PROPERTY of AEC (NRE, 2004 I Manual for Railway Engineering Volume 2 Structures Chapter 7 Timber Structures Chapter 8 Concrete Structures and Foundations Chapter 9 Seismic De n for Railway Structures Chapter 15 Steel Structures Chapter 19 ige Bearings Chapter 29. Waterproofing £ General Subject IndexCopyright © 2004 bythe AMERICAN RAILWAY ENGINEERING AND MAINTENANCE-OFWAY ASSOCIATION oO Allrghts reeerved - [No part ofthis publicstion may be reproduce, stored in an information or data retrieval eystem, oF teanamited, in any form, or by any meaneeleteonie, mochaniesl, photocopying, seanning, recording, or citerwise—without the prior writen permission ofthe publisher. Photocopying or sioctroni reproduction andlor distribution ofthis publication sa violation of USA and Tnteraatanal Copyright laws and is expressly ‘prohibited. Correspondence regarding copyright permission shouldbe dread tothe Director of Administration, AREMA, 18001 Corporate Drive, Sulte 1135, Landover, MD 20786 USA. ISSN 1542-8086 - Print Version ISSN 1548-9264 - CD-ROM VersionJARTEMUA, ‘American Ralvay Engineering and Mainterance-ct-Way Associaton CHAPTER 7 TIMBER STRUCTURES‘ ‘TABLE OF CONTENTS PartiSection Description Page | Material Specifications for Lumber; Piles, Giued Laminated Timber and Fasteners 1.1. Amerioan Softwood Lumber Stendarda PS 20-70 (1973) : 12 Lumber Indusiry Abbreviations (1973) 18 Nomenclature of Commercial Domestic Hardwoods and Softwoods (19 14 Specifications for Strucaral Lumber (1969) 1.5. Spocitiation for Glued Laminated Tirnber (1981) 16 Grading Rules for Hardwood Structural Timbers (903) UT Ordering Structural Lumber ( 18 Struetuval Grados of Lumber and Pinbor and Msthod of Phair Devivtion 9. Specifications for Timber Plas 1110 Specifications and Recommended Practice for Overhead and Ouher Wood “Highway Bridges (1960 and 1962) rad LAL Specifications for Fire Retardant Coating for Creosoted Wood (1963). mata 112 Specifications of Fasteners for Timber rests. 723 118 Standardization und Simplification of Store Stack and the Disposition of Material Reaching Obsolosconce 1.14 Speifieations for Timber Bridge Tice 2 Design of Wood Railway Bridges and Trestles for Railway Loading. 21 Design of Publie Works Projects 22 Working Stresses (1990) 23. Notes on the Uso of Strce\Graded Lumber 24 General Fstures of Design 25. Loads, Fens and Stresses 26 Design Stresses for Glued Laminated Tier 27 Allowable Unit Strossos for Stress Graded Lumber "Thema thi she hagas inthe AREA Manolo Resa ining linda rcmmendel ete to ‘alluis andes once! wi the ening erg nd contin lea fea properties eg aes ‘Smmanaton) an ated se tn ate Fer the papa of ts anal, RECOMMENDED PIACTION ane ere ‘Buel deca dnign, lan potatn pina cr pain oo othe alma ore regu tet oo ‘rsd orth oa aantans ey be sacnay or Saatn coat he nnd tna! abl ins ve ith ¢ ‘ew tpeomtngiorry and cnet lero, ata, peraton or atteanee eral ent nen t Ip thar roses nay nt boa anes ‘Tass Anatan Rabe Ergot a Montene Way Arson 7a‘TABLE OF CONTENTS (CONT) PartiSection Description Page 28 Details of Design re 2.9. Comparison of Unit Stress in Timbers in Open and Ballasted Tock Trestle (10 1280 2.10 Rls for Rating Bxsting Wood Bridgos and restlos rat 2.11 Recommended Practice for Desig of Wood Culverts (1982) ea 2.12 Recommended Practice for Simple Stress Laminated Deck Panels. rei 2.18 Temporary Structures. 1s 3 Construction, Maintenance and Inspection of Timber Structures .......5 ret 3.1. Workmanship for Construction of Plo and Framod Treaties . : 733 32. Driving Timber Piles (1968) 136 33 Instructions for Inspection of Timbar Trestle Reilway Bridges 333 34. Topical Plane for Timber Railway Bridges 7320 35 Methods of Fireproofing Wood Bridges and Trestes ras 36 Useof Guard Rails and Guard Timbers (2004), T3468 Glossary... re1 Bibliography. TBA INTRODUCTION "The Chapters ofthe AREMA Manual are divided into numbered Parts each comprised of related documents (specication, recemmendoa pracices, plans, et) Individual Parts are dividod into Sections by cantored headings atin eapiel letters end identified bya Section number, These Sections are subdivided into Asticlos designated by numbered side headings. Page Numbers -In the page numbering of the Manual (7-2-1, for example) the fret numeral desmates the Chapter number, the second denotes the Part number inthe Chapter, and Ube third nuersl designates the page umber in the Pact. Thos, 7-2-1 mesns Chapter 7, Part 2, page 1 In the Glossary and Bibliography, the Part number is replaced by either a “G" for Glossary or “B” for Bibliography. Document Dates - The bold type date (Document Date) atthe beginning ofeach document (Part) applie tothe document asa whole and designatos the yar in whieh revisions were last made somewhere in the document, unless a attached footnate indientes thatthe document was adopted, reapproved, ar rewritten in that year ‘Auticle Dates - Pach Article shows the date (in parenthesis) ofthe last time thst Article was modified. Revision Marks ~All current year revisions (changes and additions) which have been incorporated into the document are idantifed by a vertical line along the outside margin of the page directly beside the mosified information. Proceedings Footnote ~The Proceedings footnote onthe fist page ofeach dacument gives references to all, Assornton action with respect fo the dacument. ‘Annual Updates ~ New manuals as well as rvison sets, willbe printed and issued yearly 1 "AREMA Manual for Railvay EngineeringARE NIA American Railway Engineering and Maintonance-ot Way Association Part 1 Material Specifications for Lumber, Piles, Glued Laminated Timber and Fasteners’ — 1988 — ‘TABLE OF CONTENTS SectiowaArtcle Description Page 1.1 American Softwood Lumber Standards PS 20-70 (1973). m3. 1.2 Lumber Industry Abbreviations (1973) a8 1.8. Nomenclature of Commercial Domestfe Hardwoods and Softwoods (1978) . ra 14 Specifications for Structural Lumber (1969) . oo se TA 1&1 General (1989). T13 1.5 Specifications for Glued Laminated Timber (1081). ......+.e+ee+e+0 . Tut 11 General (1988) fa 1.52 Sines for Laminstions (1988) : a 153 Grade Provisions (1988) 16 1154 Slope of Grain (1988), 15 155 Vertical Laminations (1988 5, 156 Radios of Curvature (1938), 75 157 Finished Stace (1988). : : 115 1.5.8 Marking end Wrapping (1988) m8 1.6 Grading Rules for Hardwood Structural Timbers (1964) pees ae 1621 Goneral (1988) 78 7 Ordering Structural Lumber... ma LTA Inquiry or Purchase Onder (1888) mat 1.8 Structural Grades of Lumber and Timber and Method of Their Derivation........ 748 m8 19. Specifications for Timber Piles. ......+.++ we sees 101 General Provisions (1988). ns 192 Clasiiation of Piles (1958) 1 ‘Siac anon Ralay Engng se MananenotWnyharouienTimber Structures ‘TABLE OF CONTENTS (CONT) Section/Article Description Page 193. Gonoral Requiromont for all Pies (1988) een 194 Special Requlrementa for First-Class Pies (1988) 12 18.5. Spocia Requirements for Second-Class Piles (1988) rag 196 Inquires and Purchaso Ordare (1988) mus and Recommended Practice for Overhead and Other Wood cena naa 1.10 Specitieatios Highway Bridges (1960 and 1962)..0+.c0+-00+-0+ 1.11 Specifications for Fire Retardant Coating for Creosoted Wood (1863) .. LIL Scope 1988) LALZ. Gonorel Preduatiteguirements (1888) 11.8 Application Requirements and Instructions 1088) 114 Pessing (1988), 1.12 Specifications of Fastaners for Timber Trestles. L121 Material (1988) 1122 ‘Types of Fastenings (1988) 1123. Uswot Proteative Coatings fr Stoel Fastenings ard Wood Bridges (1988). 1.18 Standardization and Simplification of Store Stoe Heaching Obsolescence =. «+» AIBA General (1988)... 00vsrevseessissvwrerere 43 and the Disposition of Materl 1.14 Specifications for Timber Bridge Ties. . 1-26 Ted Materia. 126 1142. Physeal Requirements 28 1163. Design 126 1144 Inspection 126 1145 Delivery 1-28 1166. Shipment 28 LLGT Dapping or Sting Beldge Tes 1.28 1148 Bridge Tie Installation 729 CLA Preservative Treatment of Bridge Ties 7130 114.10 Spo o Bole Holes . 190 LLG The Plugs 130 116.12 Tie Bronding. 130 E1418 Ena Splitting Control Deviees 7130 LIST OF FIGURES Figure Description Page 714-1 Measurement of Short Crook . rag TL2 Fire Test Cabinet . mar TL Bite Test Cabinet Daot ag. TL Fire Test Cabinet Burner ras TAG Fite Tost Cabinet with Door snd Burner in Place m9 72 "AREMA Manual for Ralway EngineeringMaterial Specifications for Lumber, Piles, Glued Laminated Timber and Fastene LIST OF TABLES ke Doseription TAL Friction Piles Specified Butt Ciroumference with Minimum Tip Circumference 7-12 Bné-Booring Piles~ Speciied Tip Cireumerenees with Minimum Butt Cieumerence SECTION 1.1 AMERICAN SOFTWOOD LUMBER STANDARDS PS 20-70 (1973)' ‘SECTION 1.2 LUMBER INDUSTRY ABBREVIATIONS (1973)? ‘The same as American Softwood Lumber Abbreviations, es epproved by the American Lumber ‘Standards Committe, b. ‘These standard lumber abbreviations are commonly use for softwood lumber although al of them are ‘not necessarily applicable to all species. When used inthe preparatin or writing of eontrats and other Alocaments arising in transactions of purchase and tale of American Softwood Standard Lumber, these tbbreviations shall be construed as provided therein ‘SECTION 1.3 NOMENCLATURE OF COMMERCIAL DOMESTIC HARDWOODS AND ‘SOFTWOODS (1973)? "The standard commercial names for lumber eut from apecies or specie groupe of domestic hardwoods oF softwoods are the same as those listed inthe current standard grading rules forthe species, ‘SECTION 1.4 SPECIFICATIONS FOR STRUCTURAL LUMBER® (1969) 144 GENERAL (1989) 1. Lumber, including structural lumber, isthe produc of the saw and planing mill not farther ‘manufactured than by sawing, resawing, passing lengthwise through a standard planing machine, cross * Rete, 27,1987, 47, 85, 406; Wa 28, 107 pp. SE, 45,125; VB, 180, pp. 1287, 165,18 Vo 27,1908, 6, 14 p. 2a 2), a 185, pe. 0,16, 87,1 Vl 1. 10 * treo 21927, 9p. 99, 25; a 12, 101.08 Yk, 15 p. , 150, 0 i, 1988p BT, 195; Vl 1s p10, Harn, Vl 22,1901, p49, 165; 27,105, p81, 406; a 8, 2927p. 98, 146; Vel 9199p 3147, 1486; Yl. 4 180 p06, 7 7, 806, pp 8, 08; 2, 258 W168, p. 00, 30; a 0p. 6, 098 Ran, 0 Se 05 Va £60 p06 Vel a8 197 py, 96a. Ab; Vl, 198 pp 1, ol 12 pp 118 16, 91,088,676, 10S Ya 2 19 8B V6, 106, pp. 38 118, 1, 218 a8 1, AREMA Manual for Raiway EngineeringTim Structures cutting to length and working, After the lumber is produced, its nooessary to inpect each piece {ndividualy t dotarmine ite grade. Lumber which ix so graded Uhat working stresses can be assigned is called stressraded or structural lumber b. Exiting grading rules for structural lumber issued by the industry regional agoncis are in conformity seneraly withthe recommendations of ASTM D 2559 and ASTM D 245 andthe range of grades ‘valable i adequate for ralway purposes © Ibi rocommended thet structural umber be purchased in accordance with the grading rues ofthe industry's ageney publishing rales for the species, SECTION 1.5 SPECIFICATIONS FOR GLUED LAMINATED TIMBER’ (1981) 4.51 GENERAL (1988) ‘4. The term “Strctural Glued Laminated Timber” as employed herein refers to an engineered, etess- tuted product ofa timber laminating plant, comprising sssemblies of etsy selected and prepared ‘wood laminations securely honded together with adhesives, The Uhckness ofeach lamination shall not ‘exceed 2 inches. Thay may be comprised of pieces an joined to form any length, of pewes placed or glued ‘edge Lo edge to make wider ones, ar of pieces bent to curved form during ging Laminations shall be arranged horizontally (wide fae of aminations placed normal tothe direction of ‘the load) in members stresed principally in bending, except as hereinater provided , Exoopt as otherwise provided, glued laminated member shall be designed in aezordance with the C ‘engineering formulae used for elid sawn wood members and those presented in Pat Il ofthis ‘prcifieation, Design Tector for curved members and lateral stability ertria differ from thous fr old fawn members, (For more deel, oe Bibiograpiy 7 and Bibliography 8) 4, The same allowable loads and methods of design fr bolt, connectors, and other fastenings apply to tlued laminated members as to ealid sawn members. (Ror more deal, ee Bibliography 7 and Bibliography 8) ©. Bxoept as otherwite provided, the Voluntary Product Standard PS 68-78 for Structural Glue Laminated ‘Timber i adopted as apart ofthis specification 1.52 SIZES FOR LAMINATIONS (1988) ‘Individual laminations shall be 2 inches netor les in thickness. . Outer Jaminations of « member shall be of one pice in width or of pees preglued together edgewise. An ‘exception can be applied to members which ave preservatvelytreted with a creosote or hesry oil talution of preservative where laminations may be of more than one pecs in width ™ tres, Yi 195, p68, 108; 6165p. Gt, 17 V6, 66, pp 58, SY 8 1968 p62: YL SH 1085.p SI: Tt "AREMA Manual for Railway EngineeringSpecifications for Lumber, Piles, 1.5.3 GRADE PROVISIONS (1988) ‘4 AllJumber used as leminations inthe fabrication oferuetural glued laminated timber shall be graded in tsecordance with the current standard grading rles or special laminating grading rules and with ‘ditional requirements as specified in the spplicable laminating specification, PS 56:79 or hercin 1b. The lumber used for laminations shall be surfaced as specified in PS 56-79 andthe grades shal be as oquired by the appropriate spoaiiation referenced inthe footnote of Table 7-2-7 end Table 72, When lumber to be used for lainating is resawn or ripped, the finished sie shall mest the grade requirements 1.5.4 SLOPE OF GRAIN (1988) 1 Slope of gain shall be imitad in the full length ofeach lamination and shall be measured aver adatance sufficiently gras to determine the general sop, disregarding eligat local deviations resulting from permissible defects Slope af grain shall be as required in the appropriate speiientions referenced in fotnotes of Tle 7-2-7 and Table 728, 1.5.5 VERTICAL LAMINATIONS (1988) 4. When vertially laminated beums are specified, the allowable stresses chal be the stress epecifed in Table 728, »b. When other information isnot evllele, the strese as specified inthe standard grading rules forthe {grade of lumber may be used for to lamination members and increased 18 pendent for thre or more lamination members, . Allowablastrezes for vertialy laminated beams made up of combination grado of umber shall be the weighted average of the lumber grades. 1.5.6 RADIUS OF CURVATURE (1988) "The ability to bond laminations is dependent upon a mulitude of fects, relating to both wood properties and ‘manufacturing techniques, and it maybe adveable forthe designer to consult with the laminator prior to ‘peciying. Two prime considerations are thickness of laminations () and bending radi (The tt ratio ‘Should not exceed 1400 for southern pine nor Ysse for Douglas‘ir and other softwood, 1.5.7 FINISHED SIZES (1988) ‘2 Not (not nominal) dimensions of members shal be speifed 'b. Allmembers shall be trimmed tothe length and fnished tothe width and depth dimensions specie. [Not dimensions eal be specified. Normal width,inches «3 4G] BO Netfinished width, inches 242 SY Ye 6M 8% 10% 10s AREMA Manual for Railway EngineeringTm Structures: [Normal finished depths of straight laminated members shall be specified in multiples of 1 inches (Carved members may be avaiable in multiples of 0.15 inch. Other widths and depths may be available ‘and are subject to agreement between purcharer and supplier, ‘Members that are speifed to be pressure impregnated with a preservative after laminating shall be finished to sie, and all exting, raring, and boring of timbers shall be done before treatment, unless otherwise specified ‘Treatment with water-borne preservatives fllowing ging ie not recommended but, (Fused, special consideration should be given to dimensional change 1.5.8 MARKING AND WRAPPING (1988) "Each completed member shall be certified and marked with the product quality mark of PS 56-78 unless otherwise specified hy the purchaser Bach completed member tht is stressed principally in bending, if significant vo its proper use, shall be plainly marked a dently is top snd bottom face ‘Requirement for end sealing protection from damage during shipment shall be spocfied for the member involved. ach completed member shall be protected from damage such as would noticeably impair its eppearance torlower its strength, durability or tility values. When method of shipmant warrants such protection, a ‘wrapping to enclose each completed member may bo required Bach completed mombor, not pressure impregneted with a preservative and ifthe weather or other condition justify may be required vo be enclosed in 8 mlature-resiatant wrepping ar coating It shall be the responsibilty ofthe Contractor to provide protection on thejob site SECTION 4.6 GRADING RULES FOR HARDWOOD STRUCTURAL TIMBERS" (1964) 4.64 GENERAL (1988) Hardwood structural timbers shall comply withthe roqurements for “Select Car Stock Select Dimension oF (Common Dimension” ne described on pages 78 to 80 af tho 1960 Rulos of the Natonel Haréwood Lumber Accocalion, withthe following editional requirements Limiting slope of grain on any face, 1 in 8. The slope of gran is ensured over a latance suficlent to define the general slope; distegarding local devistion, gs around Knots “Knots in narrow faces ora the edges of wide faces at any point in the length ofthe pice shall be Limited ‘two alzes of | inch in pisos 2 or 3 inches tick, 2 inches in ploces 4 or S inches thick, $ Inches in paces Sor ‘inches thick, 3/2 Ines In pecs 8 to 10 inches thick, and #4 inchos in pioeos 12 inches or thicker ‘Such lnc hall be measured and limited between lines parallel tothe egos ofthe piece 146 "AREMA Manual for Railway EngineeringEnd shakes or season cheeks in the contr alf of the width measured between lines parallel tothe wide face shall not exceed two-fifths the thickness ofthe timber inslae, End spits inthe center ofthe width shal be limited to an average length notexsreding the thickmoss ofthe timber. Acomaination of ‘maximum shake, checks, or eplits neither and of any plese will not be permiied SECTION 1.7 ORDERING STRUCTURAL LUMBER. 1.74 INQUIRY OR PURCHASE ORDER (1988) ‘An inguity or purchase order for structural lumber should clearly stipulate: » Quantity in board feat or number of pices, ‘Thickness, width and longeh Whothor rough or surfaced, and extent of surfacing. ‘Stress -rade. Use the complete designation as given in the roles, Paragraph ar page numbers may be used ar aditional dontieation Speen of wood, ‘The name and date ofthe grading rule book and the neme ofthe organization issuing tI is preferable touse tha mest recent rule book Sut the designation “current grading rales” sbould not be used because ‘confusion may result due to changes in grade names endior paragraph ar page numbers, Any etceptions to or modifications ofthe grading rules euch ae (2) Lumber tobe fee of wane, (2) Seasoning i dosied, stating the method and acceptable molsture content, (Note that mills do not crdinarllyacason beam and stringer or post and timber ses. (@) Special beartwood requirements, (A) Special shear grades (6) Special provisions to make ot and plank or beam and stringer grades eitable for continuous spans (©) Special provisions to make joist and plank or beam and stringer grades suitable as columns oF tension members (7 Spocalingpeetion provisions (8) Provisions for treatment, Example : 30,000 fom 2 8-12 fet, $8, 1300#f structural joist and plank, Southern Cypress, in accordance ‘with Standard Specifestona for Strucaural Stress-Grades of Hardwoods and Cypress, dated 1943, [Esued by the National Hardwood Lumber Assocation, AREMA Manual for Railway Engineering rrTi Example 2: 120 ples 312-20 feat, SA, selected structural jlsts and planks, Douglas, coast region, ia accordance with Paragreph 123(a) of Standaré Grading and Dressing Rules for Douglas fir, West Coast Hemlock, Sitka Spruce, Waite fi Western Red Cedar, Lumber Eifetive Soptember 1, 1970, Revised January 1, 1973, irued by Weet Coast Lumber Inspection Huresu, excep ta have 90 pereent heartwood Example 3: 48 pieces 121226 feet, rough, donso structural 85, Southorn Yellow Pine in ancordance with Paragraph 423 of Southern Pine inspaction Bureau's Grading Rules, 1977 Fltion effective March 15, 1977, exoept to be free of wane SECTION 1.8 STRUCTURAL GRADES OF LUMBER AND TIMBER AND METHOD OF THEIR DERIVATION ‘See Proceodings AREMA, Vol. $0, 1929, pages 1206 to 1224 SECTION 1.9 SPECIFICATIONS FOR TIMBER PILES’ 4.9.1 GENERAL PROVISIONS (1988) 49.441 Scope ‘This pecieation covers timber ple tobe used either untreated or treated by approved preservative proces. 49.4.2 Species of Wood les may be of any species which will satisfactorily withstand driving and support the superimposed loads Species in common ute include edars, eypres, Dogs fr, hemlock, western larch okt, pines, prices and ‘tamarack (Note - For botanical names of wood species ee Section 13, Nomenclature of Commeresl Domestic Hardwoods and Softweoda (1973) 1.9.2 CLASSIFICATION OF PILES (1988) 1.924 Classes Piles are classifi in this epecifiestion under two general castes according to quality First-Class Piles and ‘Second Class Pils. First-Class Piles ae divided into two sizo groups as follows: 19.2.2 Firet-Class Piles: ‘Butt Cireumferonco- "The butt circumference is specified and minimum tip cireumfarences are in accordance ‘with Tub 7-1-1. ip Cieumnference-The tip elzeumferenee is specified and minimum butt citeumferencas are {in scoordance with Puble 71-2 7 fees Ye 0, 1908, pr 1 te 20,298.10) VM, 15, po 6,2, VL 57,185, 68, 106; Val 0, 1868p. 6, 6 10; VL, 1p. 18D NL 1p. 87,108; YL 8p 18 "AREMA Manual for Railway Engingering YMaterial Specifications for Lumber, Pies, Glued Laminated Timbe 41.02: Second-Class Pies Piles which do not meet the requirements of First-Class Piles but which are suitable fr use in oolferdams, falsework, tomporary work and light foundations or otter light construction, Sesond-Clase Piles may also be spectid by but circumference of tip eircumference 19248208 |& The ratio of “out of round” of maximum to minimum diameter atthe but or the tp of any pile shall not exceed 12 ». Alleineumfarence measurements mast be taken undar the bar. The creumferencs atthe butt may not exceed the circumference at 2 fect fom the but by more than Binches |AREMA Manus for Raliway Engineering m9Timber Structures Table 7-1-1. Fiction Piles - Specified Butt Circumference with Minimum Tip Circumforences ‘Soren I | | eons eee feed | feed Res} | exh fe] ead eo fe | ed | fee = ean potent ee 50 T 160 | 170 | 190 | 220 | 250 | 280 80 [160 | 160 | 160 | 160 | 21.8 90 “| 16.0 | 16.0 | 160 | 160 | 19.5 i t eo Dee eo [ie [reo 120 7 — 16.0 saps os SS ST pe een eres Table 7-4-2. End-Bearing Piles ~ Specified Tp Circumferences with Minimum Butt Circumference [Required Minimum Tip ft icisimumTip | ag | 10 | 22 | 2s | 2s | a1 | a5 | oe in inches [Length (feet) | _ Minimum Ciccumferences 3 Feet from Butt in inches) B_[ Ro] mo] mo] wd] Oo] 0] OO] aD 25 | 25 | 355 | a5 | 2s | 5) 20 | 35.0 | 380 | 410 | 46.0. | «60 345 [875 [408 | 498 | 475 | 605 37.0 [ 400 | 480 | 460 | 600 | 680 95 [425 | 455 | 455 | 25 | o55 420 [450 | 480 | 61.0 | 860 | 680 a6 [476 | 508 | 686 | 678 | 60s #70 | 60.0 | 59.0 | 860 | 600 [ase [exe | a6 [ero [s20 [550 | e830 5 r440 "AREMA Manual for allway EngineeringDesign of Wood Railway Bridges and Trestles for Ralway Loading SECTION 2.4 GENERAL FEATURES OF DESIGN 2.4.4 MATERIALS (1988) 1. Wood ples shall conform to AREMA specications see, Part 1, Material Specifications for Taumber, Pies, (Glued Laminated Timber and Fastaners ‘Structural lumber shall be stese grade and shall conform to AREMA speifcetions see, Part 1, Material Specifications for Lumber, Piles, Glued Lominated Timber and Fastaners Whore portions ofthe structure consists of structural steal, reinforced concrete or masonry, the current AREMA speciGcations relating to structures of these materials shall apply, withthe allowance for impact Provided for in those specifications, 2.4.2 CLEARANCES (1988) 1 The clearances on straight track shell be nat less then those shoven in Figure 7-22. On curved track, the Jataral elaarance each side of track centerline shall be increased 14 Inches per degree of curvature, ‘When the fixed obstruction is on tangent track, but the tack is Carved within 80 fee of the obstruction, the leteral clearance exch side of track centerline shall be increased as shown in Table 7-2-1 ‘Whore legal nequirements specify greater clearaness, such requirements shall govern ©The superelvation ofthe outer rail shal be specified by the Engineer. The distance fro the tp of rail to the top of ti shall be assumed as 8 inches, unless otherwise specified by the Engineer T | seo | ve Ce ae wie Figure 7-22. Tangent Track AREMA Manual for Relay Engineering reatDistance from Obstruction ‘Curved Trackin Feet oar 2Id0 4160 a) L % renwed to that 4. Where there are plans for slectifeation, the minimum vertical clearance shal be specified in Chaptor 28, Clearances. ©. Thecloaranoes shown are for new construction Clearances for reconstruction work or fr alterations are dependent on existing physical eaditions and, where ressonsbly pesible, shouldbe improved to meet the requirements for new construction, 2.43 STRINGERS (1988) Tho span length, for tae purpose of computing bending stresses in the stringers, shall be assumed asthe clear distance face to face of bearings plus 6 inches; except that, ieontinulty is figured on, the intermediate support shall be takon atthe center of the support. ‘Stringers shall be alested to provide: (2) Depth, prefereby, not less than one-twelth ofthe spen. (2) Width, not late than ane-thied ofthe dapeh 2.4.4 TIES (1988) 1 Cross tis shall be of adequate sio to distribute the tack load to all stross-caryingstringor, with tho stringers in a group placed Lo elf, ut nearly as practiesble,equel distribution of tack loads. An ‘approximate analysis to determine the division of rail loed to several tringers ix given in the shar, Figure 7-23 , Bach i shall be designed to carry not less than one-third of the maximum sxe load, a well to provide sufficient etfness to properly ditibute loads tothe stringers. Ties shall be secured against bunching, tnd the maximum clear cpace betweoa them, on open deck bridge, shall bo 8 inches 2.4.8 BENTS (1998) . Bents shal consist of a sufficient numberof piles or posts, so that no member in any bent will be cverstrersed under any condition of loading. For the purpose of eompiiing sess in the bens their pacing shall be considered aa the distance center to center of caps thereon, An approximate analysis to determine the division of load among the several pile of bent in given in Table 7-22 thru Tuble 7-25, The application ofthis analysis to bons of various typical dimensions is given in Figure 7-25 rough Figure 7-257, 2.4.6 PILES AND POST FOOTINGS (1988) Piles shal be driven to the required besring expacity in sesordance with AREMA specifiations sae, Part 3, (Construction, Maintananco and Inspection of Timber Structures. Posts shal be provided with adoqus fundation to support the loads superimpeeed upon ther, 7282 "AREMA Manual for Railway Engin. ODesign of Wood Rallway Bridges and Trestles for Railway Loading St apan: Application of joad ‘te wingers Sarumed na parabolic dletsibution [Sheltadineliy over middle half of span. Po wel toad Xa Xa Xe a bby aucoemsive inner stringers Le Span, of stringers, th. of outer stringers, ‘a= distance between centers of muccensive stringers, fl Ig7 Moment of Inertie of one stringer, ge Moment of Inertie of tes per ft. of span {or constatent deflections of te DEFLECTION EQUATIONS {5 ‘siringere af center cf apes dy Bag Bat (s+ faa HCG dea Mot (Ort Pan er (Art Pa PP — eis PaarXer ed Eda ye(dss Lee orl tPda Mee +Pas)P——— @) 3 3 4 (eat Bae Mat (ds+ Pda Mat dst Bee ot (4s +f dee Kerli +P der —— (8) Pow) (eet Basements ede (e+ Poa Mee (06+ BaasdRenCEs Tor ight stringers uve equations (1), (2) (@) tit Xy Mrmn For th isingntt se agualons (1) @) oul yy tease. DEFLECTION COEFFICIENTS (Detlections due to unit loads) Stringer due to total load of unity Tie, due to unit londy ot stringers eatpte tt a : ! ec eat : At points outside of load a= gi (oe - et - 2) ec Bor) | sae cate tr detton Figure 7-23. Distibution of Load to Stingers of Timber Trestles AREMA Manual for Railway Engineeringrate eden ohn ee Ko 2X nde nemee Kos Ze alin ti i uC eden pe omer he er ‘Semele opi os eterna. hese eer) Fr ee ey beta = penetra cen i Az Seanetinorston 12 enero ne Tenet yc, De eetonaae Be tte es ES sats femal Kit ‘nt ay fey ail (3 LE ‘ey fc aie CET we). ‘een le ai wae KC? ren fo lesoecap oe, Seamestem X= ‘Sem pnd eget dnt pil ee be me be pupetn Ie s4WSE AREA Se) Capos bel tig B+ Sines shame dow Sean Figure 7-2-4. Distribution of Load to Piles of Timber Testes "AREMA Manual for Railway Engineering (Design of Wood Railway Bridges and Trestles or Railway Loading 2 State ex insinuated 3 Steet.) 40) XX teatime pe era ac frdpieba ¢ plete, eo tan Kee FerSpicben adic gan AND oi Ke Figure 7-2-4, Distribution of Load to Piles of Timber Trestles (Continued) [AREMA Manual for Relay Engineering 7245‘Timber Structures Table 7-22, 4Pile Bents 80, $0,100,110, 120,190, 182, 140 & 144 inches Pile Cap Eft PlleLength | a G__ | FlgureNe, TP xP Timber 7 Be igi | Fawetae 20 | 12, 18,24 | Figwe 720 [12,18,26 | Figure 72-7 | 7m 1B, 18, 24 12,18, 24 12,18, 24 | Figure 727 10 LP Timber ry 12,18, 24 | Figure 728 [2.1824 | Figure 729 | 12, 18,24 | Figure 72-10 w 12, 18,24 | Figure 728 29 [72,1624 | Figure 720 a1] 28, 18,24 | Figure 72-10, Te Conereie w 2 [22,1824 | Figure TD 29 [12,1824 | Figure 72212 Bi | 12,18, 24 | Figure 7218 a Ba [12 18, 24 | Figure 72-11 29 | 12, 16,24 | Figure F212 [1 18, 24 | Figare Pa 7246 " "AREMA Manual for Railway Engineering YQ1.9.3 GENERAL REQUIREMENT FOR ALL PILES (1988) 4.9.4 Gene Quality ‘Except hereinafter provided, all piles shall be of sound wood, fre from defects which may impair their strength cor durability as piles such as decay red heart, or insect attack. Cedar and eypres piles may have a pipe oF ‘stump rot hole not more than 1s inches in diamoter. Cypres ples may have pec agaregnting not more then the limitation for holes. Pios having sound turpentine scars not damaged by insets may be accepted. Pile shal be eut shove the ground evell and have a eantinuoua and reasonably niform taper from but: t tip. 1.9.32 Knots ‘Kota in clusters shall not be permitted, The stm ofthe sizes of ll knots in any foot of length (meesured center tocenter of knots concerned of tho pile shall not exceed twice the sie ofthe largest singe knot permitted. The ‘Sze of a knot shal be its diameter measured at right anges tothe length of te ple, Sze of knets shall be limited as specified foreach class. 