Results in Physics 15 (2019) 102565

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Results in Physics
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/rinp

Green synthesis, characterization, antibacterial, antioxidant and T

photocatalytic activity of Parkia speciosa leaves extract mediated silver
nanoparticles
⁎
V. Ravichandrana, , S. Vasanthib, S. Shalinic, Syed Adnan Ali Shahd, M. Tripathyd, Neeraj Paliwala
a
Faculty of Pharmacy, AIMST University, Semeling, 8100 Bedong, Kedah, Malaysia
b
Faculty of Engineering, The University of Nottingham, Semenyih 43500, Selangor, Malaysia
c
KMCH College of Pharmacy, Coimbatore 641035, India
d
Atta-ur-Rahman Institute for Natural Products Discovery, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Puncak Alam Campus, 42300 Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan,
Malaysia

A R T I C LE I N FO A B S T R A C T

Keywords: Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (PAgNPs) was achieved by bio-reduction of silver nitrate using Parkia
Parkia speciosa speciosa leaf aqueous extract. The PAgNPs formation was confirmed by UV–Vis spectroscopy. The synthesized
Green synthesis silver nanoparticles in solution have shown maximum absorption at 410.5 nm, spectrophotometrically. The
Silver different parameters like temperature, pH, time, silver nitrate concentration and volume of leaf extract were
Nanoparticles
optimized spectrophotometrically. The SEM, TEM and DLS analysis were used to confirm the average particle
Photocatalysis
size of PAgNPs which were found to be 31 nm, 35 nm, and 155.3 d.nm, respectively. XRD and EDX analysis
confirmed the nature and presence of silver. Synthesized PAgNPs showed significant photocatalytic (methylene
blue under solar irradiation), antimicrobial (Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and
Bacillus subtilis) and antioxidant (DPPH radical scavenging method) activities. The developed method for the
silver nanoparticles synthesis using Parkia speciosa leaf extract is an eco-friendly and convenient method. In near
future, the synthesized PAgNPs could be used in the fields of water treatment, biomedicine, biosensor and
nanotechnology.

Introduction
In recent years, numerous approaches using chemicals or electro-
chemical, are explored for the preparation of silver nanoparticles
(AgNPs). However, majority of the strategies possess difficulties in the
purification stage since the used chemicals or the by-products formed
are hazardous and require high energy for the preparation [1,2].
Numerous materials are used in the preparation of nanoparticles,
such as metal oxide ceramics, metals, silicates, and non-oxide ceramics.
Currently, the most widely used methods for the production of nano-
particles are reduction by using chemical or photochemical and elec-
trochemical [3].
Controlling the size/shape of nanoparticles and to achieve mono-
dispersity are the frequently encountered common challenges by re-
searchers [4]. To toggle over the difficulties, eco-friendly approaches
have been developed by using biological principles such as micro-
organisms or plant extracts in the process of synthesis [4]. Hard tem-
plate [5], using bacteria [4,6], fungi [7,8] and plants [9–13] are other
methods used for the synthesis of nanomaterials such as Au, Ag, Pt and
Pd. Major advantages of using plant materials for synthesis of nano-
particles are that these do not require intricate process viz. compound
purification steps and maintenance of microbial cell cultures [14]. Most
of the reported environmentally benign methods comprise various is-
sues such as stability, growth of crystals and aggregation of particles.
Silver products have been explored over the centuries to prevent
and treat numerous diseases especially infections due to strong in-
hibitory and bactericidal effects of silver [15]. Biosynthesized silver
nanoparticles are identified to exhibit antimicrobial activities [16,9],
anti-inflammatory effect [17], anti-viral activities [18], anti-angiogen-
esis activities [19], antioxidant, and anti-platelet activities [20].
AgNPs were synthesized successfully by using P. speciosa hassk pods
via microwave irradiation for anti-microbial applications by Fatimah
[21]. Additionally, Yusof et al. reported the synthesis and character-
ization of AgNPs using P. speciosa leaf extract in 2018 [22]. The re-
searchers used P. speciosa leaf extracts at room temperature for over-
night to synthesise AgNPs and reported their characterization. Both

