Europeeean Unieon - Weikipedia

3/11/2020 European Union - Wikipedia
European Union
The European Union (EU) is a political and economic union of 27 member states that are
located primarily in Europe.[12] Its members have a combined area of 4,233,255.3 km2 European Union
(1,634,469.0 sq mi) and an estimated total population of about 447 million. The EU has
developed an internal single market through a standardised system of laws that apply in all
member states in those matters, and only those matters, where members have agreed to act
as one. EU policies aim to ensure the free movement of people, goods, services and capital
within the internal market,[13] enact legislation in justice and home affairs and maintain
Flag
common policies on trade,[14] agriculture,[15] fisheries and regional development.[16] For
travel within the Schengen Area, passport controls have been abolished.[17] A monetary Motto: "In Varietate Concordia" (Latin)
union was established in 1999, coming into full force in 2002, and is composed of 19 EU "United in Diversity"
member states which use the euro currency. Anthem: "Ode to Joy" (instrumental)
0:00 MENU
The EU and European citizenship were established when the Maastricht Treaty came into
force in 1993.[18] The EU traces its origins to the European Coal and Steel Community
(ECSC) and the European Economic Community (EEC), established, respectively, by the
1951 Treaty of Paris and 1957 Treaty of Rome. The original members of what came to be
known as the European Communities were the Inner Six: Belgium, France, Italy,
Luxembourg, the Netherlands, and West Germany. The Communities and their successors
have grown in size by the accession of new member states and in power by the addition of
policy areas to their remit. The latest major amendment to the constitutional basis of the
EU, the Treaty of Lisbon, came into force in 2009.
In January 2020, the United Kingdom became the first member state ever to leave the EU.
Following a 2016 referendum, the UK signified its intention to leave and negotiated a
withdrawal agreement. The UK is in a transitional phase until at least 31 December 2020, Capital Brussels (de facto)[1]
during which it remains subject to EU law and part of the EU single market and customs Largest urban Paris
union. Before this, only three territories of member states had left the EU or its forerunners, agglomeration
these being French Algeria (in 1962, upon independence), Greenland (in 1985, following a Official languages 24 languages[a]
referendum) and Saint Barthélemy (in 2012).
Official scripts[3] Latin · Greek · Cyrillic
Containing in 2020 some 5.8% of the world population,[note 1] the EU in 2017 (including the Religion (2015) 71.6% Christian
United Kingdom) had generated a nominal gross domestic product (GDP) of around 20 45.3% Roman Catholic
trillion US dollars, constituting approximately 25% of global nominal GDP.[20] Additionally, 11.1% Protestant
all EU countries have a very high Human Development Index, according to the United 9.6% Eastern Orthodox
Nations Development Programme. In 2012, the EU was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.[21] 5.6% other Christian
Through the Common Foreign and Security Policy, the EU has developed a role in external 24% No religion
relations and defence. The union maintains permanent diplomatic missions throughout the 1.8% Muslim
world and represents itself at the United Nations, the World Trade Organization, the G7 and 2.6% other faiths[4]
the G20. Due to its global influence, the European Union has been described as an emerging
Demonym(s) European[5]
superpower.[22]
Type Political and economic
union
Member states 27 states
Contents
Government Supranational and
History intergovernmental
Background • President of the Ursula von der Leyen
Preliminary (1945–57) Commission
Treaty of Rome (1957–92) • President of the David Sassoli
Parliament
Maastricht Treaty (1992–2007)
• President of the Charles Michel
Lisbon Treaty (2007–present) Council
Structural evolution Formation[6]
Brexit • Treaty of Rome 1 January 1958
Future enlargement • Single European 1 July 1987
Act
Demographics • Treaty of Maastricht 1 November 1993
Population • Treaty of Lisbon 1 December 2009
Urbanisation • Last polity 1 July 2013
admitted
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union 1/38
Languages • Last polity 31 January 2020
withdrawn
Religion
Area
Member states • Total 4,233,262 km2
Geography (1,634,472 sq mi) (7th)
Politics • Water (%) 3.08
European Parliament Population
European Council • 2020 estimate 447,206,135[7]
Council of the European Union • Density 106/km2 (274.5/sq mi)
European Commission GDP (PPP) 2020 estimate
Budget • Total $20.366 trillion[8]
Competences • Per capita $45,541
Legal system and justice GDP (nominal) 2020 estimate

Courts of Justice
• Total $16.033 trillion[9]
• Per capita $35,851
Fundamental rights
Acts Gini (2018) 30.9[10]
medium
European Ombudsman
HDI (2017) 0.899[b]
Home affairs and migration very high
Foreign relations Currency Euro (EUR; €; in
Defence eurozone) and
Humanitarian aid 10 others
International cooperation and development partnerships Time zone UTC to UTC+2 (WET,
Trade CET, EET)
• Summer (DST) UTC+1 to UTC+3
Economy (WEST, CEST, EEST)
Internal market (see also Summer
Monetary union and financial services Time in Europe)
Industry and digital economy Note: with the exception
of the Canary Islands and
Energy Madeira, the outermost
Infrastructure regions observe different
Telecommunications and space time zones not shown.[c]
Agriculture and fisheries Date format dd/mm/yyyy (CE)
Competition See also: Date and time
notation in Europe
Labour market
Social policy and equality Internet TLD .eu[d]
Regional and local policy Website
europa.eu (https://europa.eu/)
Environment and climate
Education and research
Health care and food safety
Culture
Sport
Symbols
Media
Impact
See also
Notes
References
Citations
General sources
Further reading
External links
History
Background
During the centuries following the fall of Rome in 476, several
European States viewed themselves as translatio imperii
("transfer of rule") of the defunct Roman Empire: the Frankish
Empire (481–843) and the Holy Roman Empire (962–1806) were
thereby attempts to resurrect Rome in the West.[e] This political
philosophy of a supra-national rule over the continent, similar to
the example of the ancient Roman Empire, resulted in the early
Scheme of Indo-European Middle Ages in the concept of a renovatio imperii ("restoration of
Europe in the Early Middle Ages
migrations from c. 4000 to 1000 the empire"),[25] either in the forms of the Reichsidee ("imperial
BCE according to the Kurgan idea") or the religiously inspired Imperium Christianum
hypothesis
("christian empire").[26][27] Medieval Christendom[28][29] and the political power of the Papacy[30][31]
The assumed Urheimat
(Khvalynsk culture) and the

are often cited as conducive to European integration and unity.
subsequent Yamnaya culture.
Area possibly settled up to c.
In the oriental parts of the continent, the Russian Tsardom, and ultimately the Empire (1547–1917),
2500 BCE. declared Moscow to be Third Rome and inheritor of the Eastern tradition after the fall of
Area settled up to 1000 BCE.
[23] Constantinople in 1453.[32] The gap between Greek East and Latin West had already been widened by
the political scission of the Roman Empire in the 4th century and the Great Schism of 1054; and would
be eventually widened again by the Iron Curtain (1945–91).[33]
Pan-European political thought truly emerged during the 19th century, inspired by the liberal ideas of
the French and American Revolutions after the demise of Napoléon's Empire (1804–15). In the
decades following the outcomes of the Congress of Vienna, ideals of European unity flourished across
the continent, especially in the writings of Wojciech Jastrzębowski,[34] Giuseppe Mazzini[35] or
Theodore de Korwin Szymanowski.[36] The term United States of Europe (French: États-Unis
d'Europe) was used at that time by Victor Hugo during a speech at the International Peace Congress
The Roman Empire in AD 117, at its held in Paris in 1849:[37]
greatest extent (with its vassals in
pink).
A day will come when all nations on our continent will
form a European brotherhood ... A day will come when
we shall see ... the United States of America and the
United States of Europe face to face, reaching out for
each other across the seas.
During the interwar period, the consciousness that national markets in Europe were interdependent
though confrontational, along with the observation of a larger and growing US market on the other
side of the ocean, nourished the urge for the economic integration of the continent.[38] In 1920, The Congress of Vienna met in
1814–15. The objective of the
advocating the creation of a European economic union, British economist John Maynard Keynes wrote
Congress was to settle the many
that "a Free Trade Union should be established ... to impose no protectionist tariffs whatever against issues arising from the French
the produce of other members of the Union."[39] During the same decade, Richard von Coudenhove- Revolutionary Wars, the Napoleonic
Kalergi, one of the first to imagine of a modern political union of Europe, founded the Pan-Europa Wars, and the dissolution of the
Movement.[40] His ideas influenced his contemporaries, among which then Prime Minister of France Holy Roman Empire.
Aristide Briand. In 1929, the latter gave a speech in favour of a European Union before the assembly of
the League of Nations, precursor of the United Nations.[41] In a radio address (http://www.ibiblio.org/
pha/policy/1943/1943-03-21a.html) in March 1943, with war still raging, Britain's leader Sir Winston Churchill spoke (https://winstonchu
rchill.org/resources/speeches/1941-1945-war-leader/national-address/) warmly of "restoring the true greatness of Europe" once victory
had been achieved, and mused on the post-war creation of a "Council of Europe" which would bring the European nations together to
build peace.[42]
Preliminary (1945–57)
After World War II, European integration was seen as an antidote to the extreme nationalism which
had devastated parts of the continent.[43] In a speech delivered on 19 September 1946 at the University
of Zürich, Switzerland, Winston Churchill went further and advocated the emergence of a United
States of Europe.[44] The 1948 Hague Congress was a pivotal moment in European federal history, as
it led to the creation of the European Movement International and of the College of Europe, where
Europe's future leaders would live and study together.[45]
It also led directly to the founding of the Council of Europe in 1949, the first great effort to bring the
Meeting in the Hall of Knights in The
nations of Europe together, initially ten of them. The Council focused primarily on values—human Hague, during the congress (9 May
rights and democracy—rather than on economic or trade issues, and was always envisaged as a forum 1948)
where sovereign governments could choose to work together, with no supra-national authority. It
raised great hopes of further European integration, and there were fevered debates in the two years
that followed as to how this could be achieved.
But in 1952, disappointed at what they saw as the lack of progress within the Council of Europe, six
nations decided to go further and created the European Coal and Steel Community, which was
declared to be "a first step in the federation of Europe".[46] This community helped to economically
integrate and coordinate the large number of Marshall Plan funds from the United States.[47]
European leaders Alcide De Gasperi from Italy, Jean Monnet and Robert Schuman from France, and
Paul-Henri Spaak from Belgium understood that coal and steel were the two industries essential for
waging war, and believed that by tying their national industries together, future war between their
nations became much less likely.[48] These men and others are officially credited as the founding
fathers of the European Union.
Robert Schuman proposing the Coal
and Steel Community on 9 May
1950
Treaty of Rome (1957–92)
In 1957, Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, the
Netherlands, and West Germany signed the Treaty of Rome, which created the European
Economic Community (EEC) and established a customs union. They also signed another pact
creating the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom) for co-operation in developing
nuclear energy. Both treaties came into force in 1958.[48]
The EEC and Euratom were created separately from the ECSC and they shared the same
courts and the Common Assembly. The EEC was headed by Walter Hallstein (Hallstein
Commission) and Euratom was headed by Louis Armand (Armand Commission) and then
Étienne Hirsch. Euratom was to integrate sectors in nuclear energy while the EEC would
develop a customs union among members.[49][50]
The continental territories of the member
states of the European Union (European During the 1960s, tensions began to show, with France seeking to limit supranational power.
Communities pre-1993), coloured in order of Nevertheless, in 1965 an agreement was reached and on 1 July 1967 the Merger Treaty created
accession
a single set of institutions for the three communities, which were collectively referred to as the
European Communities.[51][52] Jean Rey presided over the first merged Commission (Rey
Commission).[53]
In 1973, the Communities were enlarged to include Denmark (including Greenland, which later left the
Communities in 1985, following a dispute over fishing rights), Ireland, and the United Kingdom.[54]
Norway had negotiated to join at the same time, but Norwegian voters rejected membership in a
referendum. In 1979, the first direct elections to the European Parliament were held.[55]
Greece joined in 1981, Portugal and Spain following in 1986.[56] In 1985, the Schengen Agreement
paved the way for the creation of open borders without passport controls between most member states
and some non-member states.[57] In 1986, the European flag began to be used by the EEC[58] and the
Single European Act was signed.
In 1989, the Iron Curtain fell,
In 1990, after the fall of the Eastern Bloc, the former East Germany became part of the Communities enabling the Community to expand
as part of a reunified Germany.[59] A close fiscal integration with the introduction of the euro was not further (the Berlin Wall and behind it
the Brandenburg Gate pictured)
matched by institutional oversight making things more troubling. Attempts to solve the problems and
to make the EU more efficient and coherent had limited success.[60]
Maastricht Treaty (1992–2007)

