TRANSPORT and ROAD RESEARCH LABORATORY ‘The British soil classification system for engineering purposes: its development and relation to other comparable systems by M. J. Dumbleton‘TRANSPORT and ROAD RESEARCH LABORATORY Deparment ofthe Environmant ‘Deparoment of Tranport ‘TAAL LABORATORY REPORT 1030 ‘THE BRITISH SOIL CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM FOR ENGINEERING PURPOSES: TTS DEVELOPMENT AND RELATION TO OTHER COMPARABLE SYSTEMS by 1 Dumblaton ‘Any views exproied in hit Report are not nectaariy thon of the Department of the Envonment or ofthe Department of TranmereCONTENTS Abst Inodston ‘The clasieaton of wl 21 Gane 22 Parte ages 25, Thess groups ofthe Bah Sl Casiieaton System 24 Fie 2A Site and clays 242. Gravelly and sandy sits and ays 25. Coane st 251 Grovele and ands 2152 Fineconte of ave and sands 253 Type of rating of aves and ands 2154 Pascoe components of gare ad sands 226 Maal comaining boae snd ote st pares 2.61 Very coane materi 2.62 Mixtures of very couse mates 27° Orgs Developmen fhe Bish Soi Casienton Sten or Engines apa, BSCS BL Anecotes 22 Theses: 23 aly fom of the BSCS Developmen ofthe Arian Uni Sl Casson Sytem, USCS, ad tsoted tee 41 tase ofthe SCSi Compan ofthe BSCS with their BS stem and wh compan ens leven other counties $1 Genet 2 Comparsom of pai sue angers and sees of es 53. Companion of typeaf ding and sees lity 532 Fie saie 533. Orpiesas Conctvions ‘Aetoowledgments eens @cROMY CaPYRIGHT 1981 Banc fom he text may Be reproduce, except for commer pupae provided the ure aknowieged 10 0 10“THE BRITISH SOIL CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM FOR ENGINEERING PURPOSES: TS DEVELOPMENT AND RELATION TO OTHER COMPARABLE SYSTEMS ABSTRACT ‘Tes Repost eis the Bish Sol Csation Stn for Engen ‘pone BSCS whch hasbeen inode in he new Batch Stan (Cade Practice or Ste veins, BS 5930: 981. Aa account tian of th development the BSCS om th revs Btsh este of {6 2001, the reasons fo changes are expand. nl compaizon made ‘eh sina systema ne Ameria, France, Geran, Sreand ed Japan, New feature ofthe ym are at emetic, group ate ‘uty ded ection of te pading of car mates prove, fal description posible of cane mis containing a specie ‘Proportion of fast of ie sa conacing an specie proportion {tga rsa, he cleat of fie sas entered to prone fr ‘nate of ey hgh and extremely hgh psy, the presen of ‘anc mater canbe need nay type of land rte contig Souder ond cobs can be case ‘he Report pets char and padig ranges uke aiying the clan of te fer destin of paves an tne cpio of mate contig Boulders en cole, 1. uwrRooucrion Ii wey conser that sound desrtion ofthe mate ecoutered on fhe ist eaueneas fate esi, sd mor important for mary purposes than mich sa esting, fl sl epton ‘telus information os he ein ters Ma charctetis (egutes undisturbed samples exports obo) = being = deotinutin =i vets orcompacines and indication of ore condition Mate hacer (an be dsb fom dura mate) = colar pice shape and comporton = fennel on grading epic (a = seillaiinton: so poup symbol. eg CS. rain cat Sandy CLAY) ecigfomation, age ad type of ode of formationCnidace on dering hee charters ein Seton Hight ofthe ese Beh tard Code of rc for St avenigions, BS 5930 1981) and summased in its Tale 6 ‘This Report da mith the tem Soil Cait in the shove at. Clase $2 af the rnsed Code Jowodues he Bh Sal aston System for Engneing Purpose (BSCS), wich content th he eied method of zaning so given inthe Code. This Report ges an eeount the Aerlopeat of th BSC, eviews the pills on which is ued andreacesit ro compunble tert 2. THE CLASSIFICATION OF SOILS 21 General The defi et for he ann nd elasietion of sls that afte Code of Pate, whee naming nd lain ae Sexe seperately. he Seto hey wb eviewe top, [peste empties cation andthe wo al prop symbol. Table 1, Flue! andthe ane Qagrans of igues 2,34 summare te BSCS stem and aan eget id for most proses “The char in Fuse wey of playing the syste, and ise the ets ein thf erator procedure ‘Theol nme ud nthe Cade are ae om the dig ofthe cous tel adie sty of the ner terial present. These carci are wed Renae ty canbe sued edi with reuonable precon, and etinaed with eeffsien acu or despllon pope. Thy #3 Eee Indicates of the probable eginerng proper othe dsb melt ny parila ion of Soy and mitre conten. The Code ay down defi eas the ems we in he amigo oi tig te its fpr and el conpoon an pty to wich hy pe “Teasing the Beith Sol Cation Sytem eps these tr at tnd platity character. ladon to dine ance ech 2 pou inthe ation sy ao be represented bya sol poupsymbc comping on or