What key communication technology is referred to when Cell phones and wireless LANs.

Selected wireless
the term wireless is used? specialties
What is the current latest generation of cell phone 4G LTE
technology?
Name the two main frequency bands used for cell 800 MHz, 1900 MHz
phones in the United States.
What primary characteristic determines cell site range Height of antenna and antenna directivity.
of coverage?
What segment of the frequency spectrum is used mostly 800 to 2500 MHz.
by the cellular industry? State approximate upper and
lower ranges
Name five access methods used in cellular systems FMDA, CDMA, TDMA, OFDM

True or false? Cell site coverage areas are not all the True
same size.
Name the four major U.S. cellular carriers AT&T, Sprint, T-Mobile, Verizon
True or false? There are more wire line telephone False
subscribers than cellular subscribers
What major challenge keeps carriers from expanding Spectrum shortage
their capacity and data speed?
What one application has forced cellular data rates to Video
increase?
What is the primary radio technology of 3G phones? CDMA
Which type of duplexing is the most widely used FDD
What circuit in the cellular telephone allows a Duplexer (isolator)
transmitter and receiver to share an antenna?
What is the benefit of TDD over FDD? TDD uses half the bandwidth of FDD
State the relationship between data rate and bandwidth Data rate is roughly proportional to the channel
as it applies to the cellular system. bandwidth.
What technique allows multiple base stations to share a Directional antennas divided into three sectors.
common channel?
What is a vocoder? A vocoder digitizes the voice signal.

List the two primary 2G digital cell phone systems used
worldwide. Which is the most widely used?
Name the two primary functions of a vocoder.
What unit of measure is used to determine the spectral
efficiency of a modulation scheme?
What is the bandwidth of a GSM channel?
GSM, CDMA. GSM is the most widely used.
A vocoder is a circuit that converts the analog voice signal
to digital, then compresses it to reduce the data rate and
narrow the bandwidth.
Bits per second / Hz of bandwidth.
200 kHz

How many users can share a channel in GSM? Eight.

What modulation is used in GSM? GMSK.
What type of multiuser access is available in IS-95 CDMA
and WCDMA?
What is the bandwidth of a typical CDMA and WCDMA
channel? State the maximum number of subscribers that
can use the channel
What feature of CDMA is critical to its success in
reception?
By what method is a CDMA channelized?
What two receiver architectures are common in most
modern 2G cell phones? State why they are preferred
over the older superheterodyne architectures.
Why is the I/Q circuit arrangement used in cell phones?
List four functions typically performed by a DSP chip in
the baseband part of a cell phone.
At what point in most receivers are the A/D converters
placed?
Describe the basic antenna structure of a typical cell site
base station.
Describe the antenna radiation pattern and explain how
it permits sectorization.
How does the antenna permit frequency reuse?
What types of amplifi ers are used in base stations?
What is their power level?
Why is power amplifi er linearity so important?
Is CDMA2000 a 2G or 3G technology? Explain. Who
developed it?
What are the names of the fastest versions of
CDMA2000? What are their maximum data rates?
Name the technology that makes WCDMA faster. What
modulation methods are used?
What is the maximum data rate of the most common
form of HSPA, and what modulation is used?
Name the U.S. carriers that use GSM/GPRS/EDGE and
WCDMA/HSPA.
Name the U.S. carriers that use CDMA2000.
What antenna technology permits increased subscriber
growth on existing base stations?
What is the name of the latest cell phone technology
that is marketed as 4G?
What modulation methods are used with 4G cell
phones?
Spread spectrum.
1.25 Hz, 64 max, 10–40 typical.
Automatic power control.
Pseudo-random (Walsh) codes.
Direct conversion, low IF superheterodyne.
So signals using forms of FSK or PSK can be demodulated.
Mixing, demodulation, filtering, equalization
After the first (input) mixers.
A triangular physical structure with vertical antenna
arrays.
The most common radiation pattern is three 120° sectors.
The three sectors keep signals isolated and separated so
common channels can be reused.
Class AB line or power amplifiers up to 40 watts.
To minimize the production of harmonics and
intermodulation signals.
CDMA2000 is a 2.5G and 3G technology. It started with a
basic data capability called 1xRTT then progressed in data
rate past the 2 Mbps rate needed to be called 3G. It was
developed by Qualcomm.
1xRTT: 144 kbps, 3xRTT: 432 kbps, 1xEV-DO: 3.1 Mbps.
HSPA, QAM.
HSPA can achieve 14.4 Mbps downlink using 16 QAM.
AT&T and T-Mobile
Verizon and Sprint
Smart antennas with automatic steering and beamforming
LTE
OFDM and QAM
Defi ne the term resource block and give its specifi
cations.
Does LTE use FDD or TDD?
Will an LTE phone from AT&T work on the Verizon
network? Explain.
What is the maximum LTE channel bandwidth? What
other bandwidths are popular?
What feature of LTE compensates for multipath and
Doppler shift problems?
What is the maximum MIMO confi guration for LTE? for
LTE-A?
What limits the MIMO confi guration in a smart phone?
What is the maximum practical?
What is the approximate maximum data rate of LTE?
What rate is more typical?
What access method is used with LTE? How does it
work?
How does LTE-Advanced implement data rates to
1 Gbps?
What is a remote radio head? What are its benefi ts?
Do LTE phones have 3G or 2G technology?
List at least fi ve different radios used in smart phones
How are voice calls handled in the typical 3G or 4G cell
phone?
How are voice calls handled in LTE?
What is a HetNet?
Name four basic small-cell sizes and their specifi cations.
What is a macrocell?
How do small cells improve the cellular network?
What techniques make small cells feasible?
What is backhaul? What are the most common types?
What is Wi-Fi offl oad, and why is it benefi cial?
What is an alternative to an array of small cells to
improve cellular coverage?
What are expected to be the three basic technical
features or specifi cations of 5G cellular technology?
A resource block is a group of 12 15 kHz OFDM subcarriers
used to assign to a call.
LTE is mostly FDD but a TDD version is also used.
No. The LTE is the same but operate on different
frequency bands.
Maximum bandwidth is 20 MHz but bandwidths of 1.4, 3,
5, 10 and 15 MHz can be used.
Cyclical prefix.
LTE: 4×4, LTE-A: 8×8.
Antenna spacing. Two antennas is the maximum practical.
LTE can achieve 100 Mbps. LTE-A can achieve up to 1
Gbps.
OFDMA. Blocks of subcarriers are assigned to different
callers within the channel bandwidth.
LTE-A uses a combination of multiple channel aggregation,
MIMO and 64 QAM to reach 1 Gbps.
A remote radio head is a base station RF section packaged
to mount at the antenna.
Yes, for backward compatibility.
GSM, WCDMA, LTE, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, GPS, NFC.
Voice calls a handled by older 2G or 3G technology
VoIP called VoLTE.
HetNet refers to a network of regular cell sites as well as
smaller, micro or pico cells.
Femto, pico, micro/Metro, Macro. See Table 20-2.
A macrocell is a normal standard cell site.
Small cells provide better coverage because there are
more of them. Reliability and speed are increased.
Larger ICs, improved processors, DSP and higher
microwave frequencies.
The link between the basestation and the central office.
Fiber and microwave.
Wi-Fi off-load transfers data traffic away from the cellular
network to available Wi-Fi hotspots. It unburdens the
cellular network to handle more traffic.
Distributed antenna systems.
Millimeter waves, MIMO and small cells.