The European Union was formally established when the Maastricht Treaty—whose main architects
were Helmut Kohl and François Mitterrand—came into force on 1 November 1993.[18][61] The treaty
also gave the name European Community to the EEC, even if it was referred as such before the treaty.
With further enlargement planned to include the former communist states of Central and Eastern
Europe, as well as Cyprus and Malta, the Copenhagen criteria for candidate members to join the EU
were agreed upon in June 1993. The expansion of the EU introduced a new level of complexity and
discord.[60] In 1995, Austria, Finland, and Sweden joined the EU.
In 2002, euro banknotes and coins replaced national currencies in 12 of the member states. Since
The euro was introduced in 2002,
then, the eurozone has increased to encompass 19 countries. The euro currency became the second
replacing 12 national currencies.
largest reserve currency in the world. In 2004, the EU saw its biggest enlargement to date when Seven countries have since joined.
Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia, and
Slovenia joined the Union.[62]
Lisbon Treaty (2007–present)
In 2007, Bulgaria and Romania became EU members. The same year, Slovenia adopted the euro,[62] followed in 2008 by Cyprus and
Malta, by Slovakia in 2009, by Estonia in 2011, by Latvia in 2014, and by Lithuania in 2015.
On 1 December 2009, the Lisbon Treaty entered into force and reformed many aspects of the EU. In particular, it changed the legal
structure of the European Union, merging the EU three pillars system into a single legal entity provisioned with a legal personality, created
a permanent President of the European Council, the first of which was Herman Van Rompuy, and strengthened the position of the High
Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy.[63][64]
In 2012, the EU received the Nobel Peace Prize for having "contributed to the advancement of peace and reconciliation, democracy, and
human rights in Europe."[65][66] In 2013, Croatia became the 28th EU member.[67]
From the beginning of the 2010s, the cohesion of the European Union has been tested by several issues, including a debt crisis in some of
the Eurozone countries, increasing migration from Africa and Asia, and the United Kingdom's withdrawal from the EU.[68] A referendum
in the UK on its membership of the European Union was held in 2016, with 51.9% of participants voting to leave.[69] The UK formally
notified the European Council of its decision to leave on 29 March 2017, initiating the formal withdrawal procedure for leaving the EU;
following extensions to the process, the UK left the European Union on 31 January 2020, though most areas of EU law will continue to
apply to the UK for a transition period lasting until the end of 2020 at the earliest.[70]
Structural evolution
The following timeline illustrates the integration that has led to the formation of the present union, in terms of structural development
driven by international treaties:
Signed: 1947 1948 1951 1954 1957 1965 1975 1986 1985/90 1992 1997 2001 2007
In force: 1947 1948 1952 1955 1958 1967 1976 1987 1995 1993 1999 2003 2009
Document: Dunkirk Brussels Paris Modified Rome & Merger Council Single Schengen Maastricht Amsterdam Nice Lisbon
Treaty Treaty Treaty Brussels Euratom Treaty Agreement European Treaty & Treaty Treaty Treaty Treaty
Treaty treaties on TREVI Act Convention

Three pillars of the European Union:

European Communities

(with common institutions)
European Atomic Energy Community (EURATOM)
European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) Treaty expired in 2002
European Economic Community (EEC) European Community (EC)
Schengen Rules
Justice and Police and Judicial Co-
Terrorism, Radicalism, Extremism European
operation in Criminal
and Violence Internationally (TREVI) Home Affairs Union
(JHA) Matters (PJCC)
(EU)
European Political Common Foreign and Security Policy

Cooperation (EPC) (CFSP)
Western Union
Franco- (WU)
Western European Union (WEU)
British (Cannibalised
(Social and cultural activities transferred to the Council of Europe in 1960)
alliance militarily by NATO Treaty terminated in 2011
in 1951)

Brexit
On 1 February 2020, the United Kingdom left the European Union in accordance with Article 50 of the Treaty on European Union.
Between then and (as of February 2020) 31 December 2020, a transition period is in operation that keeps in place all other aspects of the
relationship to allow businesses to prepare and for a free trade agreement to be negotiated.[71]
Future enlargement
The criteria for accession to the Union are included in the Copenhagen criteria, agreed in 1993, and the Treaty of Maastricht (Article 49).
Article 49 of the Maastricht Treaty (as amended) says that any "European state" that respects the "principles of liberty, democracy, respect
for human rights and fundamental freedoms, and the rule of law", may apply to join the EU. Whether a country is European or not is
subject to political assessment by the EU institutions.[72]
There are five recognised candidates for future membership of the Union: Turkey (applied on 14 April 1987), North Macedonia (applied on
22 March 2004 as "Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia"), Montenegro (applied in 2008), Albania (applied in 2009), and Serbia
(applied in 2009). While the others are progressing, Turkish talks are at an effective standstill.[73][74][75]
Demographics
Population
As of 1 February 2020, the population of the European Union was about 447 million people (5.8% of the world population).[7][76] In 2015,
5.1 million children were born in the EU-28, corresponding to a birth rate of 10 per 1,000, which is 8 births below the world average.[77]
For comparison, the EU-28 birth rate had stood at 10.6 in 2000, 12.8 in 1985 and 16.3 in 1970.[78] Its population growth rate was positive
at an estimated 0.23% in 2016.[79]
In 2010, 47.3 million people who lived in the EU were born outside their resident country. This corresponds to 9.4% of the total EU
population. Of these, 31.4 million (6.3%) were born outside the EU and 16.0 million (3.2%) were born in another EU member state. The
largest absolute numbers of people born outside the EU were in Germany (6.4 million), France (5.1 million), the United Kingdom (4.7
million), Spain (4.1 million), Italy (3.2 million), and the Netherlands (1.4 million).[80] In 2017, approximately 825,000 people acquired
citizenship of a member state of the European Union. The largest groups were nationals of Morocco, Albania, India, Turkey and
Pakistan.[81] 2.4 million immigrants from non-EU countries entered the EU in 2017.[82][83]
Urbanisation
The EU contains about 40 urban areas with populations of over one million. The largest metropolitan areas in the EU are Paris and
Madrid.[84] These are followed by Barcelona, Berlin, Rhine-Ruhr, Rome, and Milan, all with a metropolitan population of over 4
million.[85]
The EU also has numerous polycentric urbanised regions like Rhine-Ruhr (Cologne, Dortmund, Düsseldorf et al.), Randstad (Amsterdam,
Rotterdam, The Hague, Utrecht et al.), Frankfurt Rhine-Main (Frankfurt), the Flemish Diamond (Antwerp, Brussels, Leuven, Ghent et al.)
and Upper Silesian area (Katowice, Ostrava et al.).[84]
Languages
The European Union has 24 official languages: Bulgarian, Croatian, Czech, Danish, Dutch, English,
Native
Estonian, Finnish, French, German, Greek, Hungarian, Italian, Irish, Latvian, Lithuanian, Maltese, Language speakers Total
Polish, Portuguese, Romanian, Slovak, Slovene, Spanish, and Swedish. Important documents, such German 18% 32%
as legislation, are translated into every official language and the European Parliament provides
French 13% 26%
translation for documents and plenary sessions.[90][91][92]
Italian 12% 16%
Due to the high number of official languages, most of the institutions use only a handful of working Spanish 8% 15%
languages.[93] The European Commission conducts its internal business in three procedural Polish 8% 9%
languages: English, French, and German. Similarly, the European Court of Justice uses French as
Romanian 5% 5%
the working language,[94][95] while the European Central Bank conducts its business primarily in
English.[96][97] Dutch 4% 5%
Greek 3% 4%
Even though language policy is the responsibility of member states, EU institutions promote Hungarian 3% 3%
multilingualism among its citizens.[f][98] English is the most widely spoken language in the EU,
Portuguese 2% 3%
being understood by 51% of the EU population when counting both native and non-native
speakers.[99] German is the most widely spoken mother tongue (18% of the EU population), Czech 2% 3%
followed by French (13% of the EU population). In addition, both are official languages of several Swedish 2% 3%
EU member states. More than half (56%) of EU citizens are able to engage in a conversation in a Bulgarian 2% 2%
language other than their mother tongue.[100] English 1% 51%
A total of twenty official languages of the EU belong to the Indo-European language family, Slovak 1% 2%
represented by the Balto-Slavic,[g] the Italic,[h] the Germanic,[i] the Hellenic,[j] and the Celtic[k] Danish 1% 1%
branches. Only four languages, namely Hungarian, Finnish, Estonian (all three Uralic), and Finnish 1% 1%
Maltese (Semitic), are not Indo-European languages.[101] The three official alphabets of the Lithuanian 1% 1%
European Union (Cyrillic, Latin, and modern Greek) all derive from the Archaic Greek
Croatian 1% 1%
scripts.[3][102]
Slovene <1% <1%
Luxembourgish (in Luxembourg) and Turkish (in Cyprus) are the only two national languages that Estonian <1% <1%
are not official languages of the EU. On 26 February 2016 it was made public that Cyprus has asked Irish <1% <1%
to make Turkish an official EU language, in a “gesture” that could help solve the division of the
Latvian <1% <1%
country.[103] Already in 2004, it was planned that Turkish would become an official language when
Cyprus reunites.[104] Maltese <1% <1%
Survey 2012.[87]
Besides the 24 official languages, there are about 150 regional and minority languages, spoken by [88]
up to 50 million people.[101] Catalan, Galician and Basque are not recognised official languages of Native: Native language
the European Union but have semi-official status in one member state (Spain): therefore, official Total: EU citizens able to hold a
[89]
translations of the treaties are made into them and citizens have the right to correspond with the conversation in this language
institutions in these languages.[105][106] The European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages
ratified by most EU states provides general guidelines that states can follow to protect their linguistic heritage. The European Day of
Languages is held annually on 26 September and is aimed at encouraging language learning across Europe.[107]
Religion
The EU has no formal connection to any religion. The Article 17 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union[108] recognises the
"status under national law of churches and religious associations" as well as that of "philosophical and non-confessional
organisations".[109]
The preamble to the Treaty on European Union mentions the "cultural, religious and humanist
inheritance of Europe".[109] Discussion over the draft texts of the European Constitution and later the
Treaty of Lisbon included proposals to mention Christianity or a god, or both, in the preamble of the
text, but the idea faced opposition and was dropped.[110]
Religious affiliation in the European Union (2015)[4] Christians in the European Union are divided
among members of Catholicism (both Roman
Affiliation % of EU population
and Eastern Rite), numerous Protestant
Christian 71.6 denominations (Anglicans, Lutherans, and
Cathedral Santa Maria del Fiore in
Catholic 45.3 Reformed forming the bulk of this category),
Florence, Italy.
Protestant 11.1 and the Eastern Orthodox Church. In 2009,
the EU had an estimated Muslim population of
Eastern Orthodox 9.6
13 million,[111] and an estimated Jewish population of over a million.[112] The other
Other Christian 5.6 world religions of Buddhism, Hinduism, and Sikhism are also represented in the
Muslim 1.8 EU population.
Other faiths 2.6 According to new polls about religiosity in the European Union in 2015 by
Irreligious 24 Eurobarometer, Christianity is the largest religion in the European Union,
Non-believer/Agnostic 13.6 accounting for 71.6% of the EU population. Catholics are the largest Christian
group, accounting for 45.3% of the EU population, while Protestants make up
Atheist 10.4
11.1%, Eastern Orthodox make up 9.6%, and other Christians make up 5.6%.[4]
Eurostat's Eurobarometer opinion polls showed in 2005 that 52% of EU citizens believed in a god, 27% in "some sort of spirit or life force",
and 18% had no form of belief.[113] Many countries have experienced falling church attendance and membership in recent years.[114] The
countries where the fewest people reported a religious belief were Estonia (16%) and the Czech Republic (19%).[113] The most religious
countries were Malta (95%, predominantly Roman Catholic) as well as Cyprus and Romania (both predominantly Orthodox) each with
about 90% of citizens professing a belief in their respective god. Across the EU, belief was higher among women, older people, those with
religious upbringing, those who left school at 15 or 16, and those "positioning themselves on the right of the political scale".[113]
Member states
Through successive enlargements, the European Union has grown from the six founding states (Belgium, France, West Germany, Italy,
Luxembourg, and the Netherlands) to the current 27. Countries accede to the union by becoming party to the founding treaties, thereby
subjecting themselves to the privileges and obligations of EU membership. This entails a partial delegation of sovereignty to the
institutions in return for representation within those institutions, a practice often referred to as "pooling of sovereignty".[115][116]
To become a member, a country must meet the Copenhagen criteria, defined at the 1993 meeting of the European Council in Copenhagen.
These require a stable democracy that respects human rights and the rule of law; a functioning market economy; and the acceptance of the
obligations of membership, including EU law. Evaluation of a country's fulfilment of the criteria is the responsibility of the European
Council.[117] Article 50 of the Lisbon Treaty provides the basis for a member to leave the Union. Two territories have left the Union:
Greenland (an autonomous province of Denmark) withdrew in 1985;[118] the United Kingdom formally invoked Article 50 of the
Consolidated Treaty on European Union in 2016, and became the only sovereign state to leave when it withdrew from the EU in 2020.
There are six countries that are recognised as candidates for membership: Albania, Iceland, North Macedonia,[l] Montenegro, Serbia, and
Turkey,[119] though Iceland suspended negotiations in 2013.[120] Bosnia and Herzegovina and Kosovo are officially recognised as potential
candidates,[119] with Bosnia and Herzegovina having submitted a membership application.
The four countries forming the European Free Trade Association (EFTA) are not EU members, but have partly committed to the EU's
economy and regulations: Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway, which are a part of the single market through the European Economic Area,
and Switzerland, which has similar ties through bilateral treaties.[121][122] The relationships of the European microstates, Andorra,
Monaco, San Marino, and Vatican City include the use of the euro and other areas of co-operation.[123] The following 27 sovereign states
(of which the map only shows territories situated in and around Europe) constitute the European Union:[124]
List of member states
Population Population
Arms Flag State Capital Code Accession Area MEPs
(2019)[7] density
83,855 km2 106/km2
Austria Vienna AT 1 January 1995 8,858,775 19
(32,377 sq mi) (270/sq mi)
30,528 km2 376/km2
Belgium Brussels BE Founder 11,467,923 21
(11,787 sq mi) (970/sq mi)
110,994 km2 63/km2
Bulgaria Sofia BG 1 January 2007 7,000,039 17
(42,855 sq mi) (160/sq mi)
Croatia Zagreb HR 1 July 2013 4,076,246 56,594 km2 72/km2 12