mare eine te. Sol grup ‘pmo aril for the conc rapesn ston cf sl chan ables, on sections, 03 ape oreo gst the fll mame rad ay Be ined ia the company aoratary and mpi proce for ing anda hing a ae pen aCe 3 ofthe Cate snd summarized ints Table 6, Inthe rd Bal procedure th sue of parts, ha ete proportions ‘td the i plac ares approimaty withthe i of wa nepal, manipula imple tet for cohesion, ply, toupazsand dsancy. Opto should chek thi els ist the fl Iabortory pred fom nie oeesue the tei jugenect sound. Exact eenent aan beenpetd 22 Perce size ranges ‘Tesi range a thn of BS 13772, wh the aon of boulder. The ems our and cables, se ed are wahout any inpeaton of particle sap:Very cou parties Tener oer 200m cabblews’ 200-60 mm retue 0-2 (Smo 2m BS test sew) Sandse 2-006 rm 4963 pm BS tet seve) Foe prices ‘ataze 006-0002 mm fleysice under 0002 mt 23 Thal woups of the British Soll Ctsifcation System ‘Sa clesifieation cad ot on materia nominal fer than 60 mm (le ysrg he 63 mn sv ery coae materi contig of boule nd cobb, pete out mds proportion of the ‘hole enim an acorde (re Seton 26). ‘The rings pty cacti ae ded nos samber of eat ied age ch ‘of wich my be fered toby sds mame ad a epee Very cate componeets ain tems BOULDERS © constes ows components ain tem craven Ss SAND eatiingteme Wo Mele Pt pated ay be ieee to Poy Pe Unc FL Gapped FINE SOILS, FINES = mayb ieee ito M oC: Mo SILT oeM-SOIL feted pati ane pots belo the Ae) c cur = fy ple (lt abv the Ae) ottow platy ofttenedate plticty thigh platy tery ih lacy ‘ot entemey high platciy of pper ply age corpatig ops. Vand E ating terms:rpc componens ine erm m rear esiyingtxm: ——Onanie “may be tice oy ote po4p Tle shows how the sl poup are omed frm combination ofthe ange of care, and ‘es the ames ofthe sloop andthe symbas that maybe wed. ees thn. Table | sbased ot ‘Tile 8 ofthe Code, bot the cvion of Fi Soe wot 6S percent fies cored yee ‘he double hata at ack at the eed cola fom thet.) The eter dente doit see fate spaced Gist inthe op symbole Sandy CLAY CS, Very cyey SAND SC, Cay SAND ‘SCC auh C). Theva pop symbol sence ia racket boner methods hae ast ees ed for senieation. eg (SC) Cision may be cared ou 1 le or tr dee of bi sccording to roqinemens Wie he eld or psd method ced, oly the ala ol poupsated be deed The system may ae exended wo foo tbeacomgaryig ext mules ewe meaning ofthe eas and symbol wed ~s for example Section 241 Very couse mae ‘Tele of he ty of be fein the amiga casiition of ode ats by the Patty Chat Fg | (ed o ig 31 ofthe Code), and hat ofthe cure aed eyes factors bythe Grading Tangs, Figues 2104. 24 Fis sole These contain over35 per ent but one Ne of repack and cy in, tent 10 6S percent (aout wor) of nase prices, of yal aed sud st ee abe and Figure 2 2A. Sits and ley. Thee have 0-35 pr cent of one panics, of gal and sand ss. They ae Aesebed Ss or Cy acne othe poston ia whch he gid sl and patty de, whch se measured onthe fnction of ci pasing the 425 on sev, pot on the asic Chart (Fue 1. Ts rotten need te pon wel plo one at ae bee ced by Dumeon and We? CLAY Cis mata ptings eh Anand aly pee ia eton 1s guilt, SILT ot M-SOIL Mis mae loting below the Ape, and has ested ast rage eatin ‘os gud tat and ete tw coin. Fine sa of hype ine a stad mata ‘eek loo, micaceo and dtomacour ols price dln sand scooting lyse ‘The ateate term M-SOML sone cofuion wth mater of predialysis wich ors cay ato he oun npn sos Sactos 27) sh enya low the An onthe lacy a, when ty ste dented Ora SILT MO. “The esination FINE SFL oF FINES Fm be wedi plc SILT M or CLAY C wine posible or ot equed to sigs betwen then, The Racy Curt (Fg 1) som how feo andthe ie ato fen ecm be lied ond othe abe fhe gl i, ha ‘ow platy Lng under 3 per cent ftwenmedae pacity 1 qui ini 35-50 er ant thik pleiy Lui tt 30-70 percent of ey lay Vi ii 70-90 per ent ffestoney gh pty € id it ver 90 pee cent et CLAY often patty CL 242 Grawity and sandy sts and clays, Tes hae 35-65 percent of couse aie, of ge ‘orsnd uae ee Table | and Fg 2 They ar deed x gel orsandy acorn to wih nore ‘peel or moe snd partes ate eet, og Sandy CLAY CS. Arh itr and Cys, thee action tay be gelled aeorng to the vase fhe id to Sandy CLAY o intermediate pasty CS 25 Coarse sole “Tae conta vader 38 yr cn (aout one thi of epi, and cay sn, aed here ovr 65 po cet (abot twos) of couse pasties of ae and sad se see Table and Figure 2.5.1. Gravlt and sends, GRAVEL G conta move mati of rae than of and ae. SANDS ‘contain more materi of ‘ropeton of snd ga ed ‘Sigiy sy GRAVEL Very say GRAVEL, CORAVELISAND | ‘ary gavel SAND Gray SAND ‘Stghy wavey