1.9.13 Heartwood Piles specified to have high heartwood content, for use without preservative treatment, shall exhibit « heartwood diameter atthe butt not les than eight-tencha the diameter ofthe pile 1934 Sapwood Piles for use with preservative tvatment shall have not lesa than 1 inch of sapwood atthe butt end, 15 Close Grain Melos grain is specie for softwood piles, the pile shall show onthe but end not less than 6 annual rings per inch, measured radially over the outer 3 inches ofthe erosssetion. Douglas-fir and pine averaging from 5 to 6 snnts rings pr inch shall be accepted es the equivalent of clase grain iFhaving one-third or more sum wood. 41.938 Cutting and Trimming Butts and tips of pls shall be cawed square with the axis ofthe ples and ball not be out of equare by more than 10 inch per inch of diameter. ll knots and limbs sell be tizned o smoothly eut Mush with the eurface ofthe ple 4.9.37 Peeling 4 Piles ar classified according to tho extont of bark removal a clean-posled, rouh-pesled or unpesled ». lean peeled piles require the removal of al outer bark. In adltion, a least 80 percent ofthe inner bark, ‘wall distributed ove the surface ofthe pile shall be removed, Piles for preservative treatment sbal have ‘ho trip of nner bark larger than 1 by inches © Rough-peelod piles require the complete removal ofall outer bark, 44 Unpeoled piles require no bark removal he sapwood of ple shall not be unnecesearily seared or injured in tho proceas of peaing. Plo for preservative treatment shall be clean peeled, AREMA Manual for Raliway Enginesring m1Tm Structures 193.8 Lengths Piles hall bo Furnished eut to any of tho following longth as specified: 16 foot to 40 fet, ine in multiples of 2 feet; over 40 feet in multiples of feet. Individual piles may excned the length apeciied at moch a plus 1 feet in piles 40 fst end shorter and plus 2 feet in piles over 40 feet. 1.9.3.9 Twist of Grain Spinal grain shall not exceed 180 degroes of trst when measured over any 20 foot section ofthe pile, 1.9.4 SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS FOR FIRST-CLASS PILES (1988) & Astraight line from the center ofthe butt tothe center of the tip of Firt-Clas pile salle entirely ‘within th body ofthe ple. First-Class piles sal be free from short crooks tha! daviate more than 2/4 inches from straightness in any 5 fot longth (ste Figure 7-1-1, 1, Kootsin First-Class piles shall conform to the requirements specified under, Article 1.9.8.2, and in addition the maximum diameter of any not shall not excoed 4 inches or one-third the diameter ofthe pile where t occurs, whichever isthe smallr 12 Ye inch in average dismeter shall be permitted in First-Clas piles provided the sum of dliameters of ll les in any aquare foc of pile surface dose not exceed 1 inch 4. Splits in First-Class Piles shall not be longer than the butt diameter. The length of any shake or combination of shakes, measured slong the eure of the anal ring, shell not exceed one-third the tirearnference of the butt of the ple ee _ ‘re snes ae sown pl andar ended an he rnp feria shrt Figure 7-1-1. Measurement of Short Crook rat2 "AREMA Manual for Railway Engineering1.9.5 SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS FOR SECOND-CLASS PILES (1988) [A straight line from the contor ofthe butt tothe center ofthe tip of Second: Class ples may ie partly ‘outside the body ofthe pile, but the masimour distance between the ine and the ple hall not exceed ¥” pereont ofthe length ofthe pile or 8 inches, whichver isthe smaller. Second-Clas piles shal be free from short erecks that doviato more than 29 inches from straightnese in any 5 fot length. (S Figure 71) Knots in Second-Class ples chal conform tothe requirements speciied under, Article 198.2, and in ‘addition the maximum diameter of any knot shall not exceed 5 inches or one half the diameter ofthe pile ‘whor it cccurs, whichever isthe mallee Holes loss than Y/2 inch in average shall be permittd in Second.Clae piles provided the sum of the Alameters ofall holes in ny aquare foot of pile surface doesnot excoed 3 inches. Splite in Seoond.Clas piles hall not be longer than 1/4 times the butt diametar This length of any ‘hak or combination of shaks measured along the curve ofthe annual ring, shall not excoed one half the elreumferance ofthe butt of the pile 1.9.6 INQUIRIES AND PURCHASE ORDERS (1988) "Bach inguty or purchase order for piles purchesed under this specification should leary state ‘The number of picocs af each length “The species of wood. \Whothor te piles shall confarm to the requirements for Firat Clas Plot or Seconds Piles ‘Whother the piles shall be speciied hy but crcumference or Up creurference. ‘Whether the piles shall be clean-peeed, rough peeled, or unpeeled. If cose grain is wantod in softwood ples) high heartwood content is wanted. ‘Whether pila shall be treated or untrested, and if treated, the type of preservative and minimum ‘Any exceptions to this speifcation such as the entire removal of all inner bark for elaan-peled piles. Instructions for inspection, marking, seeeptanee and shipment AREMA Manual for Railway Engineering 7443ber Structures SECTION 1.10 SPECIFICATIONS AND RECOMMENDED PRACTICE FOR OVERHEAD AND OTHER WOOD HIGHWAY BRIDGES' (1960 AND 1962) tis recommended that the current edition of Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges adopted bythe “American Assocation of State Highway and Transportation officials and current issue ofthe US. Department of Commeres, Bureau of Public Road, publiestion entitled "Standard Plans for Highway Bridge Superstructures” be ured as a guide for overhead and other wood highway bridges. Clearances, foundations, ‘construction practies and details should be with approval and in scordance with individual rilrond practice SECTION 1.11. SPECIFICATIONS FOR FIRE-RETARDANT COATING FOR CREOSOTED WOOD? (1963) 4.41.4 SCOPE (1988) "These specifications are intended primarily for use with eatings ofthe fl forming classifieation, such as paints and masties.Any material other than film-forming type shall conform to these specications excopt ‘whore film-forming qualities are required for fulfilment ef the spciieations and apply to 4 Performing requirements of fe-roterdant costing compositions for uae with wood tested with ereosote ‘or mixture of erecsote with coal ar oF petroleum, and i, Methous forthe accaptance testing of euch fire-retardant coatings 1.11.2 GENERAL PRODUCT REQUIREMENTS (1988) 4.44.24 Uniformity, 4 Alleomponent raw materials ofthe product shall be thoroughly mixed and dispersed during its anf nl th doce a ml-component ein which sor emer apy end b, The formulation and quality ofthe protic shall be maintained constant bythe manufacturer and shall nol be varied without notice, 1.11.22 Stabiity in Storage ‘he product chall maintain stability st temperatures above 82 degreos F, shall ot require unusual storage conditions ad sball conform tothe requirements of the following: ‘4. Ina freshly opened container the product shall reveal no curing, ivering, lumping, decomposition, cling or any other objectionable charscteristic within 12 month after dalivery bb. Separated, settled, caked or thickened materials shall be easily and adequately dispersible with a paddle without change in the quality or properties ofthe product. * fens, Ye 6195p 84; Vo 7, 195 7D, 1098, VO, 180 yp. 6, 0, Vl 8, 194. 6 5 Vo 6,159.9 re "AREMA Manual for Railway Engl ing (Material Specifications for Lumber 1.11.23 Applied Coating Ary film ofthe product ehallexibt the following properties: ‘4 Adherion: The product shall be cohesive and shall adhere cathe primary surfuce orto any ssondary ‘supporting sure. b. Durability: "The product shall resist water, brine, croosate, mixture of reosote with petroleum or coal ta, sunlight, freezing and thawing, and goneral tomperature extemes. Foot Trai: The product shall resist damage when applied on trafic areas. 4. Fire Retardancy: The product shall withstand heat or ames originated by miscallancous heat sures, including ignited fusbes, hot brake shoe splinters, sparks, het coals or cnders, drope of molten metsl, and burning debris, 1.11.24 Flammability of Wet Films The evaporation af solvents or other materials from a wet fim ofthe protic shall cease to constitute a flammable hazard within 4 hours after apliction, . film ofthe product, aplied so se to achieve the minimum total dry thickness recommended by the ‘manufecture shall cave to support combustion within 48 hours after application ofthe fins! coat, 1.11.25 Drying Time A film ofthe produet, applied atthe maximum wet thickness recommended bythe manufacture, within 95 hours after application and without freed drying, shal be hard enough to allow frm pressure of te thumb sguinst che coated object without rupture ofthe film or adherence of coating tothe thumb 1.11.3 APPLICATION REQUIREMENTS AND INSTRUCTIONS (1988) 41.11..1 Handling instructions All precautions for storago and handling prior to and during application of che product shall be stated clearly in ‘an accompanying instruction leaflet prominently displayed on eech container, together with complete {information and instructions for recommended equipment and materials for surface preparation, thinning, and application, 4.11.82 Product Information All nformation and physical measurements not specified elsewhore in these sperifcatons, which might assist in the proper handling or tasting of the product, shall accompany the inssrutions and shail nelde the fellowing: Specie gravity, end weight in pounds per gallon, or weight to the nearest 0.1 g ofl pintof the costing, Recommended maximum wet thickness and caleslated coverage ofa single-coat application of the coating, unthinned and thinned with recozsnended proportions of thine”, «Measured resultant dry thickness ofthe recommended maximum wet thickness of single-coat application AREMA Manual for Rallway Engineering 745‘Structures 4. Recommended minimum dry thiskness required for fire-retardaney effectivencss. Drying ime required betwoen applications, thinned and unthinned. {Duration of olvent fire hazard daring the drying lime of single-coat appliestion, thinned and ‘unthinned 1 Dryingor curing time required to attain maximum fire retardancs. fh. Reoommended vray equipment (gun typo, orifice iz, spray pattorn, pressure, et) i. Solvents and materials which may be used to clean eppliction equipment. 4k Corrosveness of product to container and spray equipment. 1k. Toxicity to humans and animals ofthe product in the wet and dried conditions. 1.11.33 Working Properties ‘4. The product shall be applicable by brushing spraying and, iit sa mastic, by trowelling ot shal be dapble for spraying, without los of quality by adeltion ofa thinner recorsmended hy the manvfacturer . Awol film ofthe product when applied atthe thickness recommended by the manufacture, shall not show sagzing running, pinholing or other objectionable features 4.1.34 Surface Proparation ‘Timber surface preparation or trestmont shall not be extensive and shall not require unusual equipment, ‘materials or operations. 1.11.4 TESTING (1988) 4.44.4. Specimen Preparation 1. Wood Selection. The wood shall be selected frm well-saconed nominal? inches by 6 inches boards of Grads B & Bir edgegrained southern yellow pine containing no more than 10 percent heartwood, at Toast 14 fet in length, dressed on four sides and free from knot, stains, pitch pockets and bark. Phe ‘maximum width of the annul growth rings shal be no greater than Vie iach. dgegrained shall mean that at both ends ofa board, where the wood has been out eros sectional at last half ofthe acute fngles between lines drawn tangential tothe annual rings ad lines drawn perpondicula to the broad ‘rho ofthe Board shall be no greater than 45 degrees. 1b, Stctioning: The ire 6 inches ofthe ends ofeach board shal be discarded, end the remainder shall be cut Ieterlly nto 18 inch sections. Each rection shall be identified by the board mumbar and by its own number from one end ofthe board. Each socion shall bo tested for meistare content a6 inch intervals ‘long it longtadinel axis with an eletrcal moisture meter employing metal probes which are no Shorter than Winch, The moisture content ofa section sbal be greater than & pareont and les than 18 peroont The actions aall be protested from checking or lost of molature, preferably by storage in a ‘old, humiifed atmosphere. A section which has checked shall not be used as test specimen. 146 "AREMA Manual for Railway Engineeringrial S Meations for Lumber, Pil © Preservative Treatment, The dimensions ofan lS inch section shall be measured tothe nearest 0,01 Inch tnd the volume calculated to the nearest 0.001 cub foot. Rach section shall be woighed to the nearest gram belore preservative treatment. Tho creosote rolutions and tresting methods employed fe Impregnation of the sections shall be prserbed by the purchaser. After preservative treatment, o2ch ssction shall be allowed to drain feel for 24 hour, wipod cleen, and welgted to the nearest gram, The ‘reservative retention shall beealelated in pounds per cubie fot tothe nearest 1.01 Tb per cube foot, “using the previously obtained dimensions and volume calculations andthe resultant figure shal be called “initial retention” The treated aectione shall be stored fora Yinka of 80 days or w manimam of 50 days t approximately 75 degrees F and 50 percent relative humidity, prior toa coating eppliestion ar any form of tasting. Immediately prio to preparation ofa setion for use in testing procedure, the section shall be weighed to the nearest gram, the net preservative retention shal! be eslelated the resultant figure shall be called “test retention.” The test retention of any specimen shall be no less than 10 per cub fect. All treated or untreated specimens uzod ina eet shall be subjected to identical pre- test storage conditions 1.11.42 Fito Tosts 4.44.42.4 Testing in Fire-Test Cabinet 1 Apporatus. Th fir-testeabinot shall bea rectangular insulated chamber measuring 81 inches high, 10 Inches wide and 12 inches deep. In order to suspend the specimen in the fie-tst cabinet, a supporting rod shall be afixed horizontally 1 inch fom the tops of opposite walis ofthe eabinet. For draft contro, the 2-inch bottom section ofthe cabinet shall consetof louvers waich can be raised 90 degrees. Two pairs of ungalvanized iron pipe with Vs inch internal diametas, each par vertically parallel and separated lay inches between their longitudinal axes, shal be fastened to oppasite sides ofthe cabinet. Oriices of "Yea neh diemoter shal be lested ina straight line at L-inch intoral, for 20 inches along each pipe, hoginning at 2 inch from the oap (Figure 7-1-2). The cabinet shall be eauipped witha removable door fitted with viewing ports covered with mice sheet (Figure 7-13). A plot ame orifice shal be Installed at ‘the botiom of one pipe at cach side ofthe cabinet (Figure 7-1 and Figure 7-1-5) Sages ears orcs an 8 EY ane Figure 7-1-2, Fire Test Cabinet AREMA Manual for Railway Engineering raa7“Timber Structures Figure 7-14. Fre Test Cabinet Burner m8 "AREMA Manual for Ralway EngineeringPiles, Glued Laminated Timber and Figure 7-1-8. Fire Test Cabinet with Door and Burner in Paco », Fuel Botled liquid-petroloum gas, with a minimum propane content of 95 percent, shall be supplied to the burner pipes at tho rato of 0.4 cubic fot per minute or appraximately 60,000 Bu per hour during the course of a specimen ignition. The flames shall extand approximately 4 Inohes horizantally from the orifices and shall be definite yellow color © Specimen Section and Postion. The vet specimen sll be selected by the procedures specified under Article 111.418 coated with a film of uniform thickness, allowed to dry or cure completely and shal be suspended vertically inthe fre-esteabinel atthe initiation ofthe test, The broad foes ofthe spesien ‘hall parallel the two pairs of burner pipes ta distance ofS inches from the ori, with the top end of dimen ona level with the top orifices, 4. Test Procedure. A specimen shall be positioned in the fir-tet cabinet with the door closed and the pilot fiames it. The ignition of the specimen shal be effective by quickly opening the fuel valve tothe required setting and allowing the ames ofthe ignited gue to be dicted against the specimen for 5 ‘minute. The duration of ealfsurtained flaming after ignition shall be recorded und desgmated as “foo ‘burning time.” The period aftor which flaming hae stopped and glowing oceare shall be recorded and designated as “glow time.” The free-burning interval shall be terminated for one ofthe following (1) Amaximum free-burning time of $0 minutes shall have passed (2) Daring tho 30-minute free-burning period iti judged thatthe ames are merely flickering oF Aashing and constitute practical slf-oxtinguishment or that amall ames are being sustained only ‘at the ands ofthe specimen. ‘fat tho ond of the 30-minute free-burning period, laming continues at arate requiring the use of an accessory extinguishing agent, the ames shall be extinguished with afir-extinguishing gs ‘The teat may be conducted ina wel nsulatd laboratory fume hood or ona table placed under an ‘ngalated eanops. Both the fume hood and the canopy shall be equipped with efficient, af, mk exhaust fans. The exhaust fans shall be operating prior to ignition ofthe specimen, & Observations. The specimen shall be attentively observed during the ignition and the free-buraing periods, and specimen appesrance, coating conltion and Name activity shall be recorded. Relative Name Ssntivty during the free-burning period and a its termination shell be described withthe fllowing terminology AREMA Manual for Railway Engineeringimber Structures (1) Vigorous ~ Entire specimen flaming with lite ar no apparent diminishment of combustion rte. (2) Very Strong ~ Approximately 75 percent of specimen flaming, wth apparent combustion rate slowly decreasing (4) Mila - Approximately 25 percent of specimen Naming, with apperent combustion rate decreasing rapidly (©) Scattered ~ Areas of fuming where creosote wicking may be oocsrring ora heat trap maybe located, (©) Torching ~ Flames occurring with jtke activity at points of coating rupture or specimen checking. (7) Flickering - Small, virtually extinguished flames ata fow disereto points (6) Flashing ~ Spontaneous extinguishment and oignition of an are, After the free-burning perio, the specimen shall be allowed to remain in the frets! cabinet, with the ‘oor removed, unt lowing has ecard, The tine required forthe casation of glowing shall be recorded 15 low time.” ‘Th burned specimen shall be weighed tothe nearest gram, withthe eoeting removed and wood char Intet, not less than 24 nor more than 36 hours after the free-burning period. The specimen shall be cleaned of char immodiately without dame tothe wood, and weighed again. The diforeness botweon {he two welghings shall be recorded asthe weight of the char, and shall be calculated in pounds per cubic foot of volume ofthe unburned specimen, The difference of weight ofthe specimen before burning and tater boing burned and cleaned chal be rcorded aie ttal weight Jom, und shal be clelatd in ‘ound per cule Toot by volume af che unburned specimen. ‘The thickness of the burned, cleaned specimen shall be moasured tothe nearest es inch on its longitudinal axis at «pont @ inches from the end which was topmost in the fre-testeabnet. The difference betwoen the thickness of Uhe specimen before and aftr cleaning shall be divided by two and recorded a8 char dept, (Other observations which shall be recorded are (A) Coating thickness and weight, wet (@) All defects found ina coated or uncosted specimen before a ire test. (6) Rlistering,Gasuring, rupturing, insimesoonce, sloughing o other effects exhibited by acoating during a tet and the elapeed time belore thei occurrence (4) Relative extent of preeorvative bleeding uring a fre test. (©) Relative amount of smoko production during a fre tet. Acceptance Criteria, The specimen shall be totally sePextingulshed within the 30-minute foo-burning period or shall exhibit only Mickering Hames. 74.20 'AREMA Manual for Railway EnginoeringSpecifications for Lum (D The total weight loss ofthe specimen, with char removed, shall not exceed 30 percent, or 15 Ib por cabio fot by volume ofthe unburned spacimen, (2) Tho char dopth shall not exceed Ye inch. The char shall be evenly distributed with no oesurrence of cetpped exons (8) The au (4) Glowing shall conse within 1 hour after termination ofthe free-burning peri, ity of char shall not excoed 2.5 lb per cubi foot by volume ofthe unburned specimen. (©) The contig shall remain intact upon the specimen throughout the ignition, free-buraing and glow potiod, and shall exhibit no sloughing, spalling or peeling (©) The performance ofa minimum af thre specimens, prepared in an dentiel manner, shall conform to the stipulations ofthe acceptance criteria. 1.11.4.22 Fusco Test ‘4 Construction. Tho soe test apperatus shall consit of tro specimens selected by the procedures specified undor Article 1.1.4.18 and a section of gypsum or other freproo insulating board measuring 1B inches by 16 inches by 1 inch. The two wood epecimens shall be costad uniformly with the same ‘thickness used for specimens tested in the ie-testeabne, and allowed to dry or ere completely The ‘ated spocimens shal bo joined together lengthwise in the shape of an “I, forming one side and the bottom ofa fat ottemed trough Te trough shal be completed In &“U" shape hy joining the insulation board to the bottom specimen. The specimons neod not be naled or fastened together. Tae botios specimen may be lad Oat, with the other coated specimen and the Inulation board standing on their ‘sigs and placed fush aghnst the edges ofthe bottom specimen, '. Procsdure. The trough shall be situated in a laboratory fume hood, with the exhaust fan operating. 10. ‘minute fusce shall bo ignited and laid snugly in the corner formed by the junction ofthe tw coated Specimens. When the fusee has been consumed the duration and intensity of residual fame activity shall berecorce. © Acceptance Criteria, (2), lames shal be totaly or virtually slF-extinguished within 10 minutes after the fuse has stopped burning. (2) The coating shall no fake, pee, crumble, slough or exhibit anyother effets which result in the exposure ofthe wood substrata, (@) Gloming ehall have ceased within 20 minutes ater flaming has stopped. 1.11.4.25 Accelerated Woathering Test 14 Apporatus and Specimens. When a coating shall have conformed tothe standards ofthe fist tests during intial testing i hall be used to prepare five additional specimens wich shall be approximately identical to those which hed boon tested. Aer thorough drying or euring, the speaimens shall be exposed toartifiil sunlight and simulated rainfall in a weathering devio described in ASTM Specifications, designation B 42, Procedure. Bach specimen shall be positioned vertically in the weathering devic, with one ofits broad ‘surfaces facing the light soure. The same surface shall fac th igh throughout the eet. The test shill bo terminated after an sceamalated light-exposure tins of 1,000 Bours or when, at any prior time, the AREMA Manual for Rallway Engineering raat‘Timber Structures cating isjudgod to have filed. The docsion of apparent coating failure shall be subjective and shal be based on the appearance of excessive blistering or toRning, or exposure of wood by sloughing, pelin, ing, eracking or other effet, The test sall be conducted in asoordanee with the following program: (0 The specimen shall be exposed to artificial sunlight at all simes during the operation ofthe weathering device, exept for such time a shall be required forthe restriking of the carbon are (2) The specimens shall be mounted, with a face-to-face diamater of 30 inches, on aczeular rack whieh rotates atthe rate of I pm. A water spray in the weethering éevieo shall operate for 18 minutes at intervals of 102 minutes, so that during osch 2 hours of light radiation the specimens aball be exposed to water for 18 minutes, In this manner each specimen shall recive approximately 25-30 ‘minutes diret water spray during each 2-hour radiation perio. (8) Exposure in th artical westhering device shall be undertaken daly fora total of 90 hours within 5 ‘days At the end ofeach $0 hours of exposure the specimens shall be allowes to cool at room temperature fora minimum of2 hours nd then place for 65 hours in cold chamber adjusted to ‘maintain e temperature of -20 dagroes Ft the and ofthe cold period, th specimens shall be ‘bverved during all handling and transla: operations invalving &apecinen go aa not Yo madlty ta condition, Acceptance Criteria. At the termination of the weathering program, if failure has net occurred, the ‘pecimons shall be subjeted to the fire vests and shall be rated bythe aoseptance rier of those tests, Apparatus, An sssombly shall be arrangod consisting of stop-cek-eontolled fonnel and a small ontainer equipped with en overflow outlet. Tze container eball measure 4 inches onal sides, with an ‘verlow te ofa minimm ve neh diameter lending out Irom a pnt I snch below the top edge, and ‘hall be composed of waterproof and chemics-esitant materials, suchas glass, rubber o plastics. The funnel sball be large enough to contain 8 minimum of 600 rn of liquid and shall be placed vertically over the container Specimen Seletion and Preparation. An 18 inch procorvative-trested specimen shall be selected by tho procadures ostlined under Article 1.11.18 dearding 4¥/ indhes of each and of the specimen. The Femainder of the specimen shal be sawn laterally at 2 inch intervals, yielding four sections, each of ‘hich shal bo weighed tothe nearest 0.1. uniform continuous coating im ofthe same thickness Used forthe fre-tast specimens ahall be applied t all surface ofthe section, beginning at poin. 1 ineh {fom one end. The thicneas and weight ofthe wet coating aplication shall be recorded, and the costing shall be allowed to dry or cure completely. ‘Test Procedure. The container shall be filled to the overflow outlet witha 10 peroent sodium chloride brine solution, The funnel also shall be filled with the brine solution. The tert shall be conducted ue room ‘tumperature, 76 to 80 degrees F, and the brine sbsll be maintained at that tomperatre throughout the test: The coated end of specimen sball be immersed at spproximately a 45 degree angle in the container, with the wider side facing upward, and withthe uncoated area of the opposite side resting on the edge ofthe container No more than 4 nor les than 3¥/@ inches of coted side shall be below the surface of the slution. The tip ofthe funnel ball be positioned 1 inch above the contar ofthe line ‘between the eaated and uncosted areas ofthe specimen AL the elart af the tei, the atop cack shall be ‘pened suffcienty to allow drops of brine t fll atthe rate of epproximately 10 drape per minuto, ‘riking tho specimen atthe midpoint ofthe line between the coated and uncoated areas. Dripping and {immersion shal be eontinuous for 200 hours. The effluent fema the specimen container shall be collected fnany suitable container and discarded. At the end of 300 hours, the brine solution in the specimen ‘container shal be examined for discoloration and for materials which bave separated from the coating ‘The specimen shal be observed for blistering ssuring, crumbling or other effets, 102 "ARENA Manual for Railway Engineering ie)Material Sp 4. Acceptance Criteria, The spesimen shall be examined immediately atthe ond ofa test and ata time one ‘wook after the test. Fisguea in tho coating shal bono wider than hairline erecks. listers aba be no larger than % inch in diameter. Gentle tasing ofthe coating with halle pat shall not result in easy Alslodgomentof coating particle. The dry thienes of the costing at any location onthe specimen shall not bave decreased by more than 4 ofthe original dry thickness. Disoloation af the brine solution and the presence of coating particles In the container shall indieate possible leaching or solvation ofthe fir: retardant eonstitients of the easing. 4.41.4.25 Foot Tate Test A specimen shall be selected and propared in the sume manner asthe specimens used for the fire tests, with the ‘samo thickness of coating applied. The coating shall be allowed to dry or eure completa. a. Procedure. Tho specimen shall be heated for 1 hour at 140 degrees Fin an electric oven, ‘The specimen shal then be removed from the oven and immediatly lad aton one of ts broad surfaces on a protected srea ofthe flor, The uppermost surface shal be stepped upan with one fot by a person weighing no less than 180 Ibs. His entire weight shall be concentrated on the specimen for I minute, at the end af which ‘ume he sall execute a 45 degre twisting movement of the ball his fot pon the coating end then step off the specimen, 2. Acceptance Criteria, (2) The coating shall not exhibit tearing and shall not be lifted from the wood substrate by ehesion to ‘tho she used to exortprescure, Should these or other objectionable effosts eco, the tet shall be repeat, using mineral aggregate or similar material spread over the specimen surface while the costing ctl wet (2) When a surfacing materia is used in conjunction with a coating, it shall nthe sufficient dislodged to require resurfacing the specimen, ‘SECTION 1.12 SPECIFICATIONS OF FASTENERS FOR TIMBER TRESTLES* 4.42.4 MATERIAL (1988) 1 Wrought Iron. Wrought iron bars and shapes shall conform to evrrent ASTM Specitication, designation Ager b, Meileable Iron, Malleable ion castings shall conform to current ASTM Specifications, designation A 47, ‘Grade 35018, ‘© Cast Iron. Cast iron shall conform to current ASTM Speciation, designstion A 48, Class No. 90, 4. Rolled Stet, Rolled steel plates, ars and shapes shall conform to current ASTM Specifiestions, designation A386. © Cast Sta. Cast stot shall conform to current ASTM Specifications, designation A 27, Grado 65-25, fll snnealed with minimum yield point of 3,000 pi * tafe, Yo 7.1908, pp. 6, 710; V1, 0, pee. 78,28 VL 87, 196, 67, 206 VL 48,147.86, 98 Vl 4 1865, p42, 108 Yd 1950, p55, 105, Va 0,108 p. 06 AREMA Manual for Raliway Engineering r428Tint Structures 1.42.2 TYPES OF FASTENINGS (1988) 1a. Nails, Spikes and Drift Bolte. Nall, spikes and dit hots shall be made of wrought iron or rolled steel, square or round, es alld for onthe plan. Where spocial hoads are not specie, the manufacturer's standacd heads will be aeceplable, Nals and spikes used for Tasteningtimbors shall be, preferably, of type ving grooved barbed or otherwiee deformed shanks for erester holding power b, Through Bote, Through bolts shall be made of wrought iron or rolled steel with US. standard square or hexagon heads and nuts Unies otherwise speciied on the pans Washers (2) Cast washers shall be made of malleable o gray ron. The outede diameter shall be not less than 34 times the diameter of the bol on which its usod and is thicknoss equal to the diameter ofthe bolt ‘The diametor of the hole shall be Ya inch larger than the dismetee ofthe bol. (2) Plate washers shall be made of wrought iron or rolled atecl The outside diameter shall be not leas than 95 times the diameter ofthe bolton whichis used, and they sbell not be les than Ya inch thick. The diameter ofthe hole shall be Vs inc larger than the diameter ofthe bolt. 44. Packing Spools and Sparotors. Packing spools and separator shall be made of malloeble or east iron, to ‘sige end shape called fr on the plane Tae dlametar ofthe hole shall be Yb inch larger than the diameter ofthe bolt. 2. Lag Screws. Lag serews, including stool drive dowels and spikes with spirally grooved shanks shal! be sade of rolled stel Heade fr lag serews shal bo US. standard ualass otherwise specified, Special Castings. Spocal castings, including uch parts es gb plates, angle blocks, ee, shall be made of castor malleable ion. They shall be true to pattern, [ree from wind, without injurious defects and ofthe ‘ae and shape specie onthe plans. & Cop Stringer Rastenings. These include such typos of fstenings as shown on Part 2, Construction, Maintenance and Inspection of Timber Structures Figure 73-12. They shall be made of rlled stel of the size and shape specified on the plans. hh, Metal Joint Connectors (a) Spiked grids, east shear platos end claw plats shall be made of malleable iron. (2) Split rings, toothed rings, bulldog types, pressed shear plates and clamping platos shall be made of rolled steel, (2) They shal be of tho size and design specified on plan Brace Plates and Washer Plates, Braco Plates and washer plate or similar items shal be mad of rolled steel othe size and details specified on the plan, 1.42.3 USE OF PROTECTIVE COATINGS FOR STEEL FASTENINGS AND WOOD BRIDGES (1988) 1. Plain ron or stel fastenings will ordinarily outst untreated timber Creosote ol, whether straight or in ‘oaltr or ol mixtures, wil retard corrosion of embedded motal fastenings. a4 "AREMA Manual forspecifications for Lumb les, Glued Laminated Timber and Galvanizing or other protective costing on ion or tzel fastenings is nat warranted if the fastenings are tobe entirely embedded in untreatod or creosote treated timber or if the metal ito be exposed only to ordinary weathering ‘When metal fastonings are not tobe completely embedded and are tobe exposed to salt wat, brine . fortruss spans, on the vertical projection ofthe span, plus any portion ofthe leeward trusses not shielded bythe Moor systam. on he vertical projection of al racing, posts, and piles of trestles and towers. 