Journal of Research in Bioscience, Volume 3, Number 1, 2007

FINFISH FEED TECHNOLOGY IN NIGERIA

OGUGUA, N. M. and EYO, J. E.

Department of Zoology
University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria

ABSTRACT
Finfish feed technology and the Nigerian economy. The cost of feed claims over half of
the total budget for most fish farms. Consequently, it is very important for a fish farmer to
get the optimum performing feed for the most economical price. The production of
nutritionally balanced diets for fish requires efforts in research, quality control, and
biological evaluation. Faculty nutrition obviously impairs fish productivity and results in
deterioration of health until recognizable diseases ensures. The first and foremost
criterion is that diets should supply all the essential nutrients and energy in adequate
proportions to satisfy the requirements for growth, health and well being of the fin fish
concerned. In developing practical diets using ‘least-cost” formulations, the choice and
level of incorporation of the different ingredients should be based on available
nutrient/energy content of each ingredient rather than on the basis of crude chemical
composition of the ingredients. The technologies of feed manufacture vary considerably
depending upon the species or the stage of the life cycle. Nigeria has a large animal feed
production industry of some 3.5 million tons/production per year. With 115 feed mills
listed in a national inventory, but due to inconsistencies and varying availability, many
larger farmers have invested in on-farm feed production, for which the quantity of
production is unclear. Such vertical integration is costly to the farmer who should be
buying from the feed industry. The large catfish producers have been frustrated with the
poor quality and inconsistency of catfish feeds produced by the major feed mills when
available. The lack of quality control and inconsistency in feed content gives
unacceptably high feed conversions (1kg gain: 2+kg feed) form local feeds. This has
made many fish farmers to use high cost, high quality imported feed; the producers
obtain feed conversions of 1:1.5 or even 1:1 or less. This is because the European fish
feed suppliers are fully accountable in their delivery of feeds of known quality and
quantity of contents. Our government needs to increase its role in setting standards and
quality control in the feed industry.

INTRODUCTION
Once fish are removed from their natural environment to an artificial one, enough food must be supplied in
order to enable them grow. This could be in the form of complete rations, where the artificial diet furnishes
all the nutrients required by the fish or supplementary diets, where part of the nutritional needs of fish is
supplied by the natural food in the aquatic environment (Eyo, 2003). Both intensive and semi-intensive fish
culture systems involve input of supplementary and complete feed, which account for up to 40 % and 60 %
of production costs respectively (NRC 1993; Fagbenro et al., 2003) and can sometimes negate the economic
viability of a farm if suitable feed are not used. This problem has become a major source of fear and phobia
to many prospective fish farmers in Nigeria and urgent solution must be proffered if fish farming is to be
attractive, lucrative and sustainable (Madu et al., 2003). The principal cost in manufacture of compound feed
is that of raw materials, this could amount to as much as 80 percent or more, of the manufacturing costs in
large size mills. Because of increasing transportation costs and the need to conserve foreign exchange, the
tendency in most developing, countries will be to use locally available ingredients. (Chow, 1980). The major
item in recurrent cost in fish production is feed. This item alone has progressively taken the larger shares of
cost of production cost (Balogun et. al., 1992). Carefully compounded feed when fed at the recommended
level (rate) are usually backed by the manufacturer’s guidance to meet the nutrient requirements of
physiologically defined farm animals for a sustainable level of production (Balogun, 1992, Falayi, 2003).
All animals require protein, vitamins, minerals lipids, and energy for normal growth and other
physiological functions because the nutrient contribution form natural food organisms is considered minimal
in intensive catfish farming, nutrients and energy are provided primarily by prepared feed. The primary goal
in processing feedstuffs into a feed is to maximize the nutritional value of various feed components to meet
nutrient requirements (Robinson. et. al. 2001). Qualitatively, 40 nutrients had been identified as necessary
for normal metabolic form of catfish the quantitative requirements of most nutrients have been identified for

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 Finfish Feed Technology in Nigeria
catfish (Tables 1 - 2). Nutritional requirement of catfish have generally been based on not gain and feed
efficiency of small fish raised under laboratory conditions presumed to be near optimum (Robinson et. al.,
2001).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A comprehensive literature search was made from the Internet and serial materials of Nnamdi Azikiwe
Library, University of Nigeria. Various journal articles, proceedings of learned societies of Fisheries and
Hydrobiology, FAO documents and textbooks were consulted vis-à-vis fish feed technology, dietary
ingredient types, feed formulation, cost benefit, applications and adaptations in the Nigerian Fisheries
industry. The various components were summarized and presented on tables and figures.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Feedstuffs are classified into two groups; energy feedstuffs and protein supplements.

Energy feedstuffs: These are feedstuffs containing less than 20 % crude protein. They are essentially of
plant origin such as maize, guinea corn, millet, cassava, wheat offal, rice bran etc. Carbohydrates have
sparing effect on protein in artificial feed so that fish can utilize proteins efficiently for growth rather than
for energy.

