CHAPTER 2 : LOCOMOTION AND SUPPORT TEACHER HIDAYAH

Necessity Structure of the Human Skeleton

• provides shape and support
• enables movement
• protects internal organs
• produces blood cells (bone marrow)
• stores material (calcium and phosphate)

Types of Skeleton
 CHAPTER 2 : LOCOMOTION AND SUPPORT TEACHER HIDAYAH

SYNOVIAL JOINT

• muscles are attached to the bones

by tendons.
• movement of the body are brought
about by contraction of a pair of
antagonistic muscles.

• tendon is a chord of dense

• ligaments is flexible, strong and connective tissues made up of
elastic connective tissue. strong and inelastic fibres.
• allow bones to be held together
and permits limited movement
• ensures the bones do not
dislocate

• synovial membrane is a
fibrous capsule surrounded
the joint.
• it secretes the synovial fluid.

• synovial fluids fills the

space between the
• cartilage found on the articulating articulating surfaces of
surfaces of bones two bones.
• absorbs shock to prevent bones • lubricates the joint to
from damage during movement. prevent friction during
movement
• nourishes the cartilage

TYPES OF JOINT DISEASES RELATED

TO MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM

OSTEOPOROSIS
• bone mass is reduced and the bones become porous.
• occurs most often in old people, menopause women.
• can be prevented or delayed by doing weight-bearing
exercises and taking a diet rich in calcium,
phosphorus and vitamin D
MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY
• Degeneration of muscles
• inherited disease carried by abnormal gene of the X
chromosome.
• no cure.
ARTHRITIS
• inflammation or degeneration of the joints
• osteoarthritis is most common in old people where the
cartilage breakdown because of excessive wear and
tear.
• Rheumatoid arthritis is caused by the inflammation of
the synovial membrane
CHAPTER 2 : LOCOMOTION AND SUPPORT
SUPPORT IN AQUATIC
(submerged) PLANTS
Leaves very thin, narrow
and flexible
• little resistance to water
• can be tugged at and
pulled by the water with
little damage
Lots of air sacs inside
leaves/stems
• plants float close to the
surface for maximum
sunlight and nutrient
supported by upthrust/
buoyancy of water
• non-woody stems
SUPPORT IN FLOATING
PLANTS
Broad leaves, firm but
flexible
• to resist being torn by
wave action
Aerencyhme tissues
• spongy tissues in roots,
stems and leaves
• stems have plenty of air
sacs which help to reduce
density.
supported by upthrust/
buoyancy of water
TEACHER HIDAYAH
SUPPORT IN TERRESTRIAL PLANTS SUPPORT IN TERRESTRIAL
(woody plants) PLANTS
(non-woody plants)
• support by the
turgidity of their cells
• parenchyma tissues
on these plants store
starch, sugars, and
water.
• woody plants have tissues with cellulose walls • collenchyma tissues
which have deposits lignin for added strength have slightly
sclerenchyma cells: thickened walls of
cellulose which give
• is dead cells, have very thick walls which do
not allow water to pass through support to the plants.
• main function is to provide support
xylem vessels :
• have thick walls of lignin
• do not have cytoplasm in them.
• long cylindrical structures place end to end to
conduct ater from the roots to the leaves.
tracheids
• dead cells with • climbers are plant which climbing up
thick walls and a support to obtain sunlight.
smaller • climbers have tendrils.
diameter. • tendrils twine around the supporting
• give support structure thereby helping the plants
to the plants to climb up.
• other plants have thorns to hook up
to the nearby support structure.