( B8: More Complex Projectile Problems For the horizontal components of motion, the equations are Ad, = Vix*t For the vertical components of motion, the three equations are =y et eta xt Y= Viy* bt + 3% ay t . x Vey = Viy + ay* 2uy 2 om Vey. = Vig + 2 arty y= vert.displacement —ay= vert. acceler'n t= time jy = init. vert. velocity Vey = final vert, velocity Example _! ‘A ball is thrown from the top of a building with a horizontal velocity of 20 m/s. It hits level ground 80 m from the face of the building. How high is the building and how long does it take the ball to hit the ground? ‘The solution of this problem begins with declaring the values of the known information. Horizontal Information Vertical Information ‘Ady = 277 vy = Omls 8 m/sis The unknown quantity is the vertical displacement and the time of flight of the pool ball. The solution of the problem now requires the selection of an appropriate strategy for using the kinematic equations and the known information to solve for the unknown quantities.A careful listing of known quantities (as in the table above) provides cues for the ( selection of the strategy. For example, the table above reveals that there is more horizontal information mown than vertical information. ‘Thus, it would be reasonable that a horizontal equation be used with the horizontal values to determine time and then the vertical equation be used to determine "Ady." Ady =vi"t 80 m= (20 m/s)*t 4s=t The ball is in the air for 4 seconds. Once the time has been determined, a vertical equation can be used to determine the vertical displacement of the pool ball. Recall from the given information, viy = 0 m/s and a, = -9.8 m/s/s. The first, vertical equation (Ady,= viy*t + 0.5*ay*t”) can then be used to solve for "Ady." Ady = viy*t + 0.5*a,*t? Ady = (0 m/s)*(4 s) + 0.5*(-9.8m/s/s)*(4 8)? Ady = 0.5*(-9.8 m/s/s)*(4 s) -19 m (rounded from 19.6 m) Ad, The ball falls a vertical distance of 19 m from the top of the building. Example A football is kicked with an initial velocity of 25 m/s at an angle of 45-degrees with the horizontal. Determine the time of flight, the horizontal displacement, and the peak height of the football. The solution of any non-horizontally launched projectile problem (in which v; and Theta are given) should begin by first breaking the initial velocity into horizontal and vertical components using the trigonometric functions. Horizontal Component Vertical Component Viz = cos 0 vi ¥ Vig= viteos @ Viy=vitsin @Vix = 100 m/s*cos(25 deg) vViy= 100 m/s*sin(25 deg) Vig= 90.63m/s Viy = 42.26m/s, ‘The solution continues by declaring the values-of the known-information. ~~ Horizontal Information Vertical Information Ady = 277 | ‘Ady = 277 Vix = 90.63 m/s Voc = 90.63 mis a= 0 m/s/s ‘As indicated in the table, the final x-velocity (vg) is the same as the initial x-velocity (vi). This is due to the fact that the horizontal velocity of a projectile is constant; there is no horizontal acceleration. The table also indicates that the final y-velocity (vq) has the same magnitude and the opposite direction as the initial y-velocity (viy). This is due to the symmetrical nature of a projectile's trajectory. The unknown quantities are the horizontal displacement, the time of flight, and the height of the cannonball at its peak. The solution of the problem now requires the selection of an appropriate strategy for using the kinematic equations and the known information to solve for the unknown quantities. From the vertical information in the table above and the second equation listed among the vertical kinematic equations (¥jy = Viy + ay*t), it becomes obvious that the time of flight of the projectile can be determined. Viy = Viy + ay*t 42.26 mis = 42.26 mls + (-9.8 misis)*t ‘The total time of flight of the football is 8.62 seconds. ‘With the time determined and the horizontal kinematic equation we can determine the horizontal displacement (Ad,) of the projectile.C ‘The horizontal displacement of the projectile is 781 