Protein supplements: Feedstuffs containing 20 % crude protein or more are regarded as protein supplement
protein supplements are made either of plant or animal material. Animal proteins are of higher quality than
those of plant origin. Animal protein includes fishmeal, meat meal bone mea, and blood meal. The best
protein source for fish feed is fishmeal. Plant protein materials commonly used in fish feed are Soybean
meal, groundnut cake and cottonseed cake. (Eyo, 2003). Protein requirement of commonly cultured fishes in
Nigeria are shown on Table 3.

Table1: Amino acid requirements of catfish

Amino acid Requirement (% of dietary protein)
Arginine 4.3
Histidine 1.5
Isoleucine 2.6
Leucine 3.5
Lysine 5.1
Methionine + cystine 2.3
Phenylatlanine + tyrosine 5.0
Threonine 2.0
Tryptophan 0.5
Valine 3.0
National Research Council (1993)

Table 2: Vitamin deficiency signs and mineral dietary levels required to prevent signs of deficiency in catfish.
Vitamin Deficiency sign Requirement
A Exophthalmia, edema,, hemorrhagic kidney, skin depigmentation 450 – 900 iu/lb
D Low body ash, calcium, and phosphorus 110 – 450 iu/lb
E Muscular dystrophy, exudative diathesis, skin depigmentation, erythrocyte hemosiderosis, fatty 25-50 ppm
liver, ceroid deposition.
K Hemorrhagic skin R4
Thiamin Loss of equilibrium, nervousness, dark skin color 1ppm
Riboflavin Short-body dwarfism 62 – 9 ppm
Pyridoxine Greenish-blue coloration, tenany, nervous disorders, erratic swimming 3 ppm
Pantothenic Clubbed gills, emaciation, anemia, eroded epidermis 10-15 ppm
Niacin Skin and fin lesion exophthalmia, deformed jaws, anemia 7.43 –14 ppm
Biotin Hypersensitive, skin depigmentation, reduced liver pyruvate carboxylase activity R4
Folic acid Anemia 1.5 ppm
B12 Anemia R4
Choline Fatty liver, hemorrhagic kidney and intestine 400 ppm
Inositol Not demonstrated NR4
Ascorbic Scoliosis, lordosis, internal and external hemorrhage fin erosion, reduced bone collagen formation 11-60 ppm
1
Requirements and deficiency signs are based on the difference references with new into added, Robinson E.H. 1989, channel catfish nutrition, Reviews in Aquatic
Sciences 1:365-391 and nutrient Requirement of Fish, National Academy press, Washington, D.C. Anorexia, reduced weight gain, and mortality are not listed as
deficiency signs since they are common vitamin deficiency signs.2From Semni, G.Z. Zhang, and R.P. Wilson, 1996, Dietary riboflavin requirement of fingerling channel
catfish, Aquaculture 139:285-290.3From Ng, W.K., G. Serrini, Z. Zhang, and R. P. Wilson, 1997, Niacin requirement and inability of tryptophan to act as a precursor of
NAD in channel catfish, Aquaculture 152:273-285. 4R and NR refer to required and not required respectively. The minimum dietary protein requirement of fish was first
studied in Chinook Salmon Oncoryhnchus tschawytcha. The dietary protein requirements of the cultured fishes in Nigeria are summarized in Table 1. (Eyo, 2001).

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 Journal of Research in Bioscience, Volume 3, Number 1, 2007
The aim of fish nutritionist is to select ingredients and levels that would provide the nutrient
requirements of the cultured species at the most economic cost. Table 4 gives a sample of few ingredients
commonly used in Nigeria-Aquaculture. (Adikwu, 2003).The nutrient composition of the feedstuffs should
be known (Table 5 - 9).
Prepared or artificial diets maybe complete or supplemental. Complete diets supply all the
ingredients (proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins and minerals) necessary for optimal growth and health of
fish. Most fish farmers use complete diets, those containing all the required protein (18 – 50 %), lipid (10 –
25 %), carbohydrate (15 – 20 %), ash (<8.5 %), phosphorus (<1.0 %), water (<10%), and trace amounts of
vitamin and minerals(Craig and Helfrich 2002).In contrast, supplemental (incomplete, partial)diets are
intended only to help support the natural food (insects, algae, small fish) normally available to fish in pond
or out door raceways. Supplemental diets do not contain a full complement of vitamins or mineral, but are
used to help fortify the naturally available diet with extra protein, carbohydrate and/ or lipid.
There are few commercial sources of fish feed as only specialized animal millers engage in fish feed
production on demand; as such majority of fish feed produced (69.75 %) (Table 10) are farm made.
Conventional and alternative feedstuff in fish diets are shown on Table 11.

Natural Feeding Practices: This is fertilization-based on feeding practices and it involves the use of
chemical fertilizer (N.P.K. or Ammonia) and organic manure to augment the production of natural live food
organisms (phytoplankton and zooplankton) for the cultured fish (Ayanda, 2003).