(21,851 sq mi) (190/sq mi)
Cyprus Nicosia CY 1 May 2004 875,898 9,251 km2 95/km2 6

(3,572 sq mi) (250/sq mi)
78,866 km2 135/km2
Czech Republic Prague CZ 1 May 2004 10,649,800 21
(30,450 sq mi) (350/sq mi)
43,075 km2 135/km2
Denmark Copenhagen DK 1 January 1973 5,806,081 14
(16,631 sq mi) (350/sq mi)
45,227 km2 29/km2
Estonia Tallinn EE 1 May 2004 1,324,820 7
(17,462 sq mi) (75/sq mi)
Finland Helsinki FI 1 January 1995 5,517,919 338,424 km2 16/km2 14

(130,666 sq mi) (41/sq mi)
France Paris FR Founder 67,028,048 640,679 km2 105/km2 79

(247,368 sq mi) (270/sq mi)
357,021 km2 233/km2
Germany Berlin DE Founder[m] 83,019,214 96
(137,847 sq mi) (600/sq mi)
Greece Athens GR 1 January 1981 10,722,287 131,990 km2 81/km2 21

(50,960 sq mi) (210/sq mi)
93,030 km2 105/km2
Hungary Budapest HU 1 May 2004 9,797,561 21
(35,920 sq mi) (270/sq mi)
70,273 km2 70/km2
Ireland Dublin IE 1 January 1973 4,904,226 13
(27,133 sq mi) (180/sq mi)
Italy Rome IT Founder 60,359,546 301,338 km2 200/km2 76

(116,347 sq mi) (520/sq mi)
Latvia Riga LV 1 May 2004 1,919,968 64,589 km2 30/km2 8

(24,938 sq mi) (78/sq mi)
Lithuania Vilnius LT 1 May 2004 2,794,184 65,200 km2 43/km2 11

(25,200 sq mi) (110/sq mi)
Luxembourg Luxembourg City LU Founder 613,894 2,586 km2 237/km2 6

(998 sq mi) (610/sq mi)
316 km2 1,562/km2
Malta Valletta MT 1 May 2004 493,559 6
(122 sq mi) (4,050/sq mi)
41,543 km2 416/km2
Netherlands Amsterdam NL Founder 17,282,163 29
(16,040 sq mi) (1,080/sq mi)
312,685 km2 121/km2
Poland Warsaw PL 1 May 2004 37,972,812 52
(120,728 sq mi) (310/sq mi)
Portugal Lisbon PT 1 January 1986 10,276,617 92,390 km2 111/km2 21

(35,670 sq mi) (290/sq mi)
238,391 km2 81/km2
Romania Bucharest RO 1 January 2007 19,401,658 33
(92,043 sq mi) (210/sq mi)
Slovakia Bratislava SK 1 May 2004 5,450,421 49,035 km2 111/km2 14

(18,933 sq mi) (290/sq mi)
20,273 km2 103/km2
Slovenia Ljubljana SI 1 May 2004 2,080,908 8
(7,827 sq mi) (270/sq mi)
27 total 446,834,579 4,233,262 km2 106/km2 705

(1,634,472 sq mi) (270/sq mi)
Population Population
Arms Flag State Capital Code Accession Area MEPs
(2019)[7] density
Spain Madrid ES 1 January 1986 46,934,632 504,030 km2 93/km2 59

(194,610 sq mi) (240/sq mi)
449,964 km2 23/km2
Sweden Stockholm SE 1 January 1995 10,230,185 21
(173,732 sq mi) (60/sq mi)
27 total 446,834,579 4,233,262 km2 106/km2 705

(1,634,472 sq mi) (270/sq mi)
Geography
The EU's member states cover an area of 4,233,262 square kilometres (1,634,472 sq mi).[n] The EU's highest peak is Mont Blanc in the
Graian Alps, 4,810.45 metres (15,782 ft) above sea level.[125] The lowest points in the EU are Lammefjorden, Denmark and Zuidplaspolder,
Netherlands, at 7 m (23 ft) below sea level.[126] The landscape, climate, and economy of the EU are influenced by its coastline, which is
65,993 kilometres (41,006 mi) long.
65,993 km (41,006 mi) Mont Blanc in the The Danube (pictured Repovesi National Park in
coastline dominates the Alps is the highest in Budapest), is the Finland, where there are
European climate peak in the EU longest river in the some 187,888 lakes larger
(Natural Park of Penyal European Union than 500 square metres
d'Ifac, Spain)
Including the overseas territories of France which are located outside the continent of Europe, but which are members of the union, the
EU experiences most types of climate from Arctic (north-east Europe) to tropical (French Guiana), rendering meteorological averages for
the EU as a whole meaningless. The majority of the population lives in areas with a temperate maritime climate (North-Western Europe
and Central Europe), a Mediterranean climate (Southern Europe), or a warm summer continental or hemiboreal climate (Northern
Balkans and Central Europe).[127]
The EU's population is highly urbanised, with some 75% of inhabitants living in urban areas as of 2006. Cities are largely spread out across
the EU with a large grouping in and around the Benelux.[128]
Politics
The EU operates through a hybrid system of supranational and
intergovernmental decision-making,[129][130] and according to the principles
of conferral (which says that it should act only within the limits of the
competences conferred on it by the treaties) and of subsidiarity (which says
that it should act only where an objective cannot be sufficiently achieved by
the member states acting alone). Laws made by the EU institutions are
passed in a variety of forms.[131] Generally speaking, they can be classified
into two groups: those which come into force without the necessity for
national implementation measures (regulations) and those which specifically
require national implementation measures (directives).[132]
Constitutionally, the EU bears some resemblance to both a confederation

and a federation,[133][134] but has not formally defined itself as either. (It
does not have a formal constitution: its status is defined by the Treaty of
European Union and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union). Organigram of the political system with the seven institutions of the
It is more integrated than a traditional confederation of states because the Union in blue, national / intergovernmental elements in orange
general level of government widely employs qualified majority voting in
some decision-making among the member states, rather than relying
exclusively on unanimity.[135][136] It is less integrated than a federal state because it is not a state in its own right: sovereignty continues to
flow 'from the bottom up', from the several peoples of the separate member states, rather than from a single undifferentiated whole. This is
reflected in the fact that the member states remain the 'masters of the Treaties', retaining control over the allocation of competences to the
Union through constitutional change (thus retaining so-called Kompetenz-kompetenz); in that they retain control of the use of armed
force; they retain control of taxation; and in that they retain a right of unilateral withdrawal from the
Union under Article 50 of the Treaty on European Union. In addition, the principle of subsidiarity
requires that only those matters that need to be determined collectively are so determined.
The European Union has seven principal decision-making bodies, its institutions: the European
Parliament, the European Council, the Council of the European Union, the European Commission, the
Court of Justice of the European Union, the European Central Bank and the European Court of
Auditors. Competence in scrutinising and amending legislation is shared between the Council of the
European Union and the European Parliament, while executive tasks are performed by the European European Commission presidency
candidates at Eurovision Debate
Commission and in a limited capacity by the European Council (not to be confused with the
(May 2019). Left to right: Zahradil,
aforementioned Council of the European Union). The monetary policy of the eurozone is determined Cué, Keller, Vestager, Timmermans,
by the European Central Bank. The interpretation and the application of EU law and the treaties are Weber
ensured by the Court of Justice of the European Union. The EU budget is scrutinised by the European
Court of Auditors. There are also a number of ancillary bodies which advise the EU or operate in a
specific area.
the European Council, which sets the general political directions and priorities of the Union by gathering together its member states'
heads of state/government (elected chief executives). The conclusions of its summits (held at least quarterly) are adopted by
consensus.
the European Commission, the only institution empowered to propose legislation, serves as the "Guardian of the Treaties". It consists
of an executive cabinet of public officials, led by an indirectly elected President. This College of Commissioners manages and directs
the Commission's permanent civil service. It turns the consensus objectives of the European Council into legislative proposals.
the Council of the European Union brings together ministers of member states governments' departments. It serves to represent the
various governments directly and its approval is required for any proposal to enter into law.
the European Parliament consists of 705 directly elected representatives. It shares with the Council of the EU equal legislative powers
to amend, approve or reject Commission proposals for most areas of EU legislation. Its powers are limited in areas where member
states' view sovereignty to be of primary concern (i.e. defence). It elects the Commission's President, must approve the College of
Commissioners, and may vote to remove them collectively from office.
the Court of Justice of the European Union ensures the uniform application of EU law and resolves disputes between EU institutions
and member states, and against EU institutions on behalf of individuals.
the European Central Bank is responsible for monetary stability within member states.
the European Court of Auditors investigates the proper management of finances within both the EU entities and EU funding provided
to its member states. As well as providing oversight and advice, it can refer unresolved issues to the European Court of Justice to
arbitrate on any alleged irregularities.
EU policy is in general promulgated by EU directives, which are then implemented in the domestic legislation of its member states, and
EU regulations, which are immediately enforceable in all member states. Lobbying at EU level by special interest groups is regulated to try
to balance the aspirations of private initiatives with public interest decision-making process[137]
European Parliament
The European Parliament is one of three legislative institutions of the
EU, which together with the Council of the European Union is tasked
with amending and approving the Commission's proposals. The 705
Members of the European Parliament (MEPs) are directly elected by EU
citizens every five years on the basis of proportional representation.
MEPs are elected on a national basis and they sit according to political
The hemicycle of the European groups rather than their nationality. Each country has a set number of
Parliament in Strasbourg seats and is divided into sub-national constituencies where this does not
affect the proportional nature of the voting system.[138]
In the ordinary legislative procedure, the European Commission proposes legislation, which requires the joint
approval of the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union to pass. This process applies to
President of the European
nearly all areas, including the EU budget. The Parliament is the final body to approve or reject the proposed Parliament, David Sassoli
membership of the Commission, and can attempt motions of censure on the Commission by appeal to the
Court of Justice. The President of the European Parliament (currently David Sassoli) carries out the role of
speaker in Parliament and represents it externally. The President and Vice-Presidents are elected by MEPs every two and a half years.[139]
European Council
The European Council gives political direction to the EU. It convenes at least four times a year and comprises the President of the
European Council (currently Charles Michel), the President of the European Commission and one representative per member state (either
its head of state or head of government). The High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy (currently Federica
Mogherini) also takes part in its meetings. It has been described by some as the Union's "supreme political authority".[140] It is actively
involved in the negotiation of treaty changes and defines the EU's policy agenda and strategies.
The European Council uses its leadership role to sort out disputes between member states and the
institutions, and to resolve political crises and disagreements over controversial issues and policies. It acts
externally as a "collective head of state" and ratifies important documents (for example, international
agreements and treaties).[141]
Tasks for the President of the European Council are ensuring the external representation of the EU,[142]
driving consensus and resolving divergences among member states, both during meetings of the European
Council and over the periods between them.
The European Council should not be mistaken for the Council of Europe, an international organisation
independent of the EU based in Strasbourg.

