mp itiem ae): ‘ARTS & CRAFTS =CHAPTER 1 Welding Shielded Metal Are Welding 1 Gas Tungsten Arc Welding 2 Gas Meal Are Welding Plasma Are Cutting Oxyfuel Curing 6 Welding Troubleshooting Guides 8 CHAPTER 2 Welding Safety 12 Roy's Rules for Welding 12 Safety Organizations and Associations 14 CHAPTER 3 Yard Ant 16 Project 1: Garden Shovel Angel 17 Project 2) Garden Fairy 2! Project 5. birubaih Project 4 Water Hose Holder 25 Project 5: Flower Cart 28 Project 6: Decorative Plant Holde Project 7; Rain Gav CHAPTER 4 Something Fishy 38 ject 1: Picture Frame 39 ject 2: Whale of aTail 41 Project 3: Fish Lamp 43 Project 1: A Fish Bird Feeder? 49 CHAPTER 5 Critters. 5 Project 1: The Little Donkey 5 Project 2: Large Copper Winged Dra Project 3: Small Copper Winged Dru Project 4: Leaping Frog 62 Project 5: Lounging Frog 65 Project 6: A Birdbrain Project 68 Project 7: Rusty,the Metal Cow 70CONTENTS CHAPTER 6 Candleholders Project L: Towering Candelabra Project 2: Elevated Candleholder Project 3: 4 Canulcholdcr Somewhere between the Ordinary Project 4: Pumpkin Candleholder 80 Project 5: Music Stand Candelabra 8. Sources 85PREFACE Think of this book as «tool for dreamers as well as doers. Its intent is not Lo instruct welding oF fabrication but rather 10 put a spark in your vision, inspiration, and creative fantasies. I's a place to get fresh ideas and new desi bout doing new, unex pected, and stylish things with weldi Hopefully, you will find that the welded art projects that you make will create a specific mood or style that is functional and aes thetically pleasing, Let the projects be a guideline for your own creativity. The materials they are made from can easily be changed to suit your own taste, As in every project in the book, be creative TRANSFERRING PATTERNS The author has furnished you with specifi patterns for cach project. To enlarge or reduce a pattern, simply use an office qual ity copy machine, cut out the pattern with scissors, and trace the et of metal and pattern with soapstone by placing it on a s marking completely around it, I your Copy machine does not en: large, contact @ copy shop. Having a copy made is usually ines: pensive and can be made quickly. Check the yellow pages of yout local phone directory under “copying” or “photocopying” for theCHAPTER Welding is the fusing of two or more picees of metal to form one, It is ise, reliable, costeffective method for joining met uls. Today; dle nd creations in metal are often combined with lifferent welding processes to create a product, No one specific ile controls the selection of a welding process for any given job, There are more than 80 different welding processes used in indu toda ne primary goal of this chapter is to give you the basic infor ion on the advantages and disadvantages of the welding rocesses used to build the projects in this book SHIELDED METAL ARC WELDING Shielded Metal Are Welding (MAW), also known as stick, arc And electric welding, is the most common form of are welding. Sec gure 1-1. IC is one of the most versatile ways to weld since thi iller material or welding electrode can easily be changed to match different metals just by switching the electrodes. This process can be used (o weld aluminum, carbon steel, cast iron, nickel, and stain Advantages SMAW is offen used because of its versuility. When compared 0 the other types of power sources, the SMA welding machines are less expensive and more portable, This process is very flexible 1 terms of the metal thickness that can be welded, Metal as thin as 1/16 inch (2 mm) thick or several feet thick can be welded using the same machine, but with different settings, As a result, the SMAW process is often utilized by novice welders, farmers, and fabrication and maintenance shops 10 weld on a variety of jobs 4 f — Q < 2 wd =a terri aiera lemme | Chapter 1 WELDING FIGURE 1-1 SMAW machines are r very popular for home workshops. Jatively inexpensive and Disadvantages The amount of skill required by the operator is greater than that needed by the other processes. The amount of downtime that s associated with this process can be a deterrent if it is used for production. The electrode is only so many inches in length and must be changed it is consumed. This requires the user to stop welding and change the electrode. Another disadvantage is that all welds must be either chipped or ground to remove the slag from the weld. GAS TUNGSTEN ARC WELDING G'TAW, also known as Tungsten Inert Gas (TIG) or Heliare weld. ing, is the most common process for welding aluminum. See Fig ure 1-2, The GTAW process produces high quality welds on almost all meta js ancl alloys. Because it can be easily controlled at very low , the GTAW process is ideally suited for welding on amperag sheet metals; however, it tends to be an expensive process t0 use for welding metals thicker than 1/4 inch (6 mm) because of the speed of welding,Chapter % WELDING FIGURE 1-2 The GIAW machines date back to the 193 They are ideal for welding aluminum, magnesium, statntess steel, and carbon steel Advantages The GTAW process produces high quality welds on almost any weldable metal or alloy. Because fluxes are not used, the welds produced are sound, free of contaminants, tal. The GTAW process is used corrosion-resistant as the parent because of the high-quality welds that it makes and for the good appearance of the welds, Disadvantages The welder must coordinate precise movement of the torch with one hand, while adding filler rod with the other hand, and then controlling the current with a foot pedal n the and ¢ complicated thai other processes. The welding operator must have an unde The setup of the equipment is ma ing of tungsten preparation and current selection, choosing Id AC of DC, and if welding DC, whether to weld whether to w using DC+ or DC-. IL is also helpful to understand spark intensity high frequency, upslope, downslope, background current, pulse rate, peak intensity, and proper grounding.Chapter 1) WELDING GAS METAL ARC WELDING Gas Metal Are Welding (GMAW), also known as Metal Inert Gas (MIG), wire, or semi tomatic, is a process that uses a spool of wire. The spool or wire is either housed inside a power source or fed through an external wire feeder into a welding gun. Sec igure 13, Advantages The GMAW process does not require the degree of welding op: erator skill that the GTAW or SMAW processes do. The welding op: crator sets the current on the welding machine, holds the gua in one hand, squcezcs the trigger, and welds. It's that easy, GMAW is a fast-growing process, in part, because compact welding units nov retail for less than $550 and the process provides the ability 10 eas. ily weld on thinner metals compared to the SMAW process. GMA welding can be used on both thick and thin sections of metal It can be used to weld steel, alu other metals, For these rea ons, this process is the choice of many fabrication and production shops. FIGURE 1-3 The GMA wire and requires the use of a shielding § pool from ibe atmosphere. ielding process utilizes a solid metat as lo protect the weldCoapter 1 WELDING Disadvantages 1e GMA process is less portable than the SMAW equipment 1 t0 a welding station which means that the work must be bro portable models do exist. Welding outside with this process is somewhat troublesome: if the wind blows the shielding gas away it produces inferior welds. More maintenance is required of this process because of the associated moving parts, PLASMA ARC CUTTING Plasma is the state of matter that is found in the region of an Jectrical arc. The plasma created by an arc is an ionized gas that ns Whose charges are nearly sual to each other. See Figure 1-4 Advantages High travel speeds can be used with plasma cutting, which eliminates most distortion particularly on the sections of metal, Al metals can be plasma cut. Most plisma cutting machines buil FIGURE 1-4 Any material that is electrically condnetive can be cut using the plasma are cutting processSSS Chapter 4 WELDING Disadvantages The open circuit voltage is higher for Plasma Are Cutting than for the other processes; extra caution must be taken. Water is sometimes used to cool the pkisma torches, which improves the characteristics. Any time water is used, it is very important aks or splishes The chance of electrical shock is, greatly increased if moisture is on the cables, floor, or equipment Plasma cutting is noisy. Ear protection is required to preven! auditory damage to the operator or others working in the area The plasma cutting process produces light radiation in all three spectrums. Proper eye protection is a must when using this This process produces a large quantity of fumes that are poten: ially hazardous; a means for removing them from the work space s needed Consumable parts of the torch must be replaced as they weal nut or become damaged. This can become very expensive if the ‘equipment is not operating correctly OXYFUEL CUTTIN Oxyfuel Gas Cursing Lemperature oxyfuel gas flame to preheat the metal to a kindling will react rapidly with a stream of ure oxygen. See Figure his process are acetylene, hydrogen, methylacetylene propadienc MAPP), natural g s, propane, and propylene Advantages Attachments can be added to the torch for heating, cutting welding,and brazi The overall cost of the equipment is low, in comparison to ther welding or cutting equipment. The portability of the equip ment is superb since you do not need a power source to operate it The skill level is quick 10 achieve; however, OFC is unfortunatel one of the most commonly misused processes. Most workers know how to light the torch and make a cut, but their cuts are very poor quality and often unsafe. A good oxyfuel cur should not only be straight and square, but it should require little or no cleanuyChapter 1 WELDING Oxygen Cylinder _ cylinde { FIGURE 1-5 The oxyacetylene gas cutting tored is the most commonly used xyfiuel gas cutting torch ti the industry Disadvantages The OFC process is primarily used for cutting steel. It will not cut stainless, ahuminum, copper or brass. fa metal will not rust, i wvill not cut properly with this processLS a bapter WELDING SMAW TROUBLESHOOTING GUIDE Welding Problem Remedy Are Blow 1. Adjust the electrode angk Move the ground ckimp. Use AC current instead of DC Inspect the part to see if it has become magnetized and i demagnetize Cracks inWeld 1. Reduce the welding speed, use an electrode that has a more convex bea 2. Use low-hydrogen electrodes, Use pre-and post: heat procedures on the weld Distortion 1. Reduce the amount of current Use chill plates 4. Increase your welding speed Clamp or fix the parts being welded. Weld thick sections first Porosity 1. Use dry electrodes. Do not weld on wet metal Clean paint, grease, oil, and dirt from the metal being welded Shorten the arc lengtt: 5. Use low-hydrogen electrodes Slag Inclusions 1. Increase the amount of current Decrease your welding speed. Do nota 1, Change the polarities. ow the welding pool to get ahead of the are 5. Itwelding multi pass welds, always chip and wire brush bewwe pa ter Decrease the amount of current Shorten the are length. 4. Weld on dry metal with dry electrodes Undlereutting I. Decrease the amount of current Reduce the welding speed Shorten the arc length. 1 Change the electrode angle GTAW TROUBLESHOOTING GUIDE, Welding Problem medy Are Blow 1. Make sure the ground iy properly connected 2 tive to the work to stabilize the arc Change the angle of the electrode re 5. Make sure the base metal is clean 1, Make sure the tungsten electrode is clean 5. Use a smaller tungsten electrode 6. Bring the nozzle closer to the workWelding Problem Brittle Welds Inferior Weld Rapid Tungsten Electrode Tungsten Inclusions Chapter 1 WELDING Remedy 6 Check the type of filler metal being ‘edures while welding Use pre- and post- heat pr A. Mulilayer welds will tend to anneal, hard heat affected zone Cheek for inferior welds, Make sure all elds are sound and the fusion vod Cheek the type of filler metal being used Cheek the welding procedure A. Fill all craters at the end of the weld passes B. Use pre- and post- heat procedures, Do not use too small a weld between heavy plates. Check for proper preparation of the joints Cheek for excessive rigidity of the joints ange the welding technique ise the proper amount of current oper shiclding gas. t Cheek for p Cheek ford Check for proper filler metal fis bowing the shielding gas away Make sure the base metal is clean Make sure the parts are properly tack welded together Clamp the parts to resist shrinkage Remove the rolling or forming strains by stress relieving techniques betore welding Distribute the welding to prevent excessive local heating, Cheek the shielding gas. Cheek for drafts blowing the shielding gas away Do not weld on wet metal Mi Cheek the shieldiny ke sure the base metal is clean as hoses; plastic hoses are best Check the polarity decrease the amount of current Use a larger tungsten electrode A. Increase the gas flow Check for good collet contact A. Change the collet 3, Use ground/finished tungsten. sc a larger tungsten electrode or reduce the amount of current Do not allow the tungsten to come into contact with the molten weld pool while welding, Use a high-frequency starting device Do not weld with tungsten electrodes that have become cracked oFFS ee WELDING GTAW TROUBLESHOOTING GUIDE (continued) Welding Problem Remedy Decrease your welding speed 4, Decrease the size of the filler metal Undereutting 1, Decrease the amount of current 2, Make smaller weld beads. 