Basic

Chemistry II /
Organic Chemistry
Team Teaching of Chemistry
Faculty of Agricultural Technology
University of Brawijaya
Course Contract:
1.  Exam : 50% (MID Exam : 25%; FIN Exam:
25%)
2.  Assignment : 10%
3.  Quiz : 10%
4.  Laboratory Work : 30%
Course Outline (Dept.
Agricultural Product/THP-TEP)
•  Alkanes •  Ester
•  Alkenes & Alkynes •  Aromatics Compound
•  Alcohol •  Organic halogen
compounds
•  Ether
•  Stereochemistry (1)
•  Aldehydes
•  Stereochemistry (2)
•  Ketones
•  Amine
•  Carboxylic Acids
•  Polymers
Hydrocarbon
•  Hydrocarbons are compounds that contain only
carbon and hydrogen
•  a major component in petroleum and natural gas
•  Saturated hydrocarbons are hydrocarbons
containing only single bonds between carbon
atoms.
•  Unsaturated hydrocarbons are hydrocarbons
containing bonds between carbon compound.
•  Cyclic hydrocarbons are hydrocarbons that have
a rotating chain (cyclo) or cyclic
Aromatic hydrocarbons is a cyclic hydrocarbon
compound associated with benzene.

 Alkanes

Team Teaching of Chemistry

2016
Structure & General Formula
• General formula : CnH2n + 2;
(n is the number of carbon atoms)
• No functional group
• Saturated hydrocarbon (they have only C-C
and C-H single bonds, thus contain maximum
possible number of H per carbon)
Name The amount molecular structural Total
of carbon formula formula structural
isomer
Methane 1 CH4 CH4 1
Ethane 2 C2H6 CH3CH3 1
Propane 3 C3H8 CH3CH2CH3 1
Butane 4 C4H10 CH3CH2CH2CH3 2
Pentane 5 C5H12 CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3 3
Heksane 6 C6H14 CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2C 5
H3
Heptane 7 C7H16 CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2C 9
H2CH3
Oktane 8 C8H18 CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2C 18
H2CH2CH3
Nonane 9 C9H20 CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2C 35
H2CH2CH2CH3
Dekane 10 C10H22 CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2C 75
H2CH2CH2CH2CH3
Naming Alkane
A chemical name has 3 parts in the
IUPAC system:

Prefix-Parent-Suffix

Where are the What family?

substituents?
How many carbon
atoms?
Nomenclature
1.  Find the parent hydrocarbon ( the longest
continuous chain)
2.  Number the atoms in the main chain
3.  Identify and number the substituents
4.  Write the name as a single word
Note :
1. Groups attached in the main chain are called
substituents. Substituents containing
saturated hydrocarbons called alkyl groups.
2. The alkyl group of the alkane group is named
after the number of carbon atoms and
replacing the suffix -ANE with –hyl
3. The main chain is numbered so that the first
substituent that occur along the chain has the
lowest number
4. When two or more identical groups
attached, then use prefix di- , tri, etc (but not
regarded when sorted alphabetically)
 CH3 H3 C
metil H2
CH C

H3C
H2
C CH3 isobutil
etil
CH3

H H3C C
H3 C C CH3
CH3

isopropil tert-butil

H2 H2 H2 H H2
C C C CH3 H3C C C CH3
butil

sec-butil
exercise
CH3
(1)
CH2

H H2
H3C C C C CH3
H Cl
CH2
(3) H3C
H
C
H2
C C CH3
H
CH3
Br

(2) C2H5

C3H7 CH2
H2
H3C C C C CH3
H H

CH3
Cycloalkanes

siklopropana siklobutana siklopentana sikloheksana

sikloheptana siklooktana
exercise
CH3 CH3
CH3

CH3 C2H5

Br

Br

Cl

CH3
question
1.  Write the structural formula for the following
compounds:
- 3-methylpentane
- 2,2-dimethylbutane
- 4-ethyl-2,2-dimetilheksana
- 1,1-dichloro cyclopropane
- 1,1,3-dimethyl cyclohexane
2.  Write the complete formula these
compounds and the various uses IUPAC
system
CH3 (CH2) 2CH3
CH3CH2CHFCH3
(CH3) 2CHCH2CH2CH3
(CH3CH2) 2CHCH (CH3) CH2CH3

The physical properties
Polarity
There isn't much electronegativity difference
between carbon and hydrogen, so there is
hardly any bond polarityà have very little
polarity
The physical properties

Solubility
•  The only new attractions between the
alkane and water molecules are Van der
Waals. These don't release anything like
enough energy to compensate for what
you need to break the hydrogen bonds in
water. The alkane doesn't dissolve in water
•  It dissolves in organic solvents
Boiling Points
•  Alkanes have a boiling point lower
than most other organic compounds
with the same molecular weight. àvan
der Waals forces.
•  Boiling points of the alkanes increase
with molecular size
•  Where you have isomers, the more
branched the chain, the lower the
boiling point tends to be
Boiling Points
The physical properties
Isomerism
•  Isomers are compounds that have the
same molecular formula.
•  Isomerization may occur due to differences
in structure or configuration.
•  The number of molecules and the same
weight, but the shape of different
structures called structural isomers. Ex: n-
butane to isobutanes
The reaction in alkanes
•  Oxidation and burning :
CnH(2n+2)+ O2(excess) à n CO2+ (n+1) H2O

CH4 + O2 à CO2 + H2O + Calor (212,8 kkal/mol)

•  Cracking: cracking reactions alkane compounds

produced large to smaller compounds.
v In the process of hydrocracking, hydrogen is
added to produce saturated hydrocarbons.
v Cracking without hydrogen will produce a
mixture of alkanes and alkenes
Cracking
•  Halogenated alkanes: Rx alkanes with
halogen (F2, Cl2, Br2, I2) produces alkyl
halide
CH4 + Cl2 à CH3Cl + HCl (clorination)

•  Can happen when there is sunlight and
heat, in low temperature reaction won’t
occur
•  The order of reactivity: F2 > Cl2> Br2> I2
Question
1. List all the structural formulas for all
the isomers of the following:
• C4H9Cl
• C3H6BrCl
2. Write equations for each reaction
following halogenated
- brominated pentane
- chlorinated cyclopentane
Petroleum
•  The term petroleum comes from the
Latin stems petra, "rock," and oleum,
"oil."
•  It is used to describe a broad range of
hydrocarbons that are found as gases,
liquids, or solids beneath the surface
of the earth. The two most common
forms are natural gas and crude oil.
•  Natural gas is a mixture of lightweight
alkanes contains
•  80% methane (CH4)
•  7% ethane (C2H6),
•  6% propane (C3H8),
•  4% butane and isobutane (C4H10), 3% pentanes
(C5H12).
•  The commercial natural gas à
methane and ethane. The propane
and butanes liquefied under pressure
and sold as liquefied petroleum gases
(LPG).
•  Crude Oil à refiningà distillation
stepsà gasoline
•  Straight (unbranched alkanes)
consider to be “poor fuel” à induce
engine “knock”
•  Several methods : analytical cracking
and catalytically re-combine
•  Heptane (octane number = 0) ,
isooctane (octane number 100) more
resistant to knocking
THANK YOU