SAND of ya size. Gres ad Suns ny be ued acorn te meal in the so ee Fg) opto percantand 5-20 prcet and ec 20 percent and out eq proportions 2 20 per cet vel upto 5 peccent gal 252 Fines content of gravatand snd. Gris and Suns may ao be uid according 0 ‘he amoent of Fine teal pee ad Figure 2) Sight sty GRAVEL, Sty ajey GRAVEL Sty GRAVEL (Cayey GRAVEL Very sty GRAVEL ‘Very dayey GRAVEL nin thes at follow or Crave and sy for Sand ee TE © aptoS percent sit G upto percent cay GM SUS perceat tt GC S15 prety GM 15-35percetalt GC 15-35 percemay 25.3 Type of arcing of pravals snd sands. For Graves and Sands wth p10 15 percent oie ‘he typo rein maybe snide ftows WelbpadeaW witha nie ane of ran as pet and wel debuted, Wel graded GRAVELGW, Wel graded yey GRAVEL GHC rosy graded P— not well graded, 5 Poty ade SANDSP, Poorly ged clayey GRAVEL GPCrly de sols mith up oS pr cnt fies may be fhe ded tos Uniorm Pa se of most partes tes betwen nao is, 2 Unior SAND SP Gaparaded Fe ~ sa intermediate sie of atic ark underseprseted, 3 Gapgraded GRAVELGF, ‘Swe ping curves sre given in Figs 32 ofthe Coe. 25.4 Platicity of fine componsnts of preva and sands. Fox Very sity or Very ayey paves Sand andthe platy of he ne fation maybe ned se the sale Genin Section 24.1 (ee gue 1.eg Very clayey GRAVEL (ely of hh pasty) GCH. 2.8. Materials containing boulder and cobble sz particles 26.1 Very coarse mstrial. Table apt oso mater, of gavel an, andy ses teal coining ery couse mater of buler ani coble ses, can sal be adequtelydesred sly mexnratonsor exposes! The ver eoane mite muse removed eft the easieation of ‘heer mati, ands characte and poprtnsreoted. maybe described 2 follow [BOULDERS or BOULDER GRAVELS B have more boulder tan cbt sed mat ~ they maybe geied Coby BOULDERS BCH ‘COBBLES or COBBLE GRAVELS Cy have ore cobble han boule ed mater ~ they my be galled Bouery COBBLES Co “To symbol BC and COB are nt een inthe Code 2.8.2. Mixtures of very coarse metaril end sol, Méxure of ery case ers (er ‘tern the word the Coe) maybe deserted as ows wht the ery coae mae is boulder, dimly for cobs ee Fgue 4: SHOULDERS with ite a upto percent sal BOULDERS with some ot 520 per cet zd ‘BOULDERS wih mich al 20-0 percet it SOM ith many boulders 50-20 percent bolder: SOIL wth ome boulders 20-5 per cet boule SOIL ith eeaonlboaldns po percent boule “Toe ume of theo shold be en in ale Sandy GRAVEL with casa bods St, itcan be added in brats tote desipsion whe tite mioo componente COBBLES wth some so ery ty SAND) OSM. The psig sed 0 frm symbols for mires of i with bolder or ‘ite ted patie th elite proportion ofthe ery couse ad piesa notated eyond the mor component bung pled st27 Organic sit ‘Any soup may be qualia organi foram mater ie igen! cower which asthe leer Oi ined tothe aroun embol eg Onpc CLAY o igh patciy CHO, Oru Sandy CLAY of hgh patty CHSO. The mow important roup of exc sols tht ploting below the Ace, (Orpnie SILT MO, sd incutiag mest Molo high iid ian bo. 3, DEVELOPMENT OF THE GRITISH SOIL CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM FOR ENGINEERING PURPOSES, BSCS 3.1 Antecdenrs “The BSCS ea Caapande types. The sof hse ms developed by A Caapnde for ry couse of constriction std tentatly opted in 1982 the Casagrande Casiication for Ae of the Corp of Egon, US Army. Iwas pubis in Bae Sis, Concrete and Buea (DSIR}? tnd aspen ecied the stn in his paper o 19477 Gee Table 2, Clam 3). {In rao the Ci Engineering Code of Pactie No.1 (1950) Ste Investopedia 19808, contained Soil Chsication for Road aé Ail bsed on Cena’ syste anceps Sages intermediate age of i pty, Two coments easing pags 79 and ofthe 1950 Code ‘er incorporatedin th eed Coe, BS Code of Pate CP 2001 (957) (ee Table 2, Coun 2). The ‘prem wes described in more tan Sol Mecha for Roe Eee (1952)!© whee i reteed to he Extended Cane Si nieation 22 TheBscs Propo fora evsion of thw distn sytem of CP 2001 (1957), be ksown athe ish Soi Casiction Sytem fo Enger Purposes (BSCS), wer put foray the Transport and Road Research Latoatry (LR 12) ia 1968, The propos were dcsed snd maid by the commie tat wa reve the Code of Practice ania the couse of 8 wok at lfomalDiscttion vat ‘ld atthe lnituton of Cid Enger i 1973, fr wich a ext was struts! and plied! and the dcusion was ported, The comments eve were aken in secount bythe Comte in prepa ite raft. A Dat for Pe Cent f the Standard Code of acti for Sit ness, Teduig the vied daft ofthe ei So Csiicaton Syste, assed by the Batis Sundar testttn a 1976", The form ofthe cation in heal ered Code, publibed BS 5930 19811 vy Sentieal(Table 2, Con) 3 Early formsof the BSCS Bee the pretimiay publeations of 19681, 19731 and 197618 mentioned inte ast seston easy for ofthe BSCS hve Den reproduced eeu and shoul not be mistaken fo the fal ‘enon of BS 590: 198 ‘The fom of he BSCS inthe 1968 paper (LR 182)!" formed the bas ofa RRL. eae (1970), {note inthe LARC Word Congres prt of 197117, Dunbon'sdscuson (1972)!