3, Use a closer tungstentowork distance Change your welding technique GMAW TROUBLESHOOTING GUIDE Welding Problem Remedy re Blow cl 2. Me Crac Check the filler wire compatibility with the base metal 2 Use pre-and post-heat procedures on the weldment 3. Use a convex weld bead. i. Check the design of the root opening, 5, Change the welding speed 6 Change the shielding gas. Dirty Weld L. Decrease the gun angle 2. Hold the gun nozzle closer to work 5. Increase the yas flow {Clean the weld joint area and gas flov 5. Check for drafts that may be blowing shielding gas away 6. Check the gun nozzle for damaged or worn parts. 7. Center the contact tip in the gun nozzle 8. Clean the filler wire before it enters the wire drive 9. Check the cables and gun for air or water leaks. 10. Keep unused filler wire in shipping containers Wide Weld Bese 1. Increase your welding specu 2. Reduce the amount of current 3. Use a different welding technique 4. Shorten the are length: Incompl 1, Increase the amount of current Penetration Reduce your welding speed 5, Shorten the arc length 4. Increase the root opening Change the gun angleWelding Problem regular Arc Start Irregular Wiretecc Burneback Welding Cables Overheating Undereuttin| nnstable Are Chapter @ Remedy 1. Use wire cutters to cut off the end of the filler wire befor new weld, 2. Check the ground, 3. Check the contact tip. 4. Check the polarit 5. Check for drafts, 6. Increase the gas flow. 1. Cheek the contact tip, Cheek the wire feed speed. 4. Check the voltage 5, Cheek the polarity 6, Check the wire spool for kinks or bends 7, Clean or replace the worn conduit liner 1. Check for loase cable connections. Use larger cables. 3. Use shorter cables. 1. Decrease the welding time 3. Increase the gas flow 1. Decrease the gun angle 5. Hold the nozzle close to the work. 6. Do not weld if the metal is wet Clean the weld joint area Center the contact tip with the gun nozzle 9. Cheek the gun nozzle for damage Check the gun and cables for air or water leaks 1. Char Shorten the are length the gun angle Decrease the wire speed. 4. Check for drafts 1, Reduce the current 2. Change the gun angle 3. Use a different weld technique Reduce the welding speed. Shorten the are length 1, Increase the current Change the welding technique Shorten the are length 1. Check the joint preparation. 1 Clean the weld area. Cheek the conuiet tip, 3. Check for loose cable connections WELDINGWELDING SAFETY CHAPTER at all times! Safety is m aken lightly 1g equipment. Welding i Accident prevention is the primary intent of this chapter Many welding, cutting, and allied n be harmful to the health to understand the dange weluing ‘0 enter the welding laborwtory.The rules cat the students use are as follows: ROY’S RULES FOR WELDING + Never weld without proper eye protection Safety glasses are to be worn in the shop at all time Welding helmeis with the correct shade of lens are to be used when doing any type of are welding, Wel when t Jes with the correct shade of lens are to be used he oxyfuel process. + Wear proper clothing, Long-sleeved shirts are 10 be worn while weldi 100% wool) is the best choice, but they are cause burns to an welding proc+ Do not grind aluminum, coppe Chapter 2 ints with legs long enough to cover the tops of the boot are a nust and should be without cuffs, holes, or frayed ¢ Albieather gauntlettype gloves are to be worn while welding, Do not breathe welding fumes Welding on some materials may produce fumes and gases hay rdous to your health Keep your head out of the fumes se ventilation to exhaust fumes and gases from your breathing Remove all flammable materials such as paper, oil, and clott from the welding vicinit Have a suitable fire extinguisher conveniently located at all are protected from hot metal plugs or carmutis should be worn while welding. The welt ing environment can be noisy. Hot sparks can fly into an unpro- tected ear causing severe burns. Do not weld on gas tanks, oil or gas drums, or any other type of allon drum barrel jefore welding or cutting, warn those in close proximity who are not protected by proper clothing 10 not weld in the presence of water The workpiece being welded and the frame or chassis of all lectrically powered machines must be connected to a good ground lave all installation, operation, maintenance, and repair work performed only by qualified people not wip cables carrying welding current around your body brass, or any other nonferrous nding stone. Ia fere stone will become met ventional g us Stone is used clogs the surface) and may explode due to frictional he build, Oxygen and fuel gas cylinders must be stored separately, and the torage area must be separated by twenty feet Cylinders must be secured with a chain or other device so they cannot be knocked over accidentally WELDING SAFETYenn WELDING SAFETY + Cylinders not in use must have a valve protection cap. The pro tection cap prevents the valve from being broken off if th cylinder is knocked ove + Acetylene cylinders must be used in an upright position, never + Ol or grease in the presence of oxygen can cause explosions Keep all oikbased compounds away from all oxyzen cylinder I regulators, and hoses, = + Never use acetylene at pressures in excess of 15 psi + The acetylene valve on the cylinder should never be opene more than one and a half turns + Do not test for fuel leaks with an open flame; test with a leak detecting solution only + Light torehes with spark lighters—never with matches or cig rete lighters + Butane lighters and matches may catch fire or explode if they are subjected to welding heat or sparks, There is no safe place carry these items when welding equipment SAFETY ORGANIZATIONS AND ASSOCIATIONS American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) publications. Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents in the Workroom Environment, wailable from American Conference of Government Industrial Hygienists, 1430 Kemper Meadow Drive, Cincinnati, OH 45240. American National Standards Institute (ANSD. Safety in Weldin, Cutting, and Allied Processes, 749.1, available from American Welding Society, 550 N.W. Lejeunc Road, Miami, FI. 34126. American Welding Society (AWS), Study of Fumes and Gases tn the Welding Environment, and other safety and health publications available from American Welding Society 550 N.W. Lejeune Road, Miami, PL 33126Chapter 2 WELDING SAFETY onal Fire Protection Association, Cutting and Weld sses, NFPA Standard 518, available trom National Fi Protection Association, Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA 02269 Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), Code of Federal Regulations, Title 29, Labor, Chapter XVH, Parts 1901.1 19101450, Ordet No. 869-019-0011, available from uperintendent of Documents, U.S.Government Printing Offic Washington, DC 2040. For specitic information, refer to the Applicable Material SafetCHAPTER n of al OVA 4Chapter 3% YARD ART PROJECT 1: GARDEN SHOVEL ANGEL and watch her weather beautifully Supply List Equipment 1 old shovel (round or = Needed square point USMA weldin 2 clothes hangers machin 11/2" aiameter ta t welding hood athe 4 pair of sali 1 horseshoe sass 1 piece of 1/8” thick 4 pair of leather steel 4” wide x 12 glove tong an oxyfuel torch I piece of corrugated 4 pair of cuttin, steel 2 his is xowules Patterns : Circle Hand J! Foot (2) Wing ¢a, Chapter 3% YARD ART STEP 1-1 Cut tho horseshoe in ball STEP 1-2 - Make a 3/4inch Viz ee tong weld on the back side of he inch circle, affixing it to the shovel. spot welds STEP 1-4 - Weld the arms (half horseshoes) in place and affix: the band to the sure that the STEP 1-3 - Connect the wings ‘and washer to the back of tbe shovel with a sories of small | | arms, makin thumb is pointing upwards head. toward theChapter 3% YARD ART STEP 1-5 - Place the fect at the bottom of the shovel on the front side, Dut weld from the back. STEP 1-6 - Mave the ving of the hato b} bn be completely around a Finch pipe STEP 1-7 - Weld the 1/4-inch ircle portion of the balo t 4 1/4ineb % inch rod anid affix it to the back of the bead. STEP 1.8 - Straighten ont the clothes hangers and bend vils around a Linch pipe lhapter 3% WARD ART ’ STEP 1-9 - Cut coils into six equal pieces and weld to the back of the head. PROJECT 2: GARDEN FAIRY This is an easy project if you are proficient with an oxytuel Cutting torch. You will probably want to make several, because they will look great hovering over the flowers in your garden, You also want o paint her if you wish or place her in the garden as she is Supply List Equipment 1 piece of 1/4” thick Nesded steel 6” wide 12” an oxyfuel cut long Ling torch 1 piece of 16 gauge steel epatcofbuting 4 wide x 10” long soeeles 1 piece of 1/4” steel 1 spark lighter tod x 36” long 1 pair of safety glasses 41/2" angle grinder AGMA welding 1 pair of leather gloves 1 soapstone ting machineChapter VARD ART Patterns STEP 2.1. Clean up all Pe rough edges with the grinder and afte the wings to the fairy body by welding tilted outward away from the 7 body at a slight angie Se & STEP 2-2 - Weld the 1/4 | rod to the fectSe YARD ART Chapter PROJECT 3: BIRDBATH When the project is complete, put the birdbath in your yard, and you'll have the cleanest birds around. Supply List 1 slow disc (roughly 20” deeper the better) The 1 pur chased from local farm supply stores. 1 Ginial (a finial is the deco: rative piece that is often used for the top of a steel picket fence), 3 30” long 1/2” twisted rod (see the sources at the back of the book for a list of companies that sell this prodi 1 10” circle (3/8” thick) {steel balls (1” in diameter rings made from 12 seu the sources at of the book for a list of companies that sell ibis be back type of product) Lange leaves (3) Small leaves (3) Equipment Needed GMA welding machine 1 welding hood 1 plasma are cut ting machine a pair of safety glasses 4 pair of cutting goggles A pair of leather 4 soapstone «do levelChapter % WARD ART STEP 3-1 - When working with the 1inch circle, think of it as a clock and weld the Linch stool balls at 12:3-6-9 o'clock positions. STEP 3-2 - Stack and align the 3inch to “inch rings and jot weld them together on the inside surfaces. Place Jour spot welds 1/2inch long at 12:3-69 o'clock positions on ach joint. STEP 3-3 - litck weld the three twisted rods to the Teh rings 120 degrees apart from each other STEP 5-4 - Since rods are only tack welded move the opposite ends of th three rods together until they touch each oiher, then tack weld the points that come into contact with each otherChapter 3B STEP 3-5 - Affix the three twisted rods that have been lacked together to the center of the 10-inch cirete, Tack weld them to the plate that serves as the base. STEP 3-6 - Place your torpedo level on top of the three rings. Check it for level both north-south and east: west, making sure that everything és level. Now weld the 1/2-inch twisted rod alll the way around in alll the places that you previously tacked. STEP 3-7 - Now weld the finial in the center of the plow dise: Weld from the bottom tf possible Remenuber, the weld needs to be watertight. STEP 3-8 - Place, center, and wl the plow disc on top of the rings and place a I-inch weld in 123-6-9 o'clock positions,Chapier 3 YARD ART STEP 3-9 - Place the leaves on the birdbath and spot u rach to the Lops of the twisted rods —< PROJECT 4: WATER HOSE HOLDER This next project will work equally well with contemporary oF classic homes, because of its clean lines.T'he water hose holde will acd character and charm to your garden—plus it’s easy to d Su List 1 decorative castiror Neadent design approximate size 1 GMA welding oa - ©” wide by 15” long), machine you are unable to find one from either a salv a welding hood: yard or flea market, se4 a pair of leather the sources ut the back ploves of the book for a list of spuair anetey companies that sell this Sasi type of product.) . 