⁎
Corresponding author.
E-mail address: ravichandran_v@aimst.edu.my (V. Ravichandran).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rinp.2019.102565
Received 29 December 2018; Received in revised form 2 August 2019; Accepted 2 August 2019
Available online 09 August 2019
2211-3797/ © 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/BY-NC-ND/4.0/).
V. Ravichandran, et al.
Fig. 1. UV–visible absorption spectra of synthesized PAgNPs: (A) Colloid solution without sodium hydroxide (B) Colloid solution with 0.1 N sodium hydroxide.
Scheme 1. Proposed mechanism for P. Speciosa leaf aqueous extract mediated formation of silver nanoparticles.
studies proved the potential of P. speciosa as reduction and capping
agents as synthesised AgNPs.
Parkia speciosa (P. Speciosa), is a plant belonging to the genus Parkia
from the family Fabaceae. Parkia speciosa is a green, long plant with
some edible seeds. Stink bean pods are also believed to possess hy-
poglycemic activities. Research indicates that when chloroform extract
of Parkia speciosa pods are administered to an alloxan-induced diabetic
rat by oral route, a decrease in blood sugar level was observed.
However, hypoglycemic effect was not observed in healthy rats [23].
Moreover, the stink bean also exhibit antioxidant activities. The anti-
oxidant activities are due to the high total phenolic and high flavonoid
contents present in the beans [24].
As the continuation of our previous studies [25,26], hereby we re-
port the bio-inspired synthesis of silver nanoparticles (PAgNPs) from
aqueous extract of P. Speciosa leaves along with the biological and
photocatalytic properties findings. The present method was eco-
friendly, single step, cost-effective and nontoxic for human health.
Characterization of the synthesized silver nanoparticles was done using
SEM, TEM, FTIR, DLS and XRD imaging.
Materials and methods
Materials
Healthy leaves of P. Speciosa were collected from in and around
Bedong, Kedah, Malaysia. The plant was identified, authenticated and
the specimen was deposited in our university herbarium with voucher
specimen number AIMST/FOP/36. Silver nitrate (AgNO3), Nutrient
broth and Muller Hinton Agar were acquired from Himedia
Laboratories Pvt. Ltd., Mumbai, India. The bacterial cultures were
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Results in Physics 15 (2019) 102565
attained from Faculty of Applied Sciences, AIMST University, Malaysia.
Preparation of plant leaf extracts
Fresh P. Speciosa leaves were weighed (25 g) and surface sterilized
with distilled water which were further processed for boiling up to
5 min with 100 mL deionized water and cooled. Resulting extract was
filtered through Whatman filter paper No. 1 followed by centrifugation
for 2 min at 3000 rpm. Supernatant was collected in an amber colored
bottle and stored at 4 °C for further uses [26].
Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles
Biological reduction of AgNO3 was verified once the solution color
changed to brown, when 1 mL of the P. Speciosa leaf extracts was added
to 1 mL of 0.01 M AgNO3 solution in a 10 mL volumetric flask, the
volume was made up to 10 mL with deionized water and kept in am-
bient temperature (25 ± 0.5 °C) for 24 h. The formation of PAgNPs
was also validated by spectrophotometric determination. The synthe-
sized PAgNPs were collected after centrifugation at 10,000 rpm for
15 min by using optimized conditions [26].
Characterization of silver nanoparticles
The bio-reduction of Ag+ ions to Ag0 in the extract was observed by
UV–visible spectra (Shimadzu dual beam spectrophotometer (AV-
1800)). The size and morphology of the PAgNPs were confirmed by
FESEM and TEM analysis (JEOL JEM 2100 high-resolution TEM).
Moreover, the elemental composition was studied by EDX analysis
(FESEM-EDX, Oxford-Instrument INCA400) and surface capping
V. Ravichandran, et al.
Fig. 2. (A) SEM image of with 400 nm resolution, (B) TEM image of PAgNPs with 100 nm resolution (C) XRD pattern of PAgNPs.
functional groups were validated by FT-IR (FTIR-JASCO 4100
Spectrometer at 4000 cm−1 to 400 cm−1). The hydrodynamic particle
size and zeta potential of PAgNPs were determined with help of
Zetasizer Ver. 7.03 (Malvern Instruments Ltd., Worcestershire, UK). The
crystallinity of PAgNPs was confirmed by using XRD pattern of nano-
particles (Bruker AXS D-8 powder X-ray diffractometer (Shimadzu,
Japan) operated at a voltage of 40 kV and current of 15 mA using CuKα
radiation (λ = 1.5406 A°)) [26].
Screening of antimicrobial activity
Pathogenic organisms from fresh cultures (105-106 CFU/mL) were
swapped on Muller Hinton Agar plates using a sterile cotton swab.
Wells of approximately 6 mm diameter were created in agar plates by
using sterile gel puncture. 20 μL of PAgNPs in concentrations of 100 μg/
mL and 200 μg/mL were poured in the wells. Streptomycin (20 μL) and
P. Speciosa leaf extract (20 μL) were used as control for the purpose of
comparison. The plates were allowed to incubate at 37 °C for 24 h and
zones of inhibition were measured upon completion of incubation [26].
In vitro antioxidant assay
The free radical scavenging activities of PAgNPs were determined
by using DPPH method [27]. 250 µL of DPPH solution (0.3 mM, 0.5 mg
of DPPH was dissolved in 12 mL of methanol) was added to 3 mL of
silver nanoparticles solution in water at different concentrations (5, 10,
25 and 50 μg/ mL). Control was prepared by adding 3 mL of water to
3
Results in Physics 15 (2019) 102565
250 μL of DPPH. The assay was repeated for three times to get average
value. The antiradical activity, expressed by percentage inhibition (%
PI) of DPPH radical, was calculated by determining the decrease in
absorbance upon the addition of test samples. The following equation
was used to determine the capability to scavenge DPPH radical (1):
DPPH Scavenged(%) = (Ac −As/Ac) × 100 (1)
where, Ac and As are the absorbance of control and test sample, re-
spectively (after 30 min, at 517 nm). A linear regression analysis was
applied to determine IC50 value for the sample [28].
Photocatalytic degradation of dye
Photocatalytic property of PAgNPs was determined by degradation
of methylene blue (MB) in presence of PAgNPs under solar exposure
[29]. Ten milligram of PAgNPs was dispersed in 100 mL of distilled
water and sonicated for 2 h. After sonication, 1 mg of methylene blue
(MB) powder was added to the above aqueous PAgNPs solution which
was further stirred magnetically for 30 min in shadow followed by solar
irradiation exposure of the colloidal suspension. The average atmo-
sphere temperature during the experiment was found to be 30 °C with
3 h means shine duration. At every 30 min, 5 mL of suspension was
collected from the colloidal mixer. The collected suspension sample was
scanned spectrophotometrically from 200 to 800 nm to study the de-
gradation of MB. The following equation was used to calculate the dye
degradation (%) (2).
Dye degradation(%) = [C0 − Ct/C0] × 100 (2)
V. Ravichandran, et al. Results in Physics 15 (2019) 102565