® of Ustia {nd Nonogahs paper on il clasifaton!, and he dserpton of ity and pai ie in The Preparation of mapa plans in ems of ening poly’ (CeslopeSoity, 1972"). Soar ot 1NCI971)" developed compute program for he oie aay of Catto chy sais onthe{18 182(1968 form the BSCS. AL (197772 repedazed Table 6, So Casein: Full Laboratory Procedure for Cone Si. “Te 1975 Informa Dacasion paper! was by Bel? sth i for his section on ail lasifition (pp 1=7), ate eroded Tales and Paris Tables 12 and 2s spc, tUtiough he qoted he 1976 Dat as efrence ste Boundaries betwen the main poop of case Sie soit mee van, 2, 50470 percent sin lice of he S15, 3 and 6 percent ofthe ‘aa veron ‘Toe BSCS able ofthe 1976 Draft! wa produced by Lawence2425, an isthe al of Tele abe iin Standard Cod of Pactie for Eros, BS 631; 198126, Wisin ina amanged faum by Hata Jan? and Sant a8, Lawrence so pve ging al, consent wth the igen nor pp bt withthe erent a lc 6 percent ihe 4, DEVELOPMENT OF THE AMERICAN UNIFIED SOIL CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM, ‘USCS, AND RELATED SYSTEMS. ‘Te America syst tnowe a the Unie Soll hseaton Sten (USCS). developed i Carnie’ sytem of 1947 Ge Seton 3.1) war prepared by the Waterways Experimental Staton, Viksburg in Colstoration wth the Bure of Relation, and pabshed in 19532 (ered 19609), suse es seedy a7. Themen pied in ye AT the Stndard Test Method for sats of So er (ae Table 2, Colm). Soren oud on he USCS le ar oh Gran ad Souda ones nd tf the Pench Laboratoire de Ponte t Chavafer®, Some of he canter ae i Table 4 us", Yode” aA tam? compared the USCS mth he ther sytem mot coment wed inthe USA toe ofthe Ame Astin of Sate Hipwny Offeis(AASHO) do's Fee [Aran Anan (FAA); en als lay wp of he Bue sens wee [Us condded tha th USCS was o be pefeed asa gener system fo elsiiatn, and Yoder recommended is adoption bythe FAA aks work on iti comtrastion. Asi comidred that it ‘hs the most widely wed, opal comprehensive and ey app tem, with smgle gal sybol, {nd tht the Aline mathe bes ctr 0 eprte y fom it, bat be cated oe onsen snd nk of legate delton of some ofthe groups. ‘41 tnttuonc ofthe BSCS. Basing tr ideas the propon fos BSCS made in LR 182!", Musa has made ecommend. so fr improvement and euon fhe Aes USCS and Ua et Noel? mae ‘ecommendtions that eae te aoption ofthe Sparse USCS". Tee twos at outlined in Tables 3 ad and dacased in Seton 55, COMPARISON OF THE BSCS WITH THE EARLIER BRITISH SYSTEM AND WITH ‘COMPARABLE SYSTEMS IN USE IN OTHER COUNTRIES 5.1 Gamers ‘Te seton duces the norte ofthe BSCS of 1961! an eles ito he exer Bah ter (€2 2001 1957) and io ote yes devel tha of Canad (Table 2-4), Table relates The mala system of C2001 hich he new BSCS yen Table 2, Corn ie om the enter Bish 1957) (Colum 2) flows the pace nd ecommende sive sits a expressed ia metic econ ith BS 15771978. = hei group ad thir Rounds ae fy defined, and ambi are oved he alate ‘rs only emus sid mary of the bounds wee uedeiel or gu). ~ te docipon ofthe ping of conse mater improved se agate ate emored ep GN, on.cR). ~ tere lection of oases contig en apptcepopstin of Gas 4 CF, (GF and offi soils contiig an appreciate proportion of gre or d(x. FC, FS). =the ciestion ofr aad ner extended oo formar of ey hgh and ‘exenely ih plasty (en CV, CE =the pence of onic miter canbe dated nay ye of = thee provision for cltyng depot conning ry course mateo boulder sd cobble (65 BO, COSC). 152 Comparlon of particle size range Hits end sate of fines “Thetis of ow of the systems ding patie a 8 the MIT pte, wh 60 man -2-n 0 ye and 2mm un or san (Tale 2) Ia pice the ents salable sie ei eel ed ‘he Aperin,Japaee abd CP 2001 (1957) 74m 0 76m. Te ated boundary 2 > 2k orl per except he USCS (AST 1969) which es 4.75 pm, The nfs Doundey neg “The sale of es Table 4's ded iat ve rargsin Caan din CP 2001 (1987 Gn stich they aot quately defined) and it oui he ter tems witha hi the BSS. The on ‘etween cotta ine is iat 50 pet etm fhe eyes, Bt a 40 pr cent the erm spre 35 percent the BSCS. "hee owe vate consent in tend wih he dines oundary, t 63 um compared with he pm to 0 yan ofthe Amar, Japanese nd French tet ‘They so follow om te consideration that on ut (I per et of nes wool eeely be eno totepi to dome the Bebavou of pproxiatl two Fars (6S per en) of couse mate ‘The cout al Grae ni snd) fe moder syema are ned ito he age of es ‘conte, The lowest at O-5 pe et fineness The next a 12 pr cent finer in the {cs (AST) and Pench and 20 per cet USCS(ASHumi) owing LR 12, ut hs at reed BSCS 0 $15 percent fom consent those tht reed in the eis of be Sper ent boundary 03S pe cesta th consten with he German, Sui ad panes nee.