1 tape measure 15/8" twisted bar 5! long :Chapter YARD ART r STEP 4-1 - Weld the decorative cast iron design 9 inches from one end to the s/rineh iwisted base. STEP 4-2 - Wold the 5/8-inch finial to the top of the 5/sinch wisted bar STEP 4-3 - Bend the L/24nch square tubir around an 8inch piece of pipe until you bave 4 90-degree bend.Chapier % VARD ART STEP 44 - Weld the 9-degre bond to the 5/8inch twisted back. Do not weld to the casting because the casting is not structurally sound. It is decorative only | | STEP 4-5 - Weld the 3/4inch steel ball to the end of the 1/2-inch tubing. STEP 4-6 - Center and weld the 14-inch % Finch flat bar to the 5/8-inch twisted bar 18 inches from the bottom, This flat bar will enable you to place your foot on the bose holder to push it into the ground.¢ 3 YARD ART ’ chapter PROJECT 5: FLOWER CART hance the beauty of those potted plants 4 the house with this next project, Put a flower ear on the patio or at the front door to create a memorable first impression that can turn any inassuming doorway or patio into an enchanting j Supply List Equipment A iz reevof a" x1” Nesting stecl flat ba A chop saw 10 feet of 1” square A speed square ubing 1/8" wall : hickness steel ape mearare a GMA welding 27 inches of x 1 horseshoe a welding hood by > Eat x A 1 3/4" ow a torpedo le wee f 50 inches of 1/4 a pair of leather steel rod aloves ‘ fi pstone rh ‘ 8 , 2 pieces of 1/4” soap 1” x 16" steel pale of safety ta bar aS 2 of the same decora tive east iron de signs (approximate size 4” wide by 29” long) (See the sources at the back of the book for a list of companies that sell this type of product.)Chapter YARD ART STEP sate, cut two pieces of the I - Using the chop Linch square tubing 9-inches long and cut two ches long. Take the four pieces, make a rectangle, and tack them fogether Use the spr square to assure that ti ‘os are square STEP 5-2 aie, cut thy ing the chop pieces of th /8-inch x Linch flat bar inches long and cut two pieces 28-inches to} Uniformly space them on the bottom of the rectangle and weld then in place STEP 5-3 - Using the chop saw; cut one piece of 1/8inch x Linch steel flat inches long and bend it around a section of 10-inch pipe to form a eirck You will have approximately 100 feet of waste, but this is necessary in Order t0 get the leverage you need for bending, STEP 5-4 - Again using the chop sau, cut off any excess so that you have formed a circle and then weld the seam togetherChapter 3% YARD ART STEP §-5 - Place the circle na flat surface, centering the 3/4inch nut STEP 5-6 - Using « tape measure, measure from each — ~————_———— point of the nut to the inside edge of the circle and cut a piece of L/+inch rod t length. It is necessary to dé this for cach point because the circle is most likely not a perfect circle. Weld the nut to the rod and the rod to the completed the steet wheel Since the design of the wheel s strictly decorative, not functional, the wheel does not bave to be perfect STEP 5-7 - Tuck weld euch 16-inch phece of 1/+inch x Linch steel bar to each side of the 3/4inch nut. Then tack weld the steel to the other end of the steel bar center of the and to the rectangle.Chapter 3 YARD ART STEP 5-8 - Using the torped level, level the recta 0 fi that measurement, cut two pieces of Linch square tubing and tack weld to the make legs. lar frame get a measurement from botiom of the rectangular me to the floor Usin; ectangular frame to STEP 5-9 - Place the 27-inch piece of 1/2-inch tubing in the center of the two upright Linch square tubing legs and tack weld ‘duo place. Make sure it is square witb the legs before you continue. STEP $-10 - Weld tix decorative cast tron ¢ two 29-4nch both the front and back of the rectangle3 vaRD ART Chapte STEP 5-11 - Cut the horseshoe in half and weld each half to either back side corner of the cart as handles. Weld all joints that had previously becn tack welded: if the cart is square, then ull legs should touch the floor, if not, make necessary adjustments. PROJECT G6: DECORATIVE PLANT HOLDER he size of the plant holder be altered t hung from a tree limb or from a metal hook in the ceili from your region in the holder or add scrolls to the plant holder to crea s, Experiment by placing handmade metal leave Supply List 11 pieces of 1/8" 1” steel flat bar 9” long 4 picces of 1/4” steel ‘od 14” long pieces of 1/4” stecl ©.D.9" long piece of 1/4” steel rod 12" long picce of 16 gauge steel 16” piece of 1/2" tube 1” long square finial that fits 1/2” square tubing, Equipment Needed 1 GMA welding machine a welding hood & pair of safety glasses 4 pair of leather 1 plasma are cut ng machine 4 pair of cutting goggles a speed squareChapter 3% YARD ART 5 carge leaves Small leaves (4) squares. Be sure to tack weld ne outside of the square STEP 6-1 - Using cight of the o.inch Tong ploces of 1/8-1ncb Linch steel bars, make t STEP 62 - Using the straight edge, place the squares on thetr sides 12 inches apart This makes the outside edg 14 inches apart. Place one of the 14-inch steel rods in the rner of the two squares and tack weld, Repeat this procedure to all four corneSTEP 6-3 - On twp of the | Linch steel rods, tack weld the | in the corners of the box STEP 6-4 - Wold the fintal onto the Linch tong, 1/2-4uch square tube and affix tt to he four t/+-intch rods at the point of contact STEP 6-5 - At the end of the bax opposite the location of the finial, space three of the WAtinch «inch » 9 ineb flat bars evenly and weld them into place. At this time, you can perform permanent welds on alt | the places that had previously been only tack weldedChapter 3% YARD ART STEP 6-6 - Weld the large decorative leaves on euch of tin lop corners of the plant bolder s 6-7 - Weld two of the smaller leaves on both of the front and back of the bottom of the plant bolde ich long piece of the 1/4 inch steel rod, bend it into a circle approximately four inches in diameter and weld fi t0 the 1/2-tnch square tube surrounding th finial on top of the plant bolderChapter % WARD ART PROJECT 7: RAIN GAUGE Amidst the hustle and bustle of our daily lives, we all need a place for serenity. Hopefully, this next project with its clean distinctive lines and