m. Finally, the problem statement asks for the height of the projectile at is peak. This is the same as asking “what is the vertical displacement (y) of the projectile when it is halfway through its trajectory?" In other words, find y when t = 4.31 seconds (one-half of the to 8.62 s). To determine the peak height of the projectile (y wit © of flight t=4.31 sec), the first equation (Ady = viy*t 40.5%a,*f°) listed among the vertical kinematic equations can be used. Ady = vy*t +0.5%ay*t? ‘Ady = (90.63 m/s)*(4.31 s) + 0.5%(-9.8 mis/s)*(4.31 s)? ‘Ady = 390.61 m+ (-91.02 m) Ady = 299.59 m ‘The peak height of the football is 299.59 m. ground. Example ‘A helicopter is rising vertically at a uniform velocity of 14.7 m/s. When it is 196 m from the ground, a ball is projected from it with a horizontal velocity of 8.5 m/s with respect to the helicopter. Calculate (a) when the ball will reach the ground, (b) where it will hit the This is a non-horizontally launched projectile problem in which the initial velocity is already broken into horizontal and vertical components Horizontal Component Vertical Component’ Vic = 8.5 m/s 4.7 m/s Vi The solution continues by declaring the values of the known information: Horizontal Information Vertical Information ‘Adx= 297 Vnn= 8.5 m/s Vge= 8.5 mn/s a= 0 misis ‘Ady = -196 Viy= 14.7 m/s 2 ay = -9.8 m/sis{As indicated in the table, the final x-velocity (vg, is the same as the initial x-velocity (vx). This is due to the fact that the horizontal velocity of a projectile is constant; there is no horizontal acceleration. ‘The table also indicates that the y value (displacement) is negative, since vertical distance up is positive and the vertical distance down is negative. The distance from the ~helicopter down to the groundis- = 196m: OrAd=dy~ dj =0~196m=~196m: ‘The vyris not known due to the non symmetrical nature of a projectile's trajectory. ‘The unknown quantities are the horizontal displacement, the time of flight, and the velocity when it hits the ground. From the vertical information in the table above and the second equation listed among the vertical kinematic equations (Ad, = vit + 0.5*ay*t?), it becomes obvious that the time of {light of the projectile can be determined. Ady = viy"t + 0.5*ay*? -196 m = (14.7 mis)*t + 0.5%(-9.8 m/s/s)* 4.941 - 14.7*t -196 = 0 -3.0*t-40=0 (t- 8.0) (t+ 5.0)=0 ‘The solutions of the equation are: 0 s or t=- 5.08 The time taken to reach the ground is 8.0 s, since the negative solution has no meaning. in this problem. With the time determined, information in the table and the horizontal kinematic equation (Ady=vis*t) we can determine "x." Ady = vi*t Ad, = (8.5 m/s)*(8 s) Ad, = 68 m ‘The horizontal displacement of the projectile is 68 m from the point directly below the vertically rising helicopter. Example Harry the human cannon ball is shot horizontally at 12 m/s from the top of a tower. (a) If Harry hits the river below at 30 m/s, what is the vertical component of Harry's | impact velocity? (®) How high is the tower?Draw a diagram: Horizontal Information Vertical Information @) Since we want to know the vertical component of the final impact velocity and we already know the overall final impact velocity and the horizontal impact velocity, we can use Pythagoras to determine viy: pevgten? t ve ava? + V0 V. (30)? - (12)? = v5" Ye Vy =-27.495 rounded to - 27 m/s Remember: it’s a downward negative velocity, so don’t forget to make it negative. Vee 12 ifs ‘The vertical component of Harry’s impact velocity is -27 m/s (b) In order to determine the height of the tower, we analyze our knowns: Since we know that the initial and final vertical velocities and the acceleration of gravity, ‘we can use the following equation: _Vyf = yi + 2aAdy. 0 + 2(-9.8)(d,) = (-27.495)* ‘Ad, = -38.571 or rounded to -39 m ‘Therefore the tower is 39 m high. Notice that we did not include the negative number as ‘we are referring to height, not displacement.Example Harry the human cannonball is launched