‘The ine sos sts and clays) ae une onthe bas of ala zn the syste wits shoe ‘ans of is (90-100 percent, ad the Geonan 40-100 percent) bute BSCS wth tslager ‘ange of nes (35-100 pe cette ower prt of th ange (35-55 percent Ones) ie ae gatly tr ndy Ges (FG, FS). ‘53 Comparison of typeof grading and sais of plticity ‘Tatle2 shows how th BSCS (Coumo 1) ated tothe ene But st of CP 2001 (957) (cola 2), the Amen USCS atm (Clune 4) ad thelr common ances the Carne system of 1947 (Clans 3). Table latest BSCS to sytem that thas nfuened: the pase USCS a he proposed rion ofthe Amercan USCS. 15.3.1 Coarse soils. OF he coane sos nly gael mlb dicate comepening nd ous eed in these way. Inthe BSCS they ae died nto thee anes of ies content (0) Sight sty or eyey pel (0-S pe cent ins). Canad had land poody aed ae {(GWand GP, and suggested eresetng wor gl by the ymbel GU. Ths was opted i {P2001 (1957) (but mot in USCS). BSCS cries the postion by allowing poo eral pave be futher divided into uiform pavel GP or p»praded gravel GP. nd this provon has been “opted th Japanese USCS and he pope ein ofthe Amen USCS (Tal) (2). Sty an yey pele CP 2001 (1957) ke Campane, had ony cae or el wath specie fies pve with exces es GF, and wel graded paelsands wih sal day component, (Ge: However, he sugested posible cepason Ge Table 2, Calum 3) indestee rang oF ‘heave and te career oftheir. BSCS and USCS Doth ve the groupe i 80 BF Sey or Cayey Gael and Very Silty o Very Clyey Grave a the BSCS pave with 5-15 pe cet ies (G-F) cn be sub-nded it sty cayey raves (CM, GC). Grading alo sisiiat in hse rope 0 they can besa -ived ino ‘el and pooty yaded nate eg GNC, GC). These materials ae epteseted inthe USCS by Soden caer uch t GW-CC and GP-GC. The BCS groups G-Fet and hi un sb- vison hve ben adoped inthe Japanese USCS and the peopstd eso ofthe Aman USCS ate. (0). Very and very ayy gel lhe BSCS coane ols wth 15-35 percent nea be vided into very sly and very lyey gre (GM, GO). The USCS a ax groups GM and GC, tomewtatifevety defined. Grading ofthe cons faction a thre mae ith mre Die ' 0 lngeso nortan, ut he plasty of the ness morespiean, so an be peed ‘the BSCS if equ (eg GCL, CCH. “Tis prosoa has ben adopted in the proposed tevin of he American USCS. Thea vied in to eng fies one nse BSCS, 65-109 per ent and (0) Sitsand cys. the BSCS he Oe sls F, having ofr aout wo-hed (6S pr cent of as, an te died ot at Mor cy C nthe pact can be nested for he ae stems Csgande 0a nt moran of pay, ow Lith qui in ethan 5 per ean high H ith ‘iui peter han 50 percent, bata pos expr fh em egg 38 intermedi rang of plasty wh gl it 35-50 pret. Ths treat ge ws ved in CP 201 (195) ad was adopted by th Geman Sten but USCS aly i the ee! ovndary ses ML-MH ad CL-CH. The BSCS a artes at he wpe ed of "gd init ale, od to alow bee desertion ofthe mote pai atra The propos eison othe Anerca stem bo develo the platy see, oping be severe ge sd adn ranges Vand bu tet 5 percent tera of Bud in or ranges HV and Ei lace of te 20 pce steal the BSCS, ao ap the pou Nn Psi) for gid ints Below 20 percent, gested in LR 1821 ut nat aopd forthe BSCS ‘Te Japanese ye dries the plasty rang a 8D percent int for kant V. (2) Grae stances. These rus ofthe BSCS sow bate deseo fg ei, containing betwee host nerd apd twos Ges (35-65 prem) aed heels etme 0 ‘hr and ner (6535 percent) of sind an pn. They ca be sub-nied ao grey t Gor purely cay CG nthe play en tended afr the ts and ys og MLC, CHD mCP 2001 (1957) sna USCS hee mater ete ed betwee he er yan ey yey vel ad the sand ly. 5.3.3 Organic sil. Inte BSCS he sytol Oi aed er he symbol for al of any aer ‘poup which contin enough agi mate talc property et MHD, CHO, SCD. To OUP. MLO, MIO nd MHO-MVO-MEO correspond tthe OL, O and Of CP 2001 (1957) 6 CONCLUSIONS. ‘The Bait Sal sation Sy for Eogincesing Pps, BSCS, descibedin the ney ese Bash Standard Code of Pcie or St Iestgatons, BS 5990: 1981 ormery CP 200) Its oesent ‘This epor shoul cay te reno forthe changes nrc by the BSCS id undentandig ‘he relatonp between he aos in sstensin wen ter cou and encourage cere ‘Tough proces evn he pubeation and ican of mia ra the BSCS ws Sopa developed