Fig. 3. (A) Size distribution of PAgNPs obtained from dynamic light scattering, (B) Zeta potential of PAgNPs, (C) EDX spectra of PAgNPs.

where, C0 is the initial concentration of MB solution and Ct is the 25% P. Speciosa leaf in deionized water (Fig. S1B), pH 11.0 (Fig. S1C),
concentration of dye solution after “t” hours in the sun light irradiation temperature 60 °C (Fig. S1D) and 2 min reaction time (Fig. S1E). Good
exposure. All dye concentration absorption peaks at 662 nm were stability of the synthesized PAgNPs was observed at room temperature
measured by UV – Vis spectroscopy [29]. (25 ± 2 °C) up to 100 days with no aggregation (Fig. S2).

Mechanism involving in PAgNPs formation

Results and discussion

The present study dealt with the plant mediated AgNPs synthesis
Synthesis of silver nanoparticles: Process optimization and UV
using aqueous leaf extract of P. Speciosa which was initiated by phenolic
characterization
and flavonoids present in the extract. Presence of phytochemicals viz.
alkaloids, flavanoids, phenolic compounds, proteins and sugars has
The present article reports the silver nanoparticles' biosynthesis
been reported in P. Speciosa. Flavonoids and phenolic compounds are
using aqueous extract of P. speciosa leaf (petai). P. speciosa leaf was
effective reducing agent whereas proteins and some other phytochem-
selected for the present study since it is reported to contain flavonoids
icals are capping agent for AgNPs [32]. The enol of flavonoid and
and phenolic compound that is responsible for its antioxidant activity
phenolic compounds may release the electrons by breaking of O–H
and also it’s reducing power [30]. Phenolics and other chemicals pre-
bond and the released electron may be used in reducing Ag+ to Ag0.
sent in plant leaf extract cogently reduce silver salts and provide ex-
Further, it is assumed that the protein molecule present in P. Speciosa
cellent tenacity against agglomeration. By capping, the silver nano-
acts as capping and stabilized agent [33]. The IR analysis can be an
particle’s stability is possibly facilitated by the proteins and enzymes
evidence for the proposed mechanism indicating involvement of –OH
present in leaf extract. Another selection criterion was its easy avail-
and –NH2 groups in synthesis and in capping of PAgNPs. Scheme 1
ability around the area of research conducted.
shows the schematic representation of (R-OH) phenolic groups’ in-
Aqueous leaf extract of P. Speciosa was used to reduce AgNO3 into
volvement in the biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles. The enol forms
Ag0 where the reduction was confirmed with color change from col-
are converted to stable quinonoid form by means of two resonating
orless to yellowish brown. The maximum absorbance at 463 nm
structures.
(Fig. 1A), which is observed in the extract's UV–visible spectral analysis
is the characteristic surface plasmon resonance (SPR) peak of PAgNPs.
Factors such as size, shape and particles formed influence the SPR peak Characterization of silver nanoparticles
formation [31]. The characteristic peak shifted to 410.5 nm upon ad-
dition of a drop of 0.1 N NaOH to the extract and AgNO3 solution The SEM image of PAgNPs showed that the particles were spherical
(Fig. 1B). in shape and polydispersed with sizes ranging from 26 to 39 nm in
In the present study, the optimized condition for the synthesis of diameter with average size of 31 nm (Fig. 2A), whereas, the TEM image
PAgNPs were 6.0 mM AgNO3 concentration (Fig. S1A), 1 mL extract of showed particles size range from 22 to 43 nm with average size of

4
V. Ravichandran, et al.
Fig. 4. (A) Antimicrobial activity (Zone of inhibition) of PAgNPs against human pathogens (values ± SD, n = 3), (B) DPPH radical scavenging activity of ascorbic
acid and PAgNPs (values ± SD, n = 3), (C) IC50 value of PAgNPs radical scavenging activity.