Forms of Diets: Diets supplied to aquatic organisms could vary in form. Possible diets include:
1. Live food (s), generally required for the culture of most aquatic organisms in their larval phase;
2. Forage materials (e.g. grasses and macrophytes), which may be introduced into the culture system or
made to grow in the culture system (e.g. in freshwater crayfish culture); and
3. Prepared diets including a wide array of feeds, ranging form simples on –farm-based mixtures of a few
ingredients to microencapsulated diets (De Silva and Anderson, 1995).
In selection of feed stuffs for diet formulation, those with generally similar properties may be sub situated,
one for another, and exchanges made within mixture in accordance with market price, local availability and
chemical composition. In making substitution, particular regard should also be paid to essential nutrients
content and balance of the final diet (Eyo, 2003). For a successful fish feed formulation, a fish farmer must
be acquainted with the following information.
1. Nutrient requirement of fish
2. Feedstuffs and their nutrient composition.
3. Processing of available feedstuff
4. Feed formulation and processing (Eyo, 2003). Outline of feed formulation is shown in Fig.1 – 2.
The application of scientific research to the feed, of fish and other farm animals has shown the desirability of
applying the process of ration formation in compound formula feed production (Balogun et al., 1992). A
ration is defined as the total feed given to in an animal during a 24 hour period. A ration should furnish all
nutrients required by the animal in adequate amounts. (Falayi, 2003). In formulating rations for animals, the
following procedure is used
1. Define the class or species and age of animal the animal is meant for.
2. Consult relevant sources of tables for the nutrient requirements of the fish to be fed.
3. Decide feed ingredients to use considering availability and cost among other things.
4. Determine nutrient composition of the feed ingredients.
5. Use ration formulation sheet.
6. Balance for energy, protein (EAAS), mineral and vitamins.
7. Use the formulation sheet to check for accuracy (Falayi, 2003).
In feed formulation, attempt is made to bring cost to minimum at point of sourcing for ingredients through
best-buy analysis and chemical scoring (Sadiku, 2003) least cost feed formulation is a feed formulation in
which there is optimum utilization of the content of feed ingredients by combination (De Silva and
Anderson, 1995) Linear programming (LP) is a mathematical procedure by which limited resources are
allocated, selected, scheduled or evaluated to achieve an optimal solution to a particular objective. (Faturoti,
2003)
Manual computation can be achieved by using one of the following methods:
1. Person’s square method
2. Algebraic or equation method
3. Trial and error method.

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 Finfish Feed Technology in Nigeria
Table 3: Protein Requirement of commonly cultured fishes in Nigeria
Species Fry to Fingerlings to sub adults Adults to Brood Reference
fingerlings (Juveniles) stock
Tilapia
Oreochromis niloticus 40 - 56 30 - 35 25 - 30 Jauncey and Ross (1982).
Oreochromis niloticus 35 - 50 30 - 40 20 - 30 Balarin and Haller (1982)
Tilapia hybrid
Exotic Oreochromis niloticus and Exotic 30-35 - Eyo et al.(2000)
Oreochromis aureus
Oreochromis niloticus x Sarotherodon 35 - - Omoniyi and Fagade (2003)
galilaeus
Catfish
Clarias anguillaris 40 - - Madu and Oluredi (1987)
Clarias gariepinus 40 - ,,
Heterobranchus bidorsalis 40 Degani et al., (1989)
Heterobranchus longifilis - - 40 Fagbenro et al., (1992)
Catfish hybrid
H. longifilis and C anguillaris. 42.5 - - Dada et al., (1999)
H. longifilis x C. anguillaris 45 - - Eyo (1995)
Triploid H. longifilis 45 - - Eyo et al., 1998(b)
Triploid hybrid
Female H. longifilis x Male C. 40 35 Eyo and Falayi (1999)
anguillaris
Male H. longifilis x Female C. 40 Eyo et al., (1998)
anguillaris
Carp
Cyprinus carpio 38 - - Eyo et al., (2003) Cowey
(1982).

Table 4: Some selected Feed Ingredient and their Utility as Fish Diets in Nigeria Aquaculture
Ingredient Source traditional Relation cost (N/kg) Availability Remark
brewing
1. Brewers waste Traditional brewing Ca 2.00/kg All year round High crude protein content (20 – 23 %)
Centers and breweries
2. Cocoa pod husks Cocoa farms Variable Seasonal High fibre a medium protein content
3. Coconut cake Oil mills (both traditional About #3.00/kg ” High Protein Content (9 – 24 %) High
industrial) energy content
4. Cowpeas hull Millers Variable ” Ca. 20-27% protein
5. Fish meal Fishers in landing sites. Depending on spp ” High protein content (65 – 80 % dry
basis)
6. Food left over Restaurants ” All year round Wet and difficult to handle. High protein
and energy level, depending on source
7. Palm kernel cake Oil millers ” Seasonal Medium protein (30 – 40 % protein
content).
8. Poultry feather Poultry farms and ” ” High protein content (60-84% dry basis
slaughter shapes
9. Sorghum bran Millers Variable ” High crude protein content (25-30%)
(Adapted from Adikwu (1991, 1997, Adikwu and Yusuf, 1997).

