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Acquisition of IPCL by Reliance PDF
Acquisition of IPCL by Reliance PDF
Acquisition
S. M. Fakih of IPCL by Reliance 29 December 2006
The expected had happened unexpectedly. While everyone expected Reliance to bid
for IPCL aggressively, but what an aggression!!
The results of the bid, for 26%of equity, announced on 18th May 2002, were:
Rupees/share
Reliance Industries Ltd (RIL) 231
Indian Oil Corp (IOC) 131
Nirma 110
The bid price was at a 74% premium to IPCL’s last traded price.
There were wide spread speculations on why Reliance bid was so higher than the other
bidders.
"During the entire bidding process, Mr. Dhirubhai did not telephone me even once. But he knew
what was happening as he had sources in all the right places, which mere journalists like me did
not even know existed. Soon after Reliance acquired IPCL, Dhirubhai called me up and in
emotional tone said he knew what I had been through and that he and his family would be
grateful for my effort. But I had just done my duty of following the laid down norms."1
Another story justifying high bid price was that since Reliance had earlier lost bids for IBP (Petro
products retailer perceived as an ideal fit for Reliance which had refinery, but no retail outlets),
and VSNL (telecom giant, thought as a great fit for Reliance’s forays into telecom), it wanted to
acquire IPCL at any cost.
Dr. Hikaf, chief of financial research of PSD Investments, decided to unravel the mystery and
put together all the information available on the subject.
Prof. S. M. Fakih (smfakih@gmail.com) prepared this case as the basis for class discussion
rather than to illustrate either effective or ineffective management.
Page 1
Acquisition of IPCL by Reliance
Indian petrochemicals Corporation Ltd (IPCL) were established in March 1969 as a Government
of India undertaking, with the objective of establishing a petrochemicals company and
developing the petrochemicals market in India. The construction of first petrochemicals complex
began in 1970 at Vadodara in the state of Gujarat and commercial production at this complex
commenced in 1973. Second petrochemicals complex was commissioned in 1992 at Nagothane
in the state of Maharashtra and the third complex was commissioned in 1997 at Gandhar in the
state of Gujarat.
IPCL is the second largest petrochemicals company in India, next only to Reliance Industries
Limited. It is ranked as one of the top 50 companies in India in terms of sales, with net sales in
fiscal 2002 of Rs.47, 400 million. While the sales-mix varied from year to year, about 75% of net
sales were from polymers, balance more or less equally divided between fibre and fibre
intermediates and chemicals. More than 90% of net sales were from the sale of products in the
Indian market.
IPCL operate three integrated petrochemicals complexes in India: a naphtha based cracker
complex at Vadodara; a gas based cracker complex at Nagothane; and a gas based cracker
complex, at Gandhar. Vadodara complex includes a naphtha cracker with an installed capacity
of 130,000 tonnes of ethylene per year as well 15 other downstream plants currently in operation
for the manufacture of various products. These products include Low Density Polyethylene
(LDPE), Poly Vinyl Chloride (PVC), Polypropylene (PP), Polybutadiene Rubber (PBR), Acrylic
Fibre (AF), Dry-spun Acrylic Fibre (DSAF), Ethylene Glycol (EG)/Ethylene Oxide (EO), Linear
Alkyl Benzene (LAB), Acrylates and Benzene. The Nagothane complex includes an
ethane/propane cracker with an installed capacity of 400,000 tonnes of ethylene per year and six
downstream plants for the manufacture of LDPE, Linear Low Density Polyethylene (LLDPE)/
High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) in swing mode, PP, EG/EO and Butene-1. The Gandhar
complex has an ethane/propane cracker with an installed capacity of 300,000 tonnes of ethylene
per annum, a caustic chlorine plant and four downstream plants for the manufacture of Vinyl
Chloride Monomer (VCM), PVC, HDPE and EG/EO.
Olefins: These are obtained from naphtha or natural gas. Major olefins produced in India are
ethylene and propylene. Ethylene is the basic building block of complex products and the most
produced primary petrochemical. Against the total capacity of over 2.4 million tons per annum,
the production during FY 2001-2002 was at 1.99 million tons. Benzene and Toluene are the main
aromatics.
Intermediate petrochemicals: These are used as raw materials for other downstream products
such as synthetic fibers. The major intermediate petrochemicals are dimethyl terephthalate
(DMT), purified terephthalic acid (PTA), Mono Ethylene Glycol (MEG), paraxylene, caprolactum
and acrylonitrile.