rom thst f thee tian othe Cole of Patt by tounge folowing improvements = met sete aed so poupsare ly define and ambiguities ae moved ston ote pating of eae materi imrored = fer desption posible of cones conan an aperecibe proportion of ie, an of fess cotanng a apprecble proportion of gar or sand the eaten of ine so an Ones eteted oon for mae wy bigh ad exrely high plac = he pestce fora mater can eindetedin any typ ~ mated conan boulders nd cobbles an be clad. 7“Ths Rept resets chart and ad ngs uth clit casificton of ol, the falerdevipton of aver ard sds bd he dexron of mater contain boulders and cobs, “The BSCS hs ben compared with yates nwt intr oun nd ke bated onthe yen ‘Candee and Ameen cit erged rom the fs with he itl pubetn of (82001 1950, sa ete counses doping the sume bas syste ab ave hel pos Terence. Wh out pre ie age Unis ati rte clover he Gem nd Sw og om forth anne oud) ad othe Gera, Ss ad rec wig 63 ma rhe pet pave ound, whl al bt the Arenian tem (sith 475 mm) ue 20 24 on for he geld ound. Wh rep othe son of the sal of fle content into ange inthe Bish tema with morta 35 percent of it ae csi a ess, becese ofa gael exes vewthar a hth point the ies eerily bei to ply the dominant les deter the poe Inthe German te the esate 0 psc dthe ots 30 per et, Wi he oangoett loge ange of fe content of fine sas in he Bio oysem 35-10 pe cu) becomes sppopiae to sbi te anges with 35-65 pr en of es eng descrbed as rely or dy ne so, and show with ofr 6 pret of les big desea ie a ls or). “To wb-vion of oust San 15 percent Best common tall yes cy tha the -Aesian od ren sytem to 12 pe cnt in pl of 15 pe cot, ‘Sone ofthe fetus fhe BSCS have been adopted bythe Japenese USCS the propos have ‘ees mde or incorporating somo it fentues iat the Aneran USCS, ‘ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 1 oor was wien in te Site invngiton Secon under the geben econ OFM M Ray, ‘ad ofthe Tunnels and Undergund Pipe Dison rd Earthworks Secon of he States Depart, “Tile 1 and ig ae bed on Tate # and Figure 3 of BS 830 wih be person fe ith Std ntiaton 8, REFERENCES 1. BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION. BS 990: 1981, Bets Stndetd Coe of Pac for Sie rvetiatios (omecy CP2001. London, 1981 (nti Strdsé station. 2. BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION. BS 137: 1975, Matods of eng io il epleesng pups. London, 1975 (Bath Sundar nsiation. DDUMBLETON, MJ an G WEST, Some factoring the ein Between he cy inn sian the ply, Chay Minera 1960, 6), 179-93 2LAXTON, JL. Amethod forestimatin the gating of boulder and cobble rae mate ep. at. Geo Se 1980, No. Of, 31-55. \MIDDLEBROOKS, TA and GE BERTRAM. Soi tes or dein ofunmay pavements. Pro HRA 1942, 2, reproducing Engineering Maral, Chapter XX, Mach 1943, War Dputment,Ofie 0° (be he of Engines DEPARTMENT OF SCIENTIFIC AND INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH. Sci, Concte and Bituminous Mate. London, 1946 (HM Stationery Om. ‘CASAGRANDE, A Clason and entiestion fas. Pre. Amer Soe Ch Bn 1947, 73, 783-810. INSTITUTION OF CIVIL ENGINEERS. Ci enietring code of pratee No. | (1950) Ste Iestigaons Lodo, 1950 (tttution of Gl Engine. [BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION, Bh Standard Cade of Practice CP 200 (1957), ‘Ste Imeigaont London, 1957 (Bash Standard estan. DEPARTMENT OF SCIENTIFIC AND INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH. Si Mechn for Road Exper. Landon, 1952 (HM Stationery Offic) DDUMBLETON, MJ. The ciicaton and ection fa or eniceting ppt: sop ‘erion of the Bits system. Mity of Prmpor, RRL Report LR 182, Crowthoroe, 1968 (ond Rasen Laborato) ‘CODE DRAFTING COMMITTEE CVCP/! ~ SITE INVESTIGATIONS. Informal dsceive, 1 June 1973, ‘The sol asain system proposed for win the eve Coe of Practice for ‘Ste lmestigatonsIntedsed by M Dunbleton.(sitston of Ci gees) Siclaicton — new cade propa. Contraction Nem, 1973 (Api 26), 31-36. DUMBLETON, MJ (ltroducer) and 1K NIXON (Reporte. The solcsieaton system proposed for we nthe ese Code of Practice ont lesions. Informal Dacason. Proc Inte Cs Engrs Pat 2.1973 (De), 55,997-9. BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION, Draft stndarl code of practice fr ae ievertigtins (Ression of CP 2001). London, 1976 (Bash Standard lesion) ROAD RESEARCH LABORATORY. Sl eialfcton. Leal LF 208. Combotne, 1970 (oud Reseach Laborato). [PERMANENT INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF ROADS CONGRESSES, XIMUh World Cong, Page 1971. Question 1,122.1. Sail Casati, 9p 9-11 2a a n, Ey “ DUMBLETON, MJ. Sot and Foundeons 1972, 12 9), 79-82, Dan oF Usha XK Nonopl,Clasifinto of Conne Sols be or Eager rope, Solan euros 197,11). 