awareness of the concept, but several pre roubly Rta of Comcast an Willan of Mion is, in fact, encouraging that the era of experiment and fines, tigation (much of it with foundation money, as in Cleveland and St. Louis) should have begun so quickly and should be en- listing so many lively and practical minds, And for those who despair that it can ever be worked out with neatness and certitude, it is well to remember architect Kevy Churchill's wise words: “Within the broadest possible cee of the general good, disorder must be allowed for, jest the people perish. Any form of initiative is disordering of the status quo an quo and so needs encouragement, not suppression, if democracy isto retain vitality.” : we govenr of Cmca anda US, € 25. sectoral way tHe tn Hon Wn Pn Fe teal och wc gp of el inp a ere Ii nd ey ce Po Ladon ass Got nay dW os ey ini rt Scand Wao Povey Downtown Is for People FORTUNE, Arnit 1958 ‘Tyis YEAR 1s GOING TO BE A CRITICAL ONE FOR THE FUTURE of the city, All over the country civic leaders and planners are preparing a series of redevelopment projects chat will st the Character of the center of our cities for generations to come. Great tracts, many blocks wide, are being razed; only a few cit- jes have their new downtown projects already under construc tion; but almost every big city is getting ready to build, and the plans will soon be set. What will the projects look like? They will be spacious, parklike, and uncrowded. They will feature long green vistas, "They will be stable and symmetrical and orderly. They will be dean, impressive, and monumental. They will have all the at- tributes of a well-kept, dignified cemetery. And each project will look very much like the next one: the Golden Gateway office and apartment center planned for San Francisco; the Civic Center for New Orleans; the Lower Fill auditorium and apart- ment project for Pittsburgh; the Convention Center for Cleve- land; the Quality Hill offices and apartments for Kansas Citys the downtown scheme for Little Rock; the Capitol Hill project for Nashville, From city to city the architects’ sketches conjure-aAa]2 Ur [feu UMOEMOP axp pue sINOT “Ig UE Eee ne ‘ap se syzempury snorqure yons jo suouaua oe "pe “soraszaarun ueqan paynSua-aysiyqq axp ve Joo7) “sSupun: a sit opea8dn Aypressso0u 104 soop so9u99 Freer ‘ “1120 pue Apo v rey “9[durexs 103 “998 tas NOR = ~s1a axe puadop sio0foad ayp yorys uo sors ap 5 : ‘ rea pu ano 94,n0, eee ee cy Foveany2-aopom eno -ndyuewr ‘sono uopie3 weqangns xe Surjoo] 4q 21 puy 3,9 ba pu ‘pip ajdoad jrgnneag 4215 ayp se ‘suzeg jo spasineg oe x Buryoo] Aq son sno 40) YOM TEA YA Puy we ae ~nowpuds poroasoy og soaou ued “ype ae Bupey ypzom mMeP soyeur veep opt] otp pur ovornur Buikpropun ayp so “p Bs -nuour pue ‘Ssnoreds ‘aygpyred ay Suppeur Aq Aay9 aya asroano 01 Buro# sea Kamauao sty Jo sieaK Apse9 ouput yy ae -2aout trgtneag 4212) 942 Jo Soros paaep ayp se Aa aoa! ry -dppy se anoge aq us synsar pus ay “yseoudde ue yons yi, ‘usay 01 awensqe we ay Ing. “3q pynoys ar wy on yp ayes 1 ep 958 o> som -wop mou Aydosorryd uaisap ¢ Jo a1eutoadunds ‘Aq sn =" pe ‘Aarjeas yatns [eap 01 Kem snozresta e st sty, “smara a P Ue sfopour o[eas Yat pareurosey ausoraq axeq Aaya pure “rapa JO suIeoIp TUM poztas a1¢—uouissausnq pue—ssounreyd ‘53909 sor || S961-eS61 ‘ontaaiag ara ) NBIFSHL “wmonuasop anoge wxpjos 003 Suruoaaq a2 on Or aut afdood yews seyp 4pznq- 03 auFod oxp 03 SHOU $131 ‘SsoneUH snonas asoqp 2tturREL OF 2U=2UF OW YaEAG ay id “Suan]s £q suou9ponud “suen ‘seu Surry ‘suormpuoo Supjsed pue aye arqussoduar ‘sonyea weer aueufens “Apredoof ur soseq xe1 ‘ayes een Suge exoruasop Buopor 105 suoseoa aide *dqupesia9 ‘ae sua, wone[os onsofew us ‘puryse aamyyas SPS F AHL E25 pu “usorunop 30 apsng pu apsny oy wo aE DeLSgE “OHS SaP aya Jo zed v oye, Aoqp “Granse oy sassseym—suouraiaso8 “24oyp 408uy 01 pur “S4m2[n9 ‘su}oipout ‘sozouru09 :psau Azoa9 4p 243 0711 2009 01 72) WoRNIOS prepueis uo asey si>afoxd june 2ydood ypu yyy 2 worndaoxs snoysra asourpy “ay sven Mang-kyany pafiaoyp Sr umd eta sone eur aya Aq poser usoq yp ‘sopuom ay9 tyapwd S81 jo 3uod urew agp “kqeoruoxr sypuoq, 24) atts wes yoy Hed 20) we snag ap “uondasxs oq “HOU Wo st anoy Aa9q2E8 Hr YtUEG Ao OnoUNY si Ystuey A2q. 9018 yp ystueg 4241 “ap ap 03 sasodindes Ts oy ‘yam sau hypo» s2ym ywymn sopisuory $019 28 Yom Aoxp s04 “1 wapeap SMMCIUNOP o2HEHA91 106 YOK s129foad assy, Uso Si TT roxy Pur wortpen © tpi Aap et 2104 Jey ay ou ‘estidans 20 ungay 20 Aaenpuaspur jo aunq ou st a104 ‘otaos Au aap owes am da )land.) You will see that suburban amenity is not what people seek downtown. (Look at Pittsburghers by the thousands climb- ing forty-two steps to enter the very urban Mellon Square, but balking at crossing the street into the ersatz suburb of Gateway Center.) You will see that it is not the nature of downtown to decen- talize. Notice how astonishingly small a place it is; how abruptly it gives way, outside the small, high-powered core, to underused area. Its tendency is not to fly apart but to become denser, more compact. Nor is this tendency some leftover from the past; the number of people working within the cores has been on the increase, and given the long-term growth in white- collar work it will continue so. The tendency to become denser is a fundamental quality of downtown an: and sensible reasons. persists for good If you get outand walk, you see all sorts of other clues. Why is the hub of downtown such a mixture of things? Why do of- fice workers on New York's handsome Park Avenue turn off to Lexington or Madison Avenue at the first corner they reach? Why is a good steak house usually in an old building? Why are short blocks apt to be busier than long ones? vis the premise of this article that the best way to plan for downtown is to see how people use it today; to look for its strengths and to exploit and reinforce them. There is no logic that can be superimposed on the city; people make it, and itis to them, not buildings, that we must fit our plans. This does not ‘mean accepting the present; downtown does need an overhaul, it is dirty, itis congested. But there are things that are right about it too, and by simple old-fashioned observation we can see what they are. We can see what people like. erry avinpine, 1952-1965 Ila HOW HARD CAN A STREET WORK? “The best place to look at fist is the street, One had better look quickly t00; not only are the projects making away with the noisy automobile trafic of the street, they are making away swith the street itself. In its stead will be open spaces with long vistas and lots and lots of elbow room. ; But the street works harder than any other part of down- town, It is the nervous system; it communicates the flavor, the fecl, the sights. Its the major point of transaction and commu- nication. Users of downtown know very well that downtown needs not fewer streets, but more, especially for pedestrians. They are constantly making new, extra paths for themselves, through mid-block lobbies of