Polymers: Major polymers include the polyethylenes, poly vinyl chloride and polypropylene.
RIL, IPCL, GAIL India, Haldia Petrochemicals are the major players.
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Acquisition of IPCL by Reliance
Synthetic fibers: Major synthetic fibres are polyester staple fibre, viscose staple fibre, and
polyester filament yarn.
Elastomers: The major elastomers are styrene butadiene rubber (SBR), polybutadiene rubber
(PBR) and nitrile rubber. Major manufacturers are IPCL and Haldia Petrochemicals.
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Acquisition of IPCL by Reliance
The production of petrochemicals began in India with the setting up of small plants in the late
1950s/early1960s using non-petroleum feedstock. LDPE was produced based on alcohol, PVC
from calcium carbide, and SBR & PS from coal based benzene.
In the late 1960s, National Organic Chemicals Ltd (NOCIL), then partly owned by Royal Dutch
Sell Group (stake sold in 1993), commissioned a small integrated naphtha cracker with ethylene
capacity of 70ktpa. It used ethylene for manufacture of EO, EG and PVC, and also supplied
ethylene to its subsidiary for the manufacture of HDPE.
In 1973 IPCL commissioned its first plant. Further developments are mentioned in the section
“IPCL – Govt. foray into petrochemicals”.
In 1992-93, Reliance Industries Ltd commissioned a 160 ktpa HDPE/LLDPE swing plant at
Hazira Gujarat. In 1996-97, Reliance expanded this plant and also set up PP facility as well as
a750 ktpa naphtha – based cracker at Hazira.
The Gas Authority of India Ltd (GAIL), a State-owned company commissioned a 400-ktpa-
ethylene gas based cracker at Auraiya, Uttar Pradesh, in early 1999. The downstream facilities
include LLDPE/HDPE. The plant has the distinction of being the first cracker outside Western
India, and is located away from the ports.
Haldia Petrochemicals Ltd is the latest to put up naphtha cracker with a capacity of 300 ktpa at
Haldia, West Bengal along with LLDPE, HDPE and PP facilities.
Page 4
Acquisition of IPCL by Reliance
Auraiya
Baroda
Haldia
Jamnagar
Gandhar
Hazira
Nagothane
Uses of Polymers
Product Uses
LDPE/LLDP Consumer packaging / film, extrusion wires, cable coatings
HDPE Fertilizers / household packaging, woven sacks, cartons, crates, luggage, pipes
PP BOPP film /cement packaging, monofilament yarn, ropes
PVC Water pipe, electrical conduit /wires, cables, sheets,
PBR Automotive tyres and tubes, conveyor belts, footwear
Prices of Polymers
The prices of polymers produced in the country are determined, to great extent, by the
landed costs of imported polymers. Indian prices have been aligned to landed costs of
imported products. There are small discounts/premium to landed costs, depending
upon demand/supply situation. However, in case of PVC the discount remained for 2
years from 1999-2001.
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Acquisition of IPCL by Reliance
The landed costs have been affected by 2 factors, apart from the international prices. One has
been the import duty. Since 1991, the import duty on polymers, as most other products, has
been coming down. This factor, on its own, would have adversely affected the viability of local
manufacturers. However, depreciation of rupee against dollar – the second factor affecting the
landed costs – has been of great help to local producers. Although polymer prices in the
international markets are cyclical and have not shown any increase over their levels since 1980,
the domestic prices have risen on account of the substantial depreciation of rupee.
The current import duty of 30% is expected to go down till it settles at average South East Asian
level of around 10%. While historically rupee has only moved downward, in the recent past, due
to weakness of dollar, it has shown some appreciation.
High demand
High margins & profits
High fresh investments
Capacity buildup
Significant overcapacity
Low margins
Profits low to negative
Fresh investment low
Mergers & acquisition high
Page 6
Acquisition of IPCL by Reliance
Worldwide the consumption of polymers worldwide shows two distinct phases. In the first phase,
there is a strong substitution of traditional materials and in the second, the substitution ceases,
and there is competition among plastics and its substitutes. In the first phase, in which India is,
the growth in the demand is much higher than that of GDP. In the second phase, the growth is in
line with GDP growth.
The accompanying table shows polymer consumption growth rates (%) during 1990-2001. With
the exception of LDPE, all other polymers have growth rates 2 – 4 times higher than that of the
world.
Since the absolute levels of consumption are so low in India, for many more years high growth
will continue.
