Vietnam
Vietnam’s
democratization
movement
Colonized by the French
French — The French also burdened
the Vietnamese with an extensive
taxation system, which included
income tax on wages, a poll tax on all
adult males, stamp duties on a wide
range of publications and documents,
and imposts on the weighing and
measuring of agricultural goods
French — imposing forced labor ->
The Vietnamese were subject to
forced labour, heavy taxation and
French monopolies on salt, alcohol
and opium
Phan Boi Chau — A few scholar-
officials collaborated with the French,
but most did not. Among those who
refused was a group of several
hundred scholars who became
actively involved in the anticolonial
movement. The best known among
them was Phan Boi Chau, a scholar
from Nghe An Province, trained in the
Confucian tradition under his father
and other local teachers. In 1885
Phan Boi Chau observed at close
range the actions of French troops in
Philippines
EDSA People Power
Revolution
Colonized by the Spaniards
Spaniards — Taxation To support the
colony, several forms of taxes and
monopolies were imposed. Direct: The
tithe is the payment of the 10% of an
individual’s annual income to the
government. The sanctorum is the tax
being paid as support to the church.
The tribute(buwis) is the tax or rent
given to the landlord a resident is
under. It may be in cash or in kind
(tobacco,chickens, produce, gold,
blankets, cotton, rice, etc., depending
on the region of the country), fixed at
8 reales and later increased to 15
reales.
Spaniards — Forced Labor (Polo y
servicio) Polo y servicio is the forced
labor for 40 days of men ranging from
16 to 60 years of age who were
obligated to give personal services to
community projects. One could be
exempted from polo by paying the
falla, a daily fine of one and a half
real. In 1884, labor was reduced to 15
days. The polo system was patterned
after the Mexican repartimento,
selection for forced labor
Jose Rizal — While in Europe, José
Rizal became part of the Propaganda
Movement, connecting with other
Filipinos who wanted reform. He also
wrote his first novel, Noli Me Tangere
(Touch Me Not/The Social Cancer), a
work that detailed the dark aspects of
Spain's colonial rule in the Philippines,
with particular focus on the role of
Catholic friars. The book was banned
in the Philippines, though copies were
smuggled in. Because of this novel,
Rizal's return to the Philippines in
Vietnam
crushing scholar-gentry resistance to
the colonial overlords. For the next
decade he devoted himself to his
studies and finally passed the regional
examination with highest honors in
1905. During the following five years,
he traveled about the country making
contacts with other anticolonial
scholars and seeking out in particular
the survivors of the Can Vuong
movement, with whom he hoped to
launch a rebellion against the French.
Philippines
1887 was cut short when he was
targeted by police.
Rizal returned to Europe and
continued to write, releasing his
follow-up novel, El Filibusterismo (The
Reign of Greed) in 1891. He also
published articles in La Solidaridad, a
paper aligned with the Propaganda
Movement. The reforms Rizal
advocated for did not include
independence—he called for equal
treatment of Filipinos, limiting the
power of Spanish friars and
representation for the Philippines in
the Spanish Cortes (Spain's
parliament).