91—18h LUESHITA, K and KNONOGAKI, Clacton f conn wild ok egieting prope, Soi an Foundation 197,11), 91-111 (GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY ENGINEERING GROUP WORKING PARTY. The pepationot mops and plans in ems of egineig ology. Q Eee Geol 1972, 5 (8), 295-32 SOANE, BD, DJ CAMPBELL and M HERKES. Computer anys for he siento of sis om thems of mecha pope. Sol Soene, 1971, 3(0), 25-92 ALHUSSAINL MM, Contos othe engneing wl elasiiaton of cael Macsianeous Pape 5-77-21. Vib 197 (US Army Enger Waterways Expert Station, Sol and Patt abort BELL. F Ged. Foundation epacnngin dic ground. Laedn, 1978 Newnes utero) LAWRANCE, C1. The sof punched cad inthe ong and reer of engneing da ia tiop. Departmen’ ofthe SmmnentDepement of Trapt, TRRL Report SR 28. Cromthome, 1977 Tanport an Road Resets Laboratory). LAWRANCE, CJ. Tein eatin n West Mya. Put 2: Land ystems of South West Malis. Deparment ofthe Emrament Deparment of Trapt, TRRL Report SR 378, * Ciontore, 1978 Transport and Road Reseach Laboratory) BRITISH STANDARDS INSTTUTION, BS 601: 198, Bite Snir Code of Pte or Exrthwors, London 981 (Bish Standard tution). HARTNUP, Rand MGJARVIS. Sisin ci emginering pact, In. MG JARVIS and DMACKNEY (ed) Sa suey appbztions, So Sumey Teohnes! Memgraph N. 13. Harpenden, 1979 (Sod Survey of Enlnd and Wale). JARVIS, MG, HAZELDEN and D MACKNEY 1979, Sol of Beatie, Sol Surey Buta No 8 Harpenden, 1979 (Sei Suey of Engh and Wales). ‘CORFS OF ENGINEERS, US ARMY. The Unie Si Casco Sytem. Techn Moorabum No. 3357, , Vexabuy, 1953 (eed 1960). (Waerys Expsentl Sse) DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE. Bitar Slandrd. Und So Csiicaton Sym or Rou ‘Alfie, Embarkets and Founiaoes. Wahoos, 1962 (Department of Defense) WAGNER, A A. The we of the Une Sol Casietn System bythe Bureau of Resenaton, ‘roc th nt. Conf SoU Mech. Found. Erg, landon, 1957, 125-34 (Baten Sete Peston),2», M, AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS. ASTM Method D2487-69 (Yor 1973): Sandan Test Method for Casieaon of Sots fo Eger Purpose. 1978 Aw Book of ASTM Standards, Pu 19, 525-9 (ASTM), [GERMAN STANDARD DIN 18196 June 1970, Eathods: Sel chsation for egerig poi and method of detication of group. (Aaah with Engl et). ASSOCIATION SUISSE DE NORMALISATION. SAV 70005 and SNV 70008 Sail clststin, Lec, 195 (Asociaon Sue de Noman) SCHON, C. Getecuealclasicton ost td onthe USCS csestion, Dull de Lene des Ponte Chases, 965, N0. 163-80 3-16 10,7 A review of engerig ol cacton ten. Highnay Raph Record No 156, Washington, 1967 Pighway Reach Board YODER. JE Review of soi csc sta sppliabe to apr pavement deg, Rape No, FAA RD25:169, Fede Aviston Adminstration, Watgon OC 1974. {IAPANESE SOCIETY OF SOIL MECHANICS AND FOUNDATION ENGINEERING, Japanese Unie Si Csieston System, JSF Desgstion MI, 1973. Reconimed IS Dengation ‘MI-1973 (9) in 1979. I So Testing Method’ pp 190-205, 197 (a Japanese. Capanse Sit of Sl Mesh and Foundation Engieesng). [BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION. BS 1377; 1967. Methods of Teng So for Ci Enger Pupotes. London 1957 (Bah Sanda msitton) 6TABLET Bat ot Clasicaton System for Eagan Parone (BSCS) eee oe cece Stn ante ton iE were VS | ome my [Oe Eocene et ieesesios | eae 393 | vercimevcnaver | ce [occu “Very lary GRAVES ‘ey ot, iB ES i tlt = ot) a lesa Hi) litem =e BES | Gf] cmwsmo | se fone we | oat ae cy SAND 2a [erm cane me fame ‘Wr BAN cd BC a ai Ne a | vy ary SAN i tom, f Bo8 | Sawn.TABLE? Sci clasicaton: Bihan Ames ten compared RTT BATS — | — ERICA RAERICAR, 1 830" 98 ccr2ooi(ss7p | ‘Casganse Uses 1933 rece 9681) | Gruen 950] Sart AST 196992 Tiersen Fes [0S per cen Fee, Proposes Poxale Cae [yoten eapunon [se orden o ow ow low low yop @ o cr lor |sctapeom fee or cece cre om oe owe ow-cc oe ore 15-35 perce Fs nay cent Fase oF oF cor ou + once ee loc oct 50 sees Sait oo 35-65 pervect ae s0-100 percent Fine reese cus LL <3s 6 35-50, v6 90-99 e630 7 = solace Fae Paani eee ime ae Iucee © cures fer weasel. ucson fee C79 ese ae wit OL Hee aig oe ene foun ® ® Pe Im *aeiop fo conepondng C oars devoop for omeponding © poops ”TABLES. Sol clasieaton: dwlopments bed onthe BSCS BRITISH BSCS TAPANESE "ATERICAN 5 930: 1941 Sanat USCS, oposed fern (Gio 1958!) ‘eo 198 “an 9r ‘TS percent Finer ‘OS pecent Fer « G eo on on mi Saispecnt Sai pera Fier e™ oun on or oF or ovr or oa. a RS aes Sas scion en tan as N Lem é uo uo aie e e e a Wess cL Us0 Gt ses & 700 vw MH, <0 S80 S00 va) Seo Se ipa EO a 3 teelopas fr