35 nm (Fig. 2B). Various factors such as pH, time of incubation, tem-
perature, precursor concentration, concentration of the reducing agent,
as well as method of preparation affects the sizes and shapes of metal
nanoparticles.
In the XRD pattern (Fig. 2C), five prominent diffraction peaks were
observed at 2θ = 38.60°, 44.44°, 64.55°, 77.65° and 81.72°, which
corresponds to (1 1 1), (2 0 0), (2 2 0), (3 1 1) and (2 2 2) Bragg’s re-
flections of the face-centered cubic (fcc) structure of metallic silver,
respectively. Peaks observed in the pattern were also in accordance
with the reference of fcc structure from Joint Committee of Powder
Diffraction Standard (JCPDS) Card No-087–0720. Moreover, another
three distinct diffraction peaks at 2θ = 28.20°, 32.62° and 46.52° were
also observed which correspond to (1 1 1), (2 0 0) and (2 2 0) lattice
planes of face centred cubic (fcc) structure that matched to silver
chloride nanoparticles (JCPDS file No.: 85-1355) as AgCl is a common
phase in green synthesis of silver nanoparticles.
The PAgNPs' size was observed as approximately 155.3 d.nm with
intercept 0.847 in DLS analysis with low polydispersity index (PDI) of
0.381 (Fig. 3A). When compared with the size of particles in SEM and
TEM measurements, the particles were moderately bigger in DLS
measurement as in DLS it measures the particles' hydrodynamic radius.
The stability of nanoparticles was confirmed by the nanoparticles' zeta
potential which was found to be −14.9 mV (Fig. 3B). The negative
potential value shown by biosynthesized AgNPs reflects the presence of
bio-organic components in the extract as capping agent [34]. Fig. 3C
shows the elemental profile of synthesized PAgNPS by EDX studies and
confirms the silver nanoparticles formation. The elemental analysis also
reveals the presence of highest proportion of silver followed by C, K, Cl,
O, Ca and S. These peaks from bio-molecules bind to the silver
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Results in Physics 15 (2019) 102565
nanoparticles' surface. A strong signal in the range of 2.8–3.4 keV was
observed in the EDX analysis for silver particles.
The FTIR spectrum confirmed the possible interaction between
silver nanoparticles and capping agents. The FTIR spectrum of P.
Speciosa leaf extracts (Fig. S3(A)) reflected intensive peaks at 3734,
3725, 3586 cm−1 (phenolic OH stretching), 3435 cm−1 (aromatic N–H
stretching), 3313 cm−1 (–OH stretching), (3170 cm−1 (aromatic C–H
stretching), 1635 cm−1 (amide I bond of proteins due to carbonyl
stretch in proteins), 1513 cm−1 (aromatic ring stretching), 1377 cm−1
(C–C bond of aromatic ring or amide group-II), 1312–1297 cm−1
(aromatic secondary amine CN stretching), 1080 and 1297 cm−1
(stretching vibrations of C-N aromatic and aliphatic amines) and
657 cm−1 (C–H of alkynes). However, shifts of peaks were observed
upon PAgNPs formation such as at 3734 and 3725 to 3600 cm−1, 3313
to 3325 cm−1, 1635 to 1640 cm−1, and 1068 to 1071 cm−1 (Fig.
S3(B)), indicating the reduction of corresponding functional groups.
The obtained results suggested that the polyphenols in the P. Speciosa
leaf extract show C–C and C-N vibration stretches in PAgNPs which
might be involved in its formation by acting as capping and stabilizing
agents.
Antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of PAgNPs
The petai leaf aqueous extract based AgNPs exhibited fairly sig-
nificant antibacterial action on tested bacterial pathogens. Our results
are evident by the values of diameter of zone of inhibition observed
during antibacterial activity assessment (Fig. 4A). Our results also in-
dicated that the newly synthesised silver nanoparticles possess pro-
mising antimicrobial activities against the studied pathogens. It was
V. Ravichandran, et al. Results in Physics 15 (2019) 102565