Council, Charles Michel
Council of the European Union

The Council of the European Union (also called the "Council"[143] and the "Council of Ministers", its
former title)[144] forms one half of the EU's legislature. It consists of a government minister from each
member state and meets in different compositions depending on the policy area being addressed.
Notwithstanding its different configurations, it is considered to be one single body.[145] In addition to
its legislative functions, the Council also exercises executive functions in relations to the Common
Foreign and Security Policy.
In some policies, there are several member states that ally with strategic partners within the Union.
Examples of such alliances include the Visegrad Group, Benelux, the Baltic Assembly, the New Lithuania held the Presidency of the
Hanseatic League, and the Craiova Group. Council of the European Union in
2013.
European Commission
The European Commission acts both as the EU's executive arm, responsible for the day-to-day running of
the EU, and also the legislative initiator, with the sole power to propose laws for debate.[146][147][148] The
Commission is 'guardian of the Treaties' and is responsible for their efficient operation and policing.[149] It
operates de facto as a cabinet government, with 27 Commissioners for different areas of policy, one from
each member state, though Commissioners are bound to represent the interests of the EU as a whole
rather than their home state.
One of the 27 is the President of the European Commission (Jean-Claude Juncker for 2014–2019),
appointed by the European Council, subject to the Parliament's approval. After the President, the most
prominent Commissioner is the High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy,
who is ex-officio a Vice-President of the Commission and is also chosen by the European Council.[150] The
other 26 Commissioners are subsequently appointed by the Council of the European Union in agreement
with the nominated President. The 27 Commissioners as a single body are subject to approval (or
otherwise) by vote of the European Parliament.
Commission, Ursula von der
Leyen
Budget
The EU had an agreed budget of €120.7 billion for the year 2007 and €864.3 billion for the period 2007–2013,[152] representing 1.10% and
1.05% of the EU-27's GNI forecast for the respective periods. In 1960, the budget of the then European Economic Community was 0.03%
of GDP.[153]
In the 2010 budget of €141.5 billion, the largest single expenditure item is "cohesion & competitiveness" with around 45% of the total
budget.[154] Next comes "agriculture" with approximately 31% of the total.[154] "Rural development, environment and fisheries" takes up
around 11%.[154] "Administration" accounts for around 6%.[154] The "EU as a global partner" and "citizenship, freedom, security and
justice" bring up the rear with approximately 6% and 1% respectively.[154]
The Court of Auditors is legally obliged to provide the Parliament and the Council (specifically, the Economic and Financial Affairs
Council) with "a statement of assurance as to the reliability of the accounts and the legality and regularity of the underlying
transactions".[155] The Court also gives opinions and proposals on financial legislation and anti-fraud actions.[156] The Parliament uses this
to decide whether to approve the Commission's handling of the budget.
The European Court of Auditors has signed off the European Union accounts every
year since 2007 and, while making it clear that the European Commission has more
work to do, has highlighted that most of the errors take place at national
level.[157][158] In their report on 2009 the auditors found that five areas of Union
expenditure, agriculture and the cohesion fund, were materially affected by error.[159]
The European Commission estimated in 2009 that the financial effect of
irregularities was €1,863 million.[160]
Competences
EU member states retain all powers not explicitly handed to the European Union. In
some areas the EU enjoys exclusive competence. These are areas in which member
states have renounced any capacity to enact legislation. In other areas the EU and its
member states share the competence to legislate. While both can legislate, member
states can only legislate to the extent to which the EU has not. In other policy areas
the EU can only co-ordinate, support and supplement member state action but
cannot enact legislation with the aim of harmonising national laws.[161]
That a particular policy area falls into a certain category of competence is not
necessarily indicative of what legislative procedure is used for enacting legislation
within that policy area. Different legislative procedures are used within the same
category of competence, and even with the same policy area.
European Union 2014-2020 Multiannual Financial
Framework[151]
The distribution of competences in various policy areas between Member States and
the Union is divided in the following three categories:
As outlined in Title I of Part I of the consolidated Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union
Exclusive competence Shared competence Supporting competence
The Union has exclusive Member States cannot exercise Union exercise of competence shall The Union can carry out actions to
competence to make directives and competence in areas where the not result in Member States being support, coordinate or supplement
conclude international agreements Union has done so, that is … prevented from exercising theirs in Member States' actions in …
when provided for in a Union …
legislative act as to … the internal market the protection and improvement
social policy, for the aspects research, technological of human health
the customs union defined in this Treaty development and (outer) space industry
the establishing of the economic, social and territorial development cooperation, culture
competition rules necessary for cohesion humanitarian aid
tourism
the functioning of the internal
agriculture and fisheries, education, youth, sport and
market The Union coordinates Member
excluding the conservation of vocational training
monetary policy for the Member States policies or implements
marine biological resources
States whose currency is the supplemental to their common civil protection (disaster
environment policies not covered elsewhere in prevention)
euro
consumer protection … administrative cooperation
the conservation of marine
biological resources under the transport
common fisheries policy trans-European networks the coordination of economic,
employment and social policies
Common Commercial Policy energy
common foreign, security and
conclusion of certain international the area of freedom, security and
defence policies
agreements justice
common safety concerns in
public health matters, for the
aspects defined in this Treaty
Legal system and justice

The EU is based on a series of treaties. These first established the European Community and the EU, and then made amendments to those
founding treaties.[162] These are power-giving treaties which set broad policy goals and establish institutions with the necessary legal
powers to implement those goals. These legal powers include the ability to enact legislation[o] which can directly affect all member states
and their inhabitants.[p] The EU has legal personality, with the right to sign agreements and international treaties.[163]
Under the principle of supremacy, national courts are required to enforce the treaties that their member states have ratified, and thus the
laws enacted under them, even if doing so requires them to ignore conflicting national law, and (within limits) even constitutional
provisions.[q]
The direct effect and supremacy doctrines were not explicitly set out the European Treaties but were developed by the Court of Justice
itself over the 1960s, apparently under the influence of its then most influential judge, Frenchman Robert Lecourt[164]
Courts of Justice
The judicial branch of the EU—formally called the Court of Justice of the European Union—consists of
two courts: the Court of Justice and the General Court[165] The Court of Justice primarily deals with
cases taken by member states, the institutions, and cases referred to it by the courts of member
states.[166] Because of the doctrines of direct effect and supremacy, many judgments of the Court of
Justice are automatically applicable within the internal legal orders of the member states.
The General Court mainly deals with cases taken by individuals and companies directly before the
EU's courts,[167] and the European Union Civil Service Tribunal adjudicates in disputes between the
European Union and its civil service.[168] Decisions from the General Court can be appealed to the
The Court of Justice, seated in
Court of Justice but only on a point of law.[169] Luxembourg City
Fundamental rights
The treaties declare that the EU itself is "founded on the values of respect for human dignity, freedom,
democracy, equality, the rule of law and respect for human rights, including the rights of persons belonging to
minorities ... in a society in which pluralism, non-discrimination, tolerance, justice, solidarity and equality
between women and men prevail."[171]
In 2009, the Lisbon Treaty gave legal effect to the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union. The
charter is a codified catalogue of fundamental rights against which the EU's legal acts can be judged. It
consolidates many rights which were previously recognised by the Court of Justice and derived from the
"constitutional traditions common to the member states."[172] The Court of Justice has long recognised
fundamental rights and has, on occasion, invalidated EU legislation based on its failure to adhere to those
fundamental rights.[173]
The Parada Równości in
Signing the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) is a condition for EU membership[r] previously,
Warsaw in 2018, when the
Court of Justice declared
the EU itself could not accede to the Convention as it is neither a state[s] nor had the competence to accede.[t]
that same-sex spouses The Lisbon Treaty and Protocol 14 to the ECHR have changed this: the former binds the EU to accede to the
have EU residence Convention while the latter formally permits it.
rights.[170]
The EU is independent from the Council of Europe and they share purpose and ideas especially on rule of law,
human rights and democracy. Further European Convention on Human Rights and European Social Charter,
the source of law of Charter of Fundamental Rights are created by Council of Europe. The EU also promoted human rights issues in the
wider world. The EU opposes the death penalty and has proposed its worldwide abolition. Abolition of the death penalty is a condition for
EU membership.[174]
Acts
The main legal acts of the EU come in three forms: regulations, directives, and decisions. Regulations become law in all member states the
moment they come into force, without the requirement for any implementing measures,[u] and automatically override conflicting domestic
provisions.[o] Directives require member states to achieve a certain result while leaving them discretion as to how to achieve the result. The
details of how they are to be implemented are left to member states.[v] When the time limit for implementing directives passes, they may,
under certain conditions, have direct effect in national law against member states.
Decisions offer an alternative to the two above modes of legislation. They are legal acts which only apply to specified individuals,
companies or a particular member state. They are most often used in competition law, or on rulings on State Aid, but are also frequently
used for procedural or administrative matters within the institutions. Regulations, directives, and decisions are of equal legal value and
apply without any formal hierarchy.[175]
European Ombudsman
The European Ombudsman was established by the Maastricht Treaty. The ombudsman is elected by the European Parliament for the
length of the Parliament's term, and the position is renewable.[176] Any EU citizen or entity may appeal to the ombudsman to investigate
an EU institution on the grounds of maladministration (administrative irregularities, unfairness, discrimination, abuse of power, failure to
reply, refusal of information or unnecessary delay).[177] Emily O'Reilly is the current ombudsman since 2013.[178]
Home affairs and migration
The borders inside Europol Eurojust Headquarters Seat of