Table 5: Average Proximate Composition of the Major Oilseeds and Their By- Product
Oil seed/by-product H20 CP EE CF NFE Ash Ca P
Cocoa (Theobroma cacao
Shell (peri carp seed testa) 6.3 18.8 7.0 13.5 43.5 7.9 0.15 0.21
Pods (without beans), fresh 85.1 1.2 0.1 4.3 8.0 1.3 - -
Pods (without beans )dried 11.5 5.8 0.7 21.5 52.9 7.6 0.17 0.07
Oil cake, mechanically extracted 11.4 23.1 5.3 8.9 46.0 5.3 0.14 0.68
Coconut (Cocus nucifera)
Kernel (endosperm) fresh 47.9 4.2 34.0 2.6 9.8 1.5 0.01 0.13
Kernel (endosperm) mealcopra) dried 4.0 7.2 64.6 3.8 18.5 1.9 0.03 0.19
Oilmeal, solvent extracted 8.0 21.0 1.5 14.0 49.5 6.0 0.18 0.60
Oilcake, mechanically extracted 8.5 20.0 6.3 12.0 45.4 7.0 0.19 0.60
Coir dust (husk processing dust) 12.9 2.0 0.6 29.8 48.1 6.6 - -
Cotton (Gossyplum spp)
Seed 7.9 20.4 20.0 21.1 26.3 4.3 0.14 0.64
Hulls 9.6 4.2 1.9 44.5 37.3 2.5 0.14 0.04
Oil cake with hulls meal 10.7 21.9 4.9 21.9 34.9 5.7 - -
Oil meal extracted without hulls 7.8 41.2 5.9 11.1 276 6.4 0.19 1.06
Oilmeal solvent extract 9.8 41.7 1.5 11.3 28.8 6.9 0.16 1.09
Oil meal solvent extract 7.5 50.0 1.6 8.2 26.2 6.5 0.17 1.08
Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea)
Seed (with bull) 7.1 20.2 36.3 19.6 14.3 2.5 - -
Seed without hulls 6.5 28.4 44.7 2.2 15.9 2.3 0.07 0.39
Hulls 11.4 6.2 1.6 54.3 21.4 5.1 1.10 0.91
Oil cake (Mech. Extracted) 10.0 30.2 9.1 23.0 22.0 5.7 - -
Oil cake (Mech. Extracted 9.6 46.2 6.9 7.5 24.8 5.2 0.14 0.60

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 Journal of Research in Bioscience, Volume 3, Number 1, 2007
Table 6: Average Proximate Composition selected animal by products
Animal by-product Average composition (%) by weight
H2O CP EE CF NFE Ash Ca P
**Crab meal 9.13 31.72 2.44 0.0 10.48 46.23 - -
**Cray fish 15.00 41.22 11.72 0.0 0.36 31.7 - -
*Blood meal 11.83 86.00+4.70 0.67+0.44 2.14+0.01 6.51+827 5.20+1.71 0.55+0.15 0.39+0.21
*Fish meal (Clupeid) Pellonula
afzeluisi 9.78 71.33+3.16 7.97+1.00 1.08+1.10 - 20.22+3.44 3.56+0.2 2.24+0.42
*Fish meal (Clupeid) Sierrathrissa
leonensis 9.77- 68.47+1.37 8.02+1.05 0.39+0.08 - 17.81+5.62 2.27+2.2 1.62+0.08
*Fish meal Tilapia 10.81 57.69+2.05 1.81+0.46 5.18+3.46 - 33.55+2.28 8.45+2.4 5.09+0.57
Blood (cattle)fresh 79.6 19.7 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.18 0.05
Blood meal 10.4 81.5 1.0 0.7 1.6 4.8 0.32 0.25
Fish meal (Tuna) 7.0 59.0 6.9 0.8 4.4 21.9 7.86 4.12
Hydrolyzed feather meal 8.1 84.2 2.8 0.5 3.4 3.4 0.25
Meat and bone meal (solvent ext.) 8.1 50.0 1.8 5.9 5.9 31.7 10.25 5.25
Meat with blood (tank age) 7.3 60.0 8.7 0.6 0.6 21.2 5.95 3.62
Poultry viscera (raw) 73.7 13.9 11.2 0.0 0.0 1.2 - 0.66
Source: Tacon 1987, *Eyo 2001b, **Ayinla 1991.