Demand for polymers is also expected to increase in the coming years due to the concessions
given by the government to infrastructure industries like telecom, power and transportation
coupled with growth in consumer durables and packaging industries. The margins of the
domestic players are likely to increase due to an increase in global as well as the domestic
demand. The domestic elastomers industry is likely to continue in the same manner, although at
a lesser rate, due to the slowdown in its major end use segment, the tyre industry.
The per capita consumption in the country is very low when compared to global standards,
despite the high growth rate witnessed by the petrochemical industry in the recent years. This is
exemplified by the case of plastics, the per capita consumption of which was only 3.8 kilograms
in the country in the year 2001-2002 when compared to the global average of 19.7 kilograms.
The low consumption pattern indicates huge demand growth potential for the country.
Page 7
Acquisition of IPCL by Reliance
RPL is the world’s largest grassroots refinery, and the 7th largest refinery in the world at any
single site, with a capacity of 27 million tonnes per annum, at Jamnagar, in the state of Gujarat,
India. The RPL refinery has been set up at a capital outlay of Rs 142.5 billion (US$ 3.4 billion).
Reliance is the second largest producer of polyester in the world. It is now ranked amongst the
top 10 producers globally, in all its major products – the 3rd largest producer of paraxylene , the
4th largest producer of PTA, and the 6th largest producer of polypropylene in the world.
Since this is a horizontal acquisition, synergies between RIL and IPCL would have an impact on
cash flows and valuation. There is potential for cost savings within IPCL, as a result of the
change in management. RIL itself will gain due to this acquisition.
Management control over IPCL will make RIL the clear number-one player in the Indian
petrochemicals market, with dominant market shares across key polymer segments, along with
dominant market shares in ethylene glycol and LAB.
RIL IPCL
With such market domination, it would be tempting for RIL – IPCL to improve their price
realization. However, since all the products are commodities, to what extent this will be possible
is a moot point.
Page 8
Acquisition of IPCL by Reliance
Feedstock
On the feedstock side, there may be few synergies. RIL has a naphtha-based cracker, while
IPCL’s Nagothane and Gandhar crackers are gas-based – feedstock comes from
ONGC. IPCL’s Baroda cracker, which is naphtha-based, has a feedstock linkage with
IOC’s Koyali refinery next door. RIL will be able to displace IOC for naphtha supply – it
exports naphtha from Jamnagar, and selling domestically will give it a 10% higher
realisation. That said, domestic transportation costs are likely to be a key factor that will weigh
against this switch.
RIL also has some scope to rationalise product logistics – its Patalganga complex (near
Mumbai) can source its MEG requirements from IPCL’s Nagothane unit, instead of moving it
from its Hazira unit.
Cost savings
IPCL has further scope for cost reductions in two key areas:
1) Manpower costs – Manpower costs are a key area of potential savings. IPCL has
13,740 employees, with a large proportion of the employees at its headquarters in
Baroda (about 8,000). On a per-ton basis, analysts believe IPCL’s manpower cost is 210% higher
than of RIL’s.
Manpower cost savings could generate substantial savings. To achieve them, upfront payment
for employee separation scheme of the order of Rs. 1.5 million per employee will be necessary.
Analyst believe that 50% cut in the staff is possible.
RIL has a track record of being highly cost conscious. But with the extra sensitivities involved
with the disinvestment process, it remains to be seen how quickly manpower rationalisation can
progress.
2) Overheads – IPCL’s overheads per ton of product at Rs1, 532/ton of production are
2.5x those of RIL. Within this cost pool, over 35% goes towards repairs and maintenance – a
reflection on the age of IPCL’s plants. Cutting repairs & maintenance overheads would involve
refurbishment of existing operations, which would require upfront capital investments.
Page 9
Acquisition of IPCL by Reliance
The assumptions for the explicit horizon period, underlying the projected income statements,
were based on the past performance of IPCL.
The gross sales are expected to grow at 8% p.a. Other income is expected to be 3% of gross
sales.
Raw materials will be 30.28% of gross sales, stores, chemicals & packing materials 4.54%, other
manufacturing expenses 19.09%, employee costs 7.23%, establishment expense 2.79% and
selling & distribution expenses 3.21%.
Depreciation amount is worked out on the basis of average of past depreciation over the average
of past fixed assets. It is kept constant over the years. Capital expenditure is considered at the
same level as the depreciation.
Since current effective tax rate is 10% of profit before tax, this is assumed to continue. However,
for the cash flows for the continuity value, corporate tax rate is calculated at 35% - the current
tax rate.