Fig. 5. Degradation of methylene blue under solar irradiation: (A) in the absence of PAgNPs, (B) in the presence of PAgNPs, (C) Photocatalytic degradation efficiency
of PAgNPs following Pseudo-First order kinetics. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this
article.)

observed that the maximum antibacterial activity was against Staphy-
lococcus aureus followed by Bacillus subtilis, E. coli and Pseudomonas
aeruginosa. However, when compared to AgNO3 and petai leaf aqueous
extract alone, the synthesized silver nanoparticles showed better ac-
tivity against E. Coli.
The mechanism of bactericidal effect of silver nanoparticles against
bacteria is not well-known [35]. Silver nanoparticles may attach to the
cell membrane surface and interrupt permeability and respiration as-
sociated power functions. The particles bind to the bacteria for inter-
action based on the available surface area. Smaller particles with larger
surface area will provide better bactericidal effect as compared to the
larger particles [35]. Morones et al. (2005) [36] with the help of X-ray
Energy Dispersive Spectrometer (EDS) and Scanning Tunneling Elec-
tron Microscopy (STEM), demonstrated that silver nanoparticles were
found not only at the surface of cell membrane but also inside the
bacteria. This suggests about the possibility of silver nanoparticles pe-
netrating inside the cells of bacteria and fungi where these may cause
damages by interacting with sulphur and phosphorus-containing com-
pounds such as DNA. Silver exhibits high affinity for reacting with such
compounds. The other possibility may involve release of silver ions
from nanoparticles which may contribute additionally towards anti-
microbial properties of silver nanoparticles. Currently, the increasing
bacterial resistance against antimicrobial agents is considered as the
most serious problem to treat infectious diseases. Increasingly, newer
bacterial strains (both Gram-positive and Gram-negative) have been
reported with an alarming high level of resistance. Precautions for
preventing the emergence and spread of multi resistant bacterial strains
along with the development of new antimicrobial substances are highly
necessitated to deal with bacterial resistance (Panacek et al., 2008)
[35]. Our results clearly demonstrate the ability of petai leaf for
synthesis of silver nanoparticles along with their antimicrobial activity
which represent the significant advancement towards realistic im-
plications of nanomaterials development.
The maximum antioxidant activity of 91.83% at 50 μg/mL for
PAgNPs was indicated by the DPPH assay, as presented in Fig. 4B. The
potent radical scavenger property of PAgNPs was demonstrated by the
DPPH assay with an IC50 value of 15.26 μg/mL (Fig. 4C). The associated
functional groups could have attributed to the antioxidant ability of
PAgNPs.
Photocatalytic activity
The dye degradation of MB under sunlight irradiation evaluates the
photocatalytic activity of the biosynthesized PAgNps. The gradual
change in color from deep blue to colorless solution indicates the dye
degradation. The characteristic absorption peak was found at 662 nm
for pure methylene blue dye solution. The decrease in peak intensity at
662 nm during 3 h exposure in solar light in the presence and absence of
PAgNps as presented in Fig. 5A and B, shows the photocatalytic de-
gradation efficiency of PAgNps with time of sun light exposure, re-
spectively. The obtained results were processed for Pseudo-First order
kinetics (Fig. 5C), the rate of degradation reaction were identified to be