2.5:5.2Wind on the Train "The wind fore on tho trai chall be taken 23 $00 Ih per linar fot on the track appli 8 feet above the top of rall This fave shall be considered « moving loa acting n any horizontal direcion, 2.5.5.3 Nosing ofthe Locomotive 4. The lateral ferve due to the nosing of the locomotive shall be a moving concentrated loed of 20,000 Ib applied at the top ofthe ral in either horizontal divetion at any pointof the span, The reulting vertical forces shall be disregarded b, Because ofthe limited duration of the lads, the lateral forees from wind and nosing of the locomotive noed not be considered in the desi of stringers. © Incomputing the stebility of towars and trestle bons, the structure sball be considered a aeded on the leeward track with ive [oad of 1200 Tb per linear foot and eubjected toa wind force of 00 Ib per linear {oot appliod 8 fet above the top of ral 2.5.5.4 Longitudinal Force 8. Tho effec of starting and stopping of rains shall he considered avs longituinel force, ating 6 feet above top of rll, and taken as the larger of + Force due to braking, equal to 15 percent of the live load. + orc due to traction, equal o 25 percent of weight on the driving wheels »b. For brdges whore, by reason of continuity or frictional resistance of rails and floor system, rach (oral) ofthe longitudinal force will be earied directly to the abutments or embankment, lngitidinalforee need not be considered in the design of piles, pots or bracing of bent. (Such bracing is Lo be designed to five the necessary 118 stability to the posts) 25.55 Combined stresses For stresses produced by longitudinal force, wind or other lateral free, or by a combinstion ofthese frees ‘with dead and liv leds and centrifugal force, the allowable working strereas may be ineresaed 60 percent, provided the resulting setions are not lees than those required for dead snd live loads and entra force [AREMA Manual for Railway Engin 7289‘Timber Structures 25.56 impact "The dynamic increment of load due tothe effects of speed, rll and tack irregularities i not wel established for timber stractares It total effect i eatmated to bo les than the ineressed strength of timber forthe short ‘cumulative duration of loading to which railroad bridges ere subjected in service, ane is taken into ‘onsiderstion in the derivation of allowable working stress for design, SECTION 26 DESIGN STRESSES FOR GLUED LAMINATED TIMBER 2.6.1 ALLOWABLE STRESSES (1988) ‘4 Allowable sires values for wot conditions of uso given in Tele 7-2-7 and Table 7-28 shall be applicable for normél loading when the moistare conten in service i 16 pereent or more, ax ay occur in most exterior and submerged construction. . Allowable stres values for dry conditions shal! be applicable fr normal losding when the mire ‘content in sorvice ie las than 16 percent, asin most covered structures. Such stresses shall be obtained ‘by multiplying the streseos in Table 2-7 and Table 7-2 hy the factor listed at the bottom ofeach column in the table, When mombors are pressure troatd with preservative or fre retardant, adjustment factors applicable to ‘tHe dengn srvares all be obtained from the treater forthe specie treatment used. eonmenis no folcon oer fer lr dam members tetmene wis feoveamisis xruomnendel Ife oo tometer econ efupts 3 pecan maybe topieble te cin re vetardant eet 7284Design of Wood Railway Bridges and Trostls for Rallway Loading Table 7-2-7. Dosign Values for Structural Glued Laminated Softwood Timbers ‘Stressed Principally in Bending (eo Note 1) Design Values (Noto 2) - ‘Compression ~| Etrome Fein | ac Fi : e Perpencuarto 3g |g. | ‘eondmatee” |g ee) ee € 2 = 6 g 3 ef] gilgs,| 2 )@2/ ,/) 2/8 5/8 5 ee | gee ss] a | | ge / $- i 22 \e82) ¢ [as) 2] s | ee] 5 2) P| |B Ee] ] elas la 5 ¢ | es |é22/ 3 | § i e|2 3 S) 2 | se leee] g/e | # | & - a Douglas Fr and Larch iF dormore[ (3) 1280 720] 1100 255, 255 145 [1,300,000 | 16F [tor more | —@) | vaso] 20 | 00} aes | 955 —| “ras, 000 P > 355] 255] 45 jor [sermon] a | sew [200 | 00 | geen | ion | 15 | onoo si] 088 jor [aormore| @ | are | aw | 20 | 90 | 25 ies |i eon e00 faor | aormore| a | a0 | oo | ait, | aco | ass | 14 |1,s00000 [pare - | 1760 | i380 [ 100 [a0 | a00__| 105}, 500;000 vai 2aPE [2760 [2080 [60 [205 [165 [155 [i,a0000 Ledgepol Pine frre —T [1260 [~s80 [70165 [_ 108128 [7,700,000] ORE rea] sso [ton | “16s | 168 | at 000 southern Pine ier_[se | @ | aa ew | sno [asa li6F2 fidormore| _@) 1280 40 510 300 255 120 | 1,200,000 1 2100 255 15 | 1,800,000] peri [corm] @ | ro | mm [i | ass | v6 [uaa fi 0 nn 19r2 fizcrmoe] @ | uo | ma | um, ze |e ftarom fora [sormore| a | ro00 | ooo | 2, | a5s | ans | are |2on000| jzor2 | 7, : @) 1600, 00 | 1100) 300 300 175 | 1,400,000) ormore (Notes) I aa AREMA Manu for Raitway Engineering 7288Timber Structures Table 7-2-7, Design Values for Structural Glued Laminated Softwood Timbers ‘Stressed Principally In Bending (Continued) {Soo cto) ~ Design Values (Note 2) ] Compression Extrme Fibrin | ar A we | Perpenaiutrto 3 E Bending “Fe 4 Grain", . 2 #| ¢ : é/ +S g [3 & z 2 ]s. 2 | éw 2 5 | ¢ 5 | 8s Ad & |G g 3 | 2: | 83 gs | 3 ge | 3s 2 | 3 g|zie| & | #8 | ¢ g | s] s §)ge3| € | ge) § 2 |g 2 | 2 2 |822| 2 | & : 2/3 g] 5 3 )258| 3 | 8 ie | g|E |e Lyin? Southam Pine (Continued ors | 4t015 @ [1600 640 a0 | 120 _ [1,900,000] Bae [16 or mare] —@ | 1600 | 620 [a0 20 [300,000 ; i100 seh bari | ermore| @ | 1760 | 00 | gio, soo | 195 {1,400,000 3 1100} a2 |igermore| @ | 170 | ao | qi | 258 | a5 | 15 | 1400000 ara |isermore| @ | 1760 | oo | Qi, | 255 140,00 fur |ioermere| @ | i9w | aor | iO | 255 1,500,000 9) 1 | 1100 T 500,000 | fare [acre] @ | sm | oo | 9%] aw | ow | 175 [samo fara fieormoe| @ | soa | eo | i] oo | aw | 176 [1.407000 Ra [iarmore| Gy | wan | woo | 190 | mao | aa | a0 [740m 000 [aor 1760, 1280, 1100 300 300 175 | 1,400,000 alloria Redwood io —[Formow| a a] a00_[_mo_[ ais [mis] 10 [900 bari —[sormore| —@ | 1760 | een | aso] 215 | 216 | 110 .200.000 j22F2 | dormore| (3) 1760, 1040 1460, 215 215 | 110 | 1,200,000 a 10 [1,200,000 Douglae-Fir and Larch wth Weston Softwood ie? [rmon| @ [_ia80 | ean 200 Fea De 07 [iar more] —c@ | 1600 | 720 300 25 —|1400,000 BAF [Bt ormore] | ioa0| 0 300 125,500 000 1286 "AREMA Manual for Rallway EngineeringDesign of Wood Ralway Tablo 7-2-7. Design Values for Structural Glued Laminated Softwood Timbers ‘Stressed Principally In Bending (Continued) (See Note Design Values (te 2) Compression Extreme Fiber n r Perpendicular to 3 |g | Bending 3 Cumte | |g & | 2 tarts Ee |e e | ¢ | $8 las i g)2.)4 & 4 32 gee gs g € | ge] g. a 3 2: | 28s go) & 5 5 3 3 3 a5 | eee Be 5 g | s 3 2) 2 | 3 | #2 z 3) 2/2 [3 5 | € | &s | £85 5 2) & 3 & | § | 3 |$58 8 2 | é 2 32 | 5° c ‘oi [Modification ctor er dry erce @ | 12 | 12 | as7 | 150 | 10 | ise | 220 Jecndone | [Note 1 Design vakie ints table ae bss on combinations conforming a “Standard Specications or Structural Glued Laminated Timber of Dou Western Larch, Southern Pine; an California Redwood.” AITC Standard 17-76, by American Instat of Timber Construction, “Standard Spucidetion for Sractral Get Laminated Timer Using "E"Hated snd Visually Graded Larabor of Dougis-r Southorn Pine, Hemi and Logepae Pine,” AITC Standard 120.76, by American {nate of Timber Construction, and manufactured in secordanc with Department of Commerce ‘Voluntary Produ Standard PS 6-7, Strucbral Glued Laminated Tiber Note 2: When moisture content in orice wl eles than 16 percent, tabulated docign valucs shall be plied bythe modiletionInor fr dry servic condone given nthe bottom in ofthis fable Note: For atonal detail see ATC 117.76, pe footnote 1. [Note 4: When dense umber is usd in outer larnatons im members to 12 laminations dee, Fin outer tension and compression ince is 00 livin? When clove grain hmber used in cuter fainations of ‘embers 408 laminations deep, Fin tension and compression acs is 270 Ivn# Both numbers Dartain to wet service conditions Notes: Design vals may be increased when slope af rin i ore restrictive than base requirement. (See ‘AITO 11-76 per footnote 1) Note 6 When closer graia limber f used in outer aminations in members 4 to 10 laminations dep, Fin both tension and compression faces is 270 Ibn? for wet service conditions AREMA Manual for Railway Engineering 7.287“Timber Structures: Table 7-28. Design Velues for Structural Glued Laminated Softwood Timbers: ‘Members stressed principally in axial tension or compression {or Loaded in Bending Parallel to the Wide Face of Laminations) (See Note 1) Design values ae for orm load duration and wet candtions (Note 2) of use. See footnotes, and other provisions inthe National Design Speeifcaton for Wioad Consvucton or adustments of caleulates values Design Values (Note 2) Exam fibrin | Papenarte | Hoven Shear Fy Bran re" . 7 slils . 2/8 22) = | ie = |g g2 | 2 é a | =] | 5 gs | $8) 2 lap iil a) 4a) a) dP a2] 3 & | g2 | 38) 2 | $2) 2 | g | $2) 58 | § 8H] aa| € | ae] § i ei Eh | 3 3 ]3e| 2 & e | gs | 38 § gg) & 8 | 3° | 38 tte it 720 360 720, 1100 | 125 145 _ [1,300,000] 2 1200 [3440 | 1,040 | 1,310 125 145 [1,500,000 | B a0 [1m | 120 | 0 725 | 145 — [60000 la | 1,680 | 1,920 | 1,200_| 1,460 325 [148 ]1,700,000] 5 3340_| 3000 | tao | 10 was | 148 1.80.00 7 ‘Southern Pine a 720, 880 720, 020 | 255 | 265 145 175 [1,200,000 a 7200 | iat | 960 | 1390 | 255 | 255 | ras | 175 140,000 B a0 480| tao [ “2.610 | 300 | a0 — | “ia | 18. 00 ig 7520 | 1920 | 1,120 | 1,580 | 256 265 145 175 _ [1,600,000 3 160" | E80 [ “i250 [e100 | a0 | nas] F78,700900 (Noes) 480 | 440 240, 510 170) 170 100 120 [1,000,000 Tavs 860 —1=0 [460 [786 | 70 | —F70 —[ 309 | “a0 [1.009900 7288 "AREMA Manual for Rallvay EngineeringDesign of Wood Railway Bridges and Trestles for Ralivay Loading Table 7-2-8, Design Values for Structural Glued Laminated Softwood Timbers: Members stressed principally n axial tension or compression (or Losded in Bending Parallel tothe Wide Face of Laminations) (Continued) (See Note 4) Design values are for normal load duration and wet conditions (Note 2) of ute. See footnote, and other provisions In the National Design Speciation for Wood Construction, for agustments of calculated values. Design Values Wale ‘Compression T cone erin | plompression | orzo Sheer meee | mondial 7 é Grin Fe : g\5 I g|]e_l]ez| 2 | ge e |a_]ezl & «| #2] 2 | 3 «| #2] 2 & 22/2] 3 | és) ¢ |] 2 | ig] ee] ¢ e | a8 | sf) 2) | | 2) G2] 8 g | 25) #8 ge | = g | 2 | 8s | 3 Pl2f)g:| 2) tela) 2 |eb) ae} 3 g | 22 | ge 5 Fo | ¢ & g| ge | 3 & | ei | 28] € | ge] 5 | g | ee) 8h | 2 fe | es | 5 §) 2) ee] i] é files | g 2 | £ | 2) fs gs] ail P| 2 | 42] ¢ aE) 8/3 | ik Catto Reewood lt 800, 1,120 [960 1310 | 215 215 100) 110 [1,100,000) 2 ‘800 7,120, 960 1,310 215 215 100) 110 [1,100,000] B Tama_[ S00 | pao aso [ais | ais | sno | 190 fia.00] fe ‘e0_[ ae} aw | ai0—| ais | ais | nu | 199 [09 5 1,760 | 1,760 | 1,200 | 1,610 215 215 110 110 [1,200,000 Pace forty" | x25 | aa | as | aan vo | ae | uae | 220 |Note 1: Footnote 1 of Table 7-2-7 applies equally to Table 7-2-8 [Note 2: When mistare conn in scrc il es Van 16 percent tabulted doin value hall be Sulit by te mifeton ar for dyer condone an iven inthe te ne of is tae ote: Ben values appy to mere wih 3 or mare lminton [ote Design values apnoea wih 4 o ure lninon [Note & Conlcations 6 and are nt recommended for usa separate combinations, Other Southern Pine Subinaton are more conn AREMA Manual for Rallway Engineering 7259Struct ‘SECTION 2.7 ALLOWABLE UNIT STRESSES FOR STRESS-GRADED LUMBER 2.7.1 WORKING UNIT STRESSES (1988) |. Working unit stresses tobe wed for design shall be those shown in Table 7-2-9 forthe appropriate condition of use end specie, bh. Inlocations of mare extreme exposure than “cceasonally wet but quickly dred,” and where serious Aepreciation is more apt to occur, a further reduction inthe working stresses for extrome fiber and ‘compression should be made © Where timber is trestd by ereosoting or othor process rendering it decay resistant, the working street for continuously éry may be used except in compression perpendicular tothe grain and for joists and planks continuously submerged, 2.7.2 COMPRESSION PARALLEL TO GRAIN OR CENTRALLY LOADED COLUMNS (1988) Stress values in Tabla 7.2.9 are to bo used for posts and struts where the unsupported length ie not reste than 11 mes the leat dimension, and for end bearing of compression members 3. Roreolumns where X is moro than 11 the allowed working stresses are: where P= total losin pounds ‘Avs area in square inches ‘= working unit stress in compression parallel tothe grain for short columns 1L= unsupportad length in inches <= least dimonsion in inches (also seo Article 2.710) = modulus of elasticity (Table 7-210) 7 P blo 7-2-0, gives values of allowed e a (Cokomns should be Himited to E = 60 12.60 "AREMA Manual for Railway EngineeringDesign of Wood Rallway Bridges and Trestles for Rallway Losding 2.7.3 BEARING (1988) 1. Tho working strosss for compression perpendicular to grain apply to bearings 6 inches or more in length located anywhere in Une length of a timber and to bearings of any length at the ends of beams or other members. For bearings shorter than 6 inches located 3 inches or mare from the end o timber the ttreates may be inereased in accordance with te following factor Length of bearing inches Ye 1 MH 2 Factor of increase Li 138 125 119 46 110 1.00 », Forstrese under a washer or other round bearing ars ‘whose length equals the diameter of the washer the same factor may be taken as for» bearing AREMA Manual fr Railway Engineering, 7261“Timber Structures: oO Cc a UU UI VY ‘aero [oe To [ae von [ae | Ea) cera Tan | oer | sez [ove [oo vos [ove [9 | ‘oe [oe poor | “arog Team [oar | seo Pave a9 [ace osx [ove P30 | [ae i wet | [ooo | cr one [ore [so [ as ef onan, [_T aoa [ovr sus [oe [oo [om ww ove [so [oe ‘ore seve [Tae coer ose [oo [se seo [ sre [9 [ar oan mag [3 wom | wer] si [oe [9 [oe ae ave [50 [a ef pevsunea_| “ag vant [see [ave [50 | om coe oe [oof ee orf oe rs avi [ow [sxe [so [one au we [0 [io soef or co Tamm [or] see [sve [so [on ot_| ave | 50" ve efor pevmeas [eo artow | ner] cos sve | so_[ ost | oo.| one | on [are [oo [wr sor fo eee [rar vere ow_[ ore [sof eos [se [ont | suo sve [oo [ om or fo mene Tan vant [om [eve [eo [om [sun [omc] sex [are [so [sex efor SES) aa Pe |_| S| | eran | ons ser [or Too [oes [ow ovr | xe [are [oo | oe ae [oe [one] emt [agro Fecatoa| ove | sue-[ ase [oo [ ooe[sez_[ ome se | se | oo | oo [ore [oe [ang [tox avr or as [ser [eo [sis | on [oor sx [ore [oo | om | oo | ons |_reeeea | “Tarra ont [oe | see [se [ser_[ose | ott] axe [oer [vo [ wr oo | wz | sa es cave sf oes [sof cor [one [ oer | oe ae [oo [0 [08 [008] pe [OY ceo [ose [es one [ ome oar | own 9 [ate | 96 | posers [ew Se ees | teneeu [za favre ay [seo cox onrr| wf ez [0s a] "PP [ra evr] so [oee [oo [ees [eee [oot | aie | see [on | om ao aa ae ==] =]= eyes = vo sont! LS oi a (3 S| onesie | een espe | pr fase wempon a ee (Guypero rensin) Buypeo7 prosper ~s2quun7 poptio Ssens 10) esses HUN O}NEMOITY 6-2-4 21981 'AREMA Manual for Raway Engineering Shana Eee 7262Design of Wood RaiMay Bridges and Trestles for Raliway Loading EON : reno (penujuag)(Buypeso jensip) Bupeo7 peowres (s2;0y 995) s0quim pape S805 10) Soss2nS HUN aIgeMONY ‘62-4 GCL 7263 [AREMA Manual for Ralway Engineering“Timber Structures -}-f-}-p-)-]- = | = | oot | over} ses | sor] surt | ooer z| go mas] - | - | -|-]-} - | - | -] = |=] ~ | = | come] sevr] ses | srr] oer | exer | 28: - s| meat” | scour S/S/aio\6 Bleio\c = aa Co Co a i ont [ as [oo [ae [aoe a [eet [eer Poor [a [os ‘at sear tert om [aor [ae [ oor wooo aes Poor [a [os CT] syn [TE a at] pwvotene [El as [ome foe aor [we oa [ sre or oe om [a sar] "at [soa sonra [ae [sm [a | | oe: oro Par oat war] PPE a coor [oo | ae [ow [oer] rt] oe | oo | a | om | or | ome on rae a aa Eo] casunon sont [ mo [aus [oe [se oo oi [oa [ae [oe [me ww [at [om [aa Ta arr om [oy [at [om [oer oat [or | oe [a [a eo [at [ee [oo Tag | on [ses [ om [wor one [or [wt [sf oe cosa [ass [on =a ext ue [om [ae [ome sor] our fsa] om [a | eee om [me | | oor se sonra [ae [am [ae om a [war [ae om wor Pee bar [a Toa wm wer| [om [oe [ae Poet] wor oes [or [a [ow fer] or] worl oes Pome we] [Tana eriow | oor ee or [sx [oor st] wor [senate [ss [oe | oer oot [went [a Tee [war] patsy [ares sexs orl om [ae [sn [ser] nest ovr [| sear sue] ou | aoe] a [se | sear] sae — pono worTaa oon = = )=)=]=)s)=|=|=|=|=)s)=[= |= |=] = mo vom SSL EY STS LS TTS Lee SSS LS LESS | |S | eum ftteo fapeio, ‘puezey{ Ao29q iE:9P0N “OW Meare BF 2080 “OW "HER WHDI04 6h =e on Poveanun “wompu0D Hh ‘wompuen Kid pete (saioy 205) (ponunu09) Guypeso rensia) Buypeor peowyey —seq1uN] popeso SSOIKS 10) SESSONS HUN SAEMONTY 2-4 IAL "ARENA Manual for Ralway Engineering Ta a a So 72.64Design of Wood Rallway Bridges and Trestlos for Railway Loading glalal aaa = =] ern [Tasenal seeds (sor0n 296) (ponupuog) (Cuypero sensi) Buipe07 peospey —s0qUm poperp Ssaus 405 SeSS=LAS HUN SIGEMOIY “6--L H19EL i ; ' i ? é : : & 1265“Timber Structures = (Panuquog) (6uper ens) Buypeo peaiyey - seq popeso ssa: 10) SSSONS HUN BITEMONY “62 21904 "AREMA Manual for Railway Engineering 72.66for Raitway Losding Design of Wood Railway Bridges and Tres (Ponunuod) (Suypese rensin) Bupeo7 peonjey — soquiny poper9 Sseuis 4} S9sE—NS HUN IgeMONY 62-L HL AREMA Manual for Railway Engineering 7287‘Timber Structures om ae [wat | vee | woe | oor | ae | yoo | me oe | oe m7 sux_[ oz [we | eo | ser | oo | ow | tre | eos | wus | ow zer_[eor | wre | soe | ooo | eco | on | omz | 100 | 108 | we 0 ou [set | wi vee | 00 | eee | nue | om | aoe | ore | os re oe oo'00 70H a [000008] op rt sez | we | ont | oss | evs | wus | cco | oso | ove oo'oe' zt soc soe [azo | om | oo | 016 | ure | ais o'er oor | we | ene | usr [10s | sce | 168 | coor | ooor | wor o0'00" vor] a0 seo | aor [aoa | vie | se | vor | soot | out coo mO5 | aap an_[-aut [azz | vee | os | ose_| vos | sie oan | 1901 | oor zer_[ aor | oz | soe [sor | eco | ove | oie | 196 | 1001 | cwor sut_| ore | me | eee | tar | toe | one [ooo | au | @ wut ‘000'000"T vor_[-ooe_[use oot | asr [sso | eso | evox | cor | arnt | oot ons t et | ot | ze | t6z_| osc | oxo | oza | ose | soot | cett | sett |[Lo00'ooe"r ons ze eor_| a | soe | oor | aca | ces | eae | svor | ome | iott ‘coe su [oe | we | ee | aor [tou | woot | wait | oort | sexi | over oon | a, rw [azz [rez | ose [one [een [eon | aout | oer ae | over | or | oo oe wollte lsfeflelelalas[ 4) |, |momal cm (7) woysuauig 38227 0} wBUe7 40 ONEY Ve ssONS yesninPeW! ous -sopeio ssang prepuers 10) sssans (aunjog) uotssarduiog yun ‘Oe 14eL "AREMA Manual for Railway Engineering 1268ign of Wood Rallway Bridges and Trestle for Railway Loading 2.7.4 BEARING AT ANGLE TO GRAIN (1988) ‘Allowed bearing stresses on surfaces stan angle to the direction of the grain, may be taken fram the following formula: PQ. Pain20 + Qe0s20 where IN = Unit compressive stress in a direction at inelinetion with the direction of the grain Pw Unit stress in compression parallel vo the grin ~ Table 7-2-7 = Unit stres in compression perpendicular to the grain Tuble 72.9 (0 = Angle between the grain and the normal to the inclined surface The chart shown in Figure 72.68 gives a graphical soliton eet re ages” "a SATA, Shih se = an = 150 Eves) i eh eae Figure 7-258, Graphical Solution of Hankinson Formula AREMA Manual for Ralvay Engineering 7269Timber Structures 2.7.5 COMBINED AXIAL AND BENDING LOADS (1988) ‘Tho general formulas for rafe eccentric or combined bending and end loadings of square or rectangular wood elutons are Py6e) Mae B AGS AA. 1 treatumna with ¥of 11 ole and 1 forcotumns with E of 20 or more é = average compressive stress induced by axial load. zg a M 8 1 catio of flexural to average compressive strexs when both result rom the seme loading o that the ratio remains constant while the load varios. = flexural stress induced by side loads © = oxcontrisity of axial lon, <4= width of column, messured inthe direction of side loads and eccentricity. This is the depth to ‘oe in computing the exural ses. {= allowable working unit ares for extreme fiber in banding. 1 member if used as centrally loaded column, = allowable unit stress for bb. Stresses for columns with fl Dotween 11 and 20 are determined by straight-line interpolation between the formula fora of 1 and the formula for A of 2. ‘& Where sde loads are such that maximum deflection and flexural stress do not occur at milength of the column, it i generally satisfactory to consider el ‘as the maximum flexural stress due to the lead or loads, regardess oC ts postion inthe length ofthe column 4. A more detailed discussion may be found in US. Forest Products Laboratory Report No. R 1762, Formula fr Columns with Side Loads and Recentriits 7270 "AREMA Manual for Rallvay EngineeringDesign of Wood 2.7.6 HORIZONTAL SHEAR (1988) ‘The following procedure sal! be used for horizontal shatr a the neutral plane: Ly 2h where: $= Maximum unit shear per square inch R= Resetion in pounds b= Breadth of beam in inches 1h= Hight ofbeam in inches 1. The results obtained must not exceed the allowable unit shear sre (2) Ta caleutatng the reseton for use in the fren (a) Take into account any relief tothe beam under consideration resulting from the loading being distributed to adjocant parallel beams by Mooring or ether mombers ofthe construction, b) Noglet al loads within the height ef the beam from both supports. (© IF there are any moving loads, place the largest one ut thre times the height of the beam from the support. (@) Treat al other loads in the usual manner (2) Ia timber does not qualify under the above resommendations, which under certain conltions may ‘be over-conservativ, the reactions forthe concentrate lds should be determined by the flowing, ‘equation: sord-a8)? op(3)] where 1 = Reaction tobe used as due to load P Le Span: ‘= Distaneo in inches from reestion ta load P n= Height of beam ininchos inches 2.7.7 SHEARING STRESS (1988) ‘The allowable shearing strest for joint details call be taken at 60 percent greater than the values for horizontal shear in Table 72-0 AREMA Manual for Raivay Engineering, 7an‘Timber Struct 2.7.8 BEARING ON BOLTS (1988) 1. Working unit stresses for timbor bearing on belts may be taken asthe product ofthe following factors: + Basic unit sree for bearing, Table 72-11 + Pactor based on 18 ratio of bolt, Table 72-12 + For bearing porpendicular to tho grain ony factor as follows: Diamoterofboltinches % Sh MH 1 Mm IM 2 BHD Diameter factor 1.95 1.68 1.82 141 1.39 1.97 119 114 110 1.07 1.09 1 Bolts acting at an angle with tho grin shall bo allowed bearing values by the formula in Article 2.7.4 ‘where Pand Q are allowed bearing values computed for the Lid ratio ofthe bolt. Table 7-218 shows ‘eating values for olla forthe most common condition of exposure occasionally wet but quickly died. For locations continuowsly dry tn the values in the table, and for locations damp or wet mast of the time, use % the values in the table. Tablo 7-21, Basic Unit Stresses for Bearing on Bolts Seis Un Sess creep species ot Wood er Donn oo) 1 1a aa we 7 a) Se Pere nd SOE DBE eo | ao 2] Bee St DF at Fx |p| ars Taroods God eave) | amar a 7 ~ ‘Elm, soft; Gum, Black and Red; Tupelo 1200 250 Swi ec Boor En, Hosa} rg] ap ey [te Rhee vls ei cortisol yan, For ocosoaly webu qui ae, ae tla ale |___ Ferdi orvet mow of nina, uo les in bl rare "AREMA Manual for Railway Engineering c ©)Design of Wood Railway Bridges and Trestles for Ralway Loading Table 7-242, Percentage of Basie Stress for Various Ud Values Parallel with Grain ——=—=«|~==S=S*«é rpendiculartoGrain Lengtt_| ~conmen tat] High 6rengh Bate Common Bote t eeeeee | casera Hard. | High 5 Jere crove| cru | crown run rou | ecu [22 soa |seta roo | | 2} 3 | 1 [2] 3 | 4. | OOP Group {Botts all 3 | Sroune 7 a Siar ame Paseo aa [ee a0 ia 5 95.4 | 883 | 800 | 100 | 998 | 960 | 100 100 100 | 100 12 428 | 379 | 336 | 640 | sav | 502 | 686 | 61.0 52.0 | 425 | 736 13 305 | 35.0 | 10 | 501 | saa | 463 | o22 | 553 459 | 375 | 669 FT ae ve ae jot wr tl gate aay WHat wal ‘icvleosus uscd codvonovalaftiione at ainanbe es {ke 80 porownt of tabular value for bearing parlll with grain no reduction LI? Breer a = Fiovents Gate ipo wosst SDs peanaer wei, a Dehra eis oe ences AREMA Manual for Railway Engineering reqsTiber Structures Tablo 7-2-13. Bearing Value for Botts Atonbl oa per Bo ter Beng on Common ots wth Word Se ates ) Forsnoerocotonaly we tut que eraa) O a Sofood (Confers) Hardwoods (road saved) 2 i | eroupa | croupa Sup 3 z Cedar Porn| Cypress, Group 2. | Aan. Whie: 7 B | semiscn, | “western” [Douglas rit | 2° | Gum tack | SER. Ei 5 | "Ete | “Rear” Jeoastrine,| C8 [Sora rear | ROS: : z Dougie | Southern, Tipe | , Mae i é ‘and "| Reawood an Os = gi = 2 = z = 3 $ |$o|20|8o|20|Balea|2ol[2a|¥o/2a| Fo 3s % Se gelzelae Be ge a g 2 \8 Pelesiz z Be gs : £ |e ]e°|g°/e°) ge /2°) 9/29) £9 | 2°) 2° = 2 2 é & e a EE I Toie|—179|a90|za| eo] a0] ro ao] 50] 290] 7 0] vi 1% i2i9| 190) 590| 280] 730) '950| 290) 680, 20] 880} 520] 1090] 128] aio] asa] —2na| ao] aon] Tiva| aso] 70] seo) 020] oral tao 7,000] 190[ 480] 250[ 80) 350) 720) 700] 00] 830] i. 0 0”) —Bao| 60] 90| ae nol Fl To 2 toa] on] 00] 10 Toa] 0) 349 | rio| a0] as Toso] 1350 aro] 179 00| ao e002] 0] 580 a0] 7100 * "780| 870] 940| 510| 1150] - 330] 900| 470| 1190| 750) 1920] mm Tm o40[_ azo] Tv so] e730] Toe] S90] sa] 90] ao] ao] ao] an] Tr] ao] io] 57016] oa) a0 }| 1260] 500] 1570] 690] 2040) 440} 1460] 630) 1890] 1000) 2950) zio{ 00] es] —sz| 90] —so0|Tra| aoa] To] 0 | o|_420| Tora] eo avo] 27a] Towa] ao] azo] eo| 190 3 [a] ‘070| 480| 1810| 650] 1620} 420] i240) 590) 1580) 960) 1870) TH aa [25] ae] 10] st] T560| ro] ra aa] 050) 80] 070) Toso] 200 Tf 80 | s000|as0| vel sre ta0e| ro] 22a] soo] ree] ro] aie0| Ti] 37 ‘See Table 7-2-18 footnotes on Page 72-78 7278 "AREMA Manual for Railway EngineeringDesign of Wood Rallway Bridges and Trostes for Ralway Loading Table 7-2-13. Bearing Value for Bolts (Continued) Alowable Load par Bolt for Timber Bearing on Common Bois with Wood Sie Pitas (For timber occasionally wot bu quick died) Softwoods (Conifers) Hardwoods (Broad Leaved) i i Group? | rou Group 3 al 2 cadanPort| Gypres, Group A hte: i § | cours | Stordand| Sauer: | Gouyy | cimSom | gee fia E | senior, | Westen: [pourri] SIS8P, | cum Bock B) 2) | © | eres | ese eens pte TlElels Doug isouther Tine g/g )s/é ind | Redwood ar ils eT a/5| |Z [ae 20/¥o|20| 35/20/30 [a0 2 alee e8/25/22/28/28|22 : | ee 2°) ge/e9)gel/ee| ge é é é é TDs an aa aaa aaa Tala % | 68 | 2266] 390| 950] 520] 1060” 710] 1230)” 450] i100] 650) 1280] aw |_% [4s | 2719] 430/ 1260] S80| 1470| 790] i760| S00] 1480] 720) 1760] % | 41 | 3.172 470] 1510] 690] 1840] 870] 2260| _550| 1740/ 790| 2200] 1_| 36 | 3.620[ 520] i750] 620] 21<0| 950, 2600| 600| 2010) 860) 2570) [ae a eon sears esol arat al eal—Tro| ata ‘% | 64 | 2500) 490| 960| 570] 1070] 780 1260) S00] 1120/ 700] 1290) 4 |% 83 [ 3.000] “<80) 1330[ “630/ 1520|~ 870] 1770) 560) 1540) _790| 1830) ‘e_[ 40 [sa] san] ve] ra} salvo] ao] ero 150] a T[-40"| aan) srol- verve aan Tos aioe zra|ael si TL sanantonio sa ef ra | nara ao] oe] aa] Toro| wl aso nf Tr] ran vg (ef wr wane) aan ro es en ira| eo] te 0] To ** \@-[ 5.1 | 3.986] 590] 1760) 790] 2060] 1080] 2440] 690] 2060] 980] 2270] 1_| 45 | 4500] ia '2430| 1070| 3010| wef a | 9 soo) ~ 78 ar a FE“ a] aa aaa aon Tor Tan af ert sa iat] “pao aa ot 5 |] 527 | <373| 600] 1860] 870] 2000] 1200| 2400] 760] 2160] 1080] asi0| 1700] 7790] 1 sa Kowa] an| soa] soo] aeso) 10] sit] 100) ao im | 44 | Sa35| eo] 2020] Tow0| a160| aso] sea eio[ 3060] 7800] soo] 20a0| 4430 [AREMA Manual for Raiway Engineering 7278“Timber Structures Table 7-2-13. Baring Value for Bolts (Continued) ‘Alowable Load par Bolt fr Timber Bearing on Common Bats with Wood Sie Plates (For nba acanoray wat but acy aed) ina Sofwoods (Conifers Hardwoods (Broad Leaves) 2 4 Teroup2 | croups | Sreup3 Ff] | § | ews [Sees] Seem Sees, Bees” 2/2 2 | Hemlock, | Western (Douplasric| S'CMP* Gum, Block] SS Er. g | eittom | “red” [coast rine nd Res ‘ Zzlelz Dougias Fis Souther “apoio a|e|s|2 ind "| Redwood | 2/2 giz z = 2 ala i $o|20) $0) 20/40/20 |30|20 g/ea & B 25/86/33) $5| 55/36/55 /36 556 a é £ é é Te] BB | Teas se. Bea| ee] TOV, Bs0|TeaO]S6O| THs, 7O] eOy 1060] TD % | 78 | €i25) 450] 1390) 1770] 760] 1600) 1030) 1840] su [% [| 63 | 4813) 720| 1880] j| 2400) 840) 2190] 1190) 2510) 1 | 6 | 6500) —ro0| 200 sia) eao| ave isi] e220 Tafa [e188 ~s6o| ao Sz0|i000|390|_190 7 EXE TEaO] 0] 1159[ wo] 1290 % | 80 | 4500] 710| 1390] 1770) 830) 1600] 1050) 1640] 6 | % [69 | 5250[ 790] 1880) 2400) 920] 2190] 1280] 2510) 1] «0 | e000} aso) ao 80) i000] 260] 10] e270 Ti | 53 | 6.750] 990/000] "3980, 1090) 3460) 1580) 4110] fio] aaa] so oa 701660) rae] —7a0] 1200 %_ | 8 | 4sta| 140] 000 zo] 860) 620) 1000] 1840) on [ta [aa sel “eso i000 i ~we0| 200] 1390] 2510) 160] 2700 T [a | 0) oa] zat eso] 3160] oso] 280 Te) sero] a] apa Ta [em Feral voi 2070 eo] avao| iso] seco] reno) aizo] aia] seo ‘See Table notes on Page 7-2-78 ~ ~ wT | ae seo] 900 0] 180] —00] TTR] FAY ao] eo] a | 83 | 6:00] ro) TaR0 iiao| 177 e90| 100] ao] i800] T270| 260| 1 Pa} a0 [ean —aa0) so 0] 2f0[ Too] a0] 1980] iol 150] 200] 1] 0 | Zoo i000) ao iso_2i6o| 170] a5] reno aero] a2) 340 a eC ooo] avao| 1270] ses] isi] aiao| a] ana 12.16 ere REMA Manusl for Railway EngineeringDesign of Wood Railway Bridges and Trestles for Rallway Loading Table 7-213. Bearing Value for Bots (Continued) ‘Allowable Load per Bal for Timber Bearing on Common Baits with Wood Side Pates (Fo: timber occasionaly wet but quickly ed) 2] - Softwoods (Conifers) Hardwoods (Broad Leaved) 3 3 Group 3 2 z creup2 | Groups ; a|. : cecay Pert] Sypres, croup 2 Ash. White: 3/2 § | croup |Orordand| Souther: | Group | Elm Soft | 9 E60 #|2 3 | Hemlock, | Westorn (Douglas ix,| GTOUP | Gur, Black | HEP: Em i) 2 & | "einem | “Reds |coast;Fine, ‘and Rect 213 Douglas Fi, | Souther; “Tupelo e/3|S|8 inland '| Redwood a) 3 3 e\2 ie 2]. 12 2] (2 e\2 z \3¢ Sa)3e/20/8a)/20/sa gejae s & PS) S/2E/SE\28/ 85/2 Zales 6 b /E5/ 55/22/25) 28/28/28/23/28)38 3 “i: i : = é i cs) Sia], BoO, TaROY Sra] a 1109] 1720] ~a80] 1600) 1000) 1820) 1320) 2060 1480| 2400] 1110] 2160] 1380] 2510) 1800) 2790) 1820] $160] 1280] 2860] 1660) $270] e510) 3040) % [100 | 6.625) —7e0) 1990] —o70 a [| 86 | 6.565) 950) Taso) 1780 1-75 | 7.500] 1070) 2470) 1400 Te] ar | w.saf 1179] 3120] vee] 3400| 200) 380] 190] 9600] sero] iso] e700) 1630 see | 5.000| 510] obo] ban] 70] reo] nl ool Tian] o70] To] 680] TD] % [107 | 6.000] 1390| 890] 1080{ 1770| 870| 1600] 980] 1840| 1280| 2060] =] 91 | 000) 9601880) 180) 000] 14s 2a0i| a0] 210) i820) asio[ res 27e0 ® [iJ 80 | e000) s140) 2670) 1460] 2790) 1650) a160) 1890) 2e60) 1680) 3270] 2200) 3610 1% [71 [ 9.000) 3120] 1660] 2460] 2200] s980| 1450] 9690] 2000] 4180) 2850| 4630] 1% | a [10.000] 1940) sasol 17e0] 270] 2430] 452i] 10] 2a80| zzi0| 5190 3900] 6700) % [iar] Fa 720] 1300] _s60] Tse0) | 177] aso] i000] oo] Taxol 1180] 200 % [109°] 8318] 960} vee0| 1240) aIG0) 1970) aco) 1i90|-ate0| aso] asi0] 1620] 2700 9% [1] @5 | eno} saan] 27 1470] 2700 1790} 2:80] 1a 2eoo] v690| 3070] 20) 2630] ‘VA | 84 ] 30.686) 1450] $120] 1820) 3400| 2270] 3980] 1690| 9680] 2060] «180) 2790) 4630] we ta |susta| i580] sso] Boro] , ‘Tho strongth of round columns may be considered the tame as that of aquare columns of the same cross sectional ares In Tong tapered columns the strongth may be assumed en dential with tet of a square folumn ofthe came longth, and of erase sectional area equal to that ofthe round timber measured at point one-third its length from the small end. The stress atthe small end must not exceed the allowable ress for shert columns. SECTION 2.8 DETAILS OF DESIGN 2.8.1 GENERAL (1988) All members shall be framed, anchored, tied and braced to davelop the strength an rigidity necessary forthe purposes intended. 