buildings, block-through stores and banks, even parking lots and alleys. Some of the builders of downtown know this too, and rent space along their hidden sereets. Rockefeller Center, frequently cited to prove that projects are good for downtown, differs in a very fundamental way from the projects being designed today. It respects the street. Rocke- feller Center knits tightly into every street that intersects it. One of its most brilliant features is the full-fledged extra street swith which it cuts actoss blocks that elsewhere are too long, Its ‘open spaces are eddies of the streets, small and sharp and ley not large, empty, and boring, Most important, itis so dense an concentrated that the uniformity it does possess is a relatively small episode in the area. re ssone rent ofits extreme density Rockefeller Center had to put the overflow of its street activity underground, and as is=Prng pyo sey ar Ayjeansuanseseys aeyp 99s [Em no pur Kofuo afdoad seep rains Aa1> ue Jo sur, “suorpadxo Bupaes-as09 easnf jou anata aansod & st siya pu ‘sBurpying Sunspxco yar syjioms a ae42 st repd OM BO aqp Jo saraneaq atp Jo aU, “0s ssa] you—au0jaq wep saIsng pu ‘paxeBopsea as0u “oedut0> sour ‘Fursudins axow sigans ay2 axeur on st aufod 9joqan oy, -pasa3soy aq 01 are s1qeypxo pure ‘saouep ‘sus92u09 19ang “S199 Bur ayy jepods pue ‘spaq saaiog ‘spueaspueg ‘safe 1oopino ‘spueas Aeydsp ‘sysory Suxpuan. ‘sBey ‘suumyo> soxsod ‘sopeore 3em -2pls Suounwon wons sy ur ‘sopnppur ued wos awaljsox9 ay ‘spus asayp Oy, ‘porenuastos pur aoedu1o9 sonmanse uaoruAop dooy 01 pur s9prey 320m srvans ay ayeur 02 suado 24 santana -xoddo aeaa8 arp jo asneoaq dquo aueazodua st szeo ay 30 [eaottos uj -20eds peop pu amb ‘aovad Surssons ur suo Aparens39 pure ‘umoquamop wioyy sie Sutaotas Apduus ur oe ou st 91911, -sajdound oyyen sued uanap at Jo wonejnuta SuLiapystod AIsnovi9s 910M ‘9uNOD Ise] Ie ‘erp san ppo-daysia ayp Jo asour £q paxoops940 Bujaq auod SU St, “[raap pur Adee Yaa sions ay TaasuD O1 sf asodind ‘ureui sap ang ‘puyjst wemssopad © our waosumop ay2 19AKOD pur soSexe8 Suryzed so;ouriod snowzi0ws aptaoad 03 siuautoSuex -av sit 10} Aporyp pazioqgnd u99q seq ay -2|durexa Sunpaessino uae sryzofy, Og 103 ssreBOSSY UaD IO91A kq weId ayy, “hem aejnonied uso soy ur pur Aars Aue q paziqeas aq weo pareaasnye penuoiod oy ang ‘210m 1 srautenb Aiqeragnsut 9q pjnom at pu soue| wopreyy Jo Young F ru apruUas aq 2,09 UMOIUAMOG “siouSeu umorumop fajramod sour sossjouezy ueg Jo au0 sf ay “Aatou -equods pue ‘ssoupnpsootp ‘Aoeunriur Jo asus afqussausr we Yara fu || $961-2861 towtatrag axr5 SStOUE st 9ueT dapreyy ans ays sey 24 ep a4p jo ysnaayp Bu “mp souudas stoxyjoms guetssopod out ayBiaqy péory uti amnpre Aq “Aesop paasno e Yara sotaq wer yo asuedxo ue sp Poveaep> 360 21 enprapar yoo] ‘atu pu pjo ‘surpyng aya IV “Sura mor pur soxoq ssoputas ano Srey amos ‘sore, ay ‘Pas Sq an0 and owos :iow ax IV 204 898 uns opp oy seaaquun ypemapye ‘Buraed porojoo 32 PINSPEE 428 oF s24nq 20 soddoys asopusn 40 s0s1y—s SiR SuaUt 03 s2Xpt9q Pooapar ‘syTeaoprs sy Buoqe san sey Sur] WPIEW “ouOUTY UI si2ons Buiddoys sug oyp Jo au0 ont ‘GIF si epeur siueypiou 30 dno v ‘sSupjing aduaosopuou. Par Sows stounsedap Jo seprs seq ponopfau ‘Aaap ap wey Stqeieiiss Stour Burpou yar Sumszeyg oosoursg ues uy fae ZoeP Ped “woxseu “Buo}-y2019-0m ppo ue ‘suey uopreyy ‘pd “HED 10} “sapisuec “poate axe ueyp a Sunojdx 109 sapquma ~roddo sx0ur xj a axoyp pue soons ayp ur st jenuoiod pear 2q, AATIV GavWINY any ee Ssoursng Jo 300 of pynoa ‘sizans