint is
g ∈G  (14)
(3)
where g is the topology after outage recovery. A radial

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Global Energy Interconnection Vol. 1 No. 5 Dec. 2018

network structure should be maintained.G represents the be invoked on the MATLAB platform for arriving at an
permissible radial topology sets. effective solution.
The controllable load constraints are

Pl t,i = λit Pncl 4 Simulation and Results

,i + δ dl ,i Pcl ,i
 t t t
(15)

Qlt,i = λitQncl
t
,i + δ dl ,i Qcl .i 
t t
(16) In the modified 33-bus distribution system, two
The sustainable power capacity constraints are microgrids are connected to the distribution power grids.
 λit ĸ λit +1 (17) The substations are at fault due to a disastrous event, as
shown in Fig. 2. The system parameters are shown in Table
γ ĸγ t t +1
 (18)
ij ij
A1 in the appendix. The load node weight is obtained
During the time period considered in the analysis, according to the AHP based on the actual situation. The load
equations (17) and (18) can ensure that the load receives nodes 9, 17, 21, and 28 are critical. The actual daily output
continuous power supply. curves of wind power and photovoltaic power are shown in
Fig. B1 in the appendix. The total study duration is Ton = 2 h
3 Optimization Model and the step length is 5 min.

The commonly used power flow constraint model is a 19 20 21 22

linear DC power flow model, which ignores reactive power
constraints and voltage fluctuations. Therefore, this paper MG
1
uses the DistFlow power flow model for a radial distribution
power grid. Piecewise linearization is used to deal with the 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

distribution system power flow constraints.

26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33
 V j2 I ij2 ≈ (V nom ) 2 I ij2 ij ∈ L (19)
MG
(V nom ) 2 I ij2 = Pij2 + QD2 ,ij ij ∈ L  (20) 2

where VDnom,bus is the rated voltage of the distribution 23 24 25

power grid node. On the left side of equation (9), VD , j is
replaced by VDnom ,bus , and constraint (9) can be simplified to
equation (20).
The voltage of the distribution network nodes should
meet the constraint condition in equation (10). Because the
max
voltage amplitude interval [VDmin ,bus, VD ,bus] is narrow, the error
in the simplified method of introducing the node voltage
constant in equation (19) is relatively small.
f (PD ,ij,t , PDmax max
,ij,t , Λ ) + f (QD ,ij,t ,QD ,ij,t , Λ )
 (21)
≈ PD2,ij,t + QD2 ,ij ,t ij ∈ S D ,feeder
 f (Pijt , Pijt max , Λ ) + f (Qijt ,Qijt max , Λ )
(22)
= (V nom ) 2 I ij2 ij ∈ L
Based on equation (20), a piecewise linear function is
used to approximate the squared
_
term of the variable. In the
piecewise linear function, y is the upper limit value of the
variable y, and is the discrete segmentation number of the
piecewise linear function.
The definition and specific approximation process of the
_
piecewise linear approximation function f ( y, y, ) can be
referred from [17].
After the above processing, the original model can be
transformed into an MIP problem. The CPLEX solver can
Fig. 2  IEEE 33-bus test system
Owing to the limited capacity of the microgrid, it
is important to prioritize the power supply to critical
loads. The following is an analysis of the optimization
of power distribution system restoration schemes under
four scenarios, where different load weights and different
microgrid power outputs at different time points within 24 h
of a day starting at 00:00 are discussed.
Scenario 1: The extreme event occurs at 02:00;
the available wind power output is low, the available
photovoltaic power is zero, and the initial value of the SOC
(state of charge) is set to 0.9.
Scenario 2: The extreme event occurs at 14:00; the
available wind power output is high, the photovoltaic power
available is higher than the available wind power output,
and the initial value of the SOC is set to 0.2.
Scenario 3: The extreme event occurs at 14:00; the
available wind power output is high, the photovoltaic power
available is higher than the available wind power output,
and the initial value of the SOC is set to 0.9.
Scenario 4: The extreme event occurs at 2:00. The load
weight is disregarded, i.e., each load node has the same
degree of importance. At this time, the available wind power