Page 10
Acquisition of IPCL by Reliance
Shareholders' Funds
APPLICATION OF FUNDS
Fixed Assets
Gross block 52751 55701 60548 85834 87567 89095
Less : Depreciation 14656 17028 19747 22852 26983 31262
Net block 38095 38673 40801 62981 60584 57833
Capital work-in-progress 5407 14520 20506 1305 859 850
Fixed Assets-Total 43503 53193 61307 64286 61443 58683
Assets taken on lease 0 0 0 4989
Capital work-in-progress 0 0 0
Total 43503 53193 61307 64286 61443 63672
Investments 255 297 697 741 1091 1121
Interest Acc. On
Investments 0 0 0 0 0 0
Inventories 4883 6700 6614 7780 8726 6998
Sundry debtors 3822 4633 3850 4286 3631 3210
Cash and bank balances 9715 8364 3958 3874 2889 2340
Loans and advances 10924 15104 13087 11238 10075 4842
Other Current Assets 0 0 0 0 0 0
Current Assets-Total 29345 34801 27509 27178 25321 17389
Less:
Curr.Liabilities 5680 8836 7652 8991 6996 9370
Provisions 6270 6485 5713 6144 6718 987
11950 15321 13364 15135 13715 10358
Net Current Assets 17395 19480 14145 12044 11607 7032
(4) Miscellaneous Exp 709 689 673 716 568 348
Total 61862 73658 76821 77787 74709 72173
Market Price 138.25 69.55 110.5 60.7 54.05 83.5
Page 11
Acquisition of IPCL by Reliance
(Rs.millions)
1996-97 1997-98 1998-99 1999-00 2000-01 2001-02
INCOME
Gross Sales 34296 36916 38498 49198 58625 55324
Less: Excise duty 6561 7208 7522 9324 8307 7574
Net Sales 27735 29708 30976 39874 50318 47750
Other income 778 1120 795 1121 1677 1642
Change in stocks -10 1561 334 562 760 -1928
Total 28502 32389 32105 41557 52756 47464
EXPENDITURE
Raw Materials Consumed 8130 10415 10447 16052 18899 18682
Purchase for Resale 5 12 17 266 417 54
Stores,chemicals & packing
materials 1816 2082 2069 2388 2180 1846
Other manufacturing expenses 5505 7847 7708 8490 11669 10858
Employees costs 2329 2725 3090 3178 4392 4015
Establishment expenses 854 1268 1950 959 1342 1237
Selling and distribution
expenses 968 1163 1480 1686 1738 1713
Deferred revenue expense
written off 23 118 146 284 322 380
Interest 2994 4143 5156 5146 4909 3737
Depreciation 1522 2374 2704 3190 4149 4244
Total 24147 32147 34765 41637 50016 46766
Less : Transfer to Capital
Expenditure 1564 2370 3058 2072 1 2
Total 22583 29777 31707 39565 50015 46765
Profit before prior period
items & taxation 5920 2612 398 1992 2740 699
Prior Period Items 11 111 -69 -21 -19 408
Profit before Tax 5931 2723 329 1971 2721 1107
Provision for Income-Tax 829 287 35 83 231 -56
Provision for Deferred Tax 0 0 0 0 0 88
Profit after Tax 5101 2436 294 1888 2490 1075
AMOUNT AVAILABLE FOR
APPROPRIATION 18295 18297 16741 18528 18669 19225
Dividends 1092 1092 248 606 821 496
Balance Carried to Balance
Sheet 15828 16181 15282 15630 16998 18079
Page 12
Acquisition of IPCL by Reliance
2.HDPE
3.PVC
4.Polypropylene
5.Polybutadiene Rubber
6.Acrylic Fibre
7.MEG
8.LAB
Page 13
Acquisition of IPCL by Reliance
Profit before Tax 8635 9626 10697 11853 13101 14450 15906 15906
Provision for Income-Tax 824 918 1021 1131 1250 1379 1518 5567
Provision for Deferred Tax
Profit after Tax 7811 8708 9676 10722 11851 13071 14388 10339
Free Cash Flow 11565 12462 13430 14476 15605 16825 18143 14093
Capital expenditure 3754 3754 3754 3754 3754 3754 3754 3754
Net Working Capital (NWC) 17891 19322 20868 22537 24340 26288 28391 28391
Change in NWC 4274 1431 1546 1669 1803 1947 2103 2935
Cash Flow 3537 7276 8130 9052 10048 11124 12285 7404
Cost of capital 10.00%
Continuity Value 128335
PV of Firm 106199
Value of Debt 37163
PV of Equity 69036
Number of Shares 249
Share Price 277
Page 14
Acquisition of IPCL by Reliance
(Rs.