Table 7: Average Proximate Composition of the Major Cereals Grains and their By-Products (%)
Corn/maize (Zea mays) H2O CP
12.1 9.6 3.9 2.0 70.8 1.5 0.02 0.28
*White maize (WM) 8.63 9.27+0.94 5.01+0.94 2.44+0.38 70.86+3.05 1.74+0.19 0.15 2.22+0.9
*Yellow maize (YM) 9.58 10.11+3.71 3.56+0.77 3.47+1.22 71.20+2.93 1.94+0.09 0.19 0.28+0.04
*Guinea Corn (GC) 11.16 11.22+2.18 2.48+0.66 2.32+0.022 74.06+1.12 1.77+0.4 0.08+0.09 0.28+0.04
Grain, (ground) 12.8 7.8 3.1 8.6 66.2 1.5 0.05 0.22
Corn, and –cob- meal 9.7 2.5 0.6 34.5 51.2 1.5 0.10 0.06
Cobe, ground meal 10.7 11.2 3.9 6.3 64.6 3.3 0.06 0.30
Millet - - - - - - - -
Grains 8.7 4.8 1.3 38.3 41.2 5.7 0.60 0.3
Hulls - - - - - - - -
Rice (oryza sativa) 9.4 3.7 1.0 36.9 32.6 16.4 0.09 0.07
Hulls Chrisk, Chaff 10.0 12.2 11.8 12.3 40.6 13.1 0.12 1.38
*(Rice bran/Husk - 6.88+2.86 4.44+2.51 40.23+0.37 6.68+4.12 21.75+2.83 0.33+0.45 -0.62+0.11
mixed (RBH)
Bran 10.5 12.3 2.1 14.6 47.9 12.6 0.20 1.33
Bran (Solvent 10.0 12.1 11.5 4.7 52.9 8.8 0.05 1.26
extracted)
Polishing - - - - - - - -
Sorghum (Sorghum - - - - - - - -
bicolor/s vulgare
Grain 12.0 7.8 4.8 7.6 65.7 2.1 - -
Bran 6.0 31.8 8.7 12.1 37.7 2.7 0.14 0.64
Distillers dried soluble 7.0 26.5 5.8.4.875 3.9 48.6 8.5 0.37 0.61

Table 8: Proximate Composition of Some Non-Conventional Feedstuffs Animal Origin

Feedstuffs Crude Crude lipid Crude fibre NFE Ash Moisture Source
protein
Maggot 43.8 1.9 14.3 22.3 14.3 9.3 Madu and Ufodike
(2003)
Earthworm 56.4 7.8 1.6 25.4 8.8 5.0 Tacon (1994)
Poultry feather meal 39.7 84.9 0.9 1.4 26.9 3.5 Tacon (1993)
Chicken offal (Raw) 47.5 22.8 5.0 6.1 10.9 8.6 Faturoti (2000).
Chicken offal (Cooked and 61.6 16.5 3.5 2.2 9.0 8.3 Faturoti (2000).
dried)

Table 9: Proximate Composition of Some Non-Conventional Feed Resources of Plant origin

Feedstuff Crude protein% Crude fat % Crude fibre% Ash % NFE Source
Duckweed 45.5 4.0 8.0 13.4 29.1 Mbagwu et al.(1994)
Azolla sp 28.0 14.1 14.1 - - Fasakin (2001)
Palm kernel meal 18.0 6.0 42.0 0.21 33.6 PFIZER
19.1 7.6 42.2 5.60 17.9 Eyo (2001)
Leucaena leaf meal (soaked) 29.6 5.3 18.8 4.4 41.9 Hassan et al,
Rice bran 12.9 13.0 11.4 21.8 62.9 NRC (1993)
Rice bran/husk mix meal 6.8 4.4 40.2 0.15 8.7
Cotton seed cake 41.4 0.5 13.6 0.15 42.9 Eyo (2001)
38.9 8.3 31.0 5.1 12.4
Mucuna seed meal 32.1 4.6 6.9 2.3 54.1 NRC(1993)
(autoclaved)
Mucuna seed (Raw) 30.0 4.5 8.8 3.4 53.3 Eyo (2001)
Siddhuraju and Becker
(2001)
Mango kernel meal 7.5-13.0 7.3-14.4 2.0 2.6 68.0 Siddhuraju and Becker
(2001). Joseph and
Abolaji (1997)

27
 Finfish Feed Technology in Nigeria

Table 10. Fish feeds production (Tonnes) in Nigeria

Feed type Farm made Commercial Total
Tilapia 14,258 6,554 20,812
Catfish 10,552 4,206 14,728
Total 24,810 10,760 35,570
(Fagbenro et al., 2003).