contponling Caray yO wage fnan V voc fw ‘eps for comepondig © BoasTABLES Parc se rng iis and eles fies Pie an ans Ets ie Sys em | omar | andr Bird | nd | Bier | cone otters BAM eniaaahe: anunst ‘ce 2001: 19579 w | 2 jas jor 100 in 118: 1968!, pd ees ’ we ee cas | a rs |os 2 50 110 BSCS: 1981! and see sie of BS pee @ fa [a fosiss sim cerwan DI 8156: 19708 ae |: Je fossa m suiss swvrooesaat™ | @ [2 |e Joss m FRENGI crc 196595 @ |2 | fosizs0 10 SaPANESE ipmeevscsmuisn con® [rs [2 |x |osis 9 1m Uses (AST: 195997 as fas fas fos om sesamin: or? fas | 2 fas fos 20 im ng pera beween conned ls(ut gzp_uaya suy seis uo pew sueweinseow)s108 o83000 Jo ued s0uy 948 pur syos Buy yo uonsortses oy} 20}—LEYD Anse! OL A (ove oor 06 eS ® © | © fol | Sa con: 6 © [ol | o| raapemsTa ox (0020 298) xapu Avoid100% Fines ‘oo xson Fines Smee tmsopm eign Min an 50 ec si _ ewe fat "ale" neers ae $ @ connse sons ahs Simei, oa A Aare 10% Fines ‘GRAVEL SIZE: 60_200m (630 0 2am sive) SknDsize: 2-o.Semes (am to pom ne) FINES: Unde 06mm (psig 6 om ie) [GRAVELS and SANDS may be mor fly decid ain Figure 3 FINES (Fray be sb-viedit SILT (MW) CLAY (C). os plancty chart ir, rd Tat? 2 Te gen wing fr al cation the (material finer then 60mm) auan 100% Fines ar asian fork stion note eatin aft hed ‘mar anos Fig. 2) ry vey sendy wee Fig. 3 Fuller description of gravels and sandsouters Soaeces e sca } mien & cOMBLES : vounsers — + a Ea ‘Wes ort BOULDERS or COBBLES Size BOULDER SIZE: ove 000m {COBBLE SIZE, 200-comom (620m seve) SOIUSIZE: Unde rm peng am sel ‘Te SOIL componen shouldbe deribed ng Table 1 or Figures 1 and Zon. Cobbs wi msl ry cae gre (Cones se Section 28 Fig, 4 Mixtures of very cours material (Boulders and Cobbles) ‘and finer atrial (SO a3gm aABSTRACT ‘Tho Brith Sol Clastication Syrtem for Engineering Purposs: its development and lation to other comparable systems: MJ DUNBLETON: Department of the Environment Depat- ment of Transport, TRRL Laboratory Report 1030; Crowthome, 198] (Transport and Road Research Laboratory). This Repor reviews the British Soi Clasieation System for [Engineering Purposes ~ BSCS - which ha been introduced inthe new British Standaté Code of Practice for Site Investigations, BS $930: 1981. An account is given of the changes are explained, and comparison is made with similar systems in sein Ameria, Franee, Germany, Switzerland and Japan New features of the system are that it is metrcate, its groups are fully defined, description ofthe grading of course materia is improved, fuller description is porsbie3f ‘coarse sols containing an appreciable proportion of fines and of fine soib containing ar "spprecable proportion of gravel or sand, the clasication of fine sols extended to provide for materials of very high and extremely high plasticity, the presence of onmane fatter can be indicated in any typeof sll and materials containing boulders and cobbles an be casiied, “The Report presents a chart and grading triangles further clacfying the casifieaton of sis, the fuller description of gravels and sands, andthe description of materials ‘containing boulders and cobbles. ISSN 0305-1293 ABSTRACT ‘The British Soil Clanitieation System for Engineering Purpote: it devlopmant and ration ‘w other comparable systems: MJ DUMBLETON: Department ofthe Environment Depart ment of Transport, TRRL Laboratory Report 1030: Crowthome, 1981 (Transport and Road Research Laboratory). This Report eviews the Britsh Soil Clasification System for Engineering Purposes - BSCS — which hasbeen introduced in the new British Standard Code of Practice for Site Investigations, BS $930: 1981. An account is gven ofthe development of the BSCS from the previous British system of CP 2001, the reasons for ‘hanges are explained, and comparison is made with similar systems in use in America, France, Germany, Switzerland and Japan is metricated its groups are fully define, description of the grading of coarse materials is improved, fuller description i pssbie 3f ‘oan soils containing an appreciable proportion of fines and of fine sols containing 3° {ppreciable proportion of gravel or sand, the classification of fine soils is extended fo ‘provide for materials of very high and extemely high plasticity, the presence of onganic fatter can be indicated in any type of soll and materials containing boulders and cobbles an be classified, ‘The Report presents schast and grading triangles further clarifying the casifcaion of soils the fuller description of gravels and sands, andthe desription of materials containing boulders and cobbles. ISSN 0305~1293 ao