2.8.2 NET SECTION (1988) Allstress computations shall be based on actual size of timbers, Where members are dapped or otherwise framed to materially rodues tho effective size, the net accion of the plese shall be ured 2.8.3 BOLTED CONNECTIONS (1988) Tho contr to center distance along the grain botweun bots acting parallel wits the grain shall be not less than four times the bot diameter, 1. ‘The tension area remaining atthe eritialsetion should heat lest 80 percent ofthe total area in boaring under all bolts fr coniferous woods 100 peroen for hardwoods «Ina tension joint, the distance from the end ofthe timber tothe center of nearest blt shall be not ls ‘than seven times the bolt diameter for eoniferous woods; lve times for hardwoods. For compression stress, this ond distance need be only four times te bolt diameter 4. or loads acting perpendicular to the grain, the distance betwoon the odg toward which the Blt pressures acting, and the contr ofthe ball nearest this edge, should be not less then four times the bolt diameter, AREMA Manus for Railway Engineering 279‘Timber Struct 2.8.4 NOTCHED BEAMS (1988) ‘Tho allowable end reaction for beams with aquare-cornered notches at the ends shal be computed by the following formate ya? beg ad here: b= Wietd = Depth above the notch = Total dopth of boam «= Working unt stresin horizanta! shear = Allowable end resction ‘SECTION 2.9 COMPARISON OF UNIT STRESSES IN TIMBERS IN OPEN AND BALLASTED-DECK TRESTLES' (1957) (Reapproved without change 1957) 2.9.1 GENERAL (1988) Por Open-Douk Trestles, E60 Loading rofr to Tablo 7-2-4 », For Open-Desk Trestles, F-T2 Looding refer to "Table 7.216 © Por Open-Dec Trestles, E80 Losding rfer to Table 7-216 4. For Ballasted-Deck Trestles, E-60 Loading refer to Table 7-2-17, For Ballasted Deck Tvesee, B-72 Loading refer to Table 7-218, {For Ballasted Deck Trestles, E80 Loading refer to Table 72-18, Rafrnc V6, 144, ap. 205, 8; Vl, 657, pO, 10 VL, 565, p. 108 7280 "AREMA Manual for Railway EngineoringTable 7-214. Comparison of Unit Stresses in Open Deck Trestles, Cooper E 60 Loading, No Impact 12° and 19" Spans ‘Alllods in pourds per tack, All moments in foot pounds per track E"Fatcncime mime ie | Seema [Pani Lenath Gio ¢ of Bente 1 7 m rr T 1 3 — aaa te 2 ee Se : aa ae ee See awe + es ST SS Se nee wep ee Seite ome | ae [inf | = Heit tering in fee PS Miho dive = Stn pede Drend ie = Nowa n epth |AREMA Manual for Raliway Engineering 1284‘Timber Structures Table 7-2-14, Comparison of Unit Stresses in Open Deck Trestles, Cooper E 60 Loading, No Impact 12" and 19° Spans (Continued) oO ‘Allloads in pounds per track. All moments in fot-pounds per rack ember nd Si of Singer oe we | ee) eee Unisimrbpesain= 22] ae 1 100 6 us Fara a naa ae ev Ga win > Rot 1 axaoo rn 00 e700 sort ones —| (inci tr tansy Foret Patios orto wang a ia sae enw Sa baa Mas se sit ws 0 e sive BE wot 00 sestn 080 soe 080 a(9 Coosa neaiae | — a = = ia ao “Unit sheet por sq in. = : a 0 106 ry @ ry 7282 "AREMA Manual for Railway EngineetingDesign of Wood Railway Bridges and Trost for Railway Loading Table 7-214. Comparison of Unit Stresses In Open Deck Trestles, Cooper E60 Loading, No impact 14° Spans ‘Allloads in pounds per track. All moments in ootpounds per Wack [ott arotpieserpateag ie [7m sta [770 a0 0 | 70 60 | 7 — #00 [sittnrngnresron pls or pons 20201 (erage dinner peo [18a [earingSeagr on cps nti bape Distansehoee fa o€epe pn oe gertanding and ter ene ep) Jn = ‘Total Dea Lod pr inear t f ae Bieta @ AF c= ane AREMA Manual for Railway Engineering Panama co 7 7 Dead one fo oP | een 2688 ‘are vaso |e Banceesrb pera ea] op 186 196 ‘ait 99 etn modu Sd i Fa as ae ery a Bo ah etariges ta xe Bl Wighton ons rn ore ~ £000 pon 2 Dunc bom ead Bayer Dest ie = Nota ieee a dag‘Timber Structures Table 7-2-14. Comparison of Unt Stresses in Open Dock Trestles, Cooper E 60 Loading, No Impact 14° Spans (Coninsed) O Abadi pounce por wack A moments in feck pounds per Lack Fanon teens 7 a . 7 aa a ay RSS iy as we to rd = HON 8 an ss “0 0 Toad —_ Tis Tiss co UntiherBoreutn=? 2 [aon 5 ‘ 16 % Tac ot PERE OR ST SH Fe TT mi om ace oo ss0 wpe) | atomeweeain=? | ° % n * 1286 "AREMA Manual for Rallvay EngineeringDesign of Wood Railway idge snd Trestles for Rallway Loading Table 7-2-14. Comparison of Unit Stresses in Open Deck Trestles, Cooper € 60 Loading, No Impact 18° and 16° Spans Alioads in pounds per tack, Allmaments in foct-nounds per treck [Poaltangn to oben = ro «© a ‘Brineenemind ae 28 4 mm ao 0 [sen on bent pom [Usthewingseon plese posto) ms aie | es8 aia [ame —a88 pane 167 ara 108 [earn Samson cp or ooaioar ba peo Arsen i" cp 1 Ta 08 [a 2a Berg a or TE Sp |] 308 70 ie ist sn eas] ‘omne | mooe 20109 ‘Seca mahal ee eo as ra = | I "Bianee te Chants forharing en apn et Hei fringe in et ies fsa fava ee 08 fer 1B Bron finest st ‘veer tending and ee ue op) Wigston enc ang se = 6:00 pounds lw = ‘ea ond Ld prin eof cs 22 Datina ond Plo ppt fet ‘Ral and fnaninge = 20 pours per ea fot ‘rad ae = Nona se adept Beg e x gir c= a eager AREMA Manual for Railway Engines 7.2485Timber Structures Table 7-214. Comparison of Unit Stresses In Open Deck Trestles, Cooper E 60 Loading, No Impact 418" and 16" Spans (Continued) Cc ‘Ailloags in pounds per rack. All moments in foot pounds per track Favetergh otc of Bone = = ro © 4] Trp var anand rl at Ser gS Tata a me __ [ma 7m Ta Tang Ser oso ty Fray Prise bony Pit Ger aS robe Foe Dew nd = WEBB ae a a ome 0 Ss “0 ae 00 0 ang rare ens Fret Pony ag van rr Fi Sra eat nd = WiL= 2D ae aes eo om sou ween hg 728 'AREMA Manual for Rallway EngineeringDesign Wood Raitway Bric Table 7-216, Comparison of Unit Strasses In Open Deck Trestles, Cooper E72 Loading, No Impact 12" and 12’ 6" Spans ‘Al oads in pounds per tack, All moment nfoct-paunds pe rake [Bevel pero ose jibes — [OTe ee ea rage din ns porpeorpos[)—g —[eg —se —es ee ring loners o ae or enna at pe eek Areseg tp o_O ca mo Te Diane coinage un at rags ‘nding and ha hese Ca) Teen gr 0 @ iF cen 287 pnd poe eerie Desiatnonet PIT |) oe 1000 fommaes Fer inane Cio Chere rkarngen cnet ie Helden at ‘Wigton ne gen = 72000 pound Daten Po voprt ne ‘Dest an = Nota ef eth AREMA Manual fr Rallway Engineering 287Structures Table 7-218, Comparison of Unit Stresses in Open Deck Trestles, Cooper E72 Losding, No Impact 12" and 12° 8" Spans (Continued) ‘Aloads in pounds per track All moments in fot-pounds per rece aga ar a te I ay a aT PT a Fa Destin » Ham a 2900 sae 2 Ta RESTS T yRSSS S TTT ig ba fc spt. _~ Dead ind» BOL=2 om = am a0 dive “2 sew sew 9 ano 7248 "AREMA Manual for Railway Engi C )Design of Wood Raihvay Bri id Trestles for Relay Loading Table 7-218. Comparison of Unit Stresses in Open Deck Trestles, Cooper E72 Loading, No Impact 13° Spans Atlas in pounds per track. All moments in fot pounds par track Peni angi CoC of Bente = 8 o ber and Sof tinge ee | eee | eee [sided es 708s = Dad ae [6 as Inenrof ioesrpai cm Ts—s Bia ples ore aire Teun eo oat [serine on prem a a8? [ane Tes fs Tes Le Rani | eso 2oate seo Bening wre pero 9 -s05 3] 5p isn on eg a Sant Te ES ‘aoa ‘Sa son are "Bias Clo Chita terogen satin ft =TLgh of rn nf Diane son fg pan tbo nse b=Bresshef psa Senn ew ce Cn Pain gars» Taiecr oie it c= Bina tt oe sed es = Nomina st AREMA Manual for Railway Engineering 7289‘Timber Structures Table 7-218. Comparison of Unit Stresses in Open Deck Trestles, Cooper & 72 Loading, No impact 18" Spans (Continued) Oo ‘loads in pounds per track. All rroments in foot pounds par rack Tait Ser bse iy Fre Prac OS Pa ee TST haba rm pg. Dead nd = WOLD x 0 90 [eat toa wn Bak 7 a a wy ‘ex 1990 0 "AREWA Manual for Railway EngineeringDesign of Wood Rallway Bridges and Trestles for Railway Loading Table 7-2-18. Comparison of Unit Stresses In Open Deck Trestles, Cooper E 72 Loading, No Impact 14" Spans ‘Ailloags in pounds per rack. All maments in foot pounds per ack umber and Sie oF Stinger wre | eee | ewe | ee ae on Pa Dest nd e603 [a roo fester orpats Da [rd ea ae ar fst bring sos on por poms] 9a ain ant ane ise 19 —200 Arse 10 Tae [a co Rearngsierb pore mie ap | 156 1% | —a00, a0 aga ar Sanat ra Ta aa ra Datates Co C bent for bering on cape ft alg of rage fat ‘F Dicactetcecfestuctstiecbrsningr b= Bree etaragesin et ‘oding an aber, esac" Cap BL Nolgton ana rings ~ 200 pounds P= Bane ran oc {25 Datnce om nd Pte mppn i and tnerings = 208 pandnpromr foot Dreandane» Nona swear nag Batra ari i oor tof pmntope = AREMA Manual for Reivay Engineering, 7291Structures Table 7-218. Comparison of Unit Stresses in Open Deck Trestles, Cooper E72 Loading, No Impact 292 14° Spane (Continued) Altioads in pounds per track. All maments In fet pounds per tack Pretianam te Col Bene 1 © 7 © Deak d= Waa Tgp 70 ‘200 Tei tes — a 7 one And | | TERT PS ST a A FATT "AREMA Manual for Railway EngineeringTablo 7-216. Comparison of Unit Stresses In Open Deck Trestles, Cooper E 80 Loading, No Impact 118, 12'and 125° Spone ‘All's in pounds per ack. All roments in fot pounds per ack. [soften or pos hab visie [ie vote sae Tia ee af es or posta, see 008 aa 008 — [poe T0988 ose gine Ta a Tig ergo 1 ea 1 ee ie a ano rand ack] 70 "w_ [a Tegal see ender ria Fine Geran Ger Dasa pe = RBH 6 uo 1a 18 AREMA Manual for Railway Engineering 7203Timber Strucores Table 7-216. Comparison of Unit Stresses in Open Deck Trestles, Cooper E80 Loading, No Impact 41.5, 12° and 12.8 Spans (Continved) ) Fame Sarason ey Fares Pods labors Fis dover a3 ins agit eam om srr = _ —_ Gest soing creme om ‘a0 | Tampa ar Ysod on oa ore Frat Labarion wing eval shea armas iat rer oOo ite bran Een seo Deda = Wii ae aa a wee ea a e oO Nesepeone te "DatabostoCtet for ring on ean at lw = "en Dead Lo per ea of ck ‘Wag none alag x= 7200 ponds Tea P oi Gir n=l peniepe ——calaingbrg ending od ear te 7204 "AREMA Manual for Railway EngineeringDesigh of Wood Railway Bridges and Trestles for Railway Loading Table 7-216. Comparison of Unit Stresses in Open Deck Trestles, Cooper E80 Loading, No Impact 19°and 14° Spans All loads in pounds per track. ll moments in foot-pounds per track a om 4 2090 em Daag sre 1 ap aie a ie a Fe none andr] — S60 —| — ao — | — a ‘ne | ao [Beige teed ste | 1 ie i a gil ar Santa Rea Fae Seo Ga DO —— Coat i Ts a AREMA Manual for Railway Engineering 7205Tibor Structures Table 7-216, Comparison of Unit Stresses In Open Deck Trestles, Cooper E 80 Loading, No Impact 13" and 14" Spans (Continued) Tae Bw [i 7 i zm [essa a ed on Ty Te Fi ry Pi Gra Bagh ae om Det a= WE ce oa [—_ oa = Cre i ia Toi 8 a0 | er eto ewe Tos ie [ a ie Ta Tak cho = SR oa @ 2 @ 6 Conn sia eon Pay Fore Pos LOY Wong OST aT IP TS Pa Te FO [ister aah © a ns = @ Tar = SBR [=r % 7s a [Pane Cte ener aig op ne A= mes oigeet PS Wopiton one dren ae = 7200 pound ‘mae "AREMA Manual for Railway Engineering 1298Design of Wood Rallway Bridges and Trestles for Railway Loading Table 7 16, Comparison of Unt Stresses In Open Deck Trestles, Cooper E 80 Loading, No Impact 18'and 16° Spans Allfoads In pounds er tack. All moments in fot pounds Dor track. i we ae a] aaa eC Deoiindneeribpantie [RES | als] as] a] or os ns | = [onside al Wea are ae DE AREMA Manual for Railway Engineering 7297Tienber Structures Table 7-216. Comparison of Unit Stresses In Open Deck Trestles, Cooper € 80 Loading, No Impact 18’ and 16° Spans (Continued) Taal oo 00000 | 108 78880 oso | (Goss eng nominal oe me 80 160 10 100 Unitary = a ee 1 % 7 = ‘Gov cag dre 1 ae ise 00 tae # = = aes Paina 7000 oo 160 Tatar = aU % ios = [emt ava band en tab ren Predaaa Labora ang evan iar oral Pre Sr Deal ol = WORN aa Be cu 7 Ta = | aa "e000 72000 "R000 "e000 we a Taal co 700 ae ae oe ‘Gros tn in ina a ne 1200 1600 1080 1908 sits po = SRN * * % = e Unies = aA 2 1 7 = @ [asp [= "Distance to Cents ering on cp in ‘Bl cof pr fo r ne ea he Hig of ecngerint ‘eho ngs ot ‘Wig none driving = 7200 pounds jw-= ‘eal Dead Lond per oer it fa {12 Dattne Com fond Po eappet inet ‘Bal aod teaorings= 26 pnd po toa ct Drs le = Nominal ys th Toes rr 10 @ AB Gon = BEY pone pint Insley tearing, eg nd sr rene, j= ‘Tal nestn soar senge or snare an yg Ten pT OR 7298 'AREMA Manual for Railway Engineering O Oo ©Design of Wood Rallway Bridges and Trestles or Railway Loading Table 7-27, Comparison of Unit Stresses in Ballasted Deck Trestles, Cooper E 60 Loading, No Impact 12° and 126" Spane ‘Altoads in pounds per track. All moments in fot-pounds per rack nal Langih C6 of Bote @ we ee ge en a = Inara peor oa = = + o 6 Sie fw or pore eo lio aie [eo Tee [sapere weorpoe [12S 1a mss aa eg sr ri i 7 5 =| al eat San a aT PT Dea» HE oy 15800 | e200 Teal a) oy aio ‘Digan Ct Ctent fr enig on ein et eight of ingen eat Disanes is tofeseepe pis OS fete senger bending = Breath onan st debe (mame 1 cp) ‘eit none eng ee ~ 0000 prone YW = Toa Dat ad pera oo ra Datance fom et Bt ropa net. "aan teins =o pounds pr ts fo Dred sin = Noma i hw fn ep Sete = ab piper cat Tneialting baring bending nd snr tence |AREMA Manual for Railway Engineering 7209‘Timber Structures Table 7-2-17. Comparison of Unit Stresses in Balasted Deck Trestles, Cooper E 60 Loading, No Impact, 12° and 12° 6° Spans (Continued) ( ‘Allload in pounds per track. All maments in foot pounds per track PPaseitzagi Gio of bots # 7 ao ST rT FT Pr POO 5 WMT a Tn So Dest nd = MESH 00 200 | 1020 Tag a a ay a Pa SOT TTT I FTA TT | mestton = HBB tae naive 100 of sino See sso «sso sco Saeep oe te 72-100 "AREMA Manual for Ralway EngineeringDesign of Wood Railway Bridges and Trestles fr Rallway Loading Table 72-17, Comparison of Unit Stresses in Ballasted Deck Trestles, Cooper E 60 Loading, No Impact 13° Spans Allloads in pounds par ack, All moments in foot pounds per ack [Panel Length C to C of Bents I 7 7 7 18 [nese oe or j= Dttor Cen Cents fo acing apne ig ofstringar in ast Ditance to neofepenaeS foc frst b= Bes erage net bending and ster sane "ep P= Wophton oo devia = 6000 ounde f= ‘om ea ond or lar oto se 5 Datune fom and Pt rg, e ‘Raed stenngs = 20 prundper nce Dred ee = Nona ie ne faa ‘Balan = 120 pan pcb oe Iellting baring banding and shar tas AREMA Manual for Railway Engineering 2401Timber Structures Table 7-217. Comparison of Unt tresses In Balasted Deck Trestles, Cooper E 60 Loading, No Impact 18° Spans (Continued) ‘illo in pounds per track All moments In foc: pounds pe rack Fn Lng a a Bate = 7 * = Denton = BD) 100 =a 190 stein ER | ae | aw * 1 ST a ye aN HEIST at id = BOB ooo 1280 12310 7 1 Fumo) ay | seve | sews | sn it terthperee i= 3 a © o %6 atts perog i = 2 we o ~ 72402 'AREMA Manusl for Railway EngineeringTable 7-2-17. Comparison of Unit Stresses in Ballasted Deck Trestles, Cooper E 60 Loeding, No Impact 18! Spans ‘toads in pounds per rack. All moments in eot-pounds per track ParslUenein C106 of ere | 1 @ [Dit tarngrires oni or pnb] 0205 [387 moe ans aor [ans a7 [AREMA Manual for Railway Engineering Tei mone ec aol Teal oa oe ERE eal ml = [p= "Datance Cio hrs forbarngonssin‘os: b= Belg afar in ee nga tendngsnd sats une leap) «P= Wghton ne crg ae = 000 pane = Teal Duad ed pr ean face Dita fom ind Pes agar int alae etnings = 20 pounds per icarfoet Dred ie = None hw tn epth ‘alan ~ at poss cabo Tivealting barn bing tnd shear ime ~ Tul Reaction tapered cee 72408Timber Structures Table 7-217. Comparison of Unit Stresses in Ballasted Deck Trestles, Cooper E 60 Loading, No Impact 15° Spens (Continued) ‘All joade in pound per rack. All moments afoot pounds per ack Paige Cobo * * = we La ae ree ya ry * we a Uatabartoperan tn = 2B 1 a im ne ES SIS eo ST BT TT eal t= ie m0 ‘m0 ‘00 00 Tretia en rn oa ay ET a TS RST TTT TF OT (ivi tenor Dead ioad = WOL—2h) 17500 17800, 17000, 17000 72404 ‘AREMA Manual for Railway EngineeringDesign of Wood Railway Bridges and Trestles fo Railway Loading Table 7-218. Comparison of Unit Stresses in Ballasted Deck Trestles, Cooper E72 Loading, No Impact 12° and 126" Spans ‘Alloa in pounds por tack. All momants in fot pounds per tack Frneitoatn€ tof Bene 2 | Fe Hi a le = bangs ame 2 BS Wiese dng = 200 pds alan ning = 200 pad par ht ‘Dose zn = Nominal ie lx "i dep ‘eed eaten ierirges werd canes 7242 "AREMA Manual for Ralivay EngineeringDesign of Wood Reilway Bridges and Trestes for Railway Loading Table 7-219. Comparison of Unit Stresses In Ballasted Deck Trestles, Cooper E 80 Loading, No Impact 19" and 14° Spans Altiads in pounds per tack. All moments in fot pounds per tack [alten Cus ober a = © ry mba ao ings josie | een | wen | isin | eiera ‘ev ane wie [ao mo am] [vale afb orpoaoaa in Jaze 1006 [soa con [ona 1008 Joe 1008 [ona 1008 Uni ving enon lee and pop [asb Sa [os —_aon [ase 200 ae _as0 arn Beane are 107 ieee “ie 9 761 Tis ond omen fon pounds erie] 00 0000 ‘oo om 8000 Sa a a a co [lpn seated Formal Pre ero uate DOR AREMA Manual for Railway Engineering rasTimber Structures Table 7-2-9. Comparison of Unit Stresses in Ballasted Deck Trestles, Cooper E 80 Loading, No Impact 19a 1 pan (Conn ) ce eas ‘ss [ae ahi ‘= [a [ea a a Re Pe ay Rr a sna soa ee [||P ate = or = = ™ ws tiny sig | a Cari if 3 = = a [Feet smertnn ont Fonat PodoceLaratry ang vied Dhan Fr Fs rea ae pate a | enor Dead = AE 7 1m Ea ae a nme EE oe O ‘Taal re ‘wor os oon Ey ‘rou no soil oe 50 156 140 Tuo 700 TV char pa = aR toe = a @ 1a en dr a0 ro 195 oe 0 ‘Uses pa = SR 105 a * % 18 [septs |e tine Cto Cb bain on an fe he Heidt otetingorin et Brae ge ie ‘rig on or ring oe = 72000 pounds rae "AREMA Manual for Rallway EngineeringDesign of Wood Railway Bridges and Trostlos for Rallway Loading Table 7-2-9, Comparison of Unit Stresses in Ballasted Deck Trestles, Cooper E 80 Loading, No Impact 15’ ond 16°Spone [Allloads in pounds per track. All momar n foot pounds per track [se sitar © [aan a isa Tanto shar Sandard rm Pre otra Garr Po AREMA Manual for Ralivay Engineering 25Tim Struct Table 7-219, Comparison of Unit Stresses in Ballasted Deck Trestles, Cooper E 80 Loading, No Impact 15’ and 18’ Spans (Continued) amr i) nae ie “ae [ae] [Catal aw nly Foret Prac Laer Pt era es hair Dee an pa Tir iad ead witin x atmos | e000 |” san00 ‘0 a = 12 1 1000 eo 10] [Ezitnal sar don ny Foret ros Laity ong rood Tre Fs Ger w aes ig sa Fo] unas ES = RC C e 7 Better it “Zinta eo en fee sO. fo fr tings beding and hea (larame ea) = 7200 pone ld ating = 200 pnd er ines foot Dressed size = Narsial size ee" fn depth ind rae "AREMA Manual for Raliway Engineeringign of Wood Railway Bridges and Trestles for Rallway Loading SECTION 2.10 RULES FOR RATING EXISTING WOOD BRIDGES AND TRESTLES* 2.10.1 CLASSIFICATION (1988) ‘Wood railway bridges and treats shall bo clasiied according to their rated carrying capacity aa determined by ‘tho rules spocifed herein. The wark of eassifyingbridgue shall be as doseribed in Chapter 16, Stel Structures, Par 7, Busting Bridges, 2.40.2 GENERAL (1988) Bacept as otherwise provided in these rules, the specications in Uhis part shall govern, 2.40.3 CARRYING CAPACITY (1988) ‘The carrying capacity af abridge shall be determined by the computation of stresss based on authentic records ‘ofthe design, details, spocies and grade of wood, materials, workmanship, and pyaeal condition, netuding ata obtained by inspection. If doemod advisable, field determination of sieates shall be mado and the results {given due consideration inthe final assinmont of the carrying pacity. Fora spectc service the eeation and ‘behavior under lod shal be taken into sceou. 2.40.4 INSPECTION (1988) ‘An inspection ofthe bridge shall be made to determine: ‘4. Whother the actual sections and details conform to the drawings. Where actual sections end details do not conform tothe drawings the differonoce chal be noted in detail of special importance ar the humber and epacing of pls, size of ea, eight of bets, length of panel, sae and mumber of sringors, positioning of stringer joints on caps, whether stingers are continoxs over bent, sae and spacing of Hie, and size and leat of eway and longitudinal bracing on bent, Fan. b. Any additions to the dead load not shown on the plan, such as heavier dock or rail, walks, pipelines, conduits, signal device, and wire supports. ‘© The position of the track with respect to the centerline of the brig. 44 Any loss of wood due to decay and wear. Thi determination shouldbe made by inrement borings The physical condition, noting such conditions aslote bolts and excessive checks or splits £ The condition of al pints of bearing. & Thecondition of bent, expecially atthe ground line and eap connection. 2.10.5 COMPUTATION OF STRESSES (1988) ‘The computation of stresses shall be made fr the detail as wel as forthe mein members, giving particular i attention to 18, The increased load eartied by a ringer, cap loor member or truss due to ascentrcity ofthe lod. This spplies to bridges on tangent where the track are olf center as well a fo bridges on curves, * Rateens, Yo 63 1962, p86, 7; YL 681988, 108 AREMA Manual for Raiway Engineering 7247Timber Structu b. Spacing of bents ©. Continuity occurring in stringers. Where the support under al eonsats of three or mare stringers ‘sttembled asa chord, or otherwize acting in unison, and extending over two spans with slaggered joints, {partially continaoas beam action may He asumed to eat, and the computations may be made for Stringers based on the average strge as determined from single beam analyse and that for «fully ‘continuous eontion, 2.10.6 LOADS AND FORCES (1988) ‘Stresses shall be computed for the following loads and fore a Dead Load, b, Live Loe. © Imp 4. Conteifgal force, ©. Other lateral forces. Longitudinal force. 240.7 DEAD LOAD (1988) ‘Tae de lad bal be the weight of the ridge inchading the deck and trac, together with any other Sxed oad, 2.40.8 LIVE LOAD (1988) |& The ive load shall be one ofthe Cooper E-series other standard loading o load consisting ofa specie Tocomotive or other equipment, depending on the purpoce for whizh the rating is dsired, 1 Ifthe lve loa i to be a specific losmotive and ears (or other equipment), complete data shell be ‘obtained, including the epacing of axles and th sate Toad on etch sxe, This data shall be used to conver the specie locomotive and ears (or other equipment) to equivalent standard loading fo the ‘various span lengths of the bridges being rated. 2.40.9 IMPACT (1988) The dynmie increment of lod du to the elfets of speed, roll and track regularities is not wel established for timber stractures Its toll elle ie etimsted to be less than the ineressad strength of timber forthe short ‘cumulative duration of loading to which railroad Bridges are subjected in service, and is taken into, ‘consideration inthe derivation of allowable working stresses for design. 2.40.40 CENTRIFUGAL FORCE (1988) Centrifuge fonce shall be determined as specified in Article 2.5.4,Design of Wood Raliway Bridges and Trestles fr Railway Loading 2.10.11 OTHER LATERAL FORCES (1988) (Other lateral forces shall he determined a specified in Article 2.5.5, except that the wind foreesball be taken as not exceeding two-thirds ofthe foreas shown and the nosing load shall be taken es Yi the weight of one locomotive without tendor, both applied a stated. Due to thelr limited duration, wind forees may be ignored in the rating of pile or frame trestles where the bridge is geographically eeated in an area not normally exposed 10 ‘winds of exceptional magnitude 2.40.12 LONGITUDINAL FORCE (1988) Longitudinal fore shall be determined as specifid in Artic 2.8.5.4, 2.40.13 COMBINED STRESSES (1988) For strottos produced by longitudinal or ater lateral forces, or by «combination ofthese frees with dead and live loads and cenrifogal fore, the allowable rating siresses may be twice the working unit strss shown in ‘Table 7-2-8, provided tho stress resulting from dead and live loads and centrifugal foree only does not exceed the vating unit stress established in Article 2-10-14 2.40.14 UNIT STRESSES (1988) ‘4 Tho permissible unit stress for rating resulting from deed and lveloads and centrifuga free are shown in Table 7-220, to be used without allowance fr impact due to ive load. ‘Table 7-2-20, Unit Strosses for Rating Equipment or [Regularly Assigned] Deseription Locomotives Not | Equipment or [Regularly Assigned] _ Locomotives Tle ees Th entromo bor Ta bending, iv pounds par Tam TF, ‘square inch Ail oer unit stresses [se nae JF= modulus of ean; im Wounds oT POunGS Perm | as smn Table 2 [where Ie Unit Stross for Structural Lumber Subject to Railway Loading, Sectio for Strse-Graded Lumber. B= depth factor Hf 14g H+ 88, Allowable Unit Stresses = 08 where: His the depth othe hear, For H of 16 inches or less, Fy = I_may be used >. For unit stress in compression parallel to grain for columns with Li rato grestar than, article 2.72, The unit stross in horizontal shear shell not exceed the maxinsums shown in Table 7-2-9, forthe highest ‘grade of the species under consideration AREMA Manual for Railway Engineering 72418Timber Structures 4. Where the grade of timber actually in uso in any structure isnot definitely nown, sell be assumed as 1.0 times the minimum grage shown in Tle 7-29 for the species wed, for infers usually used in stroae grades Ia structure file to qualify under tho foregoing permissible stresses fr oquipment or locomotives not regularly assigned, then speed may be restricted to not to exeeed 10 mph and the membere recom puted ‘vith the k coeilent increased 15 percent 2.40.15 COMPOSITE TRUSSES (1988) For trusses composed of both wood and steel or iron members, the metal portions shall berated using stresee= ‘as apacfied in the Rules for Rating Bxistng Stel Bridges, Chapter 15, Stoel Structure; Part 7, Existing Bridges 2.40.16 ACTION TO BE TAKEN (1988) Ifthe stresses exceed those permissible under these rules the loading shall be restricted vo that the permissible stresses wll not be exceeded until the indiated remedial work has been done. The remedial work in general ‘ll onsst of replacing defective part, adding posts or piles to bonts where required, or placing sdational ttcingers, When the permissible stresses are closely approsehed, or when the physical condition of the main ‘members or the detail are not good, se bridge shall be kept under frequent inspection as ong a itis continued in servis, "AREMA Manual for Railway EngineeringDesign of Wood Railway Bridges and T SECTION 2.11 RECOMMENDED PRACTICE FOR DESIGN OF WOOD CULVERTS' (1962) (Roapproved with revisions 1962) 2.41.1 WOOD CULVERTS (1988) For the recommended practice for design of wood covert refer to Figure 72.69 and Table 72-21 ee Xe 5 = i reams 4 4 Figure 7-2-5. Recommended Practice for Design of Wood Culverts, E72 Loading, for Heights up to 15 Foot Base of Rall to Flow Line area * ens, ol 2 1952. 6,48 VL 58,152, p69, 08; Ye L190 pp. BY, 288 Vl 1862 AS, 6: AREMA Manual for Reiiway Engineering ras“Timber Struct 2.41.2 GENERAL NOTES (1988) £ & "Timber culverts should he constructed of prosture-treuted timber conforming to AREMA cpeifientions for structural timber "Timbers with appreciable warp, particularly wall timbers should not be use. ‘Timbers shouldbe eut to length and bored before treatment. Surfaces of rested timber unavoidably cut or damaged in construction should be field treated with two cats of hot creosote al and one coat of hot sealing compound or equal. Hales unavoidably bored in the Feld in treated timber should be thoroughly saturated with ho. ecssote oil andthe fastener immediately placed. Protective coatings or galvanizing of metal fastenings should conform to recommendations for “use of protactve coatings for iron and steel fastenings for wood bridge,” misellancous part, this chapter. Spikes or fasteners should be dipped ina preservative before driving. Lock nt or spring washer should be used on all bolts, and nute tightened securely. ‘ackfilling of culverts ahould be built up wniformly on both ses, end embankment eantructed in layers, well compacted in accordance with best practice, 2.41.3 DESIGN DATA (TANGENT TRACK) (1988) Live Load. Cooper £72 Loading, Axle loads distributed uniformly over a distance of 0" parallel to ‘rock, and uniformly over distance equal o lang of te plus depth o ll under fies perpendicular to ‘ack. ead Loed. Assumed weight of materials fllows: ‘rack rails and fastonings: 200 Ib por linoar fot of track Barth filand ballast: 120 b per eubie foot ‘Timber: 60 Ib pr cub foot Lateral Bath Preseure, Active earth pressure equal to: 0.286% (h +) where: 1201b pr ee Foot b= depth below base of rail live load surcharge ‘Timber Sections. Bull nominal dimensions without reduetion for bolt hoes Unit Working Sreses, For allowable unit working stress for timber soe speifieatons for design this Chapter. r2a22 "AREMA Manual for Railway EngineeringDesign of Wood Rellway Bridges and Trestles for Railway Loading om [ous [onl onl or farta To fool Ts Ta frat e ts toates} || nse | ovo [toe] rect) wr | eer [oo | oo | onr| [>| a [exe] e | os] | wer [oer [ooileaifee Tarr t a [as [amlas [+e terete to fost ee] | conor | oxse | oumi| orr| or | oor | 20 | to [ow [su | + | 2 forse] 8 [0 [wolor| JF cont [ones | soor| onl eor [oer za |r ow |eu |e | a exole |e [ovtor| |f ves [oose | ovos|arer|-oor | oer | su | 19 [ow To |e | 2 [oxo] e | 9 [repre ono [oes [omil uot or [rer oo [oo feu fant steele [os tretee] If ves | owe | ooat{esri[ ser [sor 19 |e | ovr] woot] es |e toxot [+ [oelae| |e aor | owe | xet|exs [sar | ter] os | oo | oust tos | on a F ate [vse [oot] seri] oor [wer | et [ue | ovr oan|_e [2 [o-r[ | ; coo» [ones | ovat so [ocr | sox co | er | oro] sez [2 |e foxr [|e i ore [oot [oner|eart| eet | sor [v9 | ar[ owr[au|—e |e [v~r[ >] é sor [ser | ee [op Tos [os aon} e| [ei | nc fm ata eta anna ao etc atc fenil St [ano je) “sea |" | Se aS [SU] de | ene | saci sep) mas | ng I as S jwcneal | ee sh [pont | tn sree | wanna | semons | gies | eae Toulonnbe ed a eau as una no pu Oa s0ssons nun pue soxog 021$ (10 “122-1 198SECTION 2.12 RECOMMENDED PRACTICE FOR ‘SIMPLE STRESS LAMINATED DECK PANELS 2.42.1 MATERIAL (2000) 2.42.14 Wood Laminates ‘4. Shall be Douglas Fir~ Lares, Southern Pine or Red Oak No.2 or betta as par AREMA Manval for aiheay Engineering, Chaptar 7 Timber Structures, b, Shall be 6” thick or Leo, rough sawn to fll size and surfaced on one side (81S) vo ensure uniform thickness throughout its length, Laminate width shall equal the deck thicknest, Tin acordance with Table 72.28 having slated the design Cooper's ¥ loeding and the span length based on the allowable streses forthe material to be ued. Shall be predriled for prestrossing bars and trimmed prior to treatment. Hote spacing (SP shal bo in accordance with the ranges shown on Table 7-2-22 having selected a dock thickness (TB spacing should slo consider confits with other structurel components such as walkway support brackets, Table 7-2-22, Spacing of Prestressing Bor, SP (Inches) 1" DIABAR 1-14" DIA BAR rmcrssor| —_uaceaosteiny | aoenan say oO mac [ MIN) MAK MIN 7 7 a = aw co 38 1 36 | 16 6 33 82 8 | SP = (Asx0.70xFpuMNixD | Min, based on max, wooditel ratio of 0016 eee ee SP = Aal(Tx0.0016) @ { Predilled hole diameter shall be toe the diameter ofthe prestretsng bur to be used, but shall not exceed 206 of the width of the lminata. {Trimming sball be done in a way which would ensure maximum fll fe contact between laminate members bh, Shall be treated with 100% ersoute ina clean treatment process as per AREMA Mansa for Railway Engineering Chapter 0 Tics, |. Additional material shall be procured tallow for rejection of unsuitable pieces (up to 5% of total) ( "AREMA Manual for Reliway EngineatingDesign of Wood Rallway Bridges and Trestles for Railway Loading f ‘All Geld holes and euts in treated wood must be treatad with preservative, 2:42:12 Prostressing Bars » ‘Shall be galvanized grade 160 ksi dywidag bers or approved equal in aoordance with the lates seve ASTM A722, ‘Shall be sled in accordance with Tube 7-2.22 having solected the deck thickness, T and bar spacing, SP| thon checkod for tenale strength, However, the steel wood area ratio must not exceed 0.0016 tas pe the Ontario Highway Bridge Design Code) ‘The requeed tensile load, P is determined by dividing the eros octional aren of the bas, As int the ‘oquiredprestrescng force Fps (La. P = Fps/Aa). Fs isthe product of the ital lamination stves, Ni (Grom Table 7-2-2) in pl and the bar spacing, SP and desk thickness, both in inches (ie Nps NixSPx 7) ‘Tho roquirod tensile load, P must not exesed 89,260 Ibs and 181,250 Ibs for 1" dia. And 1 ("dla Bare eopitivly. Ifthe required teil load, Pie greater than that permitted, larger bar siza or closer bar spacing must be used. bar ends are cut, they shall be casted with two coats of zine rch pint or an spproved equa Do net weld on or near prestressing bars or use them as ground connections. Use aylon or rope slings for handling and transport of prosressing har Do not use prestrescing hars to lift or move the deck panel ‘Bars damaged during shipment shall be rejected and replaced with new bars 2.21.3 Anchorage System b Structural soo shall conform tothe current ASTI ASG specifications. Decks yp to 16" in depth shall have a bulkhesd channel or besrng plate anchorage configuration. Deeks cover 16" in dopth shall have only a bearing plate anchorage configurstion. (Channel sizes aro tobe in accordance with Table 72.28 Table 1-2-23, Bulkhead Channel Sizes ‘THICKNESS OF |RECOMMENDED| DEPTH OF PANEL, T (IMPERIAL) _| CHANNEL, De 7 Cio as 7 we | eaxa0 we | cis Kad AREMA Manual fr Railway Engineering rasa f Anchor plate sizes fr bulkhead channel ‘Table 72-28, chorage configurations shall be in accordance with Table 7-224, Bearing Plates Sizes For Channel Bulkheed Anchorage Configuration ‘THICKNESS OF ‘WwiDTa ‘LENGTH ‘THICKNESS PANEL T. Wp Lp ™ = e re Tp 1 eae" Tia | iG @ 1a Tpit [Seow a plate long, then check that effective bearing area ls eulicent to provent crushing of Ie laminates (a. fe> < F e+ where F' c+ = 375 pai and + indicates perpendicular to the lavain ofthe material). For doug fr~larehfo+ ean be determined as fllowe: = Nx SPs TUDE pH ‘Where Ni, SR; De and Tw are all known from prior dein ape ‘Boaring plates sies for bearing plate anchorege configurations shall be in ceordance with Table'7-2-25 Table 7-225. Bearing Plates Sizes For Boaring Plate Anchorage Configuration [THICKNESS OF ‘wiDTa LENGTH | THICKNESS ‘PANEL, T Wp Lp. ™ = 10 ed SEEBELOW oe 7 Fr = 167 1 ier an [Scleet a plato long, thon chock that plate bearing are is ulfciont to provont crushing of the laminates (ic. fo+ < F' e+ where F’e = 875 pel and + indicates perpendiculer to the grain of ‘the materia). For douglas fir~ larch fe+ cen ba datormined as fellows fee = (ix8P x Dilpx WH ‘Whore Ni, SP and Tare all