the Schengen Area Headquarters in The in The Hague, Frontex in
between Germany Hague, Netherlands Netherlands Warsaw,
and Austria Poland
Since the creation of the EU in 1993, it has developed its competencies in the area of justice and home affairs; initially at an
intergovernmental level and later by supranationalism. Accordingly, the Union has legislated in areas such as extradition,[179] family
law,[180] asylum law,[181] and criminal justice.[182] Prohibitions against sexual and nationality discrimination have a long standing in the
treaties.[w] In more recent years, these have been supplemented by powers to legislate against discrimination based on race, religion,
disability, age, and sexual orientation.[x] By virtue of these powers, the EU has enacted legislation on sexual discrimination in the work-
place, age discrimination, and racial discrimination.[y]
The Union has also established agencies to co-ordinate police, prosecutorial and immigrations controls across the member states: Europol
for co-operation of police forces,[183] Eurojust for co-operation between prosecutors,[184] and Frontex for co-operation between border
control authorities.[185] The EU also operates the Schengen Information System[17] which provides a common database for police and
immigration authorities. This co-operation had to particularly be developed with the advent of open borders through the Schengen
Agreement and the associated cross border crime.
Foreign relations
Foreign policy co-operation between member states dates from the establishment of the Community in
1957, when member states negotiated as a bloc in international trade negotiations under the EU's
common commercial policy.[186] Steps for a more wide-ranging co-ordination in foreign relations
began in 1970 with the establishment of European Political Cooperation which created an informal
consultation process between member states with the aim of forming common foreign policies. In
1987 the European Political Cooperation was introduced on a formal basis by the Single European Act.
EPC was renamed as the Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) by the Maastricht Treaty.[187]
The EU participates in all G8 and
The aims of the CFSP are to promote both the EU's own interests and those of the international G20 summits. (G20 summit in
Hangzhou, China, 2016).
community as a whole, including the furtherance of international co-operation, respect for human
rights, democracy, and the rule of law.[188] The CFSP requires unanimity among the member states on
the appropriate policy to follow on any particular issue. The unanimity and difficult issues treated
under the CFSP sometimes lead to disagreements, such as those which occurred over the war in Iraq.[189]
The coordinator and representative of the CFSP within the EU is the High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security
Policy who speaks on behalf of the EU in foreign policy and defence matters, and has the task of articulating the positions expressed by the
member states on these fields of policy into a common alignment. The High Representative heads up the European External Action Service
(EEAS), a unique EU department[190] that has been officially implemented and operational since 1 December 2010 on the occasion of the
first anniversary of the entry into force of the Treaty of Lisbon.[191] The EEAS will serve as a foreign ministry and diplomatic corps for the
European Union.[192]
Federica Mogherini, next to M. Fathallah Donald Tusk and Jean-Claude High Representative of the Union for
Sijilmassi, former Secretary General of the Juncker with U.S. President Donald Foreign Affairs and Security Policy,
Union for the Mediterranean in its headquarters Trump, 2017. Federica Mogherini, after reaching in
in Barcelona. Vienna the Iran nuclear deal
framework
Indian PM Narendra Modi

with Donald Tusk and Jean-
Claude Juncker, representing
the two biggest democracies
in the world.
Besides the emerging international policy of the European Union, the international influence of the EU is also felt through enlargement.
The perceived benefits of becoming a member of the EU act as an incentive for both political and economic reform in states wishing to
fulfil the EU's accession criteria, and are considered an important factor contributing to the reform of European formerly Communist
countries.[193]:762 This influence on the internal affairs of other countries is generally referred to as "soft power", as opposed to military
"hard power".[194]
Defence
The predecessors of the European Union were not devised as a military alliance because NATO was
largely seen as appropriate and sufficient for defence purposes.[195] 21 EU members are members of
NATO[196] while the remaining member states follow policies of neutrality.[197] The Western European
Union, a military alliance with a mutual defence clause, was disbanded in 2010 as its role had been
transferred to the EU.[198]
According to the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI), France spent $53 billion
on defence in 2014[199] and is the only member officially recognised as a nuclear weapon state holding
Out of the 27 EU member states, 21
a permanent seat on the United Nations Security Council. Most EU member states opposed the
are also members of NATO. Another
three NATO members are EU
Nuclear Weapon Ban Treaty.[200]
applicants – Albania, Montenegro
and Turkey. Following the Kosovo War in 1999, the European Council agreed
that "the Union must have the capacity for autonomous action,
backed by credible military forces, the means to decide to use
them, and the readiness to do so, in order to respond to international crises without prejudice to
actions by NATO". To that end, a number of efforts were made to increase the EU's military capability,
notably the Helsinki Headline Goal process. After much discussion, the most concrete result was the
EU Battlegroups initiative, each of which is planned to be able to deploy quickly about
1500 personnel.[201]
Bulgarian frigate 41 Drazki, along
EU forces have been deployed on peacekeeping missions from middle and northern Africa to the with Italian frigate F577 Zeffiro
(right) and German frigate Sachsen
western Balkans and western Asia.[202] EU military operations are supported by a number of bodies,
(left) during a multinational exercise
including the European Defence Agency, European Union Satellite Centre and the European Union in the Mediterranean.
Military Staff.[203] Frontex is an agency of the EU established to manage the cooperation between
national border guards securing its external borders. It aims to detect and stop illegal immigration,
human trafficking and terrorist infiltration. In 2015 the European Commission presented its proposal for a new European Border and
Coast Guard Agency having a stronger role and mandate along with national authorities for border management. In an EU consisting of 27
members, substantial security and defence co-operation is increasingly relying on collaboration among all member states.[204]
Humanitarian aid
The European Commission's Humanitarian Aid and Civil Protection department, or "ECHO", provides
humanitarian aid from the EU to developing countries. In 2012, its budget amounted to €874 million,
51% of the budget went to Africa and 20% to Asia, Latin America, the Caribbean and Pacific, and 20%
to the Middle East and Mediterranean.[207]
Humanitarian aid is financed directly by the budget (70%) as part of the financial instruments for
external action and also by the European Development Fund (30%).[208] The EU's external action
financing is divided into 'geographic' instruments and 'thematic' instruments.[208] The 'geographic'
If considered collectively, EU
instruments provide aid through the Development Cooperation Instrument (DCI, €16.9 billion, 2007–
member states are the largest
contributor of foreign aid in the
2013), which must spend 95% of its budget on official development assistance (ODA), and from the
world.[205][206] European Neighbourhood and Partnership Instrument (ENPI), which contains some relevant
programmes.[208] The European Development Fund (EDF, €22.7 billion for the period 2008–2013
and €30.5 billion for the period 2014-2020) is made up of voluntary contributions by member states,
but there is pressure to merge the EDF into the budget-financed instruments to encourage increased contributions to match the 0.7%
target and allow the European Parliament greater oversight.[208][209]
In 2016, the average among EU countries was 0.4% and five had met or exceeded the 0.7% target: Denmark, Germany, Luxembourg,
Sweden and the United Kingdom.[210]
International cooperation and development partnerships

The EU uses foreign relations instruments like the European Neighbourhood Policy which seeks to tie
those countries to the east and south of the European territory of the EU to the Union. These
countries, primarily developing countries, include some who seek to one day become either a member
state of the European Union, or more closely integrated with the European Union. The EU offers
financial assistance to countries within the European Neighbourhood, so long as they meet the strict
conditions of government reform, economic reform and other issues surrounding positive
transformation. This process is normally underpinned by an Action Plan, as agreed by both Brussels
Eastern Partnership Summit 2015,
and the target country.
Riga.
International recognition of sustainable development as a key element is
growing steadily. Its role was recognized in three major UN summits on
sustainable development: the 1992 UN Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) in Rio de
Janeiro, Brazil; the 2002 World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) in Johannesburg, South
Africa; and the 2012 UN Conference on Sustainable Development (UNCSD) in Rio de Janeiro. Other key
global agreements are the Paris Agreement and the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (United
Nations, 2015). The SDGs recognize that all countries must stimulate action in the following key areas -
people, planet, prosperity, peace and partnership - in order to tackle the global challenges that are crucial for
the survival of humanity.
EU development action is based on the European Consensus on Development, which was endorsed on 20
December 2005 by EU Member States, the Council, the European Parliament and the Commission.[211] It is
applied from the principles of Capability approach and Rights-based approach to development.
Eiffel Tower, Paris
Trade
The European Union is the largest exporter in the world[212] and as of 2008 the largest importer of
goods and services.[213][214] Internal trade between the member states is aided by the removal of
barriers to trade such as tariffs and border controls. In the eurozone, trade is helped by not having any
currency differences to deal with amongst most members.[215]
The European Union Association Agreement does something similar for a much larger range of
countries, partly as a so-called soft approach ('a carrot instead of a stick') to influence the politics in
Shinzō Abe, Donald Tusk and Jean-
those countries. The European Union represents all its members at the World Trade Organization
Claude Juncker after signing the (WTO), and acts on behalf of member states in any disputes. When the EU negotiates trade related
EU-Japan Economic Partnership agreement outside the WTO framework, the subsequent agreement must be approved by each
Agreement individual EU member state government.[215]
The European Union has concluded free trade agreements (FTAs)[216] and other agreements with a trade component with many countries
worldwide and is negotiating with many others.[217]
Economy
The European Union has established a single market across the territory of all
its members representing 447 million citizens. In 2020, the EU has a
combined GDP of $20 trillion international dollars, a 14% share of global gross
domestic product by purchasing power parity (PPP).[219] As a political entity
the European Union is represented in the World Trade Organization (WTO).
EU member states own the estimated second largest after the United States
(US$105 trillion) net wealth in the world, equal to around 20% (~€60 trillion)
of the US$360 trillion (~€300 trillion)[220] global wealth.[221]
19 member states have joined a monetary union known as the eurozone, which The EU is the second-largest economy in the world according to
uses the Euro as a single currency. The currency union represents 342 million the IMF, with an estimated nominal GDP of US$16 trillion.[218]
EU citizens.[222] The euro is the second
largest reserve currency as well as the second most traded EU metropolitan areas by Gross
currency in the world after the United States Domestic Product (GDP) (2016)[85]
dollar.[223][224][225] GDP
Rank City
(in billions of euros)
Of the top 500 largest corporations in the world measured by
1. Paris 683.96
revenue in 2010, 161 have their headquarters in the EU.[226]
In 2016, unemployment in the EU stood at 8.9%[227] while 2. Madrid 211.78
inflation was at 2.2%, and the current account balance at 3. Milan 200.12
Milan, Italy, is a financial and −0.9% of GDP. The average annual net earnings in the 4. Munich 178.95
fashion centre in the EU inside the European Union was around €24,000 (US$30,000)[228] in
Blue Banana. 5. Berlin 173.39
2015, which was about 70% of that in the United States.[229]
There is a significant variation in Nominal GDP per capita within individual EU states. The difference
between the richest and poorest regions (281 NUTS-2 regions of the Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics) ranged, in 2017, from
31% (Severozapaden, Bulgaria) of the EU28 average (€30,000) to 253% (Luxembourg), or from €4,600 to €92,600.[230]
Internal market
Clockwise from top left: A standardised passport design, displaying the name of the member state, the national arms and the words "European Union" given in
their official language(s). (Irish model), Croatian version of an EU driving licence card with the EU flag on it, The common EU format of vehicle registration plate
(Slovak version pictured)
Two of the original core objectives of the European Economic Community were the development of a common market, subsequently
becoming a single market, and a customs union between its member states. The single market involves the free circulation of goods,
capital, people, and services within the EU,[222] and the customs union involves the application of a common external tariff on all goods
entering the market. Once goods have been admitted into the market they cannot be subjected to customs duties, discriminatory taxes or
import quotas, as they travel internally. The non-EU member states of Iceland, Norway, Liechtenstein and Switzerland participate in the
single market but not in the customs union.[121] Half the trade in the EU is covered by legislation harmonised by the EU.[231]
Free movement of capital is intended to permit movement of investments such as property purchases and buying of shares between
countries.[232] Until the drive towards economic and monetary union the development of the capital provisions had been slow. Post-
Maastricht there has been a rapidly developing corpus of ECJ judgements regarding this initially neglected freedom. The free movement of
capital is unique insofar as it is granted equally to non-member states.
The free movement of persons means that EU citizens can move freely between member states to live, work, study or retire in another
country. This required the lowering of administrative formalities and recognition of professional qualifications of other states.[233]
The free movement of services and of establishment allows self-employed persons to move between member states to provide services on a
temporary or permanent basis. While services account for 60–70% of GDP, legislation in the area is not as developed as in other areas.
This lacuna has been addressed by the recently passed Directive on services in the internal market which aims to liberalise the cross border
provision of services.[234] According to the Treaty the provision of services is a residual freedom that only applies if no other freedom is
being exercised.
Monetary union and financial services
Left: The seat of the European Central Bank within Frankfurt financial district. Right: 19 of the 27 EU member states have adopted the euro as their legal
tender. The Eurozone (dark blue) represents 340 million people. The euro is the second-largest reserve currency in the world and the world's 2nd-most-traded
currency.
The creation of a European single currency became an official objective of the European Economic Community in 1969. In 1992, having
negotiated the structure and procedures of a currency union, the member states signed the Maastricht Treaty and were legally bound to
fulfil the agreed-on rules including the convergence criteria if they wanted to join the monetary union. The states wanting to participate
had first to join the European Exchange Rate Mechanism.
In 1999 the currency union started, first as an accounting currency with eleven member states joining. In 2002, the currency was fully put
into place, when euro notes and coins were issued and national currencies began to phase out in the eurozone, which by then consisted of
12 member states. The eurozone (constituted by the EU member states which have adopted the euro) has since grown to 19
countries.[235][z]
The euro, and the monetary policies of those who have adopted it in agreement with the EU, are under the
control of the European Central Bank (ECB).[236] The ECB is the central bank for the eurozone, and thus
controls monetary policy in that area with an agenda to maintain price stability. It is at the centre of the
European System of Central Banks, which comprehends all EU national central banks and is controlled by its
General Council, consisting of the President of the ECB, who is appointed by the European Council, the Vice-
President of the ECB, and the governors of the national central banks of all 27 EU member states.[237]
The European System of Financial Supervision is an institutional architecture of the EU's framework of
financial supervision composed by three authorities: the European Banking Authority, the European
Insurance and Occupational Pensions Authority and the European Securities and Markets Authority. To
complement this framework, there is also a European Systemic Risk Board under the responsibility of the
ECB. The aim of this financial control system is to ensure the economic stability of the EU.[238] Christine Lagarde,
To prevent the joining states from getting into financial trouble or crisis after entering the monetary union, Central Bank.
they were obliged in the Maastricht treaty to fulfil important financial obligations and procedures, especially
to show budgetary discipline and a high degree of sustainable economic convergence, as well as to avoid
excessive government deficits and limit the government debt to a sustainable level.
Industry and digital economy