again at 25 m/s and 35° above the ground, but this time he hits the wall of the circus tent 40 meters away (@) With what velocity (magnitude and direction) does he hit the wall? (b)-Does he clear the top ofthe stands that are 10.0-nhigh at their tallest agains — wall NN Horizontal Information @ Using trigonometry, determine the initial velocity components forthe initial velocity: v= * c0s(35) Vy =v * sin(35) ee u = 25 * cos(35) = 25 * sin(35) As. ye = 20.4788 m/s = 14.3394 m/s Oe _ ‘We can now determine the amount of time it takes to hit the tent wall using the horizontal velocity and distance (v= d/t) t= Ad. Ay = 40 / 20.4788 9532Now, knowing the time, we ean compute vyr using the equation: v fytat =14.3394 + (-9.8)(1.9532) 4.80196 m/s Using Pythagoras (knowing horizontal velocity does not change), we can determine with ‘what velocity (magnitude) Harry hits the wall: = 20.4783 m, we Nee ee Day? {Baa = (4.80196) + (20.4788 SN Vgyz 90048 = 21.0342 which is rounded to 21 m/s Ne eal Using trig, we can determine the direction of the final velocity: ‘Tan(0) = vi/vs 1.80196 /20.4788 =13.1966 rounded to 13° Harry hits the wall going 21 m/s at a 13° angle below the horizon. ¢ (b) Knowing the time it takes to hit the tent and the initial vertical velocity, we can determine the vertical displacement from the ground that Harry hit the tent wall: Ady = Viy*t + 0.5*ay*t? =14,3394(1.9532) + (0.5)(-9.8)(1.9532)" = 28,007716 + -18.69345 = 9.231426 rounded to 9.3m OUCH! Unfortunately, Harry does not clear the stands. Example A small mass is projected from the top of a 20-m tall building with a "potato gun" at an initial speed of 40 m/s and angle 35° to the horizontal. ‘What is the range from the bottom of the building? ‘What is the maximum height? What is the final velocity (magnitude and direction) as the mass strikes the ground?Diagram the problem and place the origin of an x-y coordinate system at the base of the building. Horizontal Information Vertical Information First, determine the x and y components of the initial velocity: z= (40 m/s)cos35° = 32.766 m/s ‘vy = (40 mis)sin35° = 22.943 (@) To find the range first find the time of flight. Use the Ad, = vi*t + 0.5tay*t? equation. -20 m = (22.943)t + 0.5(9.8) 0 =20 m + (22.943 m/s)t + (-4.9 m/s”)? ‘The quadratic is O-4.682t-4.1=0‘The range, the value of Ad, when ¢= 5.4 is Ady = vx*t Ad, = (33 m/s)(5.436 s) = 179.388 m rounded to 179 m ‘The range of the projectile is 179 m. (©) The maximum when vy ~0, therefore to determine maximuny height; ‘we must first determine the change in displacement from the origin to the peak of the projectile ‘Remember that is not our typical problem, the following equation will tell us the displacement from the initial position to the top of the projectile: Vy = yi’ + 2aAdy 0 = (22.943)? + 2(-9.8 m/s*)(Ads) ‘Ady = 26.856 (height from origin to top of projectile) but this is not our final answer as we haven’t taken the building height into consideration, therefore we add the 20 m (height of building) to the 26.856 m (height of projectile) ‘Ady = 46.856 rounded to 47m The total height of the projectile from the ground is 47 m. Note: This is not a symmetrical parabola so don't use 1/2 the time of flight for the maximum height calculation. (©) The vertical and horizontal components of the velocity just before the mass hits the ‘ground are: Horizontal velocity stays the same so it is 32.766 m/s rounded to 33 m/s. The vertical component can be determined using the displacement from the peak of the projectile to the ground and the equation vyr= vyi + 2ad: ‘Yor = Vyi' + 2aAdy vot" = (0) + 2(-9.8)(47.7656) Vyr=-30.597rounded to -31 m/s Therefore the resultant final velocity (direction and magnitude) are determined using Pythagoras and trig.: 2/76 em, wave 5 Var 32 is = (-30.597)" + (32.766)? f WN hs == 40.547= 44,8306 which is rounded to 45 m/s Using trig, we can determine the direction of the final velocity: Tan) iy = 30.597/32.766 =43.039 rounded to 43° | elow-+he horizon