jo afeyea © ob Sasn Jo proisu ‘speds zooy-punos8 yeaa staan food © tons pamoyjoy sey auomo8euew a103s- ausunsedop hu se1u9D kemarey 5, wong lngsaigpue sowed uuog semdyppey St sty 39K 4 : sa Fee St sy 29K “Punoafzopun says asaay8nq pur sonman 28 SoMa SY enoys or ueYD uorUALop usdurep o2 dem snom wRaboaone 5 HUN 03 pzey 99 pros ay S89] 300 ‘Ays pu ate ow tpi dood opus ors 32eds uodo ayp jo aodand pests “02 ayp yBnowpye sigans punosBrapun osu a ore ; dood ox Suspuss 4oqp ‘usdo 2sous jana panos axp doy 0) sex01t Suosm op “esp aan szouued soofoudyassooons ua a> ay uayo os )( Breatest advantages, for downtown streets need high-yield, sniddling-yield, low-yield, and no-yield enterprises The inti. mate restaurant or good steak house, the art store, the uni- versity club, the fine tailor, even the bookstores and antique stores-~it is these kinds of enterprises for which old buildings ae so congenial. Downtown streets should play up their mix- ture of buildings with all ts unspoken—but well understood implications of choice. THE SMALLNESS OF BIG CITIES Teis not only for amenity but for economics that choice is so vital. Without a mixture on the streets, our downtowns would be superficially standardized, and functionally standardized as well. New construction is necessary, but itis not an unmixed blessing: Its inexorable economy is fatal to hundreds of enter- Prises able to make out successfully in old buildings. Notice that when a new building goes up, the kind of ground-floor tenants it gets are usually the chain store and the chain restaurant, Lack of variety in age and overhead isan unavoidable defect in large new shopping centers and is one reason why even the most stc- cessful cannot incubate the unusual—a point overlooked by planners of downtown shopping-center projects, ‘We are apt to think of big cities as equaling big enterprise, Lule towns as equaling little enterprises. Nothing could be les true. Big enterprises do locate in big cities, but they find small ‘owns a5 congenial Big enterprises have great self-sufficiency, are capable of maintaining most of the specialized skills and equipment they need, and they have no trouble reaching a broad market, T ( city avinnine, 1952-1965 But for the small, specialized enterprise, everything is re- ‘versed; it must draw on supplies and skills outside itself; its oe tins selective it needs exposure to hundreds of thousands : people. Without the centralized city it eae = larger the city, the greater not only the number, but the pr ner tion, of small enterprises. A metropolitan center ae to people asa center largely by virtue of its enormous collect of small elements, where people can see them, at street level THE PEDESTRIAN’S LEVEL Let's look for amoment at the physical dimensions ofthe ce The user of downtown is mostly on foot, and to enjoy himsel he needs to see plenty of contrast on the streets. He needs ae ance that the street is neither interminable nor boring ea does not get weary just looking down it. Thus a = me an end in sight are often pleasing; so are streets that e punctuation of contrast at frequent intervals. Gjorgy ‘ps and Kevin Lynch, two faculty members of M.LT., saw lee study of what walkers in downtown Boston n oe feature that drew the most comment was the proportion ; ‘open space, the walkers showed a great interest in ponerations of all kinds appearing a little way ahead of ae : greenery, or windows set forward, or churches, ot = a thing really different, whether large or a detail, interested