540
 Jiaren Wang et al. Resilience enhancement strategy using microgrids in distribution network

output is low, the photovoltaic power available is zero, and the continuous supply of power to key loads based on load
the initial value of the SOC is set to 0.9. node weights. Scenario 4 does not consider the importance
of the load node. In comparison with scenario 1, the critical
Table 2  Optimized results of the distribution system under
load node 17 does not receive continuous power supply,
different restoration schemes
which may cause heavy losses.
Total load Conventional Controllable The main role of the controllable load in the model
Scenario
recovery load recovery load recovery R
number proposed in this paper is to stabilize the volatility of the
(MWh) (MWh) (MWh)
power output from the microgrids. It can be seen that the
1 2.12 2.08 0.04 1.25
controllable load recovery in scenario 1 and scenario 4 is
2 2.67. 2.57 0.1 1.57 obviously smaller than in the other two scenarios because
3 3.21 2.81 0.36 1.81 the power supply capacity of the microgrid is high in the
4 2.31 1.95 0.06 1.02 other scenarios. Therefore, it is necessary to restore the load
in a controlled manner to meet the power balance of the
In the recovery scenario, the black solid load point microgrid supply.
represents the load point recovered at t=0, the red solid load The simulation adopts the modified IEEE 33-bus
point represents the load point recovered within the time node power distribution system. The microgrid in the
period [t, t+T], and the unshaded load point represents the distribution system consists of different types of DGs, such
unrecovered load node. as gas turbine, wind power generation, photovoltaic power
From Table 2, we can see that for the different outputs generation, and energy storage. The power in the microgrid
of the microgrid, the restoration periods are very different. is different at different time periods. It can be seen that
When the wind power output is low and the PV output is 0, when the recovery period is at night, photovoltaic and wind
the recovered load is relatively small, which can also ensure turbines lack the available power generation output, which

Restore node at initial time Restore node at initial time

Restore node at Recovery process Restore node at Recovery process

19 20 21
1 22 19 20 21 22

MG
M G MG
1 1

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33

MG MG
2 2

23 24 25 23 24 25

Fig. 3  Restoration plan for scenario 1 Fig. 5  Restoration plan for scenario 3

Restore node at initial time

Restore node at initial time
Restore node at Recovery process
Restore node at Recovery process
19 20 21 22 19 20 21 22

MG MG
1 1

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33

MG MG
2 2

23 24 25 23 24 25

Fig. 4  Restoration plan for scenario 2 Fig. 6  Restoration plan for scenario 4

541
Global Energy Interconnection Vol. 1 No. 5 Dec. 2018

will affect the recovery process of the distribution network Continue

and reduce the recovered distribution load; however, it can Node i Node j Branch impedance Node j Load
still ensure continuous power supply to critical loads. The 13 14 0.5416+j0.7129 120+j80
examples presented above verify the validity of the model. 14 15 0.5910+j0.5260 60+j10
Under extreme weather conditions, the microgrid can play 15 16 0.7463+j0.5450 60+j20
an important role in the restoration of power to enhance the
16 17 1.2890+j1.7210 60+j20
resilience of the distribution power grid.
17 18 0.3720+j0.5740 90+j40
2 19 0.1640+j0.1565 90+j40
5 Conclusion
19 20 1.5042+j1.3554 90+j40
20 21 0.4095+j0.4784 90+j40
This paper presented a method to enhance the
distribution system resilience against extreme events by 21 22 0.7089+j0.9373 90+j40

using a microgrid to supply power. First, a nonlinear power 3 23 0.4512+j0.3083 90+j50

