V.

Questions for Research

1. Tabulate to show the functions of all cellular parts found in a typical animal cell.
Cellular Part Function
The cell membrane is the outermost part of
the cell, which encloses all the other cell
Cell Membrane organelles. This organ controls the influx of
nutrients and minerals in and out of the cell.

Cytoplasm is supposed to be the matrix or

gel-like substance/fluid present inside the
Cell Cytoplasm cell. It is mainly made up of water and
protein material. The cytoplasm is the key
site wherein all life processes occur.

Cell nucleus is supposed to be the brain or

the control center of the cell and thus one of
the most important parts. It contains the
genetic material, i.e., DNA
Nucleus (Deoxyribonucleic acid) and the
chromosomes. The DNA is made up of
nucleotides, which eventually help in
protein formation by the process of
transcription and translation.

Nucleolus is a dark stained area inside the

Nucleolus nucleus, mainly responsible for the protein
formation using RNA (Ribonucleic acid).

This is the porous, protective sheath that

Nuclear Membrane covers the nucleus, which allows influx of
substances and is one of the distinctive
characteristics of an animal cell.
This dense fluid inside the nucleus contains
chromatin fibers, which condenses to form
Nucleoplasm chromosomes and genes, which carry
hereditary information. The nucleoplasm
forms the nucleus of the animal cell.

Mitochondria are among the largest cell

organelles, also known as the engine house
of the cells. Oxygen combines with glucose
to form energy (ATP), which is required for
Mitochondria metabolism and cellular activities in this
organelle. It is an independent organelle
having its own mitochondrial DNA, RNA,
 and ribosomes, owing to self replication and
duplication.

Protein synthesis (transcription and

Ribosomes translation) takes place in ribosomes. These
organelles could be bound to the
endoplasmic reticulum or free-floating in
the cytoplasm
These are membrane-bound sacs containing
enzymes needed to break down unnecessary
parts of the cell for reuse. It mainly helps
Lysosomes phagocytosis and promotes intracellular
digestion.

These small organelles surrounded by the

microtubules or the centrosphere contain
Centrosomes the centrioles, which are responsible for the
initiation of cell division.

The diagram clearly suggests ER to be the

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
second largest cell organelle after
mitochondria since these form a series of
interconnecting flattened tubular
tunnels―rough endoplasmic reticulum
(RER) and smooth endoplasmic reticulum
(SER). The RER is mainly responsible for
holding onto the proteins formed in the
ribosomes, thus being rough in appearance.

The proteins formed and bounded by the ER

need to be processed so as to perform
Golgi Apparatus normal functions. Golgi, membranous sacs
associated chiefly with the endoplasmic
reticulum, do that to release the protein
chains.

Smaller gas and membrane vacuoles filled

Vacuoles with fluids and water are present in animal
cells. Their main function is storage.

2. What are somatic cells and gamete cells? Give examples for each.
Somatic cells are all cells in the body except gametes which are produced through the cell
division process called mitosis and they also contain two copies of each chromosome. Examples
are bone cells, muscle cells, nerve cells and blood cells. On the other hand, Gametes are also
called the reproductive cells which are formed through another cell division process called
meiosis that results in the cells having only one copy of each chromosome. Examples are the egg
cells and the sperm cells.
3. What is mitosis? Give its significance and describe the salient feature of each mitotic stage.
4. Differentiate mitosis and meiosis in terms of:
a. Number of daughter cells produced: Two daughter cells are produced after mitosis and
cytoplasmic division. After meiosis, four daughter cells are produced.
b. Nuclear content: In mitosis, there is no recombination or crossing over that occurs
however, its resulting daughter cells are genetic clones or are genetically identical.
In meiosis, as the result of the random segregation of homologous chromosomes into
different cells through crossing over, genetic recombination occurs therefore, the resulting
daughter cells contain different combinations of genes.
c. Rate of division: Mitosis: A somatic cell divides once. Cytokinesis (the division of the
cytoplasm) occurs at the end of telophase. Two daughter cells are produced. Each cell is diploid
containing the same number of chromosomes.
Meiosis: A reproductive cell divides twice. Cytokinesis happens at the end of telophase I
and telophase II. Four daughter cells are produced. Each cell is haploid containing one-half the
number of chromosomes as the original cell.
5. Explain why cancer is regarded as abnormal cellular function.
Cancer is unchecked cell growth. Mutations in genes can cause cancer by accelerating
cell division rates or inhibiting normal controls on the system, such as cell cycle arrest or
programmed cell death. As a mass of cancerous cells grows, it can develop into a tumor. Cancer
cells can also invade neighboring tissues and sometimes even break off and travel to other parts
of the body, leading to the formation of new tumors at those sites.
6. Describe the occurrence of genetic diseases.
Genetic diseases are disorders which are caused by the changing of the DNA sequence
away from the normal sequence. They are usually caused by mutations in either one or in
multiple genes that are inherited and are present at birth, by the combination of environmental
factors and gene mutations which includes cancers and some forms of neurofibromatosis, or by
damages to chromosomes which includes changes in the number or structure of the entire
chromosomes.
7. In a tabular form, describe the structure, and identify the location and function of the different
types epithelial tissue.