them. ons ny "han . ssa Kevin yah -4) cir re a eed a el es Te ne oft ly 9) nh Soeen tention to the way that city dwellers actually “ The hafta wn nyponed bythe Recker Fond ence on robs for suban space, Th suban researchSH Y10K may ur sary Buruzopreg o1p 103 202490) WOE 3K, L zasste] pauaaySquoun aout axp we oe a S 1 ue ‘spojq ,s00d,, 10 , pod, e st aeyar Jo sseq 94 ap vp gy Bn -agrun ayp se 300 ‘seare Jo stopraip se 5190138 uavoUANOp JO ALE sindopoaop ‘sao atorp jo peorsur deur ypoyg atorp Buraaypoq, ; SSuspeoystur steep ypu pue ooueayrays jo apy ay se Hp uaoruaop Jo aznaed aye « sey es Sueyd oi, ‘29en e anoysua uns Aqqeonstaeas s¢ 39903 IL, een 2a 30 saps soy amo a 265 EPP Pouo® 6 HOLY xpee aon amp Jo 2p po 20} HE ap 22H HE ENP ou 1oneW ON “spuafiay aredordde Aq ypoIg 242 2ztZaN0T2eH ue ‘yy ozqreuruins 02 Aess 2sojdunts aqp st sep astve22q "79019 49" oo ‘eep orp auiquios Aayp S)0]q Aq ypo[g ‘suoRENyeA a ppue ‘sopauesea ‘saan ‘stionuptoo Suipying paddeur aavy sou "s sayy “sonbruypo [eondqeue soy uF anauOYs & wt sams ax, sons atp as0ut pw 3poyg aye ao xy suse op Aa, yaanig uoovag ONG [LUE ‘TINS aneag ‘onuoay yl “BANE [eA\—SINs wos ang ‘span ‘uiogy 200 “souuee au aye2 ay Aap Jo Soxopduro> arty eS = aga Boye stuo> a speondsuoutanoudn 20 aq UO in "8 axp 30 ps yo a wo sty. 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Bue its streets be able to give it no support whatever. Its eastern street is a major trucking artery where the cargo trailers, on their way to the industrial districts and tun- nels, roar so loudly that sidewalk conversation must be shouted To the north, the street will be shared with a huge, and grim, high school. To the south will be another superblock institu. tion, a campus for Fordham. And what of the new Metropolitan Opera, to be the ctown- ing glory of the project? The old opera has long suffered from the fact that ithas been out of context amid the garment district streets, with their overpowering loft buildings and huge cafete- vias. There was lesson here for the project planners. Ifthe pub- lished plans are followed, however, the opera will again have neighbor trouble. Its back will be its effective entrance; for this is the only place where the building will be convenient to the street and here is where opera-goers will disembark from taxis and cars. Lining the other side of the street are the towers of one of New York's bleakest public-housing projects. Out of the fry- ing pan into the fire, If redevelopers of downtown must depend so heavily on ‘maps instead of simple observation, they should draw a map that looks like anetwork, and then analyze their data strand by strand of the net, not by the holes in the net. This would give a picture of downtown that would show Fifth Avenue ot State Street or Skid Row quite clearly. In the rare cases where a downtown * Fora ships ia in-depth analysis of Lincoln Cente, see “A Living Network of Relaon- suds Aomori ( city avitpine, 1952-1965 ll 9 strect actually isa divider, this can be shown too, but there is no ‘way to find this out except by walking and looking. THE CUSTOMER IS RIGHT In this dependence on maps as some sort of higher reality, roject planners and urban designers assume they can ereate a eas simply by mapping one in where they want it, then faving it built. But a promenade needs promenaders, People have very concrete reasons for where they walk downtown, a whoever would beguile them had ie prvi those reasons. ‘Thehandsomegliteringstretch of newly rebuilt Park