known from prior design steps. [Actual plate thickness, Tp is bacod on tho use of a6" x6” [determined a fellows: ‘Tp = equare root of (9x (Tnx SP x'T) x kx FIG) anchorage pate and ean be |Where Ni, SP and T are all known from prior design ateps, Fb ~ 24,200 pei for 44W atoel and k is the grcter of (Wp-6)2 or (Lp-6)/2 (Channel bulkhead anchorage, bearing patos, high strength ste! nuts and other fasteners to be hot dip, galvanized to leet issue of ASTM 129 after fabrication 7.24426 "AREMA Manual for Ralway Engineering )Design of Wood Rallway Bridges Loading 2.12.1. Waterproofing ‘Waterproofing shall cover the entire top surface ofeach panel (Consideration shall be given to faiitate drainage tothe eur sides. ‘The membrane shall be placed only after the second prestresting has occurred Coat ll anchorage nuts to protect aginst corrosion ‘Bach pane! shall be suppliod with drain holos throug its eurb on each side at span one-third points, 2.42.2 FABRICATION (2000) 2.1224 Panel Assembly & Ponela may be ansembled in shop or onsite in ataging area, In place assembly on active lines will not be permitted asa panel cannot be placed into service until after the second presressing. ‘A temporary support shall be constructed frm timber and blocking to provide lov! plane on which the panel mey be asnerbled, Laminates shall be oriented with their crown up, bottoms even atthe besring ends and the predrild holes aligned. Alternate laminates shall be Mipped and tened end for ond to sllow forthe inaccuracy of milling An 18” steel dowel, witha diameter lnrger than the selected prestvosing bar diameter, can be ‘sed o align the olos. Lazainates may be nalled together temporarily to hold their position prior to Preatreasng bars shall be fed through the holes as assembly of laminates progress thus ensuring prasage of the bers through the laminates. Once al laminates and bars are in place, bulkhead channels (when used), bearing anchor plates and nuts are applied atthe ends ofeach bar Stressingof the panel shall be from one sde only: Bars are adjustd to projct 6° onthe anchored side and 12” or more onthe stressing sie to permit connection of the hydrauli ack). ‘Tighten all anchorage nuts with a pipe wrench prior to prestressing. _o not strets bars until al bars within « epan have been installed complete withthe selected anchorage system and tigntoned with hand tole. Stressng operations must be supervised hy «qualified individ, 2.12.22 stressing Equipment {60 ton hydraulic hollow core jacks (single or multiple jacks) may be used for pretzessing. Appropriate pull couplar suited tothe selected prestrssing bar size (one per jee). Profbricetd jack chair (on per jack) to slow tightening of the anchorage nut with an open end vwreneh, AREMA Manual for Rallway Engineering ra2aa7‘Timber Structures 4. sack chairs end wrench are not required ifthe ack is equipped with » built-in ratehe, Hydraulic pump with reservoir sufcient to supply all ooks that willbe used simultaneous Hoss and manifolds to connect ll jacks tothe hydrsulle pumps 2.4223 Prestressing Procedures 1 Streating Sequence (2) First stressing an be executed on completion of assernhly: Stress the deck pane fully to 100% Ni, tho fit! dosign in si forthe panel as per Teble 7-2-26. Afar tho fret stressing, bar projections ‘may be cut ack using eutol saw tothe minimum required to reattach a jack but no shorter ‘han io (2) Sccond atressing tobe conducted one week after the inital stressing. Agia stress filly to 100% Ni ‘Mier second stressing and upon senepkance ofthe bars bythe Engineer, apply corrosion protection ‘material, grease caps and galvanize lock nuts, Watar proofing membrane and eurb timbers may now be aplie. (3) Final stressing to be conducted 4 vo 6 wooks after the eocond stressing (6 to 7 wooks after atcombl), ‘Again stress fully to 100% Ni. De not stzess wale panel ia under live lod conditions (4) Stree lovels shall bo pariodicallychocked as part of an ongoing maintenance program. Bars sball be restressed when stress levels approach N, the minimum stress in pounds required for the pane! to perform adequately per Table 72-26 'b. Prestreasing force required (Fps) is the strecs that is applied to each of the bars in arder to streas the { Jaeminates fully to 100% Ni Fp = NixSP x16) Where SP isthe selected spacing of bars, is the selected deck thickness and Ni is the intial stress required between laminations as per Table 7-226. © Strecsing Methods () Single Jack Method + Attach the jock tothe left most bar and stress che bar ta the appropriate level using the pump. + Tighten the nut using an open end wrench through tho opening of the jack: chalr or by using the Dulin eatehet if 0 equipped, + oleate pressure, remove jack and attach it tothe next bar tothe right, Repeat thie procedure until all bare are etreare, + Starting again atthe lft moot bar repeat the entre procedure three additional times to achieve @ ‘uniform stress throughout the panel (2) Multiple Jack Method 1 (numberof jacks = number of ars in one pane!) + Connect all jacks to one pura, O "ARENA Manual for Railway EngineeringDesign of Wood Raliway Bridges and Trestles for Rallway Loading + Attach one jack assembly to each bar and stess al bars to the appropriate eve! atthe same time ‘sing the pump. + Tighton each nut using an open end wrench through the opening of the ack char or by using the bulitin ratchet iso equipped + Release pressure, remove icks, stressing ie completa, (8) Muliple Jack Method 2 (number of jacks < number of bars in one panel) + Connect al jacks to one pump + Attach one jack assembly toa bar tartng from the to tho appropriate level at th ft most bar in the panel and areas these bars + Tighten each nut using an open end wrench through the opening of the ack chair or by using the builtin ratchet 90 equipped + Release pressure, remove all bu th right moet ack and move them to the bars on che rght side of ‘the jack remaining in place. Repeat the procadure untl the entire span is etrested, 2.12.24 Stressing Record Record date ofeach stressing. 1, Record slongtion of bars resulting fom stresing 2122.5 stressing Safety 1. Pull couples for stressing jack must be evenly an fully engaged to the bur projetion prior to the pplication of ses. b, Whon stressing above grade e cafety rope must be used to secure jack and pull ro tothe structure, A warning sign must be posted in the ares affected by stressing. a. Nover stand behind a jack while stressing or while removing the jack from a stressed bar, Do not stand fon hotos while stressing © Pump must be connected oa proper power source with approved connestion. Prior to stressing bars cyclo jacks) several times to check for Teak and to eliminate ai fom the system 2.42.26 Haneling Panels 1 Handle the panels with extreme care to avoid damage to laminates and other components. De not use ‘steal chain or eables if possible AREMA Manual for Railway Engineering 72129Timber Structures aeaaseaseaqeanae alive Soren peaoedbencodanace Table 7-226, Stress Laminated Panel Design Stresses, LL. Deflection anc Minimum Transverse Stressing Required for Various Span “Longths & Pano! Thicknesses 72-430 "AREMA Manual for Railway EngineeringI i z 3 i EEEEE RRERER| pas xeeeeenanmapenandeanees) spaeevela SSR EEEEe ngeaysand HE REESSERE [rs ofsevvesercosleoeesessecs) 4) bleeeanaase |: SeRRRRRR RE RAARRRARRA E a E sou feed go out 1280.09 op PPO] Pood get) ‘rons annoyad ‘guna ene 63 s9paTaU per peed (ponunuog) ssssouynus ued 9 sin8u07 leds snoven so} pounboy Buyssang asiexsue1, wnululy pue uo}2245q 77 ‘SOSSONS UBISOC Jou peyeUlweT SS0NS B2-2-L 19EL AREMA Manual for Railway Engineering ras‘Timber Structures rasg2 Fb [liso ech [is Fv [a0 Stresses (pst) Fer [75 Wet Condition © 19% MC) E [rra0000 cox Douglas Fir~ Larch | Allowable rade: No, Table 7-227, tress Laminated Panel Design Stresses, LL Deflection and Minimum Transverse Stressing Required for Various Span ‘Lengths & Pane! Thicknossos = Esl Ese ilaaaead peanndaad fl aghanned aaRRRARNE ke [eee fo aes Keaee EE algeea fe gesezedl E eRRREa| "AREMA Manual for Railway Engineering OoDesign of Wood Rallway Bridges and Tresties for Ralivay Loading 3 3 2 3 Basses g zee aeeed| 2 zg Jen BBB cre 8 roe BG & lg: \4¢ le ae |ge Is Laue a ai (EE : BoE . Fels | ge ciel |e) bs 32 lane] 23 ESE | ge ele [2 |x| ba u ¢ Bl 8 fg S Zz: s| i 2B Erg] é ob IE 7 a ie a - f ley E 29 3 au : ji AREMA Manual for Raitway Engineering 72438Timber Structures rat Table 7-2-28, Stress Laminated Panel Design Stresses, L Deflection and Minimum Transverse Stressing Required for Various Span ‘Lengites & Pane! Thicknesses Uleknesses (por inch of panel thickness) Variable Dead Toad due to various panel? ‘Tote lazavee| aeecaens| «8888 isle Ss ig ele |e [| lg 4| alal RRRARARRRARRERR = a\zig cree 2 Fee) ob Zz | Sin fe | cl a ie B BS 2 le = |e § lg 34 iE a3 Bs i ES "AREMA Manus for Ralway EngineeringDesign of Wood Railway Bridges and Trostes for Railway Loading system) lesevecbaveed jassseeaecese| ary eer Hi OT [HG13 [Dead Load (incudes ack, ballast, curb, hove ete | om ‘Lengths & Panel Thicinesses (Continued) Table 7-228. tress Laminated Pane! Design Stresses, LL Deflection and Minimum Transverse Stressing Required for Various Span, ae 2 18 12 i JER ERSS) ele |e fe) Esl Bena le Hl ela § (SRRRRTALRARRAR ARR R RRR AR ARR EE) a = a SI : a ment fe~= =a E Pe a zg) Sin 5 ah~ [om] oe (Concrete slab ai onthe ground es ‘Conerte preted fom weather interiors] ote) —— oe) =| = et oulcingsconeet below ground (Concrete which willlater be proiacadiy | 0aV | - | - | Waeo) - | - lencecureofbackil ut whies may be [exponed to feeing and Lnawing for several {Joarsefre such protection is fered oto Airenirainod coneo sll be wad wndr al condton involving overs expoite anda De ond nuer mild xpoure condone oimgroveworablity of he mintre ‘oto 2 Sel or ground weer containing sltecnzenteationa ef more than 0.2% [Note When sate renting coment neo, maximo woter-cmentious materi ati maybe increase | ey 008 Noto 4: Watercemenitous mara rato shold be elec on basi of strength requirements 1 [Note Tae watorcementtion uteri rato may require elute x ooned n Ari 11210 e130 "AREMA Manual for Railway Engineering1.124 AIR CONTENT OF AIR-ENTRAINED CONCRETE (1993) 1 The volume of entrained air in eonerote shall be within the limite shown in Tebe 81-10. Table 81-10. Alr-Entrained Concrete Volume Maximum Size Coarse | Air Content % ‘Aggregate Inches Tae Ma We b. The ir content shal be determined by one ofthe following methods (0 Tho gravimetric method, ASTM C138, (2) he volumetric method, ASTM 173 (8) Tho pressure method, ASTM C 291 1.12.5 STRENGTH OF CONCRETE MIXTURES (2004) ‘The provisions ofthis Section are not applicable when using cementitious materials other than portland . When preliminary tests ofthe metorals to be used are not avilable, the required water cementitious ‘material ratio shall be determinod in accordance with Mathed 1 (Article 1-125.1). When strengths in ‘xeass of £250 ps are required, or where lightweight sggragntes or admixtures (other than thowe ‘exclusively for the purpose of entraning ar) are tobe Used, the required water-cementitious material ‘ato shall be determined in scardanee with Method 2 (Artisie 12.5.2), Method 3 (Article 1128.3) may ‘be used if sttitial data conforming to Article 1.126 is avalable, 4.12.5.1 Method 1 —Without Preliminary Tests Concrete propartions may be based on the wator-cementitious material ratio limite found in Table S-1- 21. Taese limits are only for eonerete thet is made with comnts meeting Types I 1A, Il, IA, Il, ILA, or ‘Vt ASTM C 150, or Types IS, 1A), ISOMS), IS-(A)(MB), 1P or P(A), of ASTM C595. Volume of ‘entrained air shall be within limits of Article 1.124, Water-Cementitous Matarialrtio shall not be ‘eater than that required by Artile 1.123. AREMA Manus for Railway Engineering ™ ett11, Water-Comentitious Materials Ratio ‘Specified Compressive Strength ‘Absolute Wator-Comenitious Mal ‘of Concrete, 7, PSI Ratio by Weight (Note 1) (2-Day Strongth) (AirEntrained Concrete) i 0.58 O51 046 040 [Note : Not applicable to concrete containing ightwelght aggregates or adrantures other | than those for antraining The values found in Teblo 81-11 ae based onthe ute af cement and aggregates mesting the requirements ofthese specifications and the eonerete being suiciently protected from loss of moisture ‘and from low temperatures to insure that proper hardening wil develop. When Type Ill portland cement is used in ie of Type I or Typo II portland eomen, it may be assurmed that the above values for compressive strength will be obtained atthe age of 7 days . Thestrength of elinders made with Types J, 1A, I or TA portland cement end tested et the age of 7 days shall not fll below 85% of tho assumed compressive strength a the ago of 28 days, The strength of ‘olindere made with Types I or ILA portland cement and tested et the age of 8 days shall not fall blow 6556 ofthe assumed rinimom compressive strong atthe age of 28 days shown for Types, TA, Tan IA pordand cement 4142.52 Method 2— With Preliminary Tests The strength of the conerete shall be established by tet made with reprasontative samples of the materials to be used inthe work. The results of the tests ell be submited to the Engineer in advance ofthe beginning of ‘operations, Thee texts shall be made using the consistencies suitable for the work and in accordance with ASTM Method of Making and Curing Concrete Compression and Flecure Tost Specimens in the Laboratory, 192, and with Method of Tat for Compressive Strength of Malded Concrete Cylinders, C89. eurve ‘representing the relation between the rater content and the average 28 day compressive strength of earlier strength at which the coneret isto receive is fll wording loed shall be established for a range of values Including all the compressive strengths called fr by the plans or specifications. The earvo shal be established ‘nya least Une points, cach point representing average values from atleast four tect spacimons. Tae ‘maximum permissible water.comentitios matrial rato forthe concrete tobe seed shal bo that shown by the ‘curve to produce « strength 18% greater than called for by the plans or epeifications any chengos are tobe ‘made in the materials, nw curves shall be established by tests as described above. 4125.3 Method 3 -On Basis of Field Experience 4. Where aconerote production facility hus record based on at least $0 consecutiv strength tests that represent similar matarial and eonditions to thase expected, required average compressive strength used a the basis for selecting concrete proportions shall exceed required I at designated fost ago by at least (1) 400 psi if standard deviation i los than 300 pl 2 50 ps if standard deviation i 900 to 400 pi e492 "AREMA Manual fr Railway Engineeringts and Construction Requirements (8) 100 psi istandard deviation is 400 to 500 psi (4) 900 psi if standard deviation i 60 to 600 psi 'b, Itstandacd deviation exceeds 600 psi concrete proportions shall be slectd to produce an average strongth atleast 120 psi greater than required Strength tot data for determining standard deviation shall be considered vo comply with the above if ata reprverts either a group of st least 30 consecutive tess or a satiatical avrage for two groups totaling 30 or more test. 4. Strongts tests used to establish standard deviation shall present concrete produced to meet a aeciied strength or strength within 1000 pai ofthat specified forthe proposed work, Changes in materials and proportion within the population of background tosts used to establish standard deviation shall not heve boon more closely vesrieted than forthe proposed work. 1.42.6 WORKABILITY (2004) ‘The concrete shall bo of such consistoney and composition that it can be worked realy into the corners and angles of te fame and around the rlnforeement without the segregation of materials or the collection of fee ‘water on the surface. Subject to the limiting requirements of rile 123, the contractor shal ifthe Engineer ‘equires, adjust the proportions of exment and aggregates vo as ta produce a mixture which will be easily placeable at ll times, due eonsideratio being given tothe methods of placing and compacting used on the work, 4.42.7 SLUMP (1993) ‘The slump test may be used as a control measure to maintain the consistency suitable to the work. When echnical vibrators are used eo compact the conerete the consistency suitable to that method shal be use. ‘The sharp test shall be made in accordance with the ASTM Method of Test C148, In ie of sump test, the bell penetration Method of Tet, ASTM C 360, may be sed, 1.12.8 COMPRESSION TESTS (1993) ‘Specimens for compression testa call be made and stored in accordance with ASTM Designation C31. Theee specimens shall be tested in socordance with ASTM Method of Test, © 39, 4.42.9 FIELD TESTS (2000) ‘During the progress of construction the Engineer will hve tests made to determine whether the ‘conerto producod compare to the quality specified by the plans or spsification. The Contractor shall ‘eoperatein the making of such tests to the extent of allowing free access tothe wark forthe election of samples and storage of specimens and in affording protection tothe specimens against injury or loss ‘Uirough construction operations », Foureglindors will generally be made foreach elas of concrete tured in any one day's operation, In special eases this normal number af contra specimens may be exceeded when in the opinion ofthe Engineer such addtional tats are necessary The Contractor, however, hall not be required to furnish for such additional testa more than 2 eube Toot of eonerete foreach 100 eu yd of eoncrte being placed AREMA Manual for Railway Engineering e133Samples of concrete for test specimens sell be taken atthe mixer orn the case of reay-mined concrete, from the transportation vehicle during discharge. When, inthe opinion of the Engineer, it is desirable to take samples etacwhero, they shall be taken as directed. Such specimens shall bo molded immediately er the sample i taken, placed in protected spot and kept under moist curing conditions at approximately 70 dagrees F for 24 hour, whereupon they shell be removed tothe testing laboratory. 4. Thesir content of freshly mixed air-entrainedconeret shall be checked at least twice dil foreach ease of concrete, ot each time eplinders are cast. Changes in air content above or below the amount specified shal be corrected by adjustments in the mix deal or quantities of wr-entraining material being used fe. Ifthe strengths shown by the test specimens fll below the values given in Article 1.12.5 or as specifica by tho plans or specifications then the Engincer shall ave the right to require changes in proportions to apply on the remainder ofthe work. Technicians porforming eld teats of concrete materia shall maintain Level [etiication by the ‘American Conerote Institute asa Concrete Field Testing Technician. ‘The person in responsible charge ‘offield test operations shall maintain Lave 3 certification by the National Ready Mix Concrete ‘Associntion ax Conerote Technologist. 1.12.10 SPECIAL PROVISIONS WHEN USING CEMENTITIOUS MATERIALS OTHER THAN PORTLAND CEMENT (2004)' 1142.10.1 Maximum Cementitious Materials Concrete exposed to dicing chemical shall contain tata woights(masoes) af cementitious materiale no greater than those specie in Table 1-12 1 S66-Conenany e134 'AREMA Manual for Railway EngineeringMaterials, Tosts and Construction Requirements Table 8-412, Concrete Exposed to Deicing Chemicals ‘Gementisous Materiel ‘Maximum Pascontago of Total CComentitious iy ah or other porclans conforming to laSTM C618 (Ground granulated blest furnace sag ® [conforming to ASTM C 989 Silica fame conforming to ASTM 1240 10 FTetal ly ash or other pozzolans, round 0 leranulated blast-furnace slag und silica fame Total fy ash or other poszolans, and s silica fume INoves: Total comentioua material also includss AST 0 160, ASTM OSE, ASTM C 845 and ASTM C 1157 cements (ASTM C 645 isthe Standard ‘Spocificetion for Expansive Hydravlie amen: and isnot inluded in this recommended practice), ‘The maximum percentages inchude: 1. Fly ash and other poszolane and ground granulated blast-furnace slag included in Types IP or IPM) or 18 or ISBN) blended coments, ASTM C 4142.40:2 Requirements When Using Sica Fume in Concret 1.92.10.24 General ‘The ability ofthe concrete design to exhibit special properties shouldbe dotermined by tet foreach souree of silica fame, 1.12.10.22 High Range Water Reducing Admixtures igh rango water roducing admisturos should bo used in concrete containing silica fume in onder to achieve the desired workability 1112.10.23 Entrainad Ait ‘The amount ofedmisture required to entrain the desired amount of air shouldbe determined by tae. part of ‘the design ofthe conerete mix 4.42.40.3 Requirements When Using Fly Ash in Concrete [Mix proportions, including the proportion of fly ash, shall be determined by taste. [AREMA Manual for Reiway Engineering 8438Concrete Structures and Foundations 1142.10.3.2 Water Reducing Admistures and High Range Water Reducing Admixtures ater reducing admixtures and high range water reducing admixtures may bo used in concrete containing fy 41.42:10.8.3 Testing to Verify Mix Design ‘The mix shall be designed and proportioned to provide the properties for which fy ash was used, and to avoid ‘other posible desirable properties. Tess shall include slumpiworkabilts, roquirements for ar entraining ‘admixtures, the rate of bleeding of fresh conerote, the time of sting, the rate of early strength gain and any need to use an sccelerating admixture ora water reducing admixture, the heat of hydeation (i require), reactivity with wulphates or expansion duo to aleali-siica rections (if roguired), and the 28 day oF laier strength ar ragured by the desi parameters 4.42,10.34 Water to Cementitious Material Ratio "The water to cementitious material rato will normally be reduced in conerete containing fly ea 4.42.10.36 Air Entrainment Concrete containing fly ath should be air entrainod if ev be subjected to feosing and thawing conditions Gonereie should also attain the desired desig strength before being subjected to chlorides. 4.12:104 Requirements when Using Ground Granulated Blast-Furnace Stag in Concrete 1.42.10.44 General ‘Mix proportions, including the proportion of round granulate blast-furnace sag, shall be determined hy tests 4.12.40.42 Water Reducing Admixtures Water reducing admixtures may be usd in conerete containing ground granulated blast-furnace slag, in order toincreuse the rate of strength gin, 4192.10.43 Accelerators | An accelerating admixture may be required when wsing ground granulated blast farnece slag in conoroto mi 112:10.44 Proportioning of Aggregates: Concrete containing ground granslated blast-furnace ela will normally be proportioned far alarger quantity of coarse sgregate than normal portland cement eonerote, 124045 Entrained Ar ‘The amount of admixture required to entrain the desired amount of wir should be determined by tort as par of the design ofthe conereto mix. "AREMA Manual for Railway Engineering‘SECTION 1.13 MIXING 1.13.1 GENERAL (1993) ‘he concrete shal be mixed only in the quantity required for immediate use. onerete that has developed an intial set shall not be deed ‘Tho frst batch of eoncrto materials placed in the mixer hall contain aulficont excess of cement, tand, and water oat the inside of the drurn without reding the required mortar content of the mix Upon the cession of mixing fora considerable period, the mixer shall be thoroughly cleaned ‘Concrete may be mixed at the site of construction, at «central pint, o wholly or in part in ruck mixers -Retamparing concrete by adding water or by other means shall not be permitted. Concrete that isnot svthin the specified slurp limits at time of placement shall not be used, Admixtures fr increasing the ‘workability or for acelorsting tho set will be permitted only when spenGealy provided for in the contrac, or when directed 1.13.2 SITE MIXED CONCRETE (1993) Unless otherwise authorized by the Engincer, the concrete shall be mixed ina batch mixer of approved type and size which will insure a uniform distribution ofthe material throughout the mass The ‘equipment at the mixing plant shall be so constructed that all materials Gneluding the water) entering ‘the drum car be accurately messured and weighed and be under control, The entire batch sall be discharged from the mixer before recharging. The volume ofthe mized mataril par batah shall nat fexcood the manufacturer's rated capacity af the mixer Mixing ofeach batch shall contin forthe perids indlested below during which timo the drum shall rotate ata peripheral speed of about 200 fet pr mins. Tha mining pride shall meastred from the tine eer alla the ald materials ae in {he mixer drum, provged thet al ofthe mixing water shall have been introduced before one-fourth of the mixing time has elapsed. The mixer shall have e timing device equipped with bell or other eutable ‘warning device adjusted to givea clearly audibo signal each time the lok is released. In cave of fallure of the timing devies, the contractor wil be permitted to operate wile ii being repaired, provided he furnishes an approved timepiece equipped with minute and eecond readings. Ifthe timing device is not placed in good working arder within 24 hours, further use ofthe mixer wil be prohblted nl repairs remade, Mi (0) For mixers of a capacity of teu yd or less~ 1% min, 1m mixing time shal bo as fellows: (2) For mixors of eapacitoe greater then 1 cu y, the tlme of mixing shall be increased 25 ee foreach ceabic yard capacity or fraction thereat "The production of concrete shall meet the applicable requirements of ASTM C94 1.43.3 READY-MIXED CONCRETE (2000) Ready-mixed concrete shall be mixed and delivered to the ste hy any of three methods of operation: central ‘mizing, shrink mixing or track mixing. The production af ready-mixed concrete shall conferm to the requirements of ASTMC94, The bach plant providing ready-mixed concrete hall be certified by the National ‘Roady Mix Conerete Assocation, 1.43.4 DELIVERY (1993) ‘The organization supplying consroto shall have suficiont plant capacity and traneporting apparatus to insure continuous delivery atthe rata required, The rae of delivery of conereta during concrete operations sal! be AREMA Manual for Railway Engineering e437Concrete Structures and Foune such aso provide for the proper handling, placing, ond ishing ofthe conerete. The methods of delivering and Ihanding the concrete call bo such as wil facilitate placing with Une minimum of rbandling and without damage to the structure or the concrete 1.13.5 REQUIREMENTS WHEN USING SILICA FUME IN CONCRETE (2004) 1.42.8.4 Material Handling Procedures Whon Using Silica Fume 11s reeommended that persons handing silica fume use protective equipment and procedures to rinimize the generation and aecumlation of dust, Manwfacturery material sefety data shoots should be eonsuliog Tor Specific health and safety practioes tobe followed 1.13.52 Workabilty of Delivared Concrete! ‘Tests for samp and entrained air content should be carved out atthe site before plasing concrete containing silica fame to ensure that specification limite are ct. SECTION 1.14 DEPOSITING CONCRETE 4.444 GENERAL (2000) Before begining placement of concrete, hardened concrete and foreign materials shll bo removed from the {nner suraces ofthe mixing and conveying equipment. Before depositing any coneree all debris shall be ‘removed tom the apace to be oscuped by the conereta, and mortar splashed upon the rinforeement and surfaces of forms shal be removed. Reinforcement shal be checked for position and fastoning and epproval of the Engineer obtained, Where concrete isto be placed on a rock foundation, all lovee ree, clay, mye, shall ‘be removed from the surfae of the rock. Any unusual eanltions or exeoss fasures sll be treated as directed by the Engineer Weter shal be removed from tn space to ho ooeuped bythe concrete before concrots is Aloposited, unless otherwise directed by the Engineer Any flow of water into an excavation shall be diverted ‘through proper side drains toa sump, or be removed ty ether spproved methods which will avoid washing the frohly deposited conereo. I directed by the Engineer water ventpipes and drains shel be filled by grouting or ‘otherwiee after the concrete haa thoroughly hardened. All temporary runways for delivery of eoncrete must be ‘supported foe from all reinforcing steel. The sipervisor ofthe concrete pacing crew shall maintain ‘certifation by the Amerean Concrete Institute as a Concrete Flatwork Finisher, or Conerete Praneportation Construction Inspector 4.44.2 HANDLING AND PLACING (1993) ‘Concrete shal be handled frm the mixer or In ease of ready-mixed concrete, from the transporting ‘vehicle, tothe place of final dapost as rapidly es practicable by methods which wll prevent the ‘eparation or lus of the ingredient. Special care shall be taken to leach part of the form by Aepositng conerete as near final position as possible, to work tho coarsor aggregates back from the face land to foros the cnerete under and around the reinforcement without daplacng it Concrete call not haves froofall of more than 4 fet unless permitted by the ngineer. Depositing a large quantity at any point and working itt final position, shall not be permitted, 'AREMA Manual for Railway EngineeringMaterial ' Conerete shall be placed in horizontal layers and each layer shall be placed and compacted bafore the preceding layer hes taken initial st so as to provant formation ofa ain. It shal be wo deposited as to ‘maintain, ull the completion of the unit, aplastic surface approximately horizontal, except in arch "ings. Temporary sets or braces within the form shall be removed when concrete has routed an ‘levation rendering thar further service unneeessary. These temporary members shall be entirely Femoved from the forms and not buried in he conerete, After tne conerets haa taken its initial shall be exarcaed to avo jarring the forms or placing any strain on the ends of the projecting reinforcement. Under no circumstances shall coneree that hes partially hardened be deposited in the ‘work, & Inplacing concrete fr an arch ring, the work shall be earied on symmetrically with respect tothe ‘enter ine, andthe working faces ofthe completed courses shall be on appreximatly radial planes. Thia ‘requirement applies whethar or not the arch is placed in vousoir sections with sllowanee for key sections for final placement. 4 In order to allow for shrinkago or settloment, at last 2 hours shal elapse after placing concrete in walls, columns or tema of deep Pheains before depositing concrete in girders, beams oF slabs supported thereon, unless otherwise specified or shown onthe plans. I the columns are structural steel encased in concrete, the lapse of time to allow for shrinkage or setlement need not be obterved ©. Coneretein girder, slabs end allow Tebeam construction shall be placed in one continuous operation for each span, inlets otherwise provided. Concrete shall be deposited uniformly fr the full length ofthe span and brought up even in horizontal layers. Noconerete shall be placed inthe superstructure until the pier forms have been stripped suliiently to determine the characte ofthe concrete in the pers andthe lond of the superstructure shall not be lowed to come upon abutments piere and column bentsunti they have been In place at lest? days, ‘nets etherwise permitted by the Bngineer 4.14.3 CHUTING (1993) ‘When concrete is conveyed by chuting, the plant shal be of such sie and design asta insure a practically ‘continuous fow in the ebute, The chute shall be of metal ar mctal lined, The angle ofthe che with the orizontl and the shape of the chute shal be such a allow the conerete to lice without sopartion ofthe ingredients The delivery end of the chute shall be a close ae possible tothe point of deposit. When the ‘operation is inermittent, the chute shall discharge ite a hopper. The chute shall be thoroughly flushed with ‘water before and after each run: the water used for this purpose shall be discharged outside the forms. Chutes ‘must be propery balled or hooded a the dacharging end ta prevent separation of agarogntas. 