Table 11: Conventional and Alternative feedstuffs in Fish Diets

Nutrient Conventional feedstuffs %Ration Alternative feedstuffs Maximum inclusion rate %
Protein Fish meal 40 Groundnut cake 25
Soybean 45 Palm kernel cake 15
Cottonseed cake 20
Jack bean 10
Poultry offal 10
Energy Maize 50 Sorghum 50
Cassava 40
Sweet potato 20
Cod liver oil 10 Corn oil 10
Soybean 10
Palm oil 10
Minerals Oyster shell 7.5 Periwinkle shell 7.5
Bone meal 2.5 Limestone 5
Dicalcium phosphate 2.5 Malt dust 2
Common salt 2
Vitamin premix 1 - -
Additives Mineral premix 1 - -
(Fagbenro et al., 2003)

Feed ingredients
Hammer mill
Milling of feed
ingredients
Balance and Blender

Weighing and mixing

of feed ingredients
Pressure cooking
Activation of nutrients and
gelatinization of starch

Domestic hand pelleter

Modified hand
Screw type
Pelletized feed

Oven/sun drying

Dried feed

Figure 1: Outline of feed formulation

28
 Journal of Research in Bioscience, Volume 3, Number 1, 2007

Procurement

Receiving

Storage

Grinding
Batching

Mixing
Micronutrients

Grinding Steam pellets

Extrusion
Cooling

Drying and cooling Screening

Screening

Pre-finish storage

Fat coating
Storage for load out

Screening
Bagging
Bulk loading

Figure 3: Typical flow scheme for manufacturing finfish feeds

Feeding Trials Experiments: Some of feeding trials experiments are shown on Tables 12 – 13.

Costing: Table 14 describes the availability and cost of feed stuff used in fish farming in Nigeria. Cost of
pelleted feed per kilogram is extrapolated from the following:
1. Unit cost of all ingredients put together.
2. Cost of other materials needed for the finished products. Sacks or bagging, drying, processing etc.
3. Labour put together.
4. Wear and tear of machine and building.
5. Profit per tonne of feed made from the above the unit cost of pelleted feed is obtained (Falayi, 2003).

Commercial Feed Manufacturers: Table 15 displays a list of commercial fish feed manufacturers and a
summary of inventories on aquatic resources and fish farms in Nigeria. NIFFR is fortunate to have an Insta
Pro 600 Jr pelletizer machine which is one of the few extruded pelletizers in the country. Feed Masters has
an aquaculture feed production in Ilorin with a capacity of 10 tons per hour of pelleted feed giving an annual
capacity of some 13,000 tons of fish feeds. Chi Feed in Ibadan produce floating feeds. Guinea Feeds in Edo
State produced pelleted fish feeds.

Conclusion: As much as possible, aqua feeds should be based on locally available feedstuff, simple and
cheap methods of increasing their nutritional value with particular reference to digestibility, removal of toxic
substances (antinutritional factors) and palatability. In addition, efforts should be made towards the
development and improvements of simple and cheap machinery for aqua feed production as well as improve
the techniques for processing and storage; without compromising environmental quality.

