R

E
F
R
A
C
T
I
O
N
Human Optics
T
Y
P
E
S
Myopia

• Cause
• -Refractive Myopia
• - Axial Myopia

• Degree
• -Mild
• -Moderate
• -High
• -Patologic
Hyperopia
• Cause
• Refractive
• Curvature
• Axial
Astigmatism
• Light Rays from an object
do not focus to a single
point due to curvature of
cornea or lens
• Regular astigmatism
• With the rule 90
• Against the rule 180
• Oblique Astigmatism
• Iregular Astigmatism

• Cylinder lens that correct the difference between the power of the 2
principal meridian
 Types of Astigmatism
• Simple Myopic
• Compound Myopic
• Simple Hyperopic
• Compound Hyperopic
• Mixed
How to correct ?
Presbiopia
Correction of
Presbyopia
+ 1.00 D for 40 y.o
+1.50 D for 45 y.o
+2.00 D for 50 y.o
+2.50 D for 55 y.o
+3.00 D for 60 y.o
E
X
A
M
I
N
A
T
I
O
N
Refractive Examination

•Subjective
•Objective
•Cyclopegic
 Subjective using
Charts and Trial Lens
1. One eye at the time
2. Pinhole
3. Trial frame and Lens
4. Fogging
5. Astigmat Dial
Snell Chart Fails, What’s Next?
• Finger Counting
• Hand Movement
• Light Perception
What to do with presbyopia
Objective Examination
Uncorrected Refraction? What Happens?
• Ambylopia
• Anisometropia
• Aniseikonia