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technology change in
STRUCTURAL MODEL
● ID or the "It"
○ Unconscious part of the mind
○ Operates under the PLEASURE PRINCIPLE:
■ "I want what I want and I want it now"
○ Control many of our actions (drives the primitive urges of our
personality
■ Ex. hunger, thirst, aggression, sexual drives
○ Animal-like and chaotic
● EGO ("I")
○ Part of the mind (rational self)
○ Decision making part of mind
A. Claudius Ptolemy (AD 90-168)
a. born in Alexandria (Roman Empire in Egypt under the
Roman Empire)
b. the Geocentric Model (1 300 years)
c. based on man’s everyday observation
B. Copernicus (1473-1543)
a. Torun, Poland
b. build a modest observatory
i. speed of each planet’s orbit depends on its
distance from the sun
c. theory was revolutionary and very controversial
d. published his book just before his death in 1543 by
GIORDANO BRUNO (in 1616 was burned for teaching
that the Earth orbited the Sun)
Activity 17: Intellectual Revolution (Part 2) e. Catholic Church completely banned the book in 1616 by
The Copernican Revolution (1 500 - 1 700) Roman Church
C. Tycho Brahe (1546-1601)
Nicholas Copernicus (1473-1543) a. established astronomical observatory in Hven, Denmark
● rediscovered the heliocentric model (Aristarchus) i. proper research institute in the world
b. collected 20+ years of data from observations
c. measured position of Mars accurately
d. set of data to be used later by Kepler
D. Johannes Kepler (1571-1630)
a. German urthodox Protestant
b. derived 3 (three) mathematical Laws of Planetary
Motion (from Brahe’s data)
i. elliptical orbit
ii. movement - fastest movement of the planet
when near the sun (meaning it is NOT
CONSTANT)
iii. Period (when planets are closer to the sun,
period is shorter)
● Similarities between Geocentric and Heliocentric
○ planets have circular orbits (heavenly perfect)
○ have uniform motion (heavens cannot change)
○ explain observations (sun rises “east” and sets “west”)
● The shift from geocentric to heliocentric slowly happened
● HISTORICAL FIGURES:
i. Galileo heard about it and made his own in 1609
k. the church forced Galileo to retract his claims
l. house arrested in 1633
m. remained imprisoned until his death in 1642
n. Galileo’s crime were publicly forgiven by the Catholic
Church in 1992 (Pope John Paul II)
o. Copernican Model continued to gain acceptance as the
years passed
c. discovered that planets follow elliptical paths, not p. unmanned probes of the 1960’s, 70’s and 80’s
circular
E. Galileo Galili (1564-1642) THE COPERNICAN REVOLUTION
a. Pisa, Italy
b. inventor, physicist, engineer, and astronomer
c. used telescope to:
i. observe the moon & planets
ii. validate heliocentric model
d. developed physical laws (Newton’s law of Universal
Gravitation and Einstein's Theory of Relativity)
e. invented the modern view of science
i. from a faith-based “science” to observation-
based “science”
f. was the 1st to meticulously report telescope
● The Copernican Model was NOT ACCEPTED BY SCHOLARS & THE PUBLIC,
observations from the sky to support the Copernican
because it violates the religious teaching of the time
Model of the Universe
● Copernicus book “De Revolutionibus” was published in 1543 (year
g. MAJOR DISCOVERIES:
Copernicus died)
i. 4 moons of Jupiter (4 Galilean moons)
ii. Rings of Saturn
F. Isaac Newton (1642-1727)
iii. surface structures on the moon; first estimates
a. Lincolnshire, England
of the height of mountains on the moon and its
b. developed the full theory of planetary orbits
craters
c. discovered that the main force that causes the planets
iv. sun spots (which eventually blinded him)
continue moving in elliptical orbits is GRAVITY
v. phases of Venus (including “full Venus”),
d. formulated the UNIVERSAL LAW OF GRAVITATION
proving that Venus orbits the sun, not the Earth!
h. performed experiments to test his ideas (radical idea
● From Aristarchus belief until actual proof took over 2000 YEARS
before)
i. regarded as: FATHER OF EXPERIMENTAL SCIENCE
Activity 18: Darwinian Revolution (Intellectual Revolution Part III)
j. The telescope was invented in Holland early in the 17th
Archbishop James Ussher of Ireland (1581-1656)
century
● the earth was created on October 22, 4004 BC ○ origin of living things
● His book: “History of the World” ○ how new species replaced extinct ones
● claims that all life on Earth is connected and related to each other
James Hutton, Theory of the Earth (1795)
● “... we find no vestige of a beginning,— no prospect of an end.”