Avenue in New York is an illus- Pret planners a tration of this stubborn point. People simply and wr deri do not walk there in the crowds they should assumed i, co justify this elegant asset to the city with its eretea omen extraordinary crown jewels, Lever House and sinply zr 1g the new bronze Seagram Building. The office _ one nw ae workers and visitors who pour from these nati wen having buildings turn off, far more often than not, to it bil a 1 Lexington Avenue on the east or Madison come ‘Avenue on the west. Assuming that the = promenaders. sumption that must be seca tig we of domain, tis ovins as Lesigeon and Madison have something that Park doesn't. < already cleared site for the postponed Astor Plaza ae ing offers a great opportunity to provide the missing ae and make Park Avenue a genuine promenade for pate Instead of being aloof and formal, the ground level of this site and urbane collec- cought to have the most commercially astute and urba10> snozspuod asox,], “2unprey 02 pauioopazoy woes pauueyd gu roo} ayp Jo aout “AyrreunasjUQ, Buroq aww yey svurod peooy up 3 "a sated emo 03 ployseztp aug e 2q pins “dry ucuanoys apy easnf yas “arya “ysmnqsatg Ur ana ae 2 ‘sopmriqysod jo []ny 0s ‘opdurexo x -tig_ plo porajfau ayp 20 “sonmTg " cate onjgnd qzip s,puejaas]q—tiarp jo apeu aay] 002 4 jess uetnsopod awaud Jo asprux aya ut sturod pooeid Apisopaod sot | re spe] ‘2ouEISUr 104 =p 290 m1 'doo opp amp god yey Aa ype soe 305 So8vonyp “ozaato9 somianoe pur sparou arayas saze[d 2e sour a yas Surype] tayo O02 are siujod eo yunos pjnom Aaup axsya Bure] Uoxy. i aysipap e se sounoo sdeaaje yosnyo 20919g wou ou ajdaoas sour Kuru oy ayp aeons Kanganony suoasog Suope Yoo] nok sauna - " jonmeur ony “dod sofa amo saxeu sKeasye a ‘spanox9 sat ya 2a “ Sururvays pur ‘sonssn perry pareunue ‘1pe3101 ‘sdno 20y09 woot Su oe sg -em dod-epos poreurumyy sit ypu ‘arenbg sousry, 995 no " = Aereus sot] 1919eu ONY “9[e2s30u Sop ae4p astadans e A1se9 si e003 umorumop wos Aan ap IV “apois zou soop sosopids eur ay asyadans v Guar» 308 yuan ioeniip spouse & “NAYSIP = smuyod pooofumoyumop — Surstadans st a Jt pue “YseUpUr] & st IUIOK “yas yas 2H NTV — yeoog aya “ws0y sxr ToADveyAA—upying 30 ‘orenbs v 10 “uregumoj e aq ura au10d 0} y ‘saurod ;to0y :popoatt st asf Sunypoutos ‘oq eur sizans 229) y ‘saurod ’ uy Moy IOMEU ON, sjumoimop 2ueajo 10 “ystyer “Bunsoiaaur moy sn sno04 _1oJ0 s10u ‘s1yq] 10, rund a10ut ‘shes ot, [eaqUIED w ayy] asOUL apeU 9q pIOYS 3, |) $961-e86r ‘onsating Ag Seaman endospore 438 otss aquony« apres sg Ssor on {tno ew usr psonncony ary det oe ‘eepou yo Kxdnaquey a Suputar ‘aoe ap oprotond pat "M2 9 an eeosd ome OED Hy f 295 -mI0gs Aap aye 107 20 weg pump sued ds tos] Suprngas pe Buu aps sMoyRAe Jo mEGOU, eae mpm sn near toa>4 271109 amp Su agp GooHf and © pH sour pe myn eooe eH sang ayseyy Surjeur asueSe st ‘eldoad Jo spury je 3o dn spew st Aap © squrp oyas ‘usneg ays Iq © Se 995 sraD asouL r20115 jo Pept omp Apexo—sufis ysue8 put ‘sasnoy ataout‘sdoys aieu “Sons dep :zo3ua¢ aug ousoddo s9a19g yyy 5 30d ap jo Pls RO oP AY « Bu20p1 30 wpe xp uo weep fox pue ain Sor ano od suseyasou pur “9[04 20/-Buryaed ay 91 sung set BurpAz909 Jo prs 298 03 ayn am ‘90135 Suddoys oug ST yon nusoyD ayer, ur amily Sumpeoy e pur u careyp ‘uaneg Aarepy shes “tuomiaaoyy enydjopeng soveoa5 34 10S 78 1OKY “AVN Jo prtog aya jo ueut «'9UHR © ae 290085 Ft Op 03 39BH0 294, “sean $44P at jo suonzene jeameu ay ao10gurer oy Burd, Gu sonia uons Syensnun spp srajnsau uo pu ‘soyfem sea MF