1.14.4 PNEUMATIC PLACING (SHOTCRETING) (1993) ‘Shoterete construction shall bein aoordance with ACI Standard “Guide to Shoterets” (ACT 506) and ACT Standard posifeaton for Materials Proportioning, and Application of Shoterste” (ACI 606.2) ofthe ACL 1.14.5 PUMPING CONCRETE (1993) ‘The pun and all appurtonences shall be 9o designed and arranged that the specified conerete can be transported and placed in the forms without segregation. The pump shall be espahle of developing @ working peasure of at least 300 pi andthe pipeline and fiings shall be dosigned to withstand tice the ‘working pressure Where it is necessary to lay the pipe ona down grade, a reducer shall be placed atthe discharge end of ‘the pipe to provide a choke and thus produce a continuous flow af eonerete, When the typeof pump ie AREMA Manual for Raliway Engineering 139Concrete Structures and Foun ‘such that it discharges the eanerte in smal! batches, or "belching," a baffle box shall be provided into ‘whieh the concrete shel be discharged. This box should preferably be of metal, aboat2 Test square, with ‘open sides vo as to pera the concrete to flow into the forms aright anges to line ofescharge. The pipe hall be not lee than 6 inches nor more than 8 inches ouside diameter, and the line shall be laid with ‘ew bends as possible, When changes indirection are necessary they all be mado with bends of 48 degrees fleas, unless groatar bends are spociealy permitted. It greater hends are permitted in special tates they all be long radius bends. Tha maximum distance of delivery of conereto by pumping cll ‘be 1000 foot horizontally nnd 100 fet vertically, unless otherwise spectialy permitted by the Bnginecr (A 90 degree bend is figured se equivalent to 40 feat of horizontal piping, AAD degree band ie equivalent 1020 foot. A 22.5 degree bend is equivalent to 10 fet.) When pumping is compleied, the concrete remaining in the pipeline iit sto be used, shall be ejected in such a manner that there will bono ‘ontansination ofthe eonereto or separation ofthe ingredients. The pipeline and equipment must then be thoroughly cleaned. The pipeline can be cleaned by ether water cr az If water is used, a purp shall ‘be provided witha capacity oft least BO gpm and capable of develaping s pressure of 400 ps. Cleaning of the pipe ean also be aosomplished bythe use of «"ge-devl"whizh is propelled through the lin by water ‘orale pressure. (The "godevl” i a dumbbell shaped pie with a rubber eup on each end. The eups are fmed toward Uh liquid, o ir and the eal isthe same asin ample plunger pump.) If wator is use, it ‘ust be dlacharged outside of te forms. On important work duplieabe pumping equipment and ‘ditional pipe shall he provided to provent delay duo to breakdown of oquipment 1.14.6 COMPACTING (1993) CConerote shall be thoroughly compacted during and immediatly aftr depositing by vibrating the concrete internally by means of moshenial vibrating equipment, unless ocherwise directed by the Engineer, Internal mechanical vibrators aall be of «type approved by the Engincer. Thay aall be of sturdy construction, adequstely powered, capable of transmitting vibration tothe conerete in frequencies of not Toss than 1500 impulcs per minus and shall produce a vibration of sufcint intensity to consolidate the concrete into place without « separation ofthe ingredient. ‘The vibratory elements shall be inserted into the concrete at the pont of depositand inthe areas of freshly placed conerete. The time of vibration shall be of suliiont duration to accomplish thorough consoldation, complete embodment of the reinforeement, the prodstion of moth surface fee from hhoneyeomb and air bubbles, and to work the conerete into all angles and corners of tho forms, However, ver-vibration shal! bo aveided, and vibration shall continue i a spot only until the eonerete has become Uniformly plastic ané shall not continue to the extent that pool of grout are formed. The length of time ‘vibration depends upon the frequency ofthe vibration (impulses per minute), size of vibrators and the slump of the conerete. This eng f tine must he determined in the fl ‘The internal vibrators shall bo applied at points uniformly spaced, not farther apart than the radius over which the vibration is visibly effective, and shall be applied close enough tothe forms effectively to “ibrat the surface concrete The vibration shell not be diaspeted in lateral motion but shall be ‘concentrated in vertical settloment in eoneolidation ofthe concrete. ‘The vibrator shall not be used to puth or distribute the coneret laterally. The vibrating elemontaball be {inserted inthe conereve massa sufficient depth to vibrate the botom ofeach layer efloctivly in as nearly a vertical postion ax praciesble. Ie shall bo withdrawn completely from the conerte before being ‘advanced tothe next point of application ‘Tosecure even and dense surfaces, fre feom aggrogate pockets or honeycomb, vibration shall be supplementad by working or spading by hand in te corners and anges of forms and along arm surfaces ‘while the concrete i plastic under the vibratory action e140 "AREMA Manual for Railway EngineoringMate 1 A-suficient numberof vibrators shall be employed so that, atthe required rte of placement, thorough consolidation is scared throughout the entire volume of each layer of concrete. Bxtra vibrators shall be fon hana for emergency use and for usa whan other vibrators are being survied . The use ofcurface vibrators to supplement intornl vibration wil bo pormittod when satisfactory surfaces cannot be obtained by the intoral vibrations alone and when the contratar he obtsined the pprova of tho Engineer of the equipment tobe used Surfae vibrators shall be applied only long tnough to embed the course aggregate and to bring enough mortar tothe surface for stisfaetory Finishing, 4. Tho uso of approved form vibrators willbe permitted by the Engincor only when it ia impassibe to use internal vibrators. They shal be attached to or eld on the forms in uch a manner asta effectively ‘transmit the vibration to the eoneretoand so thatthe prinelpal path of motion ofthe vibration isin a horizontal plane 1.44.7 TEMPERATURE (1993) a Conerste when deposited shal heve temperatures within the limita shown in Table 8-118 Table 81-13. Conerete Temperature Limits “Temperature of Concrete Temperature ot ir | when Placed-Dogroos F ' Degrees-F Minimum [Maximum 1 [Below s0 7 30 [Beoween Sand 0 0 [Above #5 0 | The method of controling the temperature ofthe eonerete shall be approved by the Engineer. 1.14.8 CONTINUOUS DEPOSITING (1993) Conte shall be deposited continuously and as rapidly as practoable until the unit of eperetion approved by ‘the Enginoor is completed. Construction joints in addition to these provided on the plans will not be allowed Lnles authorized by the Engineer: Ifso authorized, they shall he made in accordance with Section 1.11, Concrete Joining. 4.14.9 BONDING (1993) Before new concrete is placed against hardened eonerete the surface of the hardened concrete sll be cleaned ‘and al lazance removed. Immediately before new concrete is placed, the existing suranes chal be thoroughly ‘wetted and all standing water removed, Prior to placing fresh conersi, apply a bonding layer of morta, usally inch to Ye inch in thickness, which io spread onthe moist and prepared hardened concrete surface Ta leu of ‘mortar, suitable commercial bonding agent may be used, when applied in accordance with manufacturer's recommendations AREMA Manual for Railway Engineering eatCConerete Structures and Foundations 1.14.10 PLACING CYCLOPEAN CONCRETE (1993) ‘Gyclopaan aggregate shall be thoroughly embedded in the conerete. The individual stones shall not be cacor than 12 inches to any eure or adjacent stnea. Stratified stane shal be laid on its natural bed. Cyeopean ‘aggregate shall be careilly placed to avoid injury to form or adjoining mason. 4.14.11 PLACING RUBBLE CONCRETE (1993) [Rubble aggregste shall be thoroughly embedded in the conerete. The individual stones shall net be closer than ‘innehes to any turface or adjacent tones, Rubble weeregata shall be carefully placed to avoid injury to forms or adjacent masonry. 4.14.42 PLACING CONCRETE CONTAINING SILICA FUME (2004)' 1.416.121 Protection from Moisture Loss. Protection of eonerete from early mostare los i o begin a the first opportunity after placomont and may reajuire that sach measures precede the curing phase ofthe work, Evaporetion retarders, fogging and protection from the wind during the placement stage, or immediate curing, may be options inchude inthe project specifications. Appropriate measures to protect against early moisture los in eoncreve containing silica Fame should be included and stressed in the projet speciiations. Subgrade molstening may be required to prevent excessive drying from the underside ofthe concrete, 1.14122 consolidation Careful attention to ffestive vibration is required for coneretecontining sic fume 1.14.13 PLACING CONGRETE CONTAINING FLY ASH (2004) 1.14.8. Ar Entrainment ‘Tests shall be porformed atthe site to verify thatthe required amount of entrained air is present ut the time of epoiting the concrete. 1.14.14 WATER GAIN (1993) Water gui is characterized by an aceurnulaton of water atthe surface. Whenever watar gin spposrs in the concrete placed, the suconeding batehos mus: be placed suiiently dry to correct the over wet condition by the ‘edution ofthe water cement rao without charging the proportions of tho other ingredients SECTION 1.15 DEPOSITING CONCRETE UNDER WATER 1.15.1 GENERAL (1993) 1. The methods epoxfiod in Section 1.14, Depeiting Conerate aha be used except when the space to be filled with concrete containe water which eanno: be removed in some practical way. Th tuch ones, and tae "AREMA Manual for Rallway Englests and Construction Requirements winen authorized by tho Enginges, concrete shall be deposited under water In aeordanen with the Following b, The methods, equipment and materiale proposed tobe used, shal be submited fie vo the Enginaer for approval fore the work e started. The methods used sball be ach a will prevent the washing out of the coment from the conerete mixture, minimize the segregation of materials andthe formation of Jaitance, and prevent the flow of wator through or over the new canereta until it he fully hardened CConerate shal not be placed in water having a temperature below 35 dogrees 1.15.2 CAPACITY OF PLANT (1993) Suffciont mixing, transporting and placing equipment shall be provided to insure vba the depositing ofall, underwater concrete fr each predetermined section or unit of the work tobe dane, shall be continous unt completion 1.18.3 STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS (1993) "The materials, proparations and methods to be used in making conerele to be deposited under water shall all conform to the requirements of these specifications except ar modified or supplemented bythe following ‘tiles. 4.15.4 CEMENT (1993) Not less than 610 Ib of cement per cubie yard of conerote shall be used, 1.45.5 COARSE AGGREGATES (1993) 1.15.6 MIXING (1993) ‘The coment and aggrogates shall be mixed fer «period of 2 minutes with sufficient watr to produce a concrete having aalump of not lees than 6 inches nr more than 8 inches for conerete placed by treme, and not less than 3 Inches nor more than 6 inches for eonerete placed by best: dump buekts or for conerste placed in sacks 1.18.7 CAISSONS, COFFERDAMS OR FORMS (1993) Calssons offerdams or forms shall be sufficiently tight to prevent loss of mortar or ow of water through the space in which the concrete is to be deposited, Puroping will not be permitted wile concrete is being depecited, nor utile minimum of 24 hours thereafter or longer petiod ifrequired by the Engineer 1.15.8 LEVELING AND CLEANING THE BOTTOM TO RECEIVE CONCRETE (1993) 1. Before starting to deposit conerote under wate, the condition ofthe bottom stall be examined and sported upon tothe Engineer by a competent diver, and shal be approved by the Engineer AREMA Manual for Railway Engineering etsConcrete Struct ‘and Foundations ‘Tho surface ofthe bottom, whether of clay, rock, or other materia, shall be leveled as directed bythe ries ofore depositing eonerete under wala. Whore the bottom on which concrat ia to be deposited undor water is ori ikely to be, eovored with sit, such material shal be removed down to solid material before any conerete x placed, The method to be Used Lo clean the bottom of sit oF similar material, shall be subject tothe approval ofthe Engineer. 1.18.9 CONTINUOUS WORK (1993) ‘Concrete shall be deposited continuously until it is brought up tothe required elevation. While depositing, the top surface shall be kept a nearly level as posible, and the formation of Iaitance planes avoided 1.15.10 METHODS OF DEPOSITING (1993) ‘Tremie, When conerete iso be deposived under water by means ofa temic, the top action of the tromio shall bes hopper large enough to hold one entire batch of the mix or the entre contents ofthe {transporting bucket, when one i used. The tremie pipe shall be not less than inches in ameter and thal be lage enought allow a free flow of conerete and strong enough to withstand the external pressure of the water in which i is suspended, oven ifs partial vacuum develop inside the pipe Preferably; anged steel pipe should be used, of adequate strength to sustain the greatet length and weight required forthe job. A separate iting devie shal be provided foreach tremie pipe wit ts hopper atthe upper end. Unlss the lower end ofthe pipe is equipped with an approved automatic check val, tho upper end ofthe pipe shall be plugged with en approved material, belore delivering the onereteto tho tremie pipe through the hopper, which plug wil be fread to and out of che bottom ond of the pipe by filling the pipe with concrete. Te wil be necessary to slowly rae the tremie In order to use ‘uniform flow ofthe coneret, butte tremie sell not be emptied so that water enters above the Conerotein the pipe. A all imes after the start of placing the conerete and until all eoerete place, the lower end of the tremie pipe call be below tho top surface of tho plastic concrete. This wll ause the ‘onerete to buildup frm below insted of lowing out ever the surface thus avoiding Formation af Taitanee layers. Ifthe charge inthe tremieis lost while depositing, he tremie ball be raced above the ‘concrete straco, and uns sealed by check valve it shall be replugge atthe tp end, as atthe beginning, belarevelling fr depositing eonereta, NOTE: Experinee hes shown that: tremie conereta canbe placed as above specified, so tha i wil ow ‘as much as 80 feet horizontally from the discharge end of the treme with a slope of less than 3 et in 0 fe, ‘Bottom Dump Bucket. Where concrete is tobe doposited under water by means ofa bottom dump bucket, ‘the bucket shall be ofthe type that cannot be dumped until after it has rested, with ts loud, onthe surface upon which the concreta sto be deposited. The botiom doors shall beso equipped as to ‘automatically unltshod bythe release of tension an the supporting line or eube of the bucket, and the bottom doors shall thn open downward and gutward es the bucket is raised. The top ofthe bucket shall bo fitted with double, overlapping canvas ape, or other approved covers, to cover the contained concrete and to protect it from wach whon it enters the wator and as the buckct descends to te bottom. The ‘bucket, preferably, should be so designed that the hinged bottom doors wil operate inside of steel skirt, ‘whieh srt will siround the bucket while the bottom docre are shut and wil extend below the bucket ‘as the bottom doors open and hence minimize turbulenee and mation while the eonerete ts being Aleposited. The buckt shall be submerged slowly unti iis completely under water. Tho normal line "peed ater that shal not exosed 200 feet per minute. After the bueket has reached the surface on whieh the eonerte isto be deposited it ahall be raised slowly forthe first 6 or 8 foot while the eonereta is being deposited "AREMA Manual for Raliway EngineeringMaterials, Tests and Construction R © Placing Sacks of Concrete. Where a relatively small amount of enereta i to be pled that does not ‘warrant the equipment required far ether tremie or open bottom bucket methods, emerete may be placed under water in sacks or bags In such cae the spce shall be filled with scka of conerete carefully placed by hand in header and stretcher formation, 20 that the whole mass becomes interlocked. Sacks ‘used for tis purpose shal be made of jute or other coarse material free from deleterious material, and ‘hal be filed about two-thirds fll of eonerete andthe sack openings securely tod. 4. Grovied Aggregate. Installed by pling course aggregate in the forms, then injecting coment grout ‘through pipes which extand tothe Bottom ofthe forms, The pipes are withdrawn as grouting proceeds. "The grout forces the water from the forms and fills interstices in the aagregate (1) Grout incartpipo systam shall be designed and installed to daliver grout tothe entire mess. Vent pipos shall bo required to relieve entrapped water or air Sounding wells abo he provided to Aletermine the location of grout surface during the grout injection, (2) The coarse aggrogato shall be placed in horizontal layers of such maximum thickness as will provide «sdonse fil without sogregaion and shall be well compactad (@) The grout mixture shall bo applied under auch preteure and at such consistney as will insure complete filing of voids, and group pipes shall be propery spaced to be consistent with this requirement. (4) Mineral fles and admixtures may be added to the grout mixture if approved by the Engineer. (6) Tho grout mixture required for this clase of work necessitate the use of special mixers and agitators to deliver suitable grout in place, This equipment snd all grout lines shall be maintained in good ‘operating eondition. Aer every aif or work stoppage, they shal b cleaned f ll rout 1.45.11, SOUNDINGS (1993) During the time that eoneree is being deposited under waler, soundings shall be continuously taken to the surface of the deposited concrete and recorded, The surface ofthe depeited concrete shal be maintained ‘latively level over the area being covered 1.15.12 REMOVING LAITANCE (1993) Upon completing a unit or section of underwater concrete, any lntanes or sil collecting on the upper eurfece of the same shal be removed end the concrete surface thoroughly cleaned, if additional concrete isto be deported on that surface 1.18.13 CONCRETE SEALS (1993) Under favorable conditions itis possible to place underwater eonerets of limited thickness in the bottors of caissons oF eoferdams and so completely cal the structures that after the concrete has ae, ll water ean be pumped out. In such cass, fits economieal vo do so the water shall be purnped ut, the exposed surfaces ‘eared and the balance of the concrete deposited ine. AREMA Manual for Railway Engineering easSECTION 1.16 CONCRETE IN SEA WATER Jus: CONCRETE (2004) 1. Unless otherwise specifically provided, concrete for structures in, or exposed to, tou water shall be ais entrained in accordance with Article 1-124, and shall be mado with Type Il or IIA portland coment having a maximum trealium aluminate content of 88. Conerete in s4a wale or exposed dirs along thesea coast shall contain a minimum of 660 Ib of portland cement per cubic yard. The concrete shall be mixed for «period of not loss Usan 2 minutes and the water content ofthe mixture ahall be carefully Controlled and regulated so as to produce concrete of maximum impermeabilty. Porous or woak esregsies shall not be used 'b, When concrete mix designe inlude cementitious materials other then portland cement, the resistance to the harmful effects of exposure to sea water shall be determined by tats, o by experience from using materiale from the same sources 4.48.2 DEPOSITING IN SEA WATER (1993) Between level of extreme low water and extreme high water as determined by the Engineer, sea water shill noteume in iret contact wit the concrete fr aperod of not les than 30 days. Sea water shall not be allowed. to come in contact with other conerete that wil be in or exposed to sea water unt ts hardened frat lest 4 days: Concrete may be depasiced in sea water only when so approved by the Engineer. The original urine, a= the forme ae removed from the concrete, hall be left undisturbed, 4.16.3 CONSTRUCTION JOINTS (1993) Concrete hal be placed in auch a mannor that no construction joints shall be formed between levels af extreme low watcr and extrome high water as delermined bythe Engineer. Construction joints outside tho lovel between ‘extreme low water and extreme high water shall beheld tothe minimum necessary, and all construction joints Shall be made as deeeibed in Section 1-11, Conerete Jointing and Section 1.24, Depositing, Conerete, Artie L149. 4.46.4 MINIMUM COVER (1993) Reinforcing steel or other corodible metal shall have cove of not ls than inches of eanerete 4.46.5 PROTECTING CONCRETE IN SEA WATER (1993) ‘Where severe climate cantons or severe abrasion are anticipate, the fac of the concrete low water o3 feet above high wate or ro a plane below toa plane above wave alin sh stone of sultable quality, dense vitrified shale brick as designated or as required bythe Kaginoc, or in special ‘eases the protection may be ereosoted timber e148 " "AREMA Manual for Raliway Engind Construction Requirements SECTION 1.17 CONCRETE IN ALKALI SOILS OR ALKALI WATER 1.17.1 CONDITION OF EXPOSURE (1993) In areas whore concrete may be exposed to injurious concentrations of sulfates fom sala and waters, conerte shall bo made with sulfate reiting coment. Table 1-14 gives limitations on tricalcium slminate content in ‘zment for various exposure conditions, severity af conditions may be judged by the extent of deterioration ‘which hss ooaured to conerete prevauily used in the Immediate viiity or from the sulfate concentrations found in either the sol or the water Table 8-1-14. Recommendations For Concrete In Sulfate Exposures Normal Weight | Lightweight Sulfate Concentration as $0 | Maximum | Agsregato | Aggregate Twcstetum | Conerete | Concrete Sulfate ‘Alumnae tn a Exposure | ig Sot, Poreent [Cement Percant"“Comantitus. | Compression ; In Solution, PPM ote 1) : : by Weight Material Rati, | Stenath fe, by Weight Pal [ioderate Dio-oaD BO = 050 3150 [Severe 020-200 | 1500-10,000_|~_5 048 3060 very Sovere ‘over200 | over 30,000 | 6 plus poraolan | 04 4000 Wote2) [Note > Maximum iricaleium aluminate content of coment Tor eonreta in seawater shall ba [Noto 2: Use pezeolan which has been determined by tact to improve sulfate resigtancs when used ia concrete containing s coment with a maximum tecallum aluminate content of 5% or lee 4.17.2 CONCRETE FOR MODERATE EXPOSURE (1993) CConerote for moderate sulfate exposure shall be made from ‘ype Il or specified portland blast furnace slag cement Type IS (MS), and portland pazzalan cement Type IP (MS) may be used to meet the 8% trcalium Sluminate limitation Concrete shall eontain nt lees than 610 Ib of exment per eu yd. The concrete shall be ai- entrained in sccordance with Section 1-12, Proportoning, Article 1.12.4 1.47.3 CONCRETE FOR SEVERE EXPOSURE (1993) Concrete for sovere sulfate exposure shall be made using Type V portland cement witha 5% maxianam teialeium aluminate content. Conereta shall contain not less than 680 Ib of cement par ex yd. The concrete hall bo air-entrained in crordance with Section 1.12, Propertioning,Arile 112.4, 1.17.4 CONCRETE FOR VERY SEVERE EXPOSURE (1993) Concrete for very severe exposure shall be made using ‘Type V portland cement with a maximum tresleum aluminate content plus pozzolan. The porzolan used should have been determined by taste to improve the sulfate resistance of conerete containing a coment with a maximum trealium aluminate content of 5% or leu ‘The concrate shall contain not lese han 660 Tb of coment per eu. The conerete shall be airentrained in accordance with Section 112, Proporioning, Article 1.12.4 [AREMA Manual for Railway Engineering “ earConcrete Structures and Foundations NOTE: Type Il may also be spacified to moot either the Sor 8% tricalcium aluminate limitation. In carain reas the treallum aluminate coaLent of ether types of earment may bbe lees than 8% or 8, Sulfate reseting cement wll not ierease resistance 1 some chemically aggresive solutions for example ammonium nitrate, The special provisions of the project specifications shall cover all special cases 4.47.8 CONCRETE FOR ALKALI SOILS OR ALKALI WATER (2004) When conerete mix design incude cementitious materials ether than portland cement, resistance to the hartafal effects of expostro to alkali soils or alkali water shall be determined by tests, or by experince from ‘sing materials from the eatne sources. 1.47.6 CONSTRUCTION JOINTS (1993) Wherever possible, placing of eonerote sal! be continuous until eompletion ofthe section or until the concroto is at lear 18 inches above ground or watar level If construction joints are required they shall be minimized, find al construction jounte shall be made es deeeriod in Sesion 1.11, Concrete Jointing and Seesion 1.14, Depositing Coneret, Artile 1.148. 1.47.7 MINIMUM COVER (1993) Reinforcing soe! or other corrdible metal sll haves cover of not less than 4 inches of eoncret 4.47.8 PLACEMENT OF CONCRETE (1993) [Alkaline water or ele shall not bo in contact with the concrete during placement and for a peri ofa aaa 72 ihours thereafter, SECTION 1.18 CURING 1.48.1 GENERAL (2000) 14 In freezing weather cr when theres Kkelthoed of frecring temperatures within the specified curing peried, suitable and slficient means must be provided before conereting, or maintaining all concrete Surfacts ata temperature of not lee than 60 degrees Ffor& pried of wot less than 7 days afer the ‘onerete‘s placed when Type I, [8 Tor A portland cement is used, and not less than 3 days when Type [Mo ITA portland cement is used. », The temperature of concrete surfaces shall be determined hy thermometers placed agaist the surfuco of the concret, Provision shall be made inform eanatruction to parmit the removal of emall sections of orm to acommedst the placing of thermometers aginst conerete surfaces at locations designated by the Engineer. Afler thermometers are placed, the apertares informs shall be covered in a way to simulate closely the protection afforded bythe forms. ©. Indetermining the temperatures t angles end comers ofa structure, thermometers shall be placed not more than 8 inches from the anges and corners. In determining temperatures of hariaoatal surface, ‘hermoometers shal est upon the surface under the protection covering normal to rection involved e148 "AREMA Manual for Railway EnMaterials, Tests and Construction Requirements 4 Temperature readings shall be taken and recorded at intervals tobe designate by the Engineer, over the nti curing period spciied, and the temperatures so recorded shall be interpreted asthe temperature ff the concrete surfaces when the thermometers were place. ‘When protection from cold is needed to insure meeting theee specification requirements ll atrils for covering or housing must be delivered atthe sie ofthe work before conereting i nd must be effectively applied or installed, and such added heat must be furnished as may be necessary ‘without depending in any way upon the heat of hydration during the fst 24 hours after concrete ie placed when Type, IA Ilor IIA portland cement is used, or the frst 18 hours when Type TI or ITA Portland comont is used, The metods ef heating and protecting the coneree shail be approved by the Engineer Chemicals or othe foreign materils shall not be mixed with the eonerete for the purpose of preventing freezing, unless approved bythe Engineer When hosts supplied by stoam or ealamanders, covering or housingof the structure shall ba 2 placed at {o permit roe circulation of air above and around the concrete within the enclosure, but tothe exlusion ofr currents from without, excepting that where salamanders are used, suiient ventilation sll be provided to earry off gases, Special eare shal be exercised to maintain the specified temperature Continuously and uniformly inal parts ofthe etructure enclosures, and to exc cold date fora lnglea and corners nd from all projecting renforeing see. All exposed aurfaces inthe heated enclosure ll bo kopt continuously wet during the heating period unless beat supplied in the form o ive 1 The supervisor responsible for curing proedures shall maintain certification by the American Concrete Insitute asa Conerete Flatwork Finisher or Concrete Transportation Construesion Inspector 4.18.2 HOT WEATHER CURING (1993) The tamparatine of eonerata at times of placement shall not exceed 99 degrece F Whon the lemperature ofthe eonereteupproaches 90 degrees F special efforts to prevent too rapid drying out must be made, . Continuous wet euringis proforred and shall commence a gon asthe concrete has hardened sufficiontly to resiet surface damage. Wet curing shall be caried out in accordance withthe practice recommended under Article 1-183. Curing water shal nt be miuch cooler than the concrete fo evad temperature chango stresses resulting in eraching Exposed, unformed eonerte surfaces shall be protected froma wind sand direct sun 1.18.3 WET CURING (1993) 1. Alleonerete surfaces when not protected hy forms, or membrene curing compounds, aust be kept ‘constantly wet fora period of not less than 7 days after concrete is placed when Type J, A, I or A Portland coment is used, or not lees than 3 days when Type Ill ar ILA portland cement is Used 'b. The wet curing pried for all concrete which willbe in contact with brine drip, eas water, alt spray alkal or slfate-boaring sala or waters, or similar destractive agent, shal be inerested ta 0% more than the periods spesifed for normal exposures Slt water and corevaive waters and soils shal be kept ‘om cantact with the concrete during placement and forthe curing period Whon wood forms are left in place during the curing perio they shall be kept auficently damp at all times to prevent openings atthe joints and drying af the concrete, AREMA Manual for Railway Engineering e149Concrote Structures and Foundations 1.18.4 MEMBRANE CURING! (1993) 1 Inliou of wes curing concrete cusing compound in full onformance to ASTM C308 may be used, with the approval of the Baginoct. Liquid Mombrane-Forming Curing Compounds shall meet the requirements of + ASTM C00. (0) Type (Clea. (2) Type 1D (Clear with Fugitive Dye. (9) Type 2 White Pigment) (4) Class B (Solids Retrcted to Resin Only) The compounds shall be applied t ll exposed concrete surfaces except those areas where conc ther materials are to be bonded suchas construction joints ar areas to ba dampproofed or waterproofed. 4. The compound shal be sprayed on finished surfaces as toon a the surface water has dsappoarod Spraying equipment shal be ofthe pressure-tank tye with mist producing spray rie. I forms are removed during the euring period, canerot shall be sprayed lightly with water andthe malstening ‘continued ttl the surface will not realy absorb more water ‘The curing eompound shall then be Sprayed on the concrste surface az soon as the moisture film has disappeared 1.18.8 STEAM CURING (1993) Steam curing shall be done in an enclosure capa of containing the live steam in order to minimize moisture {and hea losses. The application ofthe slaamn tall be delayed fro 2 to 4 hoare after final placement of ‘Sonerete to allow the Initial set ofthe conerate to take plas. Ifrardere ar used, the wating period before “aplication of the steam may be increased to 4to 6 hours, The steam shall be at 100% relative humidity to prevent low of molsture and to provide excese moisture for proper hydration of the cement. Application of the "sam sball not be diretly on the concrete. During application ofthe steum, the ambient ais temperate shall increas at arate not to excaed 40 F per hour until e maximum temperature of 140 F to 160 F is reached. This ‘temperatuce shall beheld for 12 to 18 hours o Until the conerete has recched the required strength. In ‘iscontinaing the seam, the ambient air temperature shall decrease at arate not to exceed 40 per hour until ‘semperature bas boen reached about 20 F above the temperature ofthe ai to which the concrete willbe exposed The exmerete shall not be exposed to temperatures below froeaing for 6 days after casting, 1.48.6 CURING CONCRETE CONTAINING SILICA FUME (2003)? 1.48.644 Delays in implementing Curing Curing of freshly placed concrete as outlined in thie Arise should be implemented immediately upon having. placed the conerle or ther measures shouldbe taken to minimize the opportunity for shrinkage racking to 1 C- Commentary 2 Se Gamma e450 " "AREMA Manual for Railway Engineering1.18.7 CURING CONCRETE CONTAINING GROUND GRANULATED BLAST-FURNACE SLAG (2004) 4140.74 General Curing tine may have to be extended du to lower strength gain during the intl curing period 41.18.72 Delays in Implementing Curing Curing of foshlyplacod concrete as outlined in tie Article may require implementation sooner than normal if the mix exhibits lee bleed water than norma. 