oriental character, will add some of the len found in the gardens of China and Japan. Supply List Equipment | pice of 1/4” thick steel Neaded V wide x 12” long 4 GTA welding machine 1 holder from a a welding hood (This ean be very inexpensively 1 pair of safety glasse from a hardware store ir of Ieather gloves an oxyfuel cutting torcl a pair of cutting goggles 11/4" drill motor with 1/4" dill bi Pattern3 YARD ART Chapter STEP 7-1 - Usir correctly lit torch, cut out thx patiern. Clean any ragged edges with the 4 1/2.inch angle grinder STEP 7-2 - Using the drill motor and 1/inch drill bit, drill a hole at both the top and bottom of the 1/4-neh plate. The placement of the holes may vary depending sm where the gauge is to bt placed. | STEP 7-5 - Remove the glass vial from its bolder und place the bolder in the ‘enter of the 1/4-ineb pla one inch from the bottom of the rain gauge. Using the GTA welding machine, place @ small weld on the left and right sides of the holder When your project is complete, place rain gauge in our garden in an upright position and wait for the next rainX I ie — CHAPTER jgns in this chapt ity. The materials th four own Laste.AS in every project in this book,Chapter & SOMETHING FISHY PROJECT 1: PICTURE FRAME Everyone has a friend or someone in the family who loves to fish This project makes a great gift for that person, and they will love it because you made it Supply List Equipment 1/4” x 12” 18” carbon Needed steel plue an oxyfuel cut 3” 5” piece of glass. ting torch <5” long ark lighter a soapstone | a GMA welding machine 41/2” angle Patterns IChapter @ STEP 1-1- Lisi the inch sopston 4 1/24nch rectangle onte the boy of the fish and cut 1 out using the cutting tore If there are any rough edges, sth the inder smooth then 4 1/2inch angle x STEP 1-2 - Cut two pieces of 1/2ineh angle iron 41 wold Dinches long and w ‘one piece to the top and bottom of the rectangle 31/4 inches apart and facing each other to make brackets to hold the STEP 1-3 + When workin, md pattern smooth off any rough edges ind weld it to the main structure to make a base STEP 1-4 - Mak the inch * 5-inch piece of glass and matebing piece of cardboard slide easily into the | iron If they do not, make any needed adjustments. SOMETHING FISHY’ bapter SOMETHING FISHY PROJECT 2: WHALE OF A TAIL | Vv TE . SI Supply List Equipment oS ee > eh steel plate st exynueten { a piece of 1/4” steel rod ting torch long 4 spark lighter abase fora tail 4744” at ean be made trom stone, metal, or wood); grindet 1 GMA weldiny a shop vise Patternhapter @& Somi STEP 2-1 - After cutting out the pattern, use tbe 4 1/2-tnch angle grinder to round all the edges on the tatl and taper the end of the trail on both sides. Th length is approximately 1 1/2-incbes tong STEP 2-2 - Place the tail into the jaws of the shop the wide portion of ihe tail facing upward Using a torch, heat the portion that is tapered until red hot. Do this aill the way across he widlth of the tail. White be tail is red bot, place thx adjustable wrench on the tail and bend it stighthy tha slight radius. STEP 2-3 - Weld a 1/tinch rod in the center of thx small end of tail if you are mounting the tatl to stone wood, or glass. Do not use the I/4inch rod is using a metal base. Instead, weld the tait directly to the metal base STE 41 remove the discoloration 2-4 - Using the inch ang » grinder, from the heating and bending process.Chapter @& SOMETHING FISHY PROJECT 3: FISH LAM Accessorize your home, cabin, or office with a fishy flair! This next project is simple and plain, yet unique. and it is rapidly becoming popular with interior designers When you have completed the assembly f your project, take 10 to an electrician oF mp shop to be wired for electrical service Supply List OPTI TUTTE long 3 solid steel balls 1” in diameter piece of 16 gauge cart 1a" x 18) abing 1 1/2” long 5 pieces of carbon ste¢ Equipment Needed. 2 speed square 4 soapstonk vise grip pliers oggles 1 spark lighteChapter @& SOMETHING FISHY Patterns 419 STEP 3-1 - On both fish, lap the copper fins over the fish body by 1/8 inch, then clamp them securely using the vice. grip pliers. Braze the copper to the steel by using the axyfuetChapter 4 SOMETHING FISHY STEP 3-2 fins to the body of the fish remove any flax residue and After brazing the allow tbe pieces to cool. Using your bands, bend the bodies of the fish to give then a slight STEP 3-3 - Weld the Linch diameter balls to the outside edge of the 9-ineh circle 120 degrees in relation t each other STEP 3-4 - Weld the 1/8inch Linch x 7 inch carbon steel flat bar to the tuo pieces of 1/2-inch twisted bar Use the speed square to assure that the three pieces are placed 90 degrees in relation to each other—————rrrr- ro Chapter @& SOMETHING FISHY STEP 3-5 - On the inch circle, center and weld the bars tot wiste pe sides posite the Linch steel balls 3-6 - Using the plasma arc cutting machine, cut a bole large enough for the 3/8-inch yo to fit ino the center of the 1/8-tnch x 7-ineh flat bar nd braze it into place. The nipple should be at a 90 degree ingle to the 1/8-ineb flat bar This is what the light bulb STEP 3-7 - Align the yotlong, L/2incb diameter square mbing with (he s/inch nipple, and tack weld it to the inch circle an L/Sinch flat bar Make sure the tubing is square with both and the the inch circleSOMETHING STEP 3-8 - Ceniering the jish bar, weld them from the back side. There ts no 2 the twisted right or wrong place to position the fish; use your own creativity STEP 3-9 - Using an axyfuel welding tp and a slightly oxidized flame, cut the brass sheet into several S.inch to 12 and long), and bri inch aquatic leaves (narrow them together on one end.Chapter @ SOMETHING FISHY t STEP 3-10 - Slice euch piece of I/rinch copper 1/8ineb diameter ro« inches from weld the tubing to the rod. se will be used as cattails mn conjunction with the russ aquatic leaves STEP 3-11 - braze weld the tow in braze the whole mbly to the 1/2-ineb tubing at the point it joins the 9-inch circle* Chapter SOMETHING FISHY | PROJECT 4: A FISH BIRD FEEDER? Dress up your yard with this next project. One look and you ean sec that the design iy somewhat different from the nc re clean and refreshing, One look and you will discover that you ¢-You will also discover that this iy it to your own ta Now take a look at how to build