Type Description Function Location

 Simple squamous flat in shape and Allows materials Air sacs of the
epithelium arranged in a to pass through lungs and the
single layer by diffusion and lining of the
filtration, and heart, blood
secretes vessels and
lubricating lymphatic vessels
substances
Simple cuboidal epithelium single layer cells Secretes and In ducts and
that are as tall as absorbs secretory portions
they are wide of small glands
and in kidney
tubules

single row of tall, Absorbs; it also Ciliated tissues

Simple columnar
closely packed secretes mucous including the
epithelium
cells, aligned in a and enzymes. bronchi, uterine
row. tubes, and uterus;
smooth
(nonciliated
tissues) are in the
digestive tract
bladder

Pseudostratified columnar Nuclei appear at Secrete mucous; Ciliated tissue

epithelium different heights, ciliated tissue lines the trachea
giving the moves mucous and much of the
misleading (hence upper respiratory
pseudo) tract
impression that
the epithelium is
stratified when
the cells are
viewed in cross
section. can also
possess fine hair-
like extensions of
their apical
(luminal)
membrane called
cilia
Stratified squamous Thick membrane Protects against Lines the
epithelium composed of abrasion esophagus,
several cell layers. mouth, and
vagina

Stratified cuboidal Two layers of Protective tissue Sweat glands,

 epithelium cube-like cells. salivary glands,
and mammary
glands

Stratified columnar Several layers; Secretes and The male urethra

epithelium basal cells usually protects and the ducts of
cuboidal, some glands.
superficial cells
columnar or
elongated.
Transitional epithelium it can appear to be Allows the Lines the bladder,
stratified cuboidal urinary organs to urethra and
when the tissue is expand and ureters
not stretched, or stretch
stratified
squamous when
the organ is
distended and the
tissue stretches

8. In a tabular form, describe the structure, and identify the location and function of the different
types connective tissue.
9. In a tabular form, describe the structure, and identify the location and function of, and
determine the effect of nerve impulses on the different types epithelial tissue.
10. In a tabular form, describe the structure, and the function of the following parts of nerve
tissue:
a. Neuron
b. Synapse
c. Neurotransmitters
d. Neuroglia
e. Schwann cells
11. What are the two types of epithelial membranes? Where are they specifically located and
what are the fluids secreted by each?
12. What is collagen? What vitamin is closely associated to the synthesis of collagen?
Collagen is the main structural protein in the extracellular matrix in the various connective
tissues in the body. As the main component of connective tissue, it is the most abundant protein
in mammals, making up from 25% to 35% of the whole-body protein content. Vitamin C is
absolutely essential for synthesis of collagen. Meanwhile, vitamin C is the essential cofactor for
the two enzymes required for collagen synthesis: prolyl hydroxylase (to stabilize the collagen
molecule) and lysyl hydroxylase (to give structural strength cross-linking).
REFERENCES:
Bailey, R. (2019, August 19). 7 Key Differences Between Mitosis and Meiosis. Retrieved
from https://www.thoughtco.com/differences-between-mitosis-and-meiosis-373390

Carrol, J. (2017). Cell Division and Cancer.

Deo, M.(2018). What Are the Various Parts of an Animal Cell?. Retrieved from: https://
biologywise.com/animal-cell-parts

Genetic Disorders. (2018, May 18). Retrieved from https://www.genome.gov/For-

Patients-and-Families/Genetic-Disorders

Kizirian, A. (2012). Eight types of epithelial tissue. Retrieved from: https://antranik. Org
/eight- types-of-epithelial-tissue/

Lincks, J. (2018). Collagen in the Body. Retrieved from

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/collagen-synthesis

Somatic Cells. (2017, April 28). Retrieved from https://biologydictionary.net/somatic-

cells/