1.18.8 CURING CONCRETE CONTAINING FLY ASH (2004)? (Curing procedures and times should be determined from the conerete mix design requirements SECTION 1.19 FORMED SURFACE FINISH 1.19.1 GENERAL (1993) ‘The following requirements are in addition to the provisions ofthis part applying to forms, mixing, conveying, depositing, ete, except as modified by the Plans or bythe direction af the Engineer, and shall be applicable to the construction of eanerete surfaces exposed upon the completion ofthe structure ‘4 All fice form shall be smooth and watertight I constructed of wood, the face boards shall be sized toa ‘uniform thickness and all offeot or inequalities dreaed to smooth surface. They shall be tightly placed and all openings and erace pointe fash, as directed bythe Enginoay, to prevent lelege and the formation of fine Exposed surface shall be cst in one continuous operation between preseribed construction limite. Joints not shown on the plans shall be made only as directed by the Rnginesr and shall bo true to line with ‘Sharp unbrokon edgos breled or rounded es speciiod © The concrete shall beso mixed, placed and compacted that che aggregate is uniformly distributed and a {ull surface of mortar hrought against the frm free from air pockets and void space. The forms shall be carefully removed, and any fins or projetions neatly removed ss directed by the Enginoer. If there shotld be found any smal pis or openings inthe exposed surface ofthe conerete oF if ‘the bolts are used fr securing the forms, the ends of which on removal leave small hole, the surface shall be thoroughly saturated with water and all such hole, pts eta, shall be neatly stopped with pointing mortar of coment and fine agaregatesin the same proportion assed inthe coneret, and smoothed even with the surface with a wooden float. The mortar eball be mixed in exell quantities and shall be used while til plas. ‘& Allauch workin connection withthe correction of damaged sections, voids or honeycomb shall be performed under the direction of the Engineer iescicneees) I AREMA Manual for Relay Engineering estConcrote Structures and Found £ Nomortar or cement sball he applied to the surface except to il pits or voi shove provide, and not by plastering 1.19.2 RUBBED FINISH (1993) ‘4 Tho surface shall be rubbed only when called for on th plans or directed by the Engineer 1b. Afterall voids ar filled, the surface shall be thoroughly wetted and rubbed with a earborundrum brie orsimilar abrasive, to# smooth, even finish of uniform sppearance without applying any cement or ther coating. 1 SECTION 1.20 UNFORMED SURFACE FINISH 4.204 GENERAL (2000) ‘4 After the coneret is placed and compacted the surface shall be struck off and finished with floats and trowels or finishing machines in a manner approved by the Bngineer. The edges shall be finished with an ‘egng tool setisfactry to the Engineer Caro shall be takon to avoid an exeoss of water inthe conerote fn to drain or otherwise promptly remove any water that accumulates an the surface. Dry cement, or & ‘mixture of cement and send, shall not be sprinkled directly on the surface, », Allhorizontal surfaces of bridge seats, except those directly under bearing plates, shall be sloped to drain ‘The supervisor responsible for Gnishing unformed surfaces shall maintain certifiation by the Ameria Concrete Institute es « Concrete Flatwork Finisher, 1.20.2 SIDEWALK FINISH (1993) ‘The top surface ofall walk aall be fasted and troweled toa smooth finish witha steal trowel, After the water hoon he disappeared, the surface shall be given a inal finish hy brushing with a bristle brush. The brush shall at right angles to tho edge of the walk, with adjacont strokes slightly overlapping producing a uniform surface, moderately roughened by parallel brush marks. The stilfaese ofthe bristles and {he time at which the surface finished shall be euch a to leave well defined bruch marks, The brush shall be leet clean at al tims to avd depositing marta pleked up during previous strokes. 1.20.3 FINISHING CONCRETE CONTAINING SILICA FUME (2004)" For conerete containing silica fume, trial placements and finishing aay be required prior to the start ofthe project. 4.20.4 FINISHING CONCRETE CONTAINING GROUND GRANULATED BLAST-FURNACE SLAG (2004)? Finishing teahniques may have to be adjusted to arcount for reduced amounts of bleed water. e182 "AREMA Manual for Railway Engineering )‘Tests and Construction Requirements 1.20.5 FINISHING CONCRETE CONTAINING FLY ASH (2004) Finishing may have to be delayed unless the concrete mix was proportioned to avoid delayed setting. ‘SECTION 1.21 DECORATIVE FINISHES. ‘Any special or decorative finish which may be required shall be done as called for on the Pans and as covered ‘nya opecal specification SECTION 1.22 PENETRATING WATER REPELLENT TREATMENT ‘OF CONCRETE SURFACES* 1.22.1 GENERAL (1993) When called fr onthe plan, in the specifications or ordered by the Engineer the ellowing requirements shall be applicable tothe trent of exposed concrete surfaces pon completion ofthe structure or precast ‘member. Water repellent treatment is nat intended to be used on surfaces subject to hydrostatic pressure 1.22.2 SURFACE PREPARATION (2003) ‘8. Concrete aurfces shall be cleaned by light sand or shot blasting, followed by vacuum cleaning to remove all traces of euring compounds latance, dit at, ol, grease, Svs o other foreign material that would ‘rovent penetration or edhesion ofthe seal: Concrete surface shall be clean and dry or a recoramended by manufacturer, If coneret is subjected to ‘ain or malsture the surface shoul be allowed Lo air dry for miniraum of forty-eight (48) hours before treatment The cleaning process shall not altr the existing surface nish unless speciiod by the Engineer ss an Intentional pat of the design 1.223 ENVIRONMENTAL REQUIREMENTS (2003) 1. Volatile Organie Compound regulations may vary by individual state. Therefore ite mandatory that ‘materials celected for use bo in total eonformance tothe applicable legisition ofthe stato within which the work wil be parformed. »b. Ambient and surface temperatures at time of aplication shall be as spectid by the manufacturer but not less than 40 degres F (5 dogrees C) or greater than 100 degrees I (88 dagrees ©). & Norain predicted fora minimum of 12 hours after completion of water repellent trestinent. 4. No precipitation within 24 hours preceding application, » e0¢-Camentry AREMA Manual for Railway Engineering 2453Concrete Structures and Foundations: . Nowind of velocity, per the manufacturer, greater than that which wil use an improper application rate to dif te certified aa harmless to Adjoining urfaces of othor materials shall be protected unas solvent carrier these materials by water repellent manifsctarer. 1.22.4 APPLICATION (2003) 44. The penetrating water repellent treatment salution shall be applied in strict aecordnee with rmantfscurer’s instructions and not diluted or altered unlesa speifed by tbe manufacturer. Equipment for the application ofthe watertepellent treatment shall be clean of foreign materiale and approved by the Engineer before vse. The sealer shell be applied by busing spraying or ralling, es receramonded by the manufacturer. 1b, Surface treatment of new concrete prior o 28 days curing isnot permitted, unlss approved by the manufacturer and the Engineer The soaler manufacturer should be consulted on the recommended treatment of eracks. 4. Fallow all esfty precautions required by occupational jurisdiction, A minimum of two (2) cots of water repellent tresiment ie recommended to achive uniform coverage. ‘The second and each additional cot shall be applied perpendicular tothe previous coat. Care sll be taken when applying each coat, ich that running or pudling does not oscu. Buch cet shall bo allowod ‘dy for minimum of two (2) hours before the next cost is applied, ‘Tho final cost shal be alowed to Ary aoeording to the manufacturers instructions before applying bliat and track 1.22.8 MATERIALS (2003) a. The penetrating water repellent material shall consist ofan icobutyitralkoxy silano,n-otyltrialkory silane or iso-octytraleony silane dissolved ina suitable eelvent that will pradveeu hydrophoble surface ‘covalently bonded to the conerete. Only one (1) brand and specific type af penetrating sealer shall be Used on each individual concrete element (ie, each pic, deck, abutment, ele). The penetrating sealer tet bea one part liquid, with no fld Blending required b, Qualities ofthe material tobe furnished forthe project shall be tested and results certified by an independent testing laboratory with report provided othe owner. The following test shall be prformed ‘on standardized laboratory specimens: (0) Water Penetration, ASTM C 642-50 Day Soak less 1% Absorption (untreated specimen 4%, 0.2% absorption) (2) Water Penetration, National Cooperative Highway Research Program Report 244-21 Day Soale~ fective Average Minimum 80% (Series ID. (2) Vapor Transmission, National Cooperative Highway Research Program Report 244- Minimum 100%, (4) Surface Appearance. No change in surface appearance ar texture (6) Penetration. Oklahoma DOT OHD 1-34 Visible Average 0.15 inches. (©) Drying Time, Dry and ready for use I hour afer application e154 "AREMA Manual for Raliway EngineeringMaterials, Tests and Construction Requirements (D Accelerated Weathering. ASTM G22-2000 hours are weathorometer-Maximum 34 las of ‘Afectivence, (8) Woter Ponetration. Alberta DOT Type 1 Class B mniemur, (9) Solt Water Ponding. AASHTO 7.259-Maximum 1.50 Ib per eubie yard atVi inch vo Ya inch; 0.78 Ib por exbieyard at Ys inch to 1 inch, (10) Traction = ASTM B 309. No change wien treated surface is compared to control surface. Measured in British Pendulum Numbe 1.22.6 QUALITY ASSURANCE (1993) (he manufacturer shel provide written cerisation ofthe quality ofthe product being effered and issue warranty ata ite ffesiveness when itis applied in accordance with the manufacbrer's pocifeation. Manufacturer shall have an established Quality Assurance Program with the Programa availabe tothe ‘owner or buyer Pro-Tes. An eight square fet tast panel onthe ob shall be treated and evaluated in acordance with the primary water repellent manufacturer's recommendations and written test procedures which wold allow the water repellent to curo fora inimum of 6 days. Two test eores (minimum inches diameter And 3 inches deep) shouldbe taken at locations determined by the Bngineer. Tn the presonce of the ‘manufacturer, or one of its representatives the cores atould be elit by cise. One cave should be ‘tained ly the Engineer. The water repellent material shall have penetrated the core at lest Ye inch (avg) and shall appoar as a band of non-wettable concrete. ‘Test Dot. All est data submitted by the water repellant manufacturer must be data generated by an independent lnaling laborstory, Product eats rust be totally controlled by the testing laboratory. Specimens cannot be pre-treated by tho manufacturer 1.22.7 DELIVERY, STORAGE AND HANDLING (1995) ‘Materials shal be delivered to jobsite fn manulheturer’s original undamaged containers wit labels and sea intact. “Materials shall be stored in socordance with manufacturers requirements and in a dry area with a tomperature range of not les than 32 degrees F and nat more than 120 degrees Adequate ventilation shall bo provided, away from sources of gution Manufectarer's application instructions and Material Safety Data Shect shall be conculted for adational salety instructions. AREMA Manual for Rallway Engineering 8455Concrete Structures and Foundations 1 SECTION 1.23 REPAIRS AND ANCHORAGE USING REACTIVE RESINS" 4.23.1 GENERAL (2003) ‘4 This recommended practice covers reactive resin polymer materials (0. epexy) used far concrete repairs ‘and installation of znchor bots and ether miscellenesvs items in conerete. ‘The material shall boa non-mallie,non-shrinking polymer resin suppiod in propackaged andlor pro- reasured containers. It shal contain no rust ar earrocon promoting agents and shall be moisture ineenstive € Packaged stability ofeach component in original unopened eontainers stored in temperatures between 40 degrees F (5 degrees C)and 90 degrees F (22 degrees) shal bea minimum of sx months. The mixing instructions, esting time and expiration date of the material shall appear on each container 1.23.2 SURFACE PREPARATION (2003) 1. The surface ofthe conerete should be prepared per the manufscturer's recommendations forthe typeof application being conducted 1b, The conerete surface ahall be clean and diy, with no traces ofeuring compounds, litanc, dit eat, el, 1.23.3 APPLICATION (2003) 1. The restive rsing should be chosen to provide the requirements (.. viseasly strength, Nesbit, sdhesion et. ofthe specific repair to be performed. The specific type, rade and clase of matril is tobe elected by the Engineer in ascrdance with the resommendations of the manfachrer 1 SECTION 1.24 HIGH STRENGTH CONCRETE? 1.24.1 GENERAL (1995) 1, Tho following specifications shall apply to structures with a minimum specified concrete comprossive strength 6,000 pal (41 MPa) and made with portland coment conerete, These provisions do nt apply to ‘extie” materials end techniques euch as polymer-impregnated concrete, polymer concrete, or concrete with arial aggregate. b. The compressive strength of production concrete shall be tested at 7 and 28 days and a other times a ‘roquired by the Engineer in accordance with ASTM C29, 1.24.2 MATERIALS (1995) ‘rial batches containing the materials to be used on the ob shall be prepared atthe proposed slump and tested to determine compressive trength. Unless tests on additional rial batehes ae perfermed, materials ell be af the same type, brand and souroe of ropply throughout the duration of the project. e456 "AREMA Manual for Rallway Engineering ¢1.242:4 Cement Cement mill est reports shal be submitted by cement supplies foreach shipment of cement. Silo test certificates shall be submitzed forthe previous 6 ¢ 12 months, Cement uniformity in accordance with ‘ASTM C 917 shall be reported. Varintions sball be limited to the following Tricaleium aiiate (C38). ” Ignition Loss 05% Fineness. ossesecese 315 emg Blaine) Salfete($0;) 0.20% of optimum Mortar cube tests shall bo performed in accordance with ASTM C 108, 1.24.22 Chemical Admixtures Chemical admixtures shall conform to tho fllowing ASTM specifications: Airentrsining admixtures ASTM C260 Retarders ASTM C494, Typos Band D Normat-setting water reducers ASTM C434, Type A ligh-range water redcors ASTM C44, Types F and @ Accelerators ASTM C494, Types Cand E Mineral admixtures consist of fy ath (Class C and F,silica fame and ground granulated blast-fernace slog: Fly ‘ash shall conform to ASTM C 618 specfestions. Methods for sampling and testing of ly ash shall conform to ASTMC 511. Siles me shall conform to ASTM C 1240, Slag shall conform to ASTM C960, 1242.4 Agoregates Fine and coarse aggregate shall most the requirements of ASTM C 8, 1.24.25 Water ‘oler for use in high-strength concrete shall conform to Section 15, Water. In eases where water offower- ‘qulity muct bo used, tasting shal eonform to Article 1.5.2 Acceptance requirements specified in Table 1 of ‘ASTM C 94 shall beret 1.24.3 CONCRETE MIXTURE PROPORTIONS (1995) ‘Trial batches shall be performed to generate sulficent data to obtain optimum mixture proportions AREMA Manual for Raiway Engineering es7Concrete Structures and Foundations SECTION 1.25 SPECIALTY CONCRETES 1.25.1 GENERAL ‘This manuel article describes and provides requirements for specialty concrotes that maybe wsed in ailrosd construction. Before any specialty conerote is usod, additional investigation ofspciic end detailed ‘specications shall be mede 1.25.2 SULFUR CONCRETE" 412524 General Sulfur concrete ia thermoplastic material produced by mixing heated aguregute 177C to 204C (S50F to 400F) With modifiod sulfur cement and fine mineral filler (ambient ‘omperatue) co prepare a well-mixed concrete that is maintained within a temperature rangeof 1820 to 1410 (270F to 285F) unl placed. The ACI Manus of Concrete Practioe contains detailed infermasion, 12522 Design 1. Mixture design for sulfur concrete different from portland cement concrete. Aggregate fr sulfur concrote shall conform with ASTM C 28 Reinforcement may be with reinforcing stool, epoxy-coated reinforcing ste! or wih fibers. 4.2523 Handling ‘Tho roquiroments for misingtransporting oquipmont aro defined by the unique thermoplastic characteristic of sulfur conerete, Suir conerete must be maintained i. a molten tate and continuously monitored to maintain the temperature rango of 183C (270F) to 147C (286F), Tho coneroto mixture must be tharoughly mixed so the molten sulfar coment adequately costs the fine and coarse aqureate and mineral filler 41.25.24 Placing Sulfur conerete can be paced in ether wooden or metal forms 1.25.3 HEAVYWEIGHT CONCRETE 4.25..4 Design Heavyweight concrete, unless otherwise stipulated, shall conform tothe other requirements of Chapter 8, Part 1, shall be mace with Type II cement, and shall be proportioned as ireced bythe Engineer, with not more ‘an 2271 (6 gal) of water per 22.8 hg (04 Ib) of coment, Where heavyweight eonerat is required for counterweights the coarse aggregate shal be rap rock, iron ore or other heavy matoral er the eoncrote may Incorporate steel panchings or serap metal. The mortar aball he corapoued of 1 pat of cement and ® parts of fine agzreznt, Fine metalic aggregate shal consist of commercial chilled-iron or stool shot or ground irom, meeting SAE 444e, all metallic guregate shal havea spociic gravity of 6.50 or greater and be clean and free from foreign coatings of grease, ol, machine shop compounds, zine chromato, loose sale, and dit. The ‘maximum weight of heavy concrete aball be 6,080 kg per cu m (315 Tb per eu feet e150 ‘AREMA Manuel for Rallway EngineeringMaterials, Tests and Construction Requirements 1.2532 Placing ‘8. Heavyweight concrat shal be placed in layers and consolidated with vibestars or tapers, Hesvyweight coneroto usually wll not “lo in a form and must be placed uniformly throughs: the area and ‘compacted in place with a minimtm of vibration, Under no circumstances shall an attempt be made to ‘move heavyweight eoncrete during consoidetion with vibration equipment, Layers shall be liad to @ ‘maximum $00 mm (12 Inch thickness, Conelidation shall be by internal vibrators to achieve uniforms fand optimum density. In heavyweight concrete vibrators bave a snllr effective area, or radivs of ‘ction; therefore greater care shall be exerted to insure thatthe concrete is propery consolidated Vibrators shall be inserted at closely spaced intervals and only to. depth eufficent to cause complete Intermixing of adjacent layers. Counterweghts containing punchings or scrap metal or iron are aggregates call bo enclosed i steol boxe. Heavyweight concrete not enclosed in soe! boxes shall be adequately reinforced 1.25333 Determining Weight For ascertaining the woight of the conerte, test Mocks having a volume of ot less than 0.1 eu m (42 fet) for ordinary conerete, and 0.09 eu mi eu feet) for heavy eonerete, and 0.03 cu m (1cu fet) for the martar for ‘heavy cmereta, shall be cast at least 30 days before concreting is begun. Two test blocks ofeach kind shall be provided, and ove weighed immediately aflereasting andthe other afvr it hes cured for 28 days C- COMMENTARY "Tho purpose of thia part ato furnish dhe technical explanation of various Articles in Part 1, Materials, Teste and Construction Requirements In the numbering of Articles of tie section, the nussbers after the *C." ‘nerespond tn the Satin tile hang explained - SECTION 1.2 CEMENT C- 1.22 SPECIFICATIONS (2004) ‘The use of slag coment Types ‘S" and ‘(A)’ as defined in Standard Sposfcation C1595 isnot included inthis recommended practice as these cements are not intended o be used alone in producing structural concrete. C- SECTION 1.3 OTHER CEMENTITIOUS MATERIALS. €-4.3.3.() Sica Fume One of ho primary benefits of including ilies fume in a concrete mix design iso reduce the permeability ofthe hardened concrete. Porosity wil be signticantly reduced if proper proportioning, pre-construction testing, and ‘caring methods are used. Long torm durebility resistance to chemiealaltck including sulphate attack, and penetration of chloride fone canal be favorably affected, Other posible benefit include improved resistance to abrasion. Silenfume has been weed to obtain both of ‘these properties. However, the replacement method may nt fester other special properties. ©-4.3.2.1(0) Fly Ash All fy asbes contain pozzolanic materials, but some fy ashes alao exhibit cementitious properties oftheir own. Factors alfetingthis are the glass conten, its fineness and gradation, and silica or sliea-plus alumina content. ‘There is therefore a wide variation in pozzolanie and cementitious efciney of afferent ly ashes, which [AREMA Manual for Ralway Engineering e480Conerete Structures and Foundations cannot be predicted by selecting Class C, Class F or Class N, Direct test of strength development, and tests to ‘letormine the efficiency of fy ash to produco special properties such ss sulphate resistance, or resistance to tlklisilicaresotons, are necessary. PPssibe benefits of using ly asl in concrete mix which is properly designed, deposited and cured include increased long-term ssrengta potential, improved worksbilty ad pumpabllity,veduetion in tae heat of hydration when using fy ash as replacement for seme ofthe cement that would otherwite be used, @ Finer pore structure which raduogs the ingres of chloride ons, and improved resistance to auphate attack and to {tka tic reections, Posible difficulties in using fly ath include a need to adjust the derage of ar entraining ‘admixture, reduced bleeding of fresh concrete, reduced rate of strength gain which could effec: form andlor falsomork removel parameters, and a need to delay finishing of unformed surfaces under some circumstances 1.3.32 Ground Granulated Blast-Furnace Slag ‘When sed as provided in this recommended practi, replacement of part of the portland cement that would btherwiee be reuited in a conerete mix design with ground grenuleed blast-furnace sleg may impart several Benet Theos include a much reduced permeability, with a consequent reduction of penetration of chloride fone and reductions in eotvosion of reinforcement; reduoed heat of hydration at early agos; improved sulphate ‘eslotanco; and reduced lovels of alkali silica reactivity. Reductions in alkal silica reaetvity are due to reduced permenblity, reductions in avilable alkali, chemical effects an other effect. (C- SECTION 1.4 AGGREGATES ¢-1.42: Gonoral Use of ightwight Gineagaregates i nt allowed because of Ueir poor performance in all lightweight concrete, and tha many difealie and restrictions to their us. - SECTION 1.6 REINFORCEMENT C- 4.6.4 BENDING AND STRAIGHTENING (2003) 1. Field bending and stralghtoning of partially embed reinforcement bars is discouraged but when this ‘operation is requied it should be closely controlled. Construction conditions that make field bending ot Sreightening necessary also make it feat to contrl the conditions under which tis dane thos ‘aking feldinepetion even more critical 'b, There are numerous papers writen on this subject with varying opin ‘Thero is ongoing research thet should supply additional test results oe ofthe curren known factors tht affeted thee standards are that: 1 on the bet procedures to use if current sssumptions. A few (2) Application of heat appears to be necessary to bond or straighten lager sized rebar but either over hating (above 1800 F) or under heating between 450 F and 690 F can ereate much reduced rebar strength or oven cause failure. (2) Repeated bending and straightening weakens tho metal and wil result in failure even under the best controled conditions (2) Tight bonding diameters decrees the metal’ strength © The reworking of reinforcing bars that: are partially embedded in conerote involve some oval of risk and {is not encouragod. Risks may be minimise by using vluforeing bare af a more ductile steel such as A 2.60 "AREMA Manual for Railway Engineering‘Tests and Construction Requirements “OG rather than A 615 in locations where field bending andlor strug awkward from constructability standpoint, ening willbe required. This is 4. When field bending and straightening of patil embedded bar, for A GLB grade 40 or grade 60 tes, permitted by the Engineer, an example procedural guideline is the falowings (0) Bars of sine #3 through #7 (@) Bond or straighton bars cold (bars should be chove frezing temperature) (©) Do not allow more than one eyele of bending and straightening. (©) Diameter of bends should conform to Part 2, Reinforced Conerste Design, Teble8.2-4 Bonds should not enseed 90 degrees. (@) Bending should be done with ae moth an application of fore as possible, (©) Straightening shouldbe accomplished by using a sto! pipe pushod tight against the bend and ‘with application of free and reset periodiealyas follows: 41. Steel pipe should have inside diameter Ys inch to % inch larger than outside diameter of bar to be straightened, 2 Stee pipe should bea minimum length of 8 inches times the bar number sizeof the har to be "raightened to provide euiient leverage. 3 Straightening pipe should be resot against the har at 45 degrees for #4 and smaller bers and ‘a 90 depraes and 60 degrees for #5 40 #7 bars 4 Workers must havo a firm base from which to apply straightoning pressure to reduce the risk of injury ithe bar suddenly fails. (2) Baro of size #8 through #11. (a) Bend or straighton bars after preheating to 1100 degrees F to 1500 degrees Fas measured with temperature sticks, (©) Conorote must be protected from exposure to excessive hest, If necessary protective insulation should be ured, (© Atmoopherzally col bars Do not expose to water or other cooling mediums. {Do not allow more than one cyte of bending and straightening, {) Diameter of bends should conform to Part 2 Reinforced Concrete Design, Tele 8-2-4 (Bending should be done with as smooth an application of force as posible (@) Steaightening should be accomplished by using a steel pipe pushed ght aginst the bend and ‘with application of free and reset periodically as follows! © eel pipe should have inside diameter Ys inch to 9 inc larger thon outside be straightened 1 Stee! pipe shouldbe long enough to provide suficient leverage [AREMA Manual for Rltway Engineering etsConcrete Structures and Foundations Straightening pipe shouldbe reset progressively agnins: the bar around the bend, {3 Workers must havea frm base ftom which to apply straightening pressure to rede the rise of injury iftho bar suddenly fail C- SECTION 1.12 PROPORTIONING C- 1.12.10 SPECIAL PROVISIONS WHEN USING CEMENTITIOUS MATERIALS OTHER ‘THAN PORTLAND CEMENT (2004) ‘Concrete {©-1.1210.2 Requirements When Using Silica Fume [ACI 211.1 provides guidance for proportioning concrete containing clic fume C+ 12.10.22 High Range Water Reducing Admixtures CConczete containing silica fume wil have a greater water demand to maintain workability than conerete nol containing lie fame. However, this additional water is rarely provided since it would nogne the potential benofits of using silica fume. High range water reducers (suparplstcizre) are commonly used instead. Wa suporplastiizer ie not used, then the fresh concrete would appear sticky and not consolidate properly. Concrete containing ilies fame is more cebesive and less prone to sagregution than ter fresh coneretes Its common to increase the shimp hy 2 inches (50mm) fom what would otherwise be provided. "The use of «high renge water reducing admixture wil also benefit the rate of strength gain, Initial strengch gain will bo slower whon using alice fume. Twentycight to ninety day strengths ean be enhanced using ica ume, however, as long asthe water to cementitious material ratio i kept low by using a high ange water slucing wdeintare ¢-112.10.2.3 Entrained Air CConerete containing silica fume wil require more air entrining admixture than normal eonerete to obtain the . Surface proparation may be accomplished by: (2) High prossure water (hot or ol (2) Chemical cleaners (8) Sandblasting (4 Shosblasting When high pressure wate ie employed, all surfaos shall be foe of standing water or moisture atthe tm ofthe treatment which could retrictaurface ponettstion. Care must be txon when using igh ‘pressure water steam te avoid excessive exposure of coarse aggregate. G- 1.22.3 ENVIRONMENTAL REQUIREMENTS (2003) There is some question ofthe effects of high temperature on water ropllot treatments as ane author states that high temperstures actualy speed up the condensation reaction of monomeric allanes into oligomeric sllexanes, Because af this, application of tratment at temperatures over 100 degrees F should be eareflly considered, C- 1.22.4 APPLICATION (2003) Consult the manufacturer's material safety datasheet and application instructions for further safety Information - 1.22.6 QUALITY ASSURANCE (1993) 1 The owner of «concrete structure or buyer ofa cancreta sesler shall be satisfied tht the menvfactarer can furnish the quality eesurance claimed. This can be done by comparing test resulta ofthe product ‘inst test results obtained ty independent test studies, everl of which are Hated inthe Bibliography found atthe end of thie Chapter. The buyer or owner should also be aatafod that an agent or distributor who makes suck lama or offars such « warranty has the full authority to do so by the manufacturer b. The awner ofa concrete structure or buyer ofa concret salor should sok out an applicator (ether owner's own employee ar outside contractor) approved bythe manufacturer in order to validate ts e186 "AREMA Manual for Railway EngineeringMaterials, Tests and Construction Requirements C- SECTION 1.23 REPAIRS AND ANCHORAGE USING REACTIVE RESINS ‘Reactive resins may be slectod for inclusion with fino andor coarse aggregate in polymer conrete or Included with e clean, dry fine agavogate ina polymer mortar: Resctive resins can be used in chemical bonding systems aan adhesive for conerete or sea binder for mortars ar conerete. 