a fish bird feeder Supply List Equipment 1/4" x 12" x 12" Needed carbon steel plate an oxyfuel arbon steel cutting torch sheet 1/16" thick 1 pair of satiet 1 picee of 3/8” stect giatecs 4 spark lighte 4 soapston a. GMA welding machine a plasma are cutting machine Patternslie, il Chapter SOMETHING FISHY STEP 4-1 - Overlap the fish vith the man and weld from the pack sicle. Weld the man’s hand. leaf to the STEP 4-2 - Weld tho 3/8-imch round rod to the back side of th fish's body When you have completed the fish bird feeder, paint it, place in your yard, and wait for the birds.2. saad CHAPTERChapter S CRITTERS ¥ PROJECT 1: THE LITTLE DONKEY This is an easy project and fun to make Supply List 10” long & pieces of 3/4" concrete reinforcing rod 2 feet Jong, 5 small horseshoes 2-1” ball bearings 1 piece 1/4 1" 6" steel bar 1 10” long I piece 1/8” stee sheet 12” wide x 1 piece 3/8” concrete reinforeing rod 9" long Patterns Equipment Needed 4 pair of safety glasses a pair of cutting goggles a pair of pliers 4 torpedo leve A spark lighte 4 pair of leather gloves 1 GMA welding machine a 41/2" angle grinder a plasma areChapter 3S STEP 1-1 - Using the uxyfuel torch, heat a 2inch space in the center of each of the 3 remjorcing rods and bend approximatel 30 degrees STEP 1-2 - Weld one of the 3/4-1nch reinjorctng rods to the front of the 3/8ineh carbon steel and affix the otber end of the rod to the 1/8inch [2-inch x 18-inch steel sheet Use the trpeda level to assure that the 3/8-inch plate is plumb and level.Chapter % ERITTERS STEP 1-3 - Weld one of the otber 3/4-inch reinforcing rods directly opposite the first ‘one Notice that the bend of the knee ts opposite the first ley, Check once more to nake sure the 3/8incb plate is plumb ind level. STEP 1-4 - Weld the remaining pinch reinforcing rods 40 the 3/8-inch plute, beChapter 3% E€RITTERS STEP 1-5 - Bend the piece of 41nep x Ae x CINCH steel bar in the cent grees, and weld tt to the 3/S:inch plate STEP 1-6 - We Linch & 61 rhe head to the 1/4inehCRITTERS STEP 1-7 - Wold each of the ears to the beud and bend them slightly forward. STEP 1-8 - Weld the 1-inch balls to ihe bead for eyeballs and use one of the horseshoes jor eyebrows, jor eyebronChapler S CRITTERS STEP 1-9 - On the opposite end prom the bead of the 3/8:inch plate, weld the Pinch piece of 3/8-Inch reinforcing rod and bend it slightly to form a tail STEP 1-10 - Weld the | remaining four horseshoes to the bottom of the 3/+inch reinforcing rod.5S CRITTERS Chapter PROJECT 2: LARGE COPPER WINGED DRAGONFLY ne dragontly is fast and. round the and makes If you place the copper winged dragonfly outside, the wings will turn green in time Supply List Equipment : Needed 4 pieces of 1/2 copper tubing an anvil 6” long sami Det ice a welding hood cutting toreh 1 pair of cutting sparklighter IMA welding plasma arc cutting machine Pattern ——— rsthe dragon Chapter 3% CRITTERS STEP 2-1 - Harmer each of tbe 6-inch pieces of copper tubing flat using the anvil and bammer Round one end of the flattened copper ibe with the plasma are cutting machine / STEP 2-2 - Braze weld the four fattened pieces to the body 0) the ah only to form wing STEP 2-3 - Weld the 36-inch tong bottom side ofChapter S CRITTERS PROJECT 3: SMALL COPPER WINGED DRAGONFLY Stop! Alto! Halt! Throwing away those old burnt up, GMAW contact tips? Finally, there is « use for them. this next project is even easier to make than the lange copper winged dragonfly; it looks great in multiplicity, and it, to0, makes a great gifi Supply List £ old burnt up GMAW contact tips (hammered flat) 1 horseshoe nail or flat flooring nail 1 1/8" x 36” steel rod Equipment Needed an anvil 4 hammer an oxyfuel welding equipment 4 pair of cutting gy a sparklighte a pair of pliers a pair of safety glassesy Chapter 3S ERITTERS STEP 53-1 - Place the four - flattened contact tips on thx horseshoe nail and braze weld. STEP 3-2 - Weld the 1/8-inch 36-4! steel rod to the bottom of the dragonfly The dragonflies can be placed outdoors and the copper wings will eventually turnChapter S CRITTERS t PROJECT 4: LEAPING FROG As long as you have a clean tip and a steady hand, this next project will be a cinch. Supply List Equipment je” Needed 2 3/8" flat washers 1 5/8" diameter steel anv anvil rod 36” long 4 hammer 1 piece of 1 1 pair of pliers copper tubin 1 pair of leather gloves 8 inches long 1 piece of 1/4” thick , J Finder oO" wide x 14" long 8 welding hood GTA welding 4.1/8" x 36" silicon bronze filler Patterncb apter & CRITTERS EP 4-1 - Using the GTA silicon bronze filler, place spot welds over the entire surface of on machine and th idle of the STEP 4.2 - lick weld the two 3/8-inch flat washers onto the fr bead for eye STEP 4-3 - Flatten out the 1/4inch copper tubing on the anvil and weld it on the frog's bead fiChaple STEP 4-4 until it is tongue ¢ tb STEP 4-5 Sinch to the she oxyfuel equipment , S CRITTERS Heat the tongue red hot. Using the rab the end of the nd curl it towards We head of the frog. Weld the tom of the frog.ij Chapter S CRITTERS PROJECT 5: LOUNGING FROG This is another easy and fun project. The lounging frog design is somewhat different, because it has clean, crisp lines, Supply List 1/2" thick steel plate ball bearing approximate size 1/4” diameter Pattern Equipment Needed i GTA welding machine an oxyfuel 1 pair of cutting, gles 1/8" 36" silicon bron: filler metal a pair of safety \djustable wrenctChapter & TEP 5-1 - Place the jr body into the jaws of the vise. Use the oxyfuel torch to beat until it becomes red but place ihe adjustable wrench on the end of the leg and bend until von have bent it 90 degrees in relation to the body STEP $-2 - Ke: in the jaws of the vise and just the frog heat both front legs until they become red hot, Bend the lees rees in relation to the bod STEP 5-3 - Recdjust he fir the vise and beat the leg, but be os in relation t the bodyChapter S&S CRITTERS STEP 5-4 - Using tho GUA welding machine, weld the two 1/+-inch bail bearings on the head for eyes STEP 5-5 - Using the GTA welding machine an silicon bronze filler, place spot welds over ibe entire top surface of the frogS CRITTERS Chapter PROJECT 6: A BIRDBRAIN PROJECT dimension to the word *birdbrain” Build several of these and integrate them throughout the garden. All of the Components to this project can be purchased from metal