supply recovery model with maximum resilience was 23 24 0.8980+j0.7091 420+j200
established based on the definition of distribution network 24 25 0.8960+j0.7011 420+j200
resilience. Secondly, piecewise linearization was used to 6 26 0.2030+j0.1034 60+j25
transform the model into an MIP problem for arriving at an 26 27 0.2842+j0.1447 60+j25
effective solution. The strategy was effective in reducing 27 28 1.0590+j0.9337 60+j20
the fault loss of the distribution power grid in the event of 28 29 0.8040+j0.7006 120+j70
extreme weather and improving the resilience of the power 29 30 0.5075+j0.2585 200+j600
system. The simulation considered the time of occurrence
30 31 0.9744+j0.9630 150+j70
of the extreme event, the wind power output, photovoltaic
31 32 0.3105+j0.3619 210+j100
power output, initial value of the SOC, and the load node
32 33 0.3410+j05362 60+j40
weight. The results of the simulation under different
8 21 2+j2 90+j50
scenarios varied, but each result demonstrated a significant
9 15 2+j2 60+j10
improvement when compared with the simulation results
of the conventional load recovery. We can see that under 12 22 2+j2 90+j40

extreme weather conditions, the distribution scheme can 18 33 0.5+j0.5 60+j40

ensure continuous supply of power from the microgrid to 25 29 0.5+j0.5 120+j70
critical loads. The simulation results verify the validity
of the model and prove the enhanced resilience of the Appendix B
distribution system against extreme events.
Typical output curves of wind power and photovoltaic

Appendix A 0.8
0.7
0.6
Table A1  System parameters
0.5
Node i Node j Branch impedance Node j Load 0.4
p.u.

0.3
1 2 0.0922+j0.047 100+j60 0.2
2 3 0.4930+j0.2511 90+j40 0.1
0
3 4 0.3660+j0.1864 120+j80
0:00

2:00

4:00

6:00

8:00

10:00

12:00

14:00

16:00

18:00

20:00

22:00

4 5 0.3811+j0.1941 60+j30
5 6 0.8190+j0.7070 60+j20 Wind power output Photovoltaic output
6 7 0.1872+j0.6188 200+j100 Fig. B1  Typical daily output curves of wind and
7 8 0.7114+j0.2351 200+j100 photovoltaic power
8 9 1.0300+j0.7400 60+j20
9 10 1.0440+j0.7400 60+j20
Acknowledgments
10 11 0.1966+j0.0650 45+j30
11 12 0.3744+j0.1238 60+j35 This work was supported by the State Grid Science &
12 13 1.4680+j1.550 60+j35 Technology Project (Grant No. 17H300000437).

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 Jiaren Wang et al. Resilience enhancement strategy using microgrids in distribution network
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Biographies
Jiaren Wang received his bachelor degree at
Shanghai Jiaotong Universty, China, 2016.
He is working towards master degree at
Shanghai Jiaotong University. His research
interest includes distribution planning and risk
assessment.
Ning Xie received her Ph.D. degree in
Politecnico di Torino, Italy, 2010. She
received master and bachelor degree in Wuhan
University, China. Now she is associate
professor in Shanghai Jiaotong University.
Her research interest includes power system
economic operation and smart grid.
Wenxian Wu received his bachelor degree
at Ningde Normal University, Fujian, 2016.
He is working towards master degree at
University of Shanghai for Science and
Technology, Shanghai.
Dong Han received his bachelor degree at
Northeast Electric Power University, Jilin,
2007, received master degree at Harbin
Institute Of Technology, Haerbin, 2009,
received Ph.D. degree at Shanghai Jiao Tong
University, Shanghai, 2015. He is working
in University of Shanghai for Science and
Technology, Shanghai.
Chengmin Wang received his Ph.D. degree in
Harbin Institute of Technology, China, 2002.
He received the master and bachelor degree in
Northeast Electric Power University, China.
Now he is professor in Shanghai Jiaotong
University. His research interest includes
distribution planning and electricity market.
Binruo Zhu received her bachelor degree in
Shanghai University. Now she in working in
Electric Power Research Institute, State Grid
Shanghai Municipal Electric Power Company.
Her research interest includes Smart grid and
energy metering.
(Editor  Ya Gao)
543