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 Finfish Feed Technology in Nigeria
Table 12: Animal By-Products used /tested in Fish Diets in Nigeria
Feedstuff Fish species
Blood meal Oreochromis niloticus
Cow fat Clarias gariepinus
Dried fish waste Clarias gariepinus
Feather meal Clarias gariepinus
Fish meal Oreochromis niloticus
Fish silage (moist) Oreochromis niloticus
Fish silage (moist) Oreochromis niloticus
Fish silage (moist) Oreochromis niloticus
Fish silage (moist) Clarias gariepinus
Fish silage (moist) Clarias gariepinus
Fish silage (moist) Clarias gariepinus
Frog meal Oreochromis niloticus
Maggot meal Heterobranchus bidorsalis
gariepinus
Maggot meal Heterobranchus bidorsalis
gariepinus
Pig fat Clarias gariepinus
Poultry wastes/manure C. catla
Poultry wastes/manure L. rohita
Poultry wastes/manure Oreochromis niloticus
Shrimp head meal Clarias gariepinus
Shrimp head silage Oreochromis niloticus
Shrimp head silage Clarias gariepinus
Shrimp head silage Oreochromis niloticus
Shrimp head silage Clarias gariepinus
Shrimp head silage Clarias gariepinus
Tadpole meal Clarias gariepinus
Tadpole meal Clarias gariepinus
Toad meal Clarias gariepinus
Toad meal Clarias gariepinus
30
References
Ufodike and Ekokotu (1985)
Eyo (2003)
Mgbenka (1991)
Eyo (1999)
Eyo (1991)
Fagbenro (1994)
Fagbenro and Jauncey (1994)
Fagbenro et al., (1994)
Fagbenro and Jauncey (1997)
Fagbenro and Jauncey (1998)
Ayinla and Akande (1988)
Fagbenro and Jauncey (1994)
x Clarias Eyo (2005)
x Clarias Mgbenka (1991)
Eyo (2003)
Nwanna et al.,(2002)
Nwanna et al.,(2002)
Nwanna et al.,(2002)
Nwanna and Daramola (2000)
Nwanna et al. (2000)
Adwulu and Mustapha (2000)
Madu et al. (1997)
Madu and Akilo (2001)
Madu and Ufodike (2003)
Otubusin (1987)
Ufodike and Ekokotu (1985)
Annune (1990)
Fagbenro et al. (1993
 Journal of Research in Bioscience, Volume 3, Number 1, 2007
Table 13: Plant residues by-Products used /tested in Fish Diets in Nigeria
Feedstuff Fish species References
Kidney bean Oreochromis niloticus Absalom et al. (1999)
Pigeon pea C.. gariepinus Adeparusi (1994)
Pigeon pea C.. gariepinus Adeparusi and Balogun (1998)
Winged bean C.. gariepinus Fagbenro (1999a,b,c,d)
Winged bean Oreochromis niloticus Fagbenro and Davies (2000)
Winged bean Oreochromis niloticus Fagbenro et al (2002)
Mucuna seed Clarias gariepinus Osuigwe (1999)
Lima bean Oreochromis niloticus Adeparusi and Ajayi (2000)
Lima bean Oreochromis niloticus Adeparusi and Olute (2000)
Jack bean Clarias gariepinus Alegbeleye et al. (2001)
Jack bean Clarias gariepinus Osuigwe (2002)
Tamarind Oreochromis niloticus Nwanna et al. (2002)
Soybean meal Clarias gariepinus Balogun and Ologhobo (1989)
Soybean meal Clarias gariepinus Sadiku and Jauncey (1998a,b)
Soybean meal Clarias gariepinus Devies et al. (1999,2000)
Soybean meal Clarias gariepinus Fagbenro and Davies (2002)
Soybean meal Clarias gariepinus Fagbenro and Davies 2003)
Soybean meal Clarias gariepinus Igbinsosun et al. (1979)
Soybean meal Clarias gariepinus Eyo (1990, 1999)
Soybean meal Oreochromis niloticus Fagbenro and Davies 2000)
Soybean meal Oreochromis niloticus Ofojekwu and Ejike (1984)
Soybean meal Oreochromis niloticus Fagbenro and Davies
Cotton seed meal Clarias gariepinus Arowosoge (1987)
Palm kernel cake Oreochromis niloticus Omoregie and Ogbemudai (1993)
Macadamia press cake Oreochromis niloticus Balogun and Fagbenro (1995)
Groundnut cake Clarias gariepinus Fasakin and Balogun (1996)
Groundnut cake Oreochromis niloticus Fasakin and Balogun (1996)
Sunflower cake Clarias gariepinus Fagbenro and Davies (2000)
Sesame seed Oreochromis niloticus Ofojekwu and Kigbu (2002)
Palm fruit and tract Clarias gariepinus Mgbenka and Orji
Olive oil Clarias gariepinus Eyo, (2003)
Meal Clarias gariepinus Olukunle (1996) Olukunle and Falaye (1998)
Roselle seed meal Oreochromis niloticus Fagbenro and Davies (2000)
Roselle seed meal Oreochromis niloticus Fagbenro and Davies (2000)
Mango seeds Oreochromis niloticus Omoregie et al. (1991)
Cassava peels Oreochromis niloticus Faturoti and Akinbote (1986) Oresegun and
Arowosoge (1991a)
Plantain peels C. isheriensis Fagbenro and Arowosoge (1991 b)
Yam peels C. isheriensis Fagbenro and Arowosoge (1991 b)
Coffee pulp C. isheriensis Fagbenro (1992, 1995)
Cocoa pod husk Oreochromis niloticus Falaye and Juancey (1999)
Cassava C. carpio Ufodike and Matty (1983)
Rice C. carpio Ufodike and Matty (1983)
Maize (yellow, white) Clarias gariepinus Faturoti and Oyelese (1989)
Maize (yellow, white) Oreochromis niloticus Fagbenro et al. (2000)
Sweet potato Clarias gariepinus Faturoti and Oyelese (1989)
Sweet potato Heterobranchus bidorsalis x Clarias Eyo (2003)
gariepinus
Sorghum Oreochromis niloticus Ufodike and Ugwuzor (1985)
Sorghum Oreochromis niloticus Fagbenro et al. (2000)
Acha Oreochromis niloticus Fagbenro et al. (2000)
Rubber seed meal Heterobranchus bidorsalis x Clarias Eyo and Ezechie (2004)
gariepinus
Rubber seed meal Oreochromis niloticus Fagbenro et al. (2000)
Bread fruit Heterobranchus bidorsalis x Clarias Eyo (2004)
gariepinus