Some points:
1. The Earth is much older than we thought
2. Different creatures have inhabited the earth at different times.
Problem: How did this happen? (based on point #2)
Two Theories:
1. Catastrophism
*George Cuvier (1769-1832)
2. Evolution
*Charles Darwin (1809-1882) Alive vs. Fossil records
ADAPTATION
● species adapt to their environment
● a characteristic that allow organisms to survive in its environment: good
chance for survival
● adaptation may lead to genetic change (mutation)
● VARIATIONS in a population lead to adaptation
Housing Weaponry and War printing press of movable - steam engine Heidegger claims that revealing is what “truth” really means. The Greek
related: type - internal for revealing, aletheia, is translated into veritas, truth, by the Romans. The
oars, longbow, combustion engine
gunpowder
equating of revealing with truth is pertinent to understanding the danger
of technology.
Clothing Nautical: compass, Studies: Math, telegraph
rudder, traverse boards Astronomy, Geography, DISCUSSION:
Medicine,Alchemy,
Hunting Farming: mills, Engineering and telephone The Meaning of Technology:
Spears wheelbarrow, horseshoe Architecture ● Understanding technology is understanding its existence
and horse collar
Two statements may serve as the answer for this question (not Martin
Boat Timekeeping: Renaissance humanism sewing machine
hourglass,sundial, after the barbarism that Heidegger’s):
minute glass troubled the Middle Ages ● technology is a means to an end; it is an “instrument” to meet our needs
(instrumental definition)
The General: printing press, airplane
wheel eyeglasses
● technology is a human activity (anthropological definition)
● Technology
○ is understood as “way of revealing”
○ ancient Greek term, TECHNE (art and technique)
○ “is helping something to come into BEING
■ Craftsmanship
■ Craft
■ Fine Art
1. Material Cause - physical elements that find its unity under our
comprehension of “wood”. It is the wood that serves as the
● Principle of Causality
material cause of this wooden chair.
○ Plato (429-347 BCE)
2. Formal Clause - based on the shape which the material cause
■ founded on the relation of “cause and effect”
(wood) has taken which is its “chair-ness”
■ “When I was young, Cebes, I was tremendously eager for
3. Efficient Clause - one that brought it into existence - the
the kind of wisdom which they call investigation of
carpenter
nature. I thought it was a glorious thing to know the
4. Final Clause - circumscribes the wooden chair as a furniture or as
causes of everything, why each thing comes into being
a throne, which means that the unity of both formal and material
and why it perishes and why it exists [...]” (Phaedo 96a)
sets forth the completion of the thing
○ expounded or solidified by Plato’s student, Aristotle (384-322
BCE)
● both the material and formal causes are co-responsible for the occurence
■ to Aristotle, there are four causes:
of the technological object
● the material [causa materialis]
● the final cause, too, is co-responsible for the existence of the wooden
● formal [causa formalis]
chair. What brings it into appearance is the carpenter which is called the
● efficient [causa efficiens]; and
“efficient cause”
● final [causa finalis]
○ means that technology brings-forth what is connected to appear,
● Technology is not an INSTRUMENT to meet man’s needs. thus, making it unconcealed.
○ being “instrumental” reveals man is exerting power over nature ○ this makes technology a revealing of what was concealed before
technology bringing-forth
● Technology as Challenging-forth
“We do not know how they were made or what they are made of and just like the
four causes we have made the 4th cause the most important we have not
questioned the products we have just accepted that that’s the way things are.”
Examples:
● In mining, man digs coal NOT simply to know what coals are
○ yes, man “exposes” these coals but not simply to know them.
They uncover them because he wants to use them
● Coals are mined from truck loads so as to use their energy
○ this is the characteristic of the things revealed in modern
technology. they are there “for” something
Human beings with their technological advancements, not only extended the
human lifespan, particularly through advancements in medicine, but also mode
possible more efficient means of killing human beings, from the use of guns that
can kill a low persons at a time to the employment of thermonuclear devices that
can kill millions in an instant.