The European Commission working sectors are: Aeronautics, automotive, biotechnology, chemicals, construction, cosmetics, defense,
electronics, firearms, food and drink, gambling, healthcare, maritime, mechanics, medical, postal, raw materials, space, textile, tourism,
toys and Social economy (Societas cooperativa Europaea).
World's largest passenger airplane A Lamborghini Huracán by Italian Tourism is a major economic activity
Airbus A380 built by Societas automotive manufacturer in the European Union with wide-
Europaea Airbus SE. Airbus is one Lamborghini. Automotive ranging impact on economic growth
of the world's leading aircraft manufacturing is one of most and employment. (Prague, Czech
manufacturers. enduring industrial activities in the Republic)
EU, and it accounts for millions of
jobs, billions of euros in investment,
and represents a large portion of
the bloc's exports.
The construction sector in the European

Union is the biggest provider of
employment, and contributes to a major
part of the Gross capital of the European
Union. (Sagrada Família, Barcelona,
Spain)
Energy
Consumed energy (2012)
In 2006, the EU-27 had a gross inland energy consumption of 1,825 million tonnes of oil
Energy source Origin Percents equivalent (toe).[239] Around 46% of the energy consumed was produced within the
Oil
Imported
33% member states while 54% was imported.[239] In these statistics, nuclear energy is treated as
Domestic 6%
primary energy produced in the EU, regardless of the source of the uranium, of which less

Imported 14%
Gas Domestic

9% than 3% is produced in the EU.[240]

Imported 0%
Nuclear[aa] Domestic 13%
The EU has had legislative power in the area of energy policy for most of its existence; this

Imported 0%
Coal/Lignite Domestic 10% has its roots in the original European Coal and Steel Community. The introduction of a
Renewable
Imported 0% mandatory and comprehensive European energy policy was approved at the meeting of the
Domestic 7%
Imported 7% European Council in October 2005, and the first draft policy was published in January
Other
2007.[241]

Domestic 1%
The EU has five key points in its energy policy: increase competition in the internal market,
encourage investment and boost interconnections between electricity grids; diversify energy resources with better systems to respond to a
crisis; establish a new treaty framework for energy co-operation with Russia while improving relations with energy-rich states in Central
Asia[242] and North Africa; use existing energy supplies more efficiently while increasing renewable energy commercialisation; and finally
increase funding for new energy technologies.[241]
In 2007, EU countries as a whole imported 82% of their oil, 57% of their natural gas[243] and 97.48% of their uranium[240] demands.
There is a strong dependence on Russian energy that the EU has been attempting to reduce.[244]
Infrastructure
The EU is working to improve cross-border infrastructure within the EU, for example through the Trans-European Networks (TEN).
Projects under TEN include the Channel Tunnel, LGV Est, the Fréjus Rail Tunnel, the Öresund Bridge, the Brenner Base Tunnel and the
Strait of Messina Bridge. In 2010 the estimated network covers: 75,200 kilometres (46,700 mi) of roads; 78,000 kilometres (48,000 mi) of
railways; 330 airports; 270 maritime harbours; and 210 internal harbours.[245][246]
Rail transport in Europe is being synchronised with the European Rail Traffic Management System (ERTMS), an initiative to greatly
enhance safety, increase efficiency of trains and enhance cross-border interoperability of rail transport in Europe by replacing signalling
equipment with digitised mostly wireless versions and by creating a single Europe-wide standard for train control and command systems.
The developing European transport policies will increase the pressure on the environment in many regions by the increased transport
network. In the pre-2004 EU members, the major problem in transport deals with congestion and pollution. After the recent enlargement,
the new states that joined since 2004 added the problem of solving accessibility to the transport agenda.[247] The Polish road network was
upgraded such as the A4 autostrada.[248]
The Öresund Bridge Dublin Airport Port of Antwerp Spain places second in
between Denmark container terminal, High-speed rail
and Sweden is part second-busiest seaport constructed km in the
of the Trans- in the European Union. world after China
European Networks
Telecommunications and space

The Galileo positioning system is another EU infrastructure project. Galileo is a proposed Satellite
navigation system, to be built by the EU and launched by the European Space Agency (ESA). The
Galileo project was launched partly to reduce the EU's dependency on the US-operated Global
Positioning System, but also to give more complete global coverage and allow for greater accuracy,
given the aged nature of the GPS system.[249]
Agriculture and fisheries

European Space Agency Mission
The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) is one of the long lasting Control at ESOC in Darmstadt,
policies of the European Community.[250] The policy has the Germany.
objectives of increasing agricultural production, providing
certainty in food supplies, ensuring a high quality of life for
farmers, stabilising markets, and ensuring reasonable prices for consumers.[ab] It was, until recently,
operated by a system of subsidies and market intervention. Until the 1990s, the policy accounted for
over 60% of the then European Community's annual budget, and as of 2013 accounts for around
34%.[251]
Vineyards in Romania; EU farms
are supported by the Common
Agricultural Policy, the largest
The policy's price controls and market interventions led to considerable overproduction. These were
budgetary expenditure. intervention stores of products bought up by the Community to maintain minimum price levels. To
dispose of surplus stores, they were often sold on the world market at prices considerably below
Community guaranteed prices, or farmers were offered subsidies (amounting to the difference
between the Community and world prices) to export their products outside the Community. This system has been criticised for under-
cutting farmers outside Europe, especially those in the developing world.[252] Supporters of CAP argue that the economic support which it
gives to farmers provides them with a reasonable standard of living.[252]
Since the beginning of the 1990s, the CAP has been subject to a series of reforms. Initially, these reforms included the introduction of set-
aside in 1988, where a proportion of farm land was deliberately withdrawn from production, milk quotas and, more recently, the 'de-
coupling' (or disassociation) of the money farmers receive from the EU and the amount they produce (by the Fischler reforms in 2004).
Agriculture expenditure will move away from subsidy payments linked to specific produce, toward direct payments based on farm size.
This is intended to allow the market to dictate production levels.[250] One of these reforms entailed the modification of the EU's sugar
regime, which previously divided the sugar market between member states and certain African-Caribbean nations with a privileged
relationship with the EU.[253]
Competition
The EU operates a competition policy intended to ensure undistorted competition within the single market.[ac] The Commission as the
competition regulator for the single market is responsible for antitrust issues, approving mergers, breaking up cartels, working for
economic liberalisation and preventing state aid.[254]
The Competition Commissioner, currently Margrethe Vestager, is one of the most powerful positions in the Commission, notable for the
ability to affect the commercial interests of trans-national corporations.[255] For example, in 2001 the Commission for the first time
prevented a merger between two companies based in the United States (GE and Honeywell) which had already been approved by their
national authority.[256] Another high-profile case against Microsoft, resulted in the Commission fining Microsoft over €777 million
following nine years of legal action.[257]
Labour market
The EU seasonally adjusted unemployment rate was 6.7% in September 2018.[258] The euro area unemployment rate was 8.1%.[258]
Among the member states, the lowest unemployment rates were recorded in the Czech Republic (2.3%), Germany and Poland (both 3.4%),
and the highest in Spain (14.9%) and Greece (19.0 in July 2018).[258]
Social policy and equality

The EU has long sought to mitigate the effects of free markets by protecting workers
rights and preventing social and environmental dumping. To this end it has adopted
laws establishing minimum employment and environmental standards. These
included the Working Time Directive and the Environmental Impact Assessment
Directive. The EU has also sought to coordinate the social security and health
systems of member states to facilitate individuals exercising free movement rights
and to ensure they maintain their ability to access social security and health services European Social Fund spending by items.
in other member states.
The European Social Charter is the main body that recognizes the social rights of European
citizens.
A European unemployment insurance has been proposed among others by the commissioner of
Jobs Nicolas Schmit.[259]
Since 2019 there is a European Commissioner for Equality; a European Institute for Gender
Equality has existed since 2007.
Housing, youth, childhood, Functional diversity or elderly care are supportive competencies of the
European Union and can be financed by the European Social Fund.
Regional and local policy Classification of regions from 2014 to

January 2020:
Structural Funds and Cohesion Funds are supporting the development of underdeveloped regions Less developed regions
of the EU. Such regions are primarily located in the states of central and southern
Transition regions
Europe.[260][261] Several funds provide emergency aid, support for candidate members to
More developed regions
transform their country to conform to the EU's standard (Phare, ISPA, and SAPARD), and support
to the Commonwealth of Independent States (TACIS). TACIS has now become part of the
worldwide EuropeAid programme.
Demographic transition to a society of aging population, low fertility-rates and depopulation of non-metropolitan regions is tackled within
this policies.
Environment and climate

In 1957, when the EEC was founded, it had no environmental policy.[262] Over the past 50 years, an increasingly dense network of
legislation has been created, extending to all areas of environmental protection, including air pollution, water quality, waste management,
nature conservation, and the control of chemicals, industrial hazards, and biotechnology.[263] According to the Institute for European
Environmental Policy, environmental law comprises over 500 Directives, Regulations and Decisions, making environmental policy a core
area of European politics.[264]
European policy-makers originally increased the EU's capacity to act on environmental issues by defining it as a trade problem.[265] Trade
barriers and competitive distortions in the Common Market could emerge due to the different environmental standards in each member
state.[266] In subsequent years, the environment became a formal policy area, with its own policy actors, principles and procedures. The
legal basis for EU environmental policy was established with the introduction of the Single European Act in 1987.[264]
Initially, EU environmental policy focused on Europe. More recently,
the EU has demonstrated leadership in global environmental
governance, e.g. the role of the EU in securing the ratification and
coming into force of the Kyoto Protocol despite opposition from the
United States. This international dimension is reflected in the EU's
Sixth Environmental Action Programme,[267] which recognises that
its objectives can only be achieved if key international agreements
are actively supported and properly implemented both at EU level Biogeographic regions of the
Białowieża Forest, an ancient
and worldwide. The Lisbon Treaty further strengthened the continental European Union,
woodland in eastern Poland and a
UNESCO World Heritage Site, is
leadership ambitions.[268] EU law has played a significant role in according to the European
home to 800 wild wisent. improving habitat and species protection in Europe, as well as Environmental Agency
contributing to improvements in air and water quality and waste
management.[264]
Mitigating climate change is one of the top priorities of EU environmental policy. In 2007, member states agreed that, in the future, 20%
of the energy used across the EU must be renewable, and carbon dioxide emissions have to be lower in 2020 by at least 20% compared to
1990 levels.[269] The EU has adopted an emissions trading system to incorporate carbon emissions into the economy.[270] The European
Green Capital is an annual award given to cities that focuses on the environment, energy efficiency, and quality of life in urban areas to
create smart city.
In the Elections to the European Parliament in 2019, the green parties increased their power, possibly because of the rise of post
materialist values.[271]
Proposals to reach a zero carbon economy in the European Union by 2050 were suggested in 2018 - 2019. Almost all member states
supported that goal at an EU summit in June 2019. The Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, and Poland disagreed.[272]
Education and research

Basic education is an area where the EU's role is limited to supporting national governments. In higher
education, the policy was developed in the 1980s in programmes supporting exchanges and mobility. The
most visible of these has been the Erasmus Programme, a university exchange programme which began in
1987. In its first 20 years, it supported international exchange opportunities for well over 1.5 million
university and college students and became a symbol of European student life.[273]
There are similar programmes for school pupils and teachers, for trainees in vocational education and
training, and for adult learners in the Lifelong Learning Programme 2007–2013. These programmes are
designed to encourage a wider knowledge of other countries and to spread good practices in the education
and training fields across the EU.[274][275] Through its support of the Bologna Process, the EU is supporting
comparable standards and compatible degrees across Europe.
Scientific development is facilitated through the EU's Framework Programmes, the first of which started in Erasmus of Rotterdam, the
1984. The aims of EU policy in this area are to co-ordinate and stimulate research. The independent Renaissance humanist after
European Research Council allocates EU funds to European or national research projects.[276] EU research whom the Erasmus
and technological framework programmes deal in a number of areas, for example energy where the aim is to Programme is named
develop a diverse mix of renewable energy to help the environment and to reduce dependence on imported
fuels.[277]
Health care and food safety

The EU has no major competences in the field EU countries with the highest life expectancy (2019)[278]
of health care and Article 35 of the Charter of World EU Life expectancy
Country
Fundamental Rights of the European Union Rank Rank at birth (years)
affirms that "A high level of human health 5. 1. Spain 83.4
protection shall be ensured in the definition and
6. 2. Italy 83.4
implementation of all Union policies and
activities". The European Commission's 11. 3. Sweden 82.7
European Health Insurance Card Directorate-General for Health and Consumers 12. 4. France 82.5
(Slovenian version pictured) seeks to align national laws on the protection of 13. 5. Malta 82.4
people's health, on the consumers' rights, on the
safety of food and other products.[279][280][281] 16. 6. Ireland 82.1
17. 7. Netherlands 82.1
All EU and many other European countries offer their citizens a free European
19. 8. Luxembourg 82.1
Health Insurance Card which, on a reciprocal basis, provides insurance for
emergency medical treatment insurance when visiting other participating European 20. 9. Greece 82.1
countries.[282] A directive on cross-border healthcare aims at promoting co-operation on health care between member states and
facilitating access to safe and high-quality cross-border healthcare for European patients.[283][284][285]
The EU has some of the highest levels of life expectancy in the world, with Spain, Italy, Sweden, France, Malta, Ireland, Netherlands,
Luxembourg, and Greece all among the world's top 20 countries with the highest life expectancy.[278] In general, life expectancy is lower in
Eastern Europe than in Western Europe.[286] In 2018, the EU region with the highest life expectancy was Madrid, Spain at 85.2 years,
followed by the Spanish regions of La Rioja and Castilla y León both at 84.3 years, Trentino in Italy at 84.3 years and Île-de-France in
France at 84.2 years. The overall life expectancy in the EU in 2018 was 81.0 years, higher than the World average of 72.6 years.[287]
Culture
Cultural co-operation between member states has been an interest of the EU since its inclusion as a
community competency in the Maastricht Treaty.[288] Actions taken in the cultural area by the EU
include the Culture 2000 seven-year programme,[288] the European Cultural Month event,[289] and
orchestras such as the European Union Youth Orchestra.[290] The European Capital of Culture
programme selects one or more cities in every year to assist the cultural development of that city.[291]
The European Capital of Culture

Sport
programme was launched in the Association football is by far the most popular sport in the
summer of 1985 with Athens being European Union by the number of registered players. The other
the first title-holder
sports with the most participants in clubs are tennis, basketball,
swimming, athletics, golf, gymnastics, equestrian sports, handball,
volleyball and sailing.[292]
Sport is mainly the responsibility of the member states or other international organisations, rather
than of the EU. There are some EU policies that have affected sport, such as the free movement of
workers, which was at the core of the Bosman ruling that prohibited national football leagues from
Football is one of the most popular
imposing quotas on foreign players with European citizenship.[293] sports in the European Union.
(Santiago Bernabéu Stadium in
The Treaty of Lisbon requires any application of economic rules to take into account the specific Madrid)
nature of sport and its structures based on voluntary activity.[294] This followed lobbying by governing
organisations such as the International Olympic Committee and FIFA, due to objections over the
application of free market principles to sport, which led to an increasing gap between rich and poor clubs.[295] The EU does fund a
programme for Israeli, Jordanian, Irish, and British football coaches, as part of the Football 4 Peace project.[296]
Symbols
The flag used is the Flag of Europe, which consists of a circle of 12 golden stars on a blue background.
Originally designed in 1955 for the Council of Europe, the flag was adopted by the European Communities,
the predecessors of the present Union, in 1986. The Council of Europe gave the flag a symbolic description in
the following terms,[297] though the official symbolic description adopted by the EU omits the reference to the
"Western world":[298]
Against the blue sky of the Western world, the stars symbolise the peoples of Europe in a form of a
circle, the sign of union. The number of stars is invariably twelve, the figure twelve being the
symbol of perfection and entirety.
— Council of Europe. Paris, 7–9 December 1955.
United in Diversity was adopted as the motto of the Union in the year 2000, having
Bust of Charlemagne with
the German Reichsadler
been selected from proposals submitted by school pupils.[299] Since 1985, the flag
embossed on the metal and day of the Union has been Europe Day, on 9 May (the date of the 1950 Schuman
the French fleur-de-lis declaration). The anthem of the Union is an instrumental version of the prelude to
embroidered on the fabric. the Ode to Joy, the 4th movement of Ludwig van Beethoven's ninth symphony. The
Aachen Cathedral Treasury anthem was adopted by European Community leaders in 1985 and has since been
played on official occasions.[300] Besides naming the continent, the Greek
mythological figure of Europa has frequently been employed as a personification of
Europe. Known from the myth in which Zeus seduces her in the guise of a white bull, Europa has also been Europa and the Bull on
referred to in relation to the present Union. Statues of Europa and the bull decorate several of the Union's a Greek vase, circa 480
institutions and a portrait of her is seen on the 2013 series of Euro banknotes. The bull is, for its part, depicted BC. Tarquinia National
on all residence permit cards.[301] Museum, Italy
Charles the Great, also known as Charlemagne (Latin: Carolus Magnus) and later recognised as Pater Europae ("Father of
Europe"),[302][303][304] has a symbolic relevance to Europe. The Commission has named one of its central buildings in Brussels after
Charlemagne and the city of Aachen has since 1949 awarded the Charlemagne Prize to champions of European unification.[305] Since
2008, the organisers of this prize, in conjunction with the European Parliament, have awarded the Charlemagne Youth Prize in
recognition of similar efforts by young people.[306]
Media
Media freedom is a fundamental right that applies to all member states of the European Union and its
citizens, as defined in the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights as well as the European Convention on
Human Rights.[307]:1 Within the EU enlargement process, guaranteeing media freedom is named a
"key indicator of a country's readiness to become part of the EU".[308]
The majority of media in the European Union are national-oriented. Some EU-wide media focusing on
European affairs have emerged since the early 1990s, such as Euronews, EUobserver, EURACTIV or
Politico Europe.[309] ARTE is a public Franco-German TV network that promotes programming in the
Euronews headquarters in Lyon,
areas of culture and the arts. 80% of its programming are provided in equal proportion by the two
France
member companies, while the remainder is being provided by the European Economic Interest
Grouping ARTE GEIE and the channel's European partners.[310]
The MEDIA Programme of the European Union has supported the European popular film and audiovisual industries since 1991. It
provides support for the development, promotion and distribution of European works within Europe and beyond.[311]
Impact
The European Union has had a significant positive economic impact on member states. According to a 2019 study of the member states
who joined from 1973 to 2004, "without European integration, per capita incomes would have been, on average, approximately 10% lower
in the first ten years after joining the EU."[312]
The European Union has contributed to peace in Europe, in particular by pacifying border disputes.[313][314]
The European Union has contributed to the spread of democracy, in particular by encouraging democratic reforms in aspiring member
states. Thomas Risse wrote in 2009, "there is a consensus in the literature on Eastern Europe that the EU membership perspective had a
huge anchoring effects for the new democracies."[315] However, R. Daniel Keleman argues that over time, the EU has proved beneficial to
leaders who are overseeing democratic backsliding, as the EU is reluctant to intervene in domestic politics, gives the authoritarians funds
which they can use to strengthen their regimes, and because freedom of movement within the EU allows dissenting citizens to leave their
backsliding countries.[316]
See also
Outline of the European Union
Special member state territories and the European Union
Eurozone
List of country groupings
List of multilateral free-trade agreements
Euroscepticism
Notes
1. This figure is from February 2020, and takes account of the United Kingdom leaving the European Union. The population of the UK is
roughly 0.9% of the world's population.[19]
a. The 24 languages are equally official and accepted as working e. Kikuchi Yoshio ( 菊池良⽣ ) of Meiji University suggested that the
languages. Three of them – English, French and German – notion of Holy Roman Empire as a federal political entity
have the higher status of procedural languages and are used in influenced the later structural ideas of the European Union.[24]
the day-to-day workings of the European institutions.[2] f. See Articles 165 and 166 (ex Articles 149 and 150) of the Treaty
b. Calculated using UNDP data for the member states with on the Functioning of the European Union, on eur-lex.europa.eu
weighted population.[11] (http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:C:20
c. Martinique, Guadeloupe (UTC−4); French Guiana (UTC−3); 10:083:0047:0200:EN:PDF)
Azores (UTC−1 / UTC); Mayotte (UTC+3); and La Réunion g. Slavic: Bulgarian, Croatian, Czech, Polish, Slovak and Slovene.
(UTC+4); which, other than the Azores, do not observe DST. Baltic: Latvian and Lithuanian.
d. .eu is representative of the whole of the EU; member states also h. French, Italian, Portuguese, Romanian and Spanish.
have their own TLDs. i. Danish, Dutch, English, German and Swedish.
j. Greek
k. Irish t. Opinion (2/92) of the European Court of Justice on "Accession
l. Referred to by the EU as the "former Yugoslav Republic of by the Community to the European Convention for the
Macedonia". Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms" 1996
E.C.R. I-1759 (http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.d
m. On 3 October 1990, the constituent states of the former German
o?uri=CELEX:61994V0002:FR:NOT) (in French), ruled that the
Democratic Republic acceded to the Federal Republic of
European Community did not have the competence to accede
Germany, automatically becoming part of the EU.
to the ECHR.
n. This figure includes the extra-European territories of member
u. See: Case 34/73, Variola v. Amministrazione delle Finanze
states which are part of the European Union, and excludes the
[1973] ECR 981 (http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriSer
European territories of member states which are not part of the
v.do?uri=CELEX:61973J0034:EN:NOT).
Union. For more information see Special member state
territories and the European Union. v. To do otherwise would require the drafting of legislation which
would have to cope with the frequently divergent legal systems
o. See Article 288 (ex Article 249 TEC) of the Treaty on the
and administrative systems of all of the now 28 member states.
Functioning of the European Union, on eur-lex.europa.eu (http://
See Craig and de Búrca, p. 115
eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:C:2010:08
3:0047:0200:EN:PDF) w. See Articles 157 (ex Article 141) of the Treaty on the
Functioning of the European Union, on eur-lex.europa.eu (http://
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eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:C:2010:08
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3:0013:0046:EN:PDF)
Administratie der Belastingen, Eur-Lex (http://eur-lex.europa.eu/
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(https://web.archive.org/web/20080626175941/http://assembly.c c%20and%20political%20coordination/ERM2.aspx). Danish
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ml/005.htm)), and even now only states may become member primary energy produced in the EU.
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Further reading
Berend, Ivan T. (2017). The Contemporary Crisis of the European McAuley, James, "A More Perfect Union?" (review of Luuk van
Union: Prospects for the Future. New York: Routledge. Middelaar, Alarums and Excursions: Improving Politics on
ISBN 978-1-138-24419-1. the European Stage, translated from the Dutch by Liz
Bomberg, Elizabeth; Peterson, John; Corbett, Richard, eds. (2012). Waters, Agenda, 2019, 301 pp.; and Stéphanie Hennette,
The European Union: How Does it Work? (New European Thomas Piketty, Guillaume Sacriste, and Antoine Vauchez,
Union) (https://archive.org/details/europeanunionhow0000un How to Democratize Europe, translated from the French by
se) (3rd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0- Paul Dermine, Marc LePain, and Patrick Camiller, Harvard
19-957080-5. University Press, 2019, 209 pp.), The New York Review of
Books, vol. LXVI, no. 13 (15 August 2019), pp. 46–48.
Corbett, Richard; Jacobs, Francis; Shackleton, Michael (2011). The
James McAuley writes: "There was never a single moment
European Parliament (8th ed.). London: John Harper
that marked the definitive establishment of the European
Publishing. ISBN 978-0-9564508-5-2.
Union, which... has continued to define itself since World
Craig, Paul; de Búrca, Gráinne (2007). EU Law, Text, Cases and War II. [T]he major turning points have all been quiet steps
Materials (4th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. on the way to further economic integration while preserving
ISBN 978-0-19-927389-8. national sovereignty. Today there is only an incomplete
Federiga, Bindi, ed. (2010). The Foreign Policy of the European monetary union without a real political contract to manage
Union: Assessing Europe's Role in the World (2nd ed.). it... [Nevertheless, the Union's] various peoples have grown
Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press. ISBN 978-0- remarkably closer... The European Union now has open
8157-2252-6. The E.U.'s foreign-policy mechanisms and borders, a single market from Portugal to the Baltics, and
foreign relations, including with its neighbours. more or less monthly meetings of member state leaders [the
Gareis, Sven; Hauser, Gunther; Kernic, Franz, eds. (2013). The European Council]. What's more, those member states are
European Union – A Global Actor?. Leverkusen, Germany: now closer to each other than they are to the United
Barbara Budrich Publishers. ISBN 978-3-8474-0040-0. States... [T]his transformation has occurred informally and
Grinin, L.; Korotayev, A.; Tausch, A. (2016). Economic Cycles, organically... [R]obust supranational politics are taking root in
Crises, and the Global Periphery. Heidelberg, New York, Europe... Luuk van Middelaar writes: '[W]hat unites us as
Dordrecht, London: Springer International Publishing. Europeans on this continent is bigger and stronger than
ISBN 978-3-319-17780-9. anything that divides us.'" (pp. 47–48.)
Jones, Erik; Anand, Menon; Weatherill, Stephen (2012). The Oxford McCormick, John (2007). The European Union: Politics and Policies
Handbook of the European Union. Oxford: Oxford University (https://archive.org/details/europeanunionpol0000mcco_d3k
Press. ISBN 978-0-19-954628-2. 0) (5th ed.). Boulder, CO: Westview Press. ISBN 978-0-
8133-4202-3.
Jordan, A.J.; Adelle, Camilla, eds. (2012). Environmental Policy in
the European Union: Contexts, Actors and Policy Dynamics Mount, Ferdinand, "Why We Go to War", London Review of Books,
(3rd ed.). Abingdon-on-Thames: Routledge. ISBN 978-1- vol. 41, no. 11 (6 June 2019), pp. 11–14. "[H]istorians have
84971-469-3. tended to weave their narratives around [...] high-flown
themes: the struggle to maintain the balance of power, the
Kaiser, Wolfram (2009). Christian Democracy and the Origins of
struggles against fascism and communism, against the
European Union (New Studies in European History).
French Revolution or German militarism. In reality, most
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-511-
large wars have contained within them a violent and
49705-6.
persistent economic conflict. [p. 12.] Not for one second do
Le Gales, Patrick; King, Desmond (2017). Reconfiguring European [the U.K.'s Brexiteers] pause to think how hard-won
States in Crisis. Corby: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978- [Europe's economic integration and peace, within the
0-19-879337-3. European Union, have] been. They are the feckless children
of seventy years of peace." [p. 14.]
Pinder, John; Usherwood, Simon (2013). The European Union: A Steiner, Josephine; Woods, Lorna; Twigg-Flesner, Christian (2006).
Very Short Introduction (3rd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University EU Law (9th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Press. ISBN 978-0-19-968169-3. excerpt and text search (ht ISBN 978-0-19-927959-3.
tps://www.amazon.com/dp/0199233977) Tausch, Arno (2012). Globalization, the Human Condition, and
Rifkin, Jeremy (2005). The European Dream: How Europe's Vision Sustainable Development in the Twenty-first Century: Cross-
of the Future Is Quietly Eclipsing the American Dream (http national Perspectives and European Implications. With
s://archive.org/details/europeandreamhow00rifk_0). City of Almas Heshmati and a Foreword by Ulrich Brand (1st ed.).
Westminster, London: TarcherPerigee. ISBN 978-1-58542- Anthem Press, London. ISBN 978-0-85728-410-5.
435-1. Yesilada, Birol A.; Wood, David M. (2009). The Emerging European
Smith, Charles (2007). International Trade and Globalisation (3rd Union (5th ed.). Abingdon-on-Thames: Routledge.
ed.). Stocksfield: Anforme Ltd. ISBN 978-1-905504-10-7. ISBN 978-0-205-72380-5.
Staab, Andreas (2011). The European Union Explained: Institutions,
Actors, Global Impact. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University
Press. ISBN 978-0-253-22303-6. excerpt and text search (ht
tps://www.amazon.com/dp/0253220181)
External links
Official:
EUROPA (http://europa.eu/index_en.htm) – official web portal

Institutions (https://web.archive.org/web/20090601191547/http://europa.eu/institutions/index_en.htm)
European Council (https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20170609145325/http://www.consilium.europa.eu/da/european-council/)
European Commission (http://www.ec.europa.eu/index_en.htm)
Council (http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20090706224730/http://www.consilium.europa.eu/showPage.aspx?id=242&lang=en)
European Parliament (http://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/public/default_en.htm)
European Central Bank (http://www.ecb.europa.eu/home/html/index.en.html)
Court of Justice of the European Union (http://curia.europa.eu/)
Court of Auditors (https://web.archive.org/web/20091222231135/http://eca.europa.eu/portal/page/portal/eca_main_pages/home)
Agencies (https://web.archive.org/web/20070716180819/http://europa.eu/agencies/index_en.htm)
EUR-Lex (http://eur-lex.europa.eu/en/index.htm) – EU Laws
Historical Archives of the European Union (http://www.eui.eu/Research/HistoricalArchivesOfEU/Index.aspx)
Overviews and data:
Eurostat – European Union Statistics Explained (http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/statistics_explained)

Datasets related to the EU on CKAN (https://web.archive.org/web/20100315151022/http://www.ckan.net/tag/read/eutransparency)
"CIA World Factbook: European Union" (https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ee.html). The World
Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
British Pathé (http://www.britishpathe.com/workspace.php?id=2537&display=list/) – Online newsreel archive of the 20th century
Search EU Financial Sanctions List (https://web.archive.org/web/20160827225957/http://eu.data-list-search.com/)
The European Union: Questions and Answers (https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RS21372.pdf) Congressional Research Service
Works by European Union (https://www.gutenberg.org/author/European+Union) at Project Gutenberg
Works by or about European Union (https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Union%2C%20European%22%20
OR%20subject%3A%22European%20Union%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Union%2C%20European%22%20OR%20creator%3A%
22European%20Union%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Union%2C%20E%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22European%20Union%22%
20OR%20description%3A%22Union%2C%20European%22%20OR%20description%3A%22European%20Union%22%29%29%20AN
D%20%28-mediatype:software%29) at Internet Archive
News and interviews:
Documents and clippings about European Union (http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/co/071613) in the 20th Century Press Archives
of the ZBW
Der Spiegel interview with Helmut Schmidt and Valery Giscard d'Estaing (http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/spiegel-interview-
with-helmut-schmidt-and-valery-giscard-d-estaing-a-855127.html)
Educational resources:
European Studies Hub (http://hum.port.ac.uk/europeanstudieshub) – interactive learning tools and resources to help students and
researchers better understand and engage with the European Union and its politics.
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Legal system and justice GDP (nominal) 2020 estimate

(Khvalynsk culture) and the

Maastricht Treaty (1992–2007)

Lisbon Treaty (2007–present)

Croatia Zagreb HR 1 July 2013 4,076,246 56,594 km2 72/km2 12

Cyprus Nicosia CY 1 May 2004 875,898 9,251 km2 95/km2 6

Finland Helsinki FI 1 January 1995 5,517,919 338,424 km2 16/km2 14

France Paris FR Founder 67,028,048 640,679 km2 105/km2 79

Greece Athens GR 1 January 1981 10,722,287 131,990 km2 81/km2 21

Italy Rome IT Founder 60,359,546 301,338 km2 200/km2 76

Latvia Riga LV 1 May 2004 1,919,968 64,589 km2 30/km2 8

Lithuania Vilnius LT 1 May 2004 2,794,184 65,200 km2 43/km2 11

Luxembourg Luxembourg City LU Founder 613,894 2,586 km2 237/km2 6

Portugal Lisbon PT 1 January 1986 10,276,617 92,390 km2 111/km2 21

Slovakia Bratislava SK 1 May 2004 5,450,421 49,035 km2 111/km2 14

27 total 446,834,579 4,233,262 km2 106/km2 705

Spain Madrid ES 1 January 1986 46,934,632 504,030 km2 93/km2 59

27 total 446,834,579 4,233,262 km2 106/km2 705

Constitutionally, the EU bears some resemblance to both a confederation

President of the European

Council of the European Union

Legal system and justice

Home affairs and migration

The borders inside Europol Eurojust Headquarters Seat of

Indian PM Narendra Modi

International cooperation and development partnerships

Monetary union and ﬁnancial services

Industry and digital economy

The construction sector in the European

9% than 3% is produced in the EU.[240]

Telecommunications and space

Agriculture and ﬁsheries

Social policy and equality

in other member states.

Regional and local policy Classiﬁcation of regions from 2014 to

Environment and climate

Education and research

Health care and food safety

The European Capital of Culture

— Council of Europe. Paris, 7–9 December 1955.

EUROPA (http://europa.eu/index_en.htm) – ofﬁcial web portal

Eurostat – European Union Statistics Explained (http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/statistics_explained)

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