31
 Finfish Feed Technology in Nigeria
Table 14: Availability and cost of feed stuff used in fish farming in Nigeria
Feedstuff Quantity Price Availability Fish species References
(t) (USS/t)
Kidney bean low O. niloticus Absalom et.al. (1999)
Pigeon pea 250 Low C.. gariepinus Adeparusi (1994) Adeparusi & Balogun
(1998)
winged bean 250 Fagbenro (1999a,b,c,d)
O. niloticus Fagbenro & Davies (2000) Fagbenro et.al
(2002)
Mucuna seed C. gariepinus Osuigwe (1999)
Lima bean O. niloticus Adeparusi & Ajayi (2000) Adeparusi &
Olute (2000)
Jack bean 100 C. gariepinus Alegbeleye et.al. (2001)
Osuigwe (2002)
Tamarind O. niloticus Nwanna et.al., (2002)
Soybean meal 288,950 480,550 Adequate C. gariepinus Balogun & Ologhobo (1989) Sadiku &
Jauncey (1998a,b) Devies et.al.
(1999,2000) fagbenro &Davies (2002)
Fagbenro & Davies 2003)
C. gariepinus Igbinsosun et.al. (1979)
C. gariepinus Eyo (1990, 1999)
O. niloticus Fagbenro&Davies 2000)
Ofojekwu & Ejike (1984)
Fagbenro & Davies
Cotton seed 520,160 300 C. gariepinus Arowosoge (1987)
meal
Palm kernel 405, 144 75 O. niloticus Omoregie &Ogbemudai (1993)
cake
Macadamia Not available Balogun & Fagbenro (1995) Omoregie &
press cake Ogbemudia (1993)
Groundnut 632,749 320 Adequate C. gariepinus Fasakin & Balogun (1996)
cake O. niloticus
Sunflower Not C. gariepinus Fagbenro & Davies (2000)
cake available
Sesame seed 39,825 100 Low O. niloticus Ofojekwu & Kigbu (2002)
Palm fruit and C. gariepinus Mbenke Adorji
tract
Olise oil C. gariepinus Eyo, (2003)
Meal C. gariepinus Olukunle (1996) Olukunle & Falaye
(1998)
Roselle seed O. niloticus Fagbenro & Davies (2000)
meal
Fagbenro & Davies (2000)
Mango seeds O. niloticus Omoregie et.al. (1991)
Cassava peels O. niloticus Faturoti & Akinbote (1986) Oresegun &
Not available Arowosoge (1991a)
Plantain peels C. isheriensis Fagbenro & Arowosoge (1991 b)
Yam peels O. niloticus Fagbenro & Arowosoge (1991 b)
Coffee pulp O. niloticus Fagbenro (1992, 1995)
Cocoa pod O. niloticus Falaye Juancey (1999)
husk
Cassava 33,250,559 205 High C. carpio ufodike & Matty (1983)
Rice 1,862,119 400 Low Faturoti & Oyelese (1989) Fagbenro et.al.
(2000)
Maize 9,188,968 320- Adequate C. gariepinus Faturoti Oyelese (1989)
(yellow, 330 O. niloticus Fagbenro et.al. (2000)
white)
Sweet potato C. gariepinus Faturoti & Oyelese (1989) Eyo 2003)
Sorghum 7,422,428 280 Adequate O. niloticus Ufodike & Ugwuzor (1985) Fagenro et.al.
(2000)
Acha Not available Fagenro et al. (2000)

Rubber seed Adequate Heteroclerias Eyo & Ezechie (2004_)

meal Fagbenro et.al. (2000)

32
 Journal of Research in Bioscience, Volume 3, Number 1, 2007
Table 15: Summary of Inventories on Aquatic Resources, Fish Farms and Feed Producers in Nigeria (AIEP Project). July
2004
No Geo political Zones No. of Dams and No. of Fish Farms No. of Feed
(States) Reservoirs Producers
South East Zone
1 Abia 4 40 2
2 Anambra 5 18 3
3 Ebony 17 12 7
4 Enugu 22 4 4
5 Imo 9 40 16
Sub Total 57 114 32
South South Zone
1 Akwa Ibom 16 98 4
2 Bayelsa 52 86 -
3 Cross River 17 199 -
4 Delta 30 420 6
5 Edo 6 136 -
6 Rivers 22 89 8
Sub Total 147 1,028 18
South West Zone
1 Ogun 24 173 35
2 Ekiti 6 31 2
3 Lagos - 153 16
4 Ondo 8 15 3
5 Osun 7 300 26
6 Oyo 29 234 9
Sub Total 74 906 91
North Central
Zone
1 Abuja 15 29 1
2 Benue 45 198 5
3 Kogi 35 32 -
4 Kwara 21 121 18
5 Plateau 85 18 9
6 Nassarawa 16 16 2
7 Niger 35 29 1
Sub Total 252 443 36
North East Zone
1 Adamawa 16 4 -
2 Bauchi 49 - -
3 Borno 18 12 -
4 Gombe 44 9 1
5 Taraba 83 8 1
6 Yobe 20 13 1
Sub Total 230 46 3
North West Zone
1 Jigawa 15 4 1
2 Kaduna 20 10 9
3 Kano 17 10 1
4 Katsina 40 7 16
5 Kebbi 30 56 -
6 Sokoto 15 9 1
7 Zamfara 40 9 7
Sub Total 177 105 35
Grand Total 937 2,642 215

33
 Finfish Feed Technology in Nigeria
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 Finfish Feed Technology in Nigeria
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 Journal of Research in Bioscience, Volume 3, Number 1, 2007
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