SPPE| o1P pus soMed sergdyppeya “joreuni04 SauKaysy as [e2soUrUAOD 3} €ae9q e opmppuy © buona damp sKenusai8 axou ayp Buoy :siouued semdop “Md 0 30 us9q 204 sey xopered ste, -ajdood ysis pacerurel —Fe1HANE put soz03s yatm pazaprog ozs dssoun st Poxpuny. a89y v asnf qaqpeaeg -sioy Pouueyd pue “sxeasopis peoag ‘saan ays ox an0p] “erydjopepyg uF pedojoaap sizans Aemusoi@, ay Jo a83y 243 uF ua9s 2g ED Sepedouroad smut apewatoad pouueyd Ajprexaqup oy, esr owe ton faqs :Saqenpraspus pure {ao o one py sop SOUT Np plow ‘paBesedsyp Gurog woy 2 ‘sezed TOD pn (RtPHL 2427 pa snsos wreibag om. “cjoou pu ‘amjeauny eng “Seana pooesiy ‘sdoys {so3s-o% pu -auo yo ajqisod won *Aeaae x995 TOS OU are ax943 pue—sersta, )tions of government architecture, known as civic centers, are the prime example. San Francisco's, buile some twenty years ago, should have been a warning, but Detroit and New Ovens are now building centers similarly pretentious and dull, and many other cities are planning to do the same. Without excep- tion, the new civic centers squander space; they spread out the concrete, lay miles of walk—indeed, planners want so much acreage for civic centers now that the thing to do is to move them out of downtown altogether, as New Orleans is doing. I other words, the people supposedly need so much space it eos be moved away from the people. ; But city halls never have needed much grounds, ifany, a fact that our ancestors—who knew why they wanted courthouse squares—grasped very well. Newspapermen who make it theit business to know politicians soon discover their own city has kind of political Venturi—one spot where politicians shen one stretch of sidewalk where, if you stand there at sie vou will see “everybody in own.” Even inthe largest metropclitan centers you will find the political Ventuti easy to spot; it is here that lawyers, officeholders, office seekers, various types of insid ersand would-be insiders, cluster and thrive, for information is their staff of life. This vital trading post is never marked on the official city map; nor have the city’s architects found space or color for it in their diagrams of Tomorrow's City. Infact, if you ee them about it, all you get isa blank look, pethaps a point nce sare He “pal all the fowing people are key to converge point of concentration poi es psi ie se ae fh ( erry sunpine, 1952-1965 13 Big open spaces are not functional for this kind of civic ac- tivity; the prestige and attractiveness ofa sidewalk garden, such as that of the new Federal Reserve Bank in Jacksonville, or a side garden, such a tha of the Federal Reserve in Philadelphia, would be about right for city halls and city-county offices and ‘would enable them to stay where they belong, near the lawyers, pressure groups, and others who must deal with the local gov- ernment. THE ECHO Backers of the project approach often argue that giant super block projects are the only feasible means of rebuilding downtown. Projects, they point out, can get government re- development fands to help pay for land and the high cost of clearing it. Projects afford a means of getting open spaces in the city with no direct charge on the municipal budget for buying or maintaining them. Projects are preferred by big de- ~~ yelopers, as more profitable to put up than single buildings. Projects are liked by che lending departments of insurance companies, because a big loan requires less investigation and fewer decisions than a collection of small loans; the larger the project and the more separated from its environs, moreover, the less the lender thinks he need worry about contamination from the rest of the city. And projects can tap the public pow- ers of eminent domain; they don’t have to be huge for this tool to be used, but they can be, and so they are. ‘Architects, similarly, lament that they have litle influence over the appearance and arrangement of projects. 