1. Reactive resins may alee be used neat (without the addition of aggregate) asa bonding agent, 26 bonding cet far adhesion, as wall as anchoring between metallic ingerte and conerete when the spicing ‘between the metalic inser and the interior wall ofthe bored hole inthe concrete is 1/8 inch (3.2 mm) ‘minimum. While the general ale fr anchor bat embedments ten to iteen times the bole diameter, the tembedment shall be designed based upon loads to b carried - SECTION 1.24 HIGH STRENGTH CONCRETE C+ 1.26.1 GENERAL (1995) 1. With the advances in concrete technology during th Int fw decades, the commonly achievable limite of concrete strength have stecily increased, The ae of high-srengeh coneret in construction he also Jncreased. Concrete compressive strengths approaching 20,000 pei (138 MDa) have been used in extn place conerote buildings. High-strongth concrete has leo boon used in bridge structures. Research has ‘bean conducted onthe paformance af high-etrength prestresied concrete in bridges . Bocause of the continuing advancas in technology, the definition ofthe minimum conerete compressive strength for high-strongth conerete is changing with time. Diflarent geographic lacatans may also have ‘varying limits for what they consider a high-strength conerate. The ACI Commitee 363 report on high ena concrete (AC 0R-2) detins high-strength as heving compres stenge of 8:000 pi (AL or greater, «The ACI Committee 363 report on high-strength concrete provides detailed information on material and structural aapecte of high-strength concrete. (C- 1.24.2 MATERIALS (1995) ‘& Toachiove adoquate consistency and quality of high-strength coneret, stringent contol of constituent ‘materials is necessary Variations in type, brand and source of supply of the components can have majoe {nfuences onthe properties of high-strength coneete. Therefore, emphasise placed on the preparation of trial batches and maintenance of the same component materials Caroughou the projet. ', Testing and comparison of laboratory and production sized trial batches are needed to etablish the required strength of laboratory teal batches, This i because the aboratary til batches have often cexhibited significantly higher strength than production batches, 61.24.21 Cement ‘The quality and consistency of cement used in high-strongth concrete need vorifestion through mill ast reports, and mortar cube tests. The most euitable ies of cement for high-srength concrete ae Type Lor Type I with minimum Za eube compressive strength of 4500 pi (31 MPa). In addition, cement should not show signa of fale st © -1.24.22. Chemical Admixtures ‘2 Chemical admixtures are commonly used in high-atrength conerete to increase compressive strength ‘through reduction of water, control rato of hardening, accelerate strength gain, and improve workability AREMA Manual for Railway Engineering e167Concrete Structures: 1 Found snd durability, Performance ofall materials in high-strength conereteas whole shouldbe considered Wen selecting the type, brand and dosage of any admixtures, 1 Alrentraining edmintures (ASTM C260) ar used to improve durability and freeze-thaw resistance. However, ir voi have the effet of reducing compressive ctrength and their use is therefore ‘recommended only when durability a concern, Incorporation of ontrined sir may reduce strength at 8 "ate of 5% to 7% foreach percent of ar the mix, ©. Retarders (ASTM C 494, Types B and D) are used to control early hydration and hardening of concrete ‘Factors such as an increase in strength and Uemperature effets should be considered 4. Normal-setting water reducers (ASTM C 494, Type A) are used o increase strength without affecting ‘tho rate of hardening. igh-range water reducers (ASTM C 404, Types F and G) are used to increase strength (docrease water domand) especially high early sirengta (24 hours) or inereave slump. Matching ‘the acmixtare tothe cement used (boh in type nd dosege rate isan important consideration. fe. Highsrange water reducers (ASTM C 494, Types P and Q) are often used in high-strength eoneroto mixtures and are essential with the vory high-srength coneretes to ensure adequate workability wich low water cementitious ratios, Further information i availabe in ACI SP, £Avoslerators (ASTM C 494, Types C and F) are not normally used in high strngth concrete except when ‘arly farm removal is critical. Acelrators will normally be counterprodutve in long-term strength evelopment. =1.24.2.3 Minoral Admixtures 1 Mineral admixtures such a fy ash, silica fume, and ground granulated blastfurnece alag have boen ‘widely used in high-strength conerste Variations in physical snd chemical properties of mineral ‘admintares (even when within lolerance of specifications) can have a major infuence on properties of high-strength eonerete, >. Fly ash goneruly reduces early strangth gin and improves Inte age strength of concrete. There ere two classes of ly ach svailble (ASTM C 618). Class F fly ash is generally avallabe in easton US. and ‘Canad and has porzolenic properties, but ttle or no cementitious properties, Class C fy ash is generally available in western US. and Canada end has pozzalanie and some autogenour comentitious Droperties. Aa ignition loss of 3% or les is desirable, although ASTM C 618 permits a higher valu. ASTM C1 provides standard test methods for sampling and tasting of fy ash or natural pozzolans, Silica fame consist of very fine spherical particles, epproximstely 100 times smaller than the average fement particle, and isa highly effective porzlanie material [ts uspd in conerete In appliations whore strasion resistance and low permesbity are desired. Normally, alle fume content rangos from 8% to 19% of portland cement conten. The aviiability of highange water reducers hae faclitated the use af sia fame in hightrength concrete. However coneroze with silica fume hasan increased tendency to fevelop plastic shrinkage eracka. Therefore stape ehould be taien to prevent rapid water evaporation. 4. Ground granulated bast furnace slag (ASTM C 980) is weed ae a partial replacement for portland cement in various proportions to enhance diferent properties of concrete. Research has shown promise for its, use in highvstrength concrete 61.2424 Aggregates The optimum gradstion of fine aggregates for high-strength concrete is mainly determined hy its effect on water requirement rather then physical pking. High-stength concrete has high cantents of fine ementitious materiale and therefore the grading of fine aggregates is relatively unimportant compared "AREMA Manual for Relway EngineeringMaterials, Tests and Construction Requirements to conventional concrete. Fine aggrogates with rounded particle shapes and smooth cexture require lees mizing water and are therefore preferred in high-atrength concrete, The desirable maximum siz of earse agaregate should be inch (13 mm) or Ye neh (10 mam) Mix Aesigns with maximum size aggregate of 4 inch (19 mm) and 1 inch (25 mm) have also boen succesfully sed. Many studies have shown that erushed stone produces higher strangle than rounded gravel Becate of improved meckanical bond in angular particles. However, sacentuated angularity can result ‘nhigher vater requirement and reduced workability an therefore shold be avoided. The ident sggregateshoulé be clean, cubial, angular, 100% crushed agaregate with a minimum of fat and slongated particles. It would alco be benetcal ifthe aggregate has moderate absorption capability to provide added curing water for high-strength conereta. ©. Highatrength concrete requires high-strength aggrogates. However, this trend holds true until ube lit ofthe bonding potential of che eemnt-aggragate combination ie reached - 1.24.3 CONCRETE MIXTURE PROPORTIONS (1995) ‘2. Highstrength concrete mix proportioning is @ more ertienl proces than the design of normal-strength conerete mixtures, Generally chemical admixtures and posgolanie materials are added and the tttainment of low water comentitious ratio fs essential, Tval batches aro often required to optimize ‘onatitient materials and mixture proportions, Additional information can be found in ACI 311-1, ACI 2114, and ACI Publication SPA6 Tho rolationship between water-cementitious ratio and compressive strength in high-strength concrete is similar to that identified for normal-strength onerete. The uso of high-range water reducers has [Provided lower water-comentitiois rion snd higher slaps Weler-cementtious ratios by weight for high-strength concrete typically have ranged from approximately 0.27 to 0.50. The compressive strength of concrete at given water-cementitious ratio varies widely depending on the cement, aggregates and ‘dmintares used. The quantity of liquid admixtures, particularly high-range watar reducers, has fometimes boon included in the eleuation of water-corentitous ratio, When sie fume aa a slurry i ‘sed, ts water content must be included in the water cementitious rato Typical coment contonts in high-strength concrete range from 680 Isley (300 kgs to O40 They (560 kg/m). Fur any given set of materials ina coneree mixture, there may be an optimum cement conte that produces maximum conerete strength, The strength of concrete may decrease i cement is added in cexcec ofthe optimura love. The streng for any given cement content wil vary with the water demand ofthe mixture and the strength-producing characteristics of tht paticolar cement. Lass of werkability (stickiness) willbe increased as higher cement amounts aroused 4. The maximum tempersture desired in the concrete element may lit the quantity oréype of cement. ‘Adaltion of oe, et retarders or pozzolans may be considered. €-1.24.:4 Aggregate Proportions ‘Table 9.1 in the ACI 863R-92 suggests tho amounts of coarco aggregate based onthe finenoas modulus of ean for the purpose of initial proportioning. In general, the Teast sand consistent wih necessary workability has given the best strengths fora given paso, Tho us of smaller coarse aggregate (maxinsam 9s inch (10 mam) to ‘Vainch (13 mm)) are generally beneical, and crushed aggregetes seem to bond bes to the cementitious pasts. AREMA Manual for Rallway Engineering 24-69110-1242 Proportioning of Admixtures 4 Inigh-szength concrete, pozzolanie admixtures have been used to zupplement the portland coment from 10% to 04 by weight ofthe cement content, The use of ly ash han aten reduced the water {demand ofthe mixture. Sion fume, on the ether hand, dramatically increases the water demand of the mixture which has made the use of retarding and high rengo water-roducing admixture (euporplastcizing) dmixturos a requirement , Theamount of conventional water reduces and retarders in high-strength concrete varies dopending on the partietler admixture end application, In general, the tendency bas been to ure maximum quanti fof these admixtures, Typically, water reductions of 8% to 8% may be inereased to 10%. Corresponding {increases in fine aggregate content have ben made to compensste forthe los of volume due to the redution of water Most high-strength coneretes contain both mineral sdmixtures and chemical mixtures. tis common for those mixeures to contain combinations of chemical admixtures, ighsange water reduesrs have ‘performed better in high-strength concretes when wed in combination with conventional water reducers br reterdee, 1C-1.24.3.3 Workabilty a. Highstrength conerte mixtures tend to lose slump more rapidly than lowerstrength concrete. slump {a tobe used ae a eld contr, testing should be done ata prescribed time er mixing. onerete should bbe discharged before the miseure becomes unworkable. b. Highstrength concrete often placed with 74 inch (13 mm) maximum size aggrogate and with a igh ‘cementisius contan, e inherently placeable provided attention i given to optimizing the ratio fine to ‘Course aagregate, Local material characteristics havea marked effect on proportions. Comes fineness ‘and particle size distribution inizence the chareter of the mixture. Appropriete admixtures improve ‘he placeabilty ofthe mixture ©. Mixtures that were proportioned properly but appear to change in character and become more sticky should be considered suspect and ehecked for proportions, possible fale setting of eement, undesirable fir entrainment, or other changes. A change in the charactor ofa high-srength mixture could be a ‘warning sign fr gualityeontrel, 16+ 1.24.2.4 Tal Batches Frequently the development of «high-strength conerote program has required large numberof trial batches. In addition to laboratory tal hatches, lelésized tral batches have been used to simulate typleal production ‘conditions, Once «desirable mixture has hon formulated in the laboratory, Hel tating with produetion-sized batches shouldbe preformed. (C- 4.28.2 SULFUR CONCRETE 6-1.252.4 General ©. Salferconcrote ie generally not resisiant to alkalis or oxidizers, However sulfur coneete exhibits xoallent characteristics of (2) High strength fn excess of 62 MPa 9,000 ps] and fatigue resistance; (2) Bxeellnt corrocion resistance against salts and most acids; e70 "AREMA Manual for Rallway Engineering(3) Extremely rapid aot and strength gains and achieves a minimum of 70% to 805 of ultimate compressive strength within 24 hours (4) Placement year round, shows and below freesing temperatures (8) Very low water permeability 64.2522 Handling Butreme care shouldbe uted when handling sulfur concrete to avoid burns, 6-42523 Placing Will construction shouldbe given specs consideration to preside poor consolidation. Prebeating the ringorcing steal and forms using infrared or suitable heaters, plus using Insulation onthe outside of wall forms ‘Should be ued to retain heat during placeoeat AREMA Manual for Railway Engineering eatTHIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK. "AREMA Manual for Retway EngiLARK ‘American Ralway Engineering and Maintenance-ot Way Assoaaton Part 2 Reinforced Concrete Design’ — 2002 — ‘TABLE OF CONTENTS SectiowArticle Description Page BA General ...esccceseesesees BLL Scope (1896) 212 Design Methods (1994) 2.18 Highway Bridges (1094) 21A Buildings (1994). 215 Pier Protection (1908) 21.6 Skowed Concrete Bridges (3003) 2.2, Notations, Definitions and Design Loads ... 22.1 Notations (1994) 222 Definitions 1993) 223 Design Loads (1997) 2.2.4 Loading Combination (1992) 2B Matetiale..cscsccscesesseseeressereeeess cece saat 2311 Coneris (i908) S217 2.3.2 Reinforcement (1992) 27 Details of Reinforcement 24 Hooks and Bends... coseteeesenesneeees cesses ais 2.41 Standard Hooks (1992) S218 242 Minimum Bend Diameter (1993) B28 2.5. Spacing of Reinforcement (1980) cee 889 2.6 Concrete Protection for Reinforcement 209 26.1 Minimum Conerete Cover (1090) an {sz 2.62 Concrete Cover for Bar Bundles (1992) 8220 2.63 Concrete Cover for Corrosive and Marine Environment (1992). 83.20 * franc, YL, 100. 14S, SV 4,34, 416 el, 168, 20, 6 Nl 4,158, yo O14 57,295. ‘Vl 1p. 276 8 Vl, 057,91; V1, 107 290,948 oP 107, 16; 9107p. 298 V8, 159, ‘51, NL i, 108. 3 Yo 100, a 9, 100,806,104, 08 Tite Ameren Roeny egg oo Nominee Way acoonion, wtConcrete Structures and Foundations: ‘TABLE OF CONTENTS (CONT) Section/Article Description Page 264 Comosion Protection (1992). 2.20 2.7 Minimum Retnforeement of Flexural Members (1992) 28 Distribution of Reinforcement in Flexural Members (1992) ..... 29 Lateral Reinforcement of Flexural Members (1962) 2.10 Shear Reinforcement - General Requirements .... 221 2.10.1 Minimum Shear Reinforeement (1982). S221 2.10.2 ‘Typos of Shear Reinforcement (1992) 8202 2.10.3 Spacing of Shear Reinforcement (1882) 202 2.11 Limits for Reinforcement of Compression Members...+.+ss+s+se+8+++ - 8222 24111 Longitudinal Reinareoment (1992) S222 2AL2 Lateral Reinforeement (1992) B22 aaa 2.12 Shrinkage and Temperature Reinforcement (1990) «+... Development and Spliess of Reinfareomont 2.18 Development Requirements. ...+.2+.sssseeeseee Bini Gener (000) 2.182 Positive Moment Reinforcement (1994) 2153 Nogative Moment Reinforcement (1994) 218.4 Special Members (1984) 2.14 Development Length of Deformed Bars and Deformed Wire in Tension (1992)... 2.15 Development Longth of Deformed Bars in Compression (1990) 2 2.16 Development Length of Bundled Bars (1990) «+20... ++ 2.17 Development of Standard Hooks in Tension (1990)..+.+.s.++es+eseseeee 228 2.18 Combination Development Length. -.-.-+++++0++ coe S20 2.19 Development of Welded Wire Fabric in Tension. ...-+. paepooecnocs 4) 2.191 Deformed Wire Fabri (1992). 3229 2192 Smooth Wire Fabric (1982) 82.90 2.20 Mechanical Anchorage (1902) ...s.cscssssssesesssseeesssstsststseesessseeess 8280 2.21 Anchorage of Shear Reinforcement (1982)... ++ oa poconcooneoy Ce) "AREMA Manual for Railway EngineeringReinforced Concrete Design ‘TABLE OF CONTENTS (CONT) ‘Section/Artile Description 2.22 Splices of Reinforcoment...+++++ 22.1 Lap Splice (1982) 5 5 222.2 Welded Spices and Mechanica! Connections (1982) 222.3 Splicos of Deformed Bars and Delormed Wire in Tension (1982) 222.4 Splices of Deformed Bars in Compression (2992) 2.225 Ena Bearing Spices (1992), 2.996 Splices of Welded Deformed Wize Fabric in Tension 1992) 2.227 Spliees of Welded Smooth Wire Fubrie in Tension (1992) ‘Analysis and Design ~ General Considerations 2.28 Analysis Methods. ...-..+.+ cere 2s 233.1 General (1992) S208 235.2 Expansion and Contraction (1082) 82.34 2383 Stltness (1982) 8235 2.25:4 Modulus of Basicty (1092), 8235 2935 ‘Thermal and Shrinkage Cooiiiens (1992) 8235 2256 Span Length (1992) 8235 228.7 Computation of Dellections (1992) 8285 288 Bearings (1992) 82.06 2239 Compesite Concrete Poxural Members (1982) 82.96 228.10 T.Gitder Construction (1992) 8237 2.28.11 Box-Girder Construction (1982) 238 2.24 Design Methods (1992) ++. -+s04+ - 8230 Service Load Design 2.25 General Requirements (1992)... Becerra fee B80 2.26 Allowable Service Load Stresses .. Sener - 8239 226.1» Conereto (1092) 82.39 2262 Reinforcoment (982) TN sao cond cere perenne eal 2.28 Compression Members with or without Flexure (1992) 7 seeeeee GOAL 2.29 Shear. Fl : oo e242 229.1 ‘Shaar Stes (1992) peceneeamlso'a| 2.29.2 Permissible Shear Sires (1882) : 8242 2.203 Desig of Shear Reinforeoment (1992) zat 2.29.4. Shear-Friction (1902) Boat 229.5 Horizontal Shear Desig for Composite Goncreto Flexural Members (1992) 8248 2.286 Special Provisions for Slabs and Footings (1992) : cl agar 2.20:7 Speial Provisions for Brackets and Corbele (1992) 8248 [AREMA Manual for Railway Engineering e23Concrete structures and Foundations ‘TABLE OF CONTENTS (CONT) Section/Artile Description yd Frctor Design 2.80 Strongth Requirements «....+ 230.1 Required Strength (1992), 230.2 Design Strength (1992) 2.81 Design Assumptions eee BIL. Strongth Design (1992) 2.92 Flexure Es papcco0 232.1, Maxinuin Reinforcement of Pexural Members (1992) 2.32.2 Rectangular Sections With Tension Reinforcement Oniy (1903) 232.8 I-and TSoctions With Tension Reinforcement Oaly (1982) 22-4. Rectangular Suctions With Cormpreasion Reinforcement (2062). 2325 Other Cross Sections (19%), 2.38 Compression Members with or without 2581 General Requirements (1992) 2.33.2 Comprossion Member Strengtie (1982) 2.32, Blane! Loading (1902) : 2.24 Slonderness Effects in Compression Members 284.1 Gonoral Requirements (1992) 292 Approximate Evaluation of Slendermesssitects (1888) 2.88 Shear ...esesssesese 235.1 ‘Shear Stongth (1982) Permissible Shear Strwss (1982) Design of Shear Reinforcement Sheur-Friction (992) 5 Horizontal Shear Design fr Compose Concrete Flexural Members (1992) Special Provisions for Slabs and Footings (1892) Special Provisions for Brackets andl Cobels(1992) 902) 2.6 Permissi le Bearing Stress (1982). 2.87 Serviceability Requirements... 2371 Appleation (1982), 2372 Service Load Stresses (1992) 2.28 Fatigue Stress Limit for Reinforcement (1992) 2.39 Distribution of Flexural Reinforcement (1992) 2.40 Control of Deflections. .. 2.40.1. General (1992) 2402 Superstructure Depth Limitations (1092). Commentary Page 8249 B24 240 22-60 5250 8250 82.50 2.51 8281 e262 8252 2a e252 s289 5254 52.55 8255 285 207 8257 8257 289 8261 8242 5269 e264 52.64 S264 5264 82.65 e205, 8266 8266 6265 8268 a24 "AREMA Manual for Ralway EngineeringReinforced Concrete Design LIST OF FIGURES Figure Description 82:1 Cooper F 80 Axle Lead Diagram 822 Reinforcoment Specing 823. Standard Hook Bars 824 6,17, ar8 Stirrup ty > $0,000 pi) 8-0-2. Pier Brotoction: Minimum Crosh Wall Resuiremente (Not To Sale) LIST OF TABLES Table Description Page 82:1 Temperature Ranges . a2 82.2 Group Loading Cambinetiona ~ Serve Load Desig 216 82:3 Group Loeding Combinations ~ Load Pacor Desizn res 82-4 Minimum Diameter Of Bend. : DU gas 8.25 Minimum Concrete Covor 8210 8.26 Development Length for Deformed Bars and Wire 82.26 £27 Tension Lap Spices 82.9 5:28 Recommended Minimism Thickness For Constant Depth Mrs 52.38 SECTION 2.1 GENERAL 244 SCOPE (1994) These epecifications aba govern the design of reinforced conerete members of railway stracbures supporting or protecting tracks and shall govern both SERVICE LOAD DESIGN and LOAD FACTOR DESIGN. For deign of prestrssod membars, soe Part 17 Prostreased Concrete 2.4.2 DESIGN METHODS (1994) 1. The dosign ofrinforoed concrete members shall be made either with reference to serve loads and allowable servie load strssos as provided inthe Sevien Load Design Section alternately, with reference to lod factors end strength aa provided in the Load Factae Design section. The design method ‘obo usod, SERVICE LOAD DESIGN or LOAD FACTOR DESIGN, shall bo a dreczo hy the engineer b. All applicable provisions ofthis spciietion shall sppy to both methods of design The strongth and serviceability requirements of Load Factor Design may be assumed to be satisfied for Aesign hy Service Load Design ifthe service load stresses are limited tothe value given in Section 2 26 /AREMA Manual for Raiway EngineeringConerate Structures and Foundations 2.4.3 HIGHWAY BRIDGES (1994) ‘Unless otherwise opeciied by highway authority al highway bridges shal bo designed in accordance with the latest Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges adoptad bythe Ameria Association of State Highway and ‘Transportation Offsiale 2.4.4 BUILDINGS (1994) lows otherwise spciiod by oeal governing ordinances or state codes, ll railway buildings shall be dosignod im accordance with the latest “Building Code Requirements for Reinforced Concrete (ACI 318)" ofthe American Conerete institute, subject to design loads conforming to ralway equirements 2.1.8 PIER PROTECTION (1994) 2.18.1 Adjacent to Rallroad Tracks? 1 Tolimt damage by the redirection and deflection ofrsilrosd equipment, pers eupporting bridges over railways and with nelear distance of less than 25 fut from tho oenterine of rallroed track abali be of hheawy onstruction (defined below) or shall be protected by a reinforced concrete crash wall. Crash walls for piers from 12 to 25 fot clear from the centerline of track shall havea minimum height of feet. above the top of ral Pier lese than 12 fet clea from the enterline of track shall have a minimum crash wall, eight of 12 feet shove the top of ri »b. ‘Tho crash wall shall be at least2"-6" thick and atleast 12 feet long. When two or more columns compose ‘pie the crash wall shall connect the colutans end extand at leet 1 foot bayond the outermost eclumns parallel othe track. The crash wall shall be anchored to the footings and columns, i applicable, with ‘leguate reinforcing stcel and shall extend to atleast 4 feet belo the lowest surrounding grade Pers shall be considered of hesvy construction if they have cross-sectional area equal to or greater ‘han that required forthe eresh wall andthe lager of ts dimensions ix parallel to the erack 44. Consideration may be given to providing protection for bridge plers over 25 feet fom the eenterine of track as conditions warrant. In making this determination, accoant shall be taken of such factors as horizontal end vertical alignment ofthe track, embankmeat hoigh, and an assessment of the consequence af serious damage i the ease of ellison 2.482 Over Navigable Streams Dlers located adjacent to channels of navigable waterways shall havea protection aystom in sccordance with Pare 25 Pier Protection Systems et Spans Over Navigable Streams. 2.4.6 SKEWED CONCRETE BRIDGES (2002)? ‘4. The skew angle, on most conerete bridges isthe smallest angle measured between a line prpendicular tothe centerline of bridge and the centerline ofthe abutments or pers, Skewed eonerete briiges should ‘be avoided when posible. When skewed bridgos are unavoidable, eas-i-place concrete hridzes are preferable. ‘The fllowing table illustrates the maximum recommended skew fr diffrent types of ‘conerete bridges "AREMA Manual for Raliway EngineeringReinforced Concrete Design TYPE OF STRUCTURE ‘SKEW IN DEGREES Precast concrete slabs and box girders 15 Procast concrete girders and Tgirders 0 *-inplace concrete slabs and girders eo When intorior diaphragms are used on concrete girder bridges, they should be placed perpendicular to the web of the girder Abutments may be skewed, provided there is ether a haunch inthe beckwall ofthe abutment, or an ‘approach sais provided for euch track. ‘The end of the haunch in th backwal ofthe abutment and the fend ofthe approach lab shal be et perpendicular to the center ofthe track, 4 Conereta bridges with a curved superstructure should net be skewed, Piers and abutments for these bridges should be placed radial tothe centerline ofthe bridge ©. Tho onds of concrot slabs and concrete ox ginders with Nange widths 8.0" and wider may he skewed, ‘Skaws on tho ondsofconcrotoF-grders concrete Tginders and conerote box girders with ange widths less than 5-0" shoul be avoided £ Alleonerte bridges that ifr from these guidelines should be evaluated ona case by case basi. AREMA Manual for Raliway EngineeringConcrete Structures and Foundations: SECTION 2.2 NOTATIONS, DEFINITIONS AND DESIGN LOADS 2.2.4 NOTATIONS (1994) 8 = depth of equivalent rectangular stress block, inches. See Article 231.1¢ 1 = depth of equivalent rectangular stress block Tor halanoed stain conditions, inches, See Article 2.38.20 ‘4, = shear span, distance between concentrated ond and face of support See Article 2.29.7 and Anicle2.38.7 {= efecive tension area of concrete surrounding the main tension reinforing bars and having the same ‘centroid as that relafurcement, divided by the nuraber of bars, quare inches. When the main reinforcement consists ofsovral bar sizes, the numberof bars shll be computed asthe total steel fran divded hy the area of the largest ber used. See Section 239 fares ofan individual bar, square inches, See Section 2.14 area of core spirally reinforced compression member measured tothe outside diameter ofthe spiral, quate inchos See Article 2.112 ‘Ac = eros ofreinforeoment in brackt or corbol resisting mement, square inches. See Article 2.28.7 and Arid 235.7 ‘Ag. = gros area of section, squara inches [Ay = area of shear reinforcement parallel to Nexural tension reinforcement, square inches. oo Artile 220.7 and Article 2.35 rea of reinforcement in bracket or corbel resisting tensile force, Ny) square inches. See Article 229.7 and Article 2.35.7 ‘area of tension reinforcement, equare inches ‘ava of comprestion reinforcement, aqaare inches QO «area of reinforcement to develop compressive strength of overhanging flanges of T- and Tecions, ‘square inches. See Atilo 2.52.8 area of skin reinforooment per unt height in one side foe, inhfot. See Seotion 2.8 ‘otal area of longitudinal reinforcement, square inches See Article 2:9, 1e and 2.39.24 aren of shear reinforcement within a distance a, square inches area of shoar-frction reinforcement, equare inches. Soe Article 229.4 and Article 2.95.4 area of individual wire to be developod or spliced, square inches ‘width of compression face of member, ches ‘= perimeter of critical section far lake and fotings, inches. Seo Article 2.28.6 and Article 235.6 ‘width of eros section boing investigated for horizontal shear, inches, oo Article 2.29.6 and ‘Amilo 2935 ‘web width, or diameter ofciveular section. For tepered webs, the average width or 1.2 times the ‘minimum width, whichever is smaller, incbes See Article 2.9.1 and Article 2.98.1 © © distance from extreme compression fiber to neutzal axis, inches. Se Article 2:31.1° Gy = aftetor relating the actual moment diagram to an equivalent uniform moment dagram. See ‘Article 2042 Alistance from extreme compression ihr to centroid of tension reinforcement, inches distance from extreme compression Ger to centroid of compression reinforeement, inches ° = distance from cantroid of gros section neglecting the reinforcement, to eontroid of tension reinforeemont, inches y= diameter of bar or wire, inches i 228 "AREMA Manual for Railway EngineeringReinforced Concrete Design 4, = thickness of concrete cover measured from extreme tension fiber to cantar of bar lated closest ‘hereto, inches Seo Section 2.39, diameter of round pile or eras sectional depth of H-pile at footing bat, inchae. See Article 2.29.60 and Article 2.95.60 modulus of elasticity of canerete, pi, See Article 2.28.3 ‘oxural alfineas of compression member See Article 2342 ‘modulus of elasticity of stew, pi. Soo Article 2.23.4 ‘avorage hearing stress in conereto on loaded area, pl. Soe Article 2.26.1 and Section 2.86 ‘extreme fiber compressive stress in conerete at service loads, pl Se Article 2.26.1 specified compressive strength of concrete, pel square rot of specified compressive strength of concrete, pa average splitting tonslestrongth of lightwalght aggregate conret, pal slgebraic minimum stres love, tension postive, compression negative, pal, Se Section 2.38 ‘modulus of rupture of concrete, pi Seo Article 2.26.1 strass range instal reinforcement, ksi. See Section 2.88 teal strve in reinforcement at service loads psi See Article 2.25.2 ‘treat in compression reinforcement at balanced strain conditions, pal. See Article 2.9.4, and ‘Article 2.90.6 cextceme fiber tensile stress in concrete at service loads, pi See Article 2.26.1 specified yield strength of reinforcement, pt thickness of member, inches ‘compression lange thicknoss of I-and "sections, inches ‘moment of inertia of eracked section transformed to conereta See Article 223.7 sffective moment of inertia for computation of defeston, Seo Article 2.22.7 ‘moment of inertia of gross concrete section about centridal axis, neglecting reinforcement moment of inertia of reinforcement about centroidal axis of member eros section ‘fective length factor for compression momber: See Article 2.24.2¢ ‘ditional embodmont length at support or at point of inlction, inches. Soe Arsile 2.18.2 evelopment length, inches. See Section 2.13 through Section 2.22 evelopment length of standard hook in tension, measured from crits! action to outeide end of hook {ctraight embedment length betwoon eiticl costion and start of hook [point of tangeney] plus radius fend and one bar diameter), inches ‘4x applicable moifiation factors basic development length of standard hook in tension, inches “unsupported length of compression member. Se Section 2.3 ‘computed moment capacity as defined in Article 2.13.2 = maximum moment in member at stage for which deflection is being computed, Se Article 2.28.76 nominal moment strength of a section st baleneod strain conditions. See Article 238.20 ‘moment to be used for design of eampression member See Article 2.84.2 cracking moment, Se Article 22.7 rominal moment strength of section ‘nominal moment strength ofa section considered about the x axis, See Article 2.83. ‘Myy = nominal moment strength ofa seetion considered about the y axis, Seo Article 2.33.3, AREMA Manual for Rallway Engineering ” 20Concrete Structures and Foundations IM, = factored moment at section £OM, Mux = factored moment component in direction ox axle. See Article 2.38.8, May = factored moment component indirection ofy axis. Seo Article 238.3, Mig = value of small end moment on compression member due to loads that result in no appreciable side ‘eas calculated by conventional elastic frame analysis, pcitive if momber is bont in single curvature, regatve bent in double curvature, See Article 2.862 [May = value of larger end moment on compression member due to loads thet result in no appreciable side ‘as ealelated by conventional elastic frame analysis, always postive. Seo Article 2.84.2 Ma, = valuo of larger end moment on compression meroher due to lade that result in appreciable aide emay, ‘aleulated by conventional elastic frame analysis, always pesitive. Soo Articlo 234.2 rodilar ratio= E/E See Article 2.27 design axial load normal to cross section occurring simultaneously with V to be taken as postive for ‘compression, negative for tension, and to inchue the effects of tension due to shrinkage and erewp. Soe ‘rtele220°2 [Ne = design tensile force applied at top of bracket or corbelscting simultaneously with V, to be takon as positive for tension. Seo Article 2.28.7 factored asia loed normal tothe eros section occurring simultaneously with V, tobe takon a positive {or compression, negative for tonsion, and to include the effets of tension due to shrinkage ana eres Bee Article 2.35.2 factored tensile foree applied at top of bracket or cobel acting simultaneously with Vy, te taken at positive for tnsion. See Article 2.5.7 P, = nominal axial load strength of soction at balanced strain conditions See Article 2.38.20 P. = eitcal load. See Article 2.342 Py = nominal axial lad strength at ylven eccentricity Pye = nominal axial load strength corresponding to May with hending considered about the x axis only. See Article 2333, ‘nominal axial lad stcength corresponding to Mry with bending considered about they axis onl. See Arele 299.3 ‘nominal axial lad strength with biaxial loading. Soe Article 2.88.3 ‘nominal axial load etrngth of a setion at zero escantristy Sew Artile 2:39.28 and Article 2333 factored exal ca at given eccentricity

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  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

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• The Light Between Oceans: A Novel

  

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• The Unwinding: An Inner History of the New America

  

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  The Unwinding: An Inner History of the New America

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  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

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• Manhattan Beach: A Novel

  

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  Rating: 3.5 out of 5 stars

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• The Constant Gardener: A Novel

  

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  Rating: 3.5 out of 5 stars

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• Little Women

  

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  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

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