millions)
31.3.1997 31.3.1998 31.3.1999 31.3.2000 31.3.2001 31.3.2002
SOURCES OF FUNDS
Shareholders' Funds
Loan Funds
Secured loans 42468 27368 64427 59881 40684 141889
Unsecured loans 33787 55106 52077 55321 60674 47396
Loan Funds 76255 82474 116504 115202 101358 189285
Leased assets liabilities 0 0 0 0 0 20607
Net Deferred tax
Liabilities 0 0 0 0 0 0
Total 160965 205300 240197 255031 249012 488646
APPLICATION OF
FUNDS
Fixed Assets
Gross block 109559 178483 186503 243309 253560 467273
Less : Depreciation 34912 49444 66919 92141 118415 150769
Net block 74647 129039 119584 151168 135145 316504
Capital work-in-progress 37086 20694 34378 3314 5123 15333
Fixed Assets-Total 111733 149733 153962 154482 140268 331837
Assets taken on lease 0 0 0 0 0
Capital work-in-progress
Total 111733 149733 153962 154482 140268 331837
Investments 44557 42823 42946 60666 67261 38502
Interest Acc. On
Investments 603 211 256 475 851
Inventories 10854 13440 14086 18232 22998 49741
Sundry debtors 6014 6427 4571 8425 11342 27225
Cash and bank balances 8638 21335 48976 10816 1006 17607
Loans and advances 12963 9911 16763 40593 55027 95653
Other Current Assets 0 0 0 0 91225 4281
Current Assets-Total 39072 51324 84652 78541 182449 194507
Less:
Curr.Liabilities 30875 33820 35919 36000 41108 64723
Provisions 3522 4760 5444 2658 8634 12105
34397 38580 41363 38658 49742 76828
Net Current Assets 4675 12744 43289 39883 41483 117678
(4) Miscellaneous Exp 0 0 0 629
Total 160965 205300 240197 255031 249012 488646
Page 15
Acquisition of IPCL by Reliance
(Rs. millions)
1996-97 1997-98 1998-99 1999-00 2000-01 2001-02
INCOME
Gross Sales 87303 134038 145533 203014 280082 571195.7
Less: Excise duty 12839 18931 19295 24515 25789 33150
Net Sales 74464 115107 126238 178499 254293 538046
Other income 2896 3356 6076 6873 3826 7823
Change in stocks -953 3683 -1524 3437 3179 -9078
Total 76407 122146 130790 188809 261298 536791
EXPENDITURE
Raw Materials Consumed 19322 36464 32109 66424 94301 264894
Purchase for Resale 152 142 1901 4860 29356 16978
Stores,chemicals & packing materials 3576 6396 8266 0 8061 11204
Other manufacturing expenses 5273 5249 4769 12467 6327 11877
Employees costs 2381 3099 3583 3748 4411 5694
Establishment expenses 2020 2732 4792 5536 5766 4561
Selling and distribution expenses 1319 2352 2904 3764 7618 13727
Deferred revenue expense written off 0 0 0 0 0
Interest 1700 5036 7288 10080 12160 18251
Depreciation 4101 6673 8550 12784 15651 28161
Inter -Divisional Transfers 22887 36846 39291 44542 49841 117157
Less : Transfer to Capital Expenditure 0 0 0 0 0
Total 62731 104989 113453 164205 233492 492504
Profit before prior period items &
taxation 13676 17157 17337 24604 27806 44287
Prior Period Items 0 0 0 0 0 0
Profit before Tax 13676 17157 17337 24604 27806 44287
Provision for Income-Tax 450 630 300 570 1350 1900
Provision for Deferred Tax 0 0 0 0 0 9960
Profit after Tax 13226 16527 17037 24034 26456 32427
AMOUNT AVAILABLE FOR
APPROPRIATION 14100 22658 27516 37980 43951 55321
Dividends 2992 3904 3734.5 3847 4478 6633
Balance Carried to Balance Sheet 6628 10479 11327 17395 21606 27262
Page 16
Acquisition of IPCL by Reliance
Page 17
Acquisition of IPCL by Reliance
Exhibit 8
Cost of Capital
RIL IPCL
Page 18