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Unfortunately, i i necessary; the project approach that now dominates most think- sng assumes that it is desirable to single out activities and redis- tribute them in an orderly fashion a civie center here culeutal center there, bes But this notion of order is irreconcilably opposed to the wa in which a downtown actually works; what makes it lively a the way so many different kinds of activity tend to support each other. We are accustomed to thinking of downtowns as divided into functional districts—financial, shopping, theater—and they are, bur only to a degree. As soon as an area gets too a sively devoted to one type of activity and its direct convenience services, it gets into trouble; it loses its appeal to the users of downtown and it isin danger of becoming a has-been, In New York the area with the most luxuriant mixture of basic activi- fies, Midtown, has demonstrated an overwhelmingly greater at tractive power for new building than Lower Manhattan, even for managerial headquarters, which, in Lower Manhattan, would be close to all the big financial houses and law firms— and far away from almost e Where you find the liveliest downtown you will find one with the basic activities to support two shifts of foot traffic." By 1 itt Dethend if, bs wold observe he ait of fant set amo "i" ft mi oj 4. Te sample city surnpine, 1952-1965 Il 127 night ic is just as busy as it is by day. New York's Fifty-seventh, Street isa good example: it works by night because of the apart- ‘ments and residential hotels nearby; because of Carnegie Hall; because of the music, dance, and drama studios and special motion-picture theaters that have been generated by Carnegie Hall. Ie works by day because of small office buildings on the street and very large office buildings to the east and west. A ewo-shift operation like this is very stimulating to restaurants, because they get both lunch and dinner trade. But it also en- courages every kind of shop or service that is specialized, and needs a clientele sifted from all sorts of populations. It is folly for a downtown to frustrate two-shift operation, as Pittsburgh, for one, is about to do. Pittsburgh is a one-shift downtown but theoretically this could be partly remedied by its new civic auditorium project, to which, later, a symphony hall and apartments are to be added. The site immediately ad- joins Pittsburgh's downtown, and the new facilities could have been tied into the older downtown streets. Open space of turban—not suburban—dimensions could have created a focal point or pleasure grounds, a close, magnetic juncture between the old and the new, not a barrier. However, Pittsburgh's plans iiss the whole point, Every conceivable device—arterial high- ways, a wide belt of park, parking lots—separates the new project from downtown. The only thing missing is an unscal- able wall. ‘The project will make an impressive sight from the down- town office towers, but forall it can do to revitalize downtown it might as well be miles away. 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