LOGIC (Part II)

Negation of the Conditional

Examples: Write the negation of the

following conditional statements.
1. If they pay me the money, I will sign the
contract.
2. If the lines are parallel, then they do not
intersect.
Converse, Inverse, Contrapositive
Conditional statements can be transformed
into different statements by switching the
antecedent and the consequent or by
negating them.
Converse, Inverse, Contrapositive
Note that
Example 9
Write the converse, inverse, and
contrapositive for the following conditional
statements.
1. If I get the job, then I will rent the
apartment.
2. Whenever I do yoga, I feel calm.
Biconditional Statements
 two-way conditional statements
 p if and only if q
 Note that
Truth Table for the Biconditional
Example 10
Determine if the biconditional statement is
true or false.
Existential and Universal Quantifiers
 Existential quantifiers are used to assert
the existence of something
◦ some, there exists, at least

 Universal quantifiers are used to assert

that every element of a given set satisfies
some condition or to deny the existence
of something
◦ all, every, none, no
Quantified Statements and their
Negations
Quantifiers of Open Statements
 Universal: “For all x, P(x)” or ∀x P(x)
◦ Negation: ∼∀x P(x)  ∃x ∼P(x)
 Existential: “There exists an x such that
P(x)” or ∃x P(x)
◦ Negation: ∼∃x P(x)  ∀x ∼P(x)
Example 11
Write the negation of the following
statements.
1. Some airports are open.
2. All bears are brown.
3. No odd numbers are divisible by 2.
Tautologies and Self-Contradictions
 A tautology is a statement that is always
true.
 A self-contradiction is a statement that is
always false.
Example 12