6
V. Ravichandran, et al.
–K = 0.0098.
Fig. 5A and B shows a sequence of UV–Visible absorption spectra of
aqueous solution of 1 mg of MB in presence of 10 mg of PAgNPs as
catalyst in 100 mL of water with pH10 under increasing solar light ir-
radiation time. The characteristic absorption peak at 662 nm decreases
rapidly (Fig. 5B) with an increase in irradiation time which was ob-
served to be 84% in 180 min. In contrast to this, only 28% and 40%
degradation of MB was observed for the solar light irradiated solution
containing MB and NaOH, and MB and PAgNPs, respectively. The re-
sults strongly suggested that the PAgNPs are promising degrading agent
for MB.
The dye pollutant degradation in photocatalytic decomposition
processes is generally due to photogeneration of electron–hole pair
between valence bands and conduction. The other possible reason for
degradation of MB is that it does accept electrons and degrades into
colorless leucomethylene blue (LMB), since MB is electro active and is
capable to accept electrons [37].
The present method for the synthesis of AgNPs using P. Speciosa is
superior to the method reported by Yusof et al. (2018). The present
method has not only produced small size nanoparticles (35 nm) as
compared to the reported method (59.96 nm) but the time duration for
the formation of nanoparticles is also mere two minutes in the present
method instead of overnight in the reported method. Furthermore,
Yusof et al. (2018) reported only the synthesis and characterization of
AgNPs whereas this method reports synthesis, characterization, anti-
bacterial, antioxidant and photocatalytic activities of P. Speciosa leaf
extract mediated AgNPs.
Conclusion
P. Speciosa leaf aqueous extract was used successfully to synthesize
silver nanoparticles. The PAgNPs not only exhibited bacterial inhibitory
effects comparable enough to streptomycin activities against human
pathogens but these have also demonstrated better free radical
scavenging activity. The photocatalytic study concludes that the
PAgNPs have efficiency to degrade methylene blue dye at pH 11under
solar irradiation. Therefore, these can be highly useful in water pur-
ification and textile industries. Our findings strongly advocate that the
plant-mediated nanoparticles can not only be used against human pa-
thogens as effective therapeutic agents but these may also be used for
the treatment of free radicals caused diseases along with waste water
purification, in near future.
Funding
This research did not receive any specific grant from funding
agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.
Acknowledgments
Authors are thankful to AIMST University, Malaysia; The University
of Nottingham, Malaysia; and Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia for
providing the necessary facilities to carry out this work.
Conflicts of interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Appendix A. Supplementary data
Fig. S1. In the silver nanoparticles formation, the effect of: (A) silver
nitrate concentration, (B) volume of aqueous P. speciosa leaf extracts,
(C) pH, (D) reaction temperature, (E) reaction time; Fig. S2: Stability of
the PAgNPs, Fig. S3: FTIR spectra of (A) P. Speciosa leaf extract, (B)
PAgNPs, Fig. S4: Antimicrobial activity of PAgNPs (Zone of Inhibition).
Supplementary data to this article can be found online at https://
7
Results in Physics 15 (2019) 102565
doi.org/10.1016/j.rinp.2019.102565.
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