architectural suppliers. (See the sources at the back of the book for a list of companies that sell this type of product.) Supply List Equipment 1 forged steel baske Needed approximate size 4 GTA welding 21/2" wide x machine me 4 welding hood T steel ball 1” in 1 pair of leather diameter 1 hors 11/4” rod 36" long STEP 6-4 - Using th hold the steet ball, ‘cone end of the foChapter 3% CRITTERS STEP 6-2 - Using the pliers 10 & hold each of the wings, weld them to the forged steel baske STEP 63 - Using the pl role the Borsesboe nail, t to the steel ball. STEP 6-4 - Place the 1/4-inch steel rod to the bottom of the bird's body and weld it te Wd it| 5 7 Chapter CRITTERS There are projects in this book that must be taken seriously,and then there | | PROJECT 7: RUSTY, THE METAL COW are those whimsical projects that make yo uggle, Rusty, the metal cow, is ne of those. Use the body of Project 1 in this chapter Supply List 1 piece of 3/8" steel plate 8” wide x 10” long 4 pieces of 3/4” concrete reinforcing cod 1” tong 1 piece of 1/4” steel 15” wide ¥ 15” long Equipment Needed 4 soapstone a pair of safety glasses GMA welding machine a welding hood an oxyfuel cutting torck 1 pair of cutting goggles a torpedo level 14 1/2" angle grinder 1 sparklighter 1 pair of leather gloves,Chapter % E€RITTERS Patterns Z\ = ee ee¥ CHAPTER -FIONVIChapter 6 CANDLEHOLDERS PROJECT 1: TOWERING CANDELABRA You will probably want 10 make several of these ‘They look great in a cluster, particularly when you vary their heights Supply List Equipment Needed piece of 1/2” square tubing 40 4 GMA welding 1 4 cirele 1/4" thiek machine 3 Scrolly 1/4” thick x a welding hood 2 Scrolls 1/8" thick x lass ” wide 4" long, a pair of leather 1 5” bobeche (the round gloves circle that a candle updiref pliers A tape measure nail 1” long STEP 1-1 - Weld the 7inch fong scrolls to the 4-inch rele 120 degrees from each otherbapter 6 CANDLEHOLDERS STEP 1-2 - Weld the wavy 1/2-incb ubing to the center of STEP 1-3 - Weld the two 4-neh serulls diagonally to each otber and form each approximately 6 inchs ther The first scroll should De below the top of the 1/2-4tnch tubing STEP 1-4 - Weld the 5-inch bobech ih the Linch nail in the center to the top of the 1/2inch tubingChapler 6 CANDLEHOLDERS PROJECT 2: ELEVATED CANDLEHOLDER There is something different about the glow from uu clevated candleholder, Could it be the use of geometrical shapes?'The seale or proportion? Or the simple, yet, direc lines of the item? Sometimes it could just be the Felis an object that draws your attention Supply List Equipment 2 pieces of 3/8” rad Needed long GMA welding 5 pieces of 3/8” rod machine 31/2" lon welding hoo 2 pieces of 3/8” rod pair of safety 28” long alasse 2 pieces of 3/8” rod pair of leathe 8” long gloves 2 pieces of 3/8” rod tape measure 3 9/16" lon pair of pliers plece of 16 gauge carbon steel 9” squetre f 4 pieces of 1 1/2” pipe Vong 45/8" washers STEP 2-1 - Weld together ihe ttvo 20-tncb pieces and five 3 1/2-inch pleces of th ¥/8:inch hax Make sure alt piece are uniformly spaced and square to each other6 CANDLEHOLDERS Chapter STEP 2-2 - Using the 110 pieces and ibe two Sinch pieces, form u rectangle and wold the corners together STEP 2-3 - Place the small rectangle in the center of the larger rectangle and connect them with the two pieces of tnve 9/ 16-inch long bars. STEP 2-4 - Center the weldiment to the Pinch square and weld., Chapter 6 CANDLEHOLDERS STEP 2-5 - Weld each 5/8incb washer to the bottom of each piece of 1 1/2inch pipe STEP 2-6 - Center and weld cach 1 1/2inch pipe to each 3 1/2-inch piece of 3/8-inch barChapter 6 CANDLEHOLDERS PROJECT 3: A CANDLEHOLDER SOMEWHERE BETWEEN THE ORDINARY AND THE EXTRAGRDINARY Supply List 1 20" circle made from 1” square tubing 2 pieces of 1/8" * 1 > pieces of 1/8" 1" x 16" carbon steel pieces of 1/8” 1x3 1/16 decorative casting approximately 5” in diameter 1 serail 9” long 1 scroll 5” long 1 5” bobeche 1/16" thick STEP nd 5-inch scroll to thi ch circle at tbe 12 o'clock and 6 0 clock positions, $-L- Wold the 5-inch Equipment Needed 1 GMA weldin, welding hoo 1 pair of safety a pair of leathe gloves tape measul| Chapter 6 CANDLEHOLDERS STEP 3-2 - Weld both 12-inch and 16-inch pieces of 1/8inch arbon steel into place Randomly place the wo 3 1/1O-inch pieces. STEP 3-4 - Weld the 9-inch scroll and the 5-inch bobeche onto the center of the bottom of the circleChapter 6 CANDLEHOLDERS PROJECT 4: PUMPKIN CANDLEHOLDER (his project is fresh, whimsical, and fun 10 make It is a great project for the fall of the year Supply List Equipment 81/4 horseshoes Needed 1 piece of 1/8” rod GMA welding 1 toot tong 1 piece of 3° x 3” a welding hood sheet ate 1 pair of safety 1.4” bobeche glasses 1 pair of leather STEP 4-1 - Weld two of the horseshoes together facing et STEP 4-2 - Weld two more horseshoes at 90 degree angles to the first two borsesboesbapler CANDLEHOLDERS STEP 4-3 - Place the +inch bobeche in the center of the four horseshoes and weld in place STEP 4-4 - Weld the remaining four horseshoes 45 degrees from each of the previous horseshoes STEP 4-5 - Weld the quarter horseshoe to the top center of the pumpkin, STEP 4-6 - Coil the 1/8inch rod around a piece of Linch Pipe to make a coll. Weld the coil, along with the two leaves that you have fabricated form the $-inch x 3-inch sheet steel t0 the top of the purmpleinNN Chapter PROJECT 5: MUSIC STAND CANDELABRA This project will serve as a stunning focal point in Supply List Equipment 5 pieces of 1/2” square Needed tubing 16" long GMA welding 2. pieces of 1/2” square machine tubing 22” long welding hood 9.4” bobeches 1 pair of safety 1 9 seroll aa 2 6” scrolls a tape measure I piece of 1/2” twisted bar 2 a torpedo level 1 6" circle 1/4" thick STEP 5-1 - Using the five 16-inch pieces and two 22-Inch pieces of 1/24nch tubing, arrange and weld them into ahapter CANDLEHOLDERS STEP 5-2 - Wold the d-incb scrolis into lace at the top and bottom of the large STEP 5. L/Binch x 3/+inch x 20incb = Row the pioce of carbon steel, and weld it to the center of the back side of the large rectangle. | |Chapter STEP 5-5 - \vld twisted bar to the cent CANDLEHOLDERS pe 24-inch ton of the Ginch circle base STEP 5-6 - Attach 0 plece 45 degrees to the welding the bar to the bow on the back side he rectangular twisted bar by if the rectangle