Example 2,12. Determine the current xin the +OQresistance ofthe circuit shown in Fig, 2.13 (A). Solution, ‘The given cirenit is redrawn with assumed distribution of currents in Fig, 2.13 A (6). Applying KVL to different closed loops, we get 2 y 646) 4 2 (z+6) 2 - 8 6A 10 wvT 2 @ 6A 10 “T10V 1 3 Lobe 3 WW EL x (ey) (ey-6) D fr28) yy yay 4 3 ) 24v 4 ° (@ (7) Fig. 2.138Example 2.13. Applying Kirchhoifs laws to diferent loops in Fig. 2.14, find the values of V, and V, 4 30V_ 0 4 “15 V_ + - cs + 10V wT) Ke % - on - - Ae@ 9 ©) +5V- Fig. 2.14Example 2.4. What is the voltage V, across the open switch in the circuit of Fig. 2.7 ? i y \ sov | 30v / | 1 I py! \[~{a $- = 20V V, OF 10V ft C I B iA \. 4 \. Fig. 27Example 2.5. Find the unknown voltage V, in the circuit of Fig. 2.8 A B a YER yI6A +, G 10A aov() R 33Example 2.8. Determine the currents in the unbal- anced bridge circuit of Fig. 2.11 below. Also, determine the pd. across BD and the resistance from B to D. Fig. 2.148. Using XVE and KCL, find the values of / and Jin Fig. 2.42. All resistances are in ohms. +20 V- WW 10 VW 30 V. TV 60 V 15 WV Fig, 2.429, Using KCL, find the values V,, f,, J, and I, inthe circuit of Fig, 2.43. Al resistances are in ohms.Three batteries P, Q and R consisting of 50, 55 and 60 cells in series respectively supply in parallel a common load of 100 A. Each cell has a e.m.f of 2 V and an internal resistance of 0.005 Q Determine the current supplied by each battery and the load voltage.‘Two storage batteries are connested in parallel to supply a load having a resistance of 0.1 Q The open-circut e.m.f. of one battery (A) is 12.1 V and that of the other battery (B) is 11.8 V. The internal resistances are 0.03 Qand 0.04 Qrespectively. Calculate (i) the current supplied at the lead (i) the current in each battery (iii) the terminal voltage of each battery.Fig. 1.25 (a)5. What is the equivalent resistance of the circuit of Fig. 1.31 between terminals A and B ? All resis- tances are in ohms. [4Q) 6. Compute the value of battery current J in Fig. 1,32. All resistances are in chm. [6 A] 6 I 6 Ao - 4 4 4 8 8 2 2 Bo ~ Fig. 1.31 Fig. 1.32Example 2.67. Determine the current in the 1 Q resistor across AB of network shown in Fig. 2.141 (a) using Thevenin’s theorem. (Network Analysis, Nagpur Univ. 1993) L @ Solution. ‘The given circuil can be redrawn, as shown in Fig. 2.141 (8) with the 1 9 resistor removed from terminals 4 and B. The current source has been converted into ils equivalent voliage source as shown in Fig. 2.141 (c). For finding ¥,, we will find the eurrents x and y in Fig, 2.141 (¢) Applying XV to the first loop, we get 3-G+2)x-1 or x=04A Vy = Vyy =3-3% OA=18V “The value of R,, can be found from Fig. 2.14 1 (c) by replacing the two veltage sources by short- circuits. In this case R,,=2\)3=1.20 Thevenin’s equivalent circuit is shown in Fig. 2.141 (a). The current through the reconnected 1 Oresistor is = 1812.1 + 1)=0.82 A.Example 2.69. Calculate the value of V;, and R,, between terminals A and B of the circuit shown in Fig. 2.144 (a). All resistance values are in ohms. Solution, Forgetting about the terminal B for the time being, there are two parallel paths between Z and F : one consisting of 12 Q and the other of (4 +8)=12 Q Hence, Ryy= 12] 12=6 Q The source voltage of 48 V drops across wo 6 © resistances connected in series. Hence, Vigg=24 V. The same 24 V acts across 12 Qresistor connected directly between Z and F and across two series connected resistance of 4 Qand 6 Q connected across £ and F. Drop across 4 Qresistor =24x 4/4 +8)=8 V as shown in Fig, 2.144 (c). D Eo oA » A A 6 x 4 Ox v 708 12 8 48V E B oC c i Gs F F F fa) (b) © ‘Now, as we go from B tod viapoint E, there is a rise in voltage of 8 V followed by another rise in voltage of 24 V thereby giving a total voltage drop of 32-V. Hence V;,=32 V with point A positive For finding R,,, we short-circuit the 48 V source. This short citcuiting, in effect, combines the points.4, Dand F electtically as shown in Fig. 2.145 (a). Asseen from 4p ¢ C ADF c Fig. 2.145 (8), " @ 0 Ry=Vyy =84+4)=40 Fig. 2.145Example 2.71. Use TheveninS theorem, to jind the value of load resistance &, in the circuit of Fig, 2.147 (@) which results in the production of maximum power in B;, Also, find the value of this maximun power All resistances are in ohms. Sohution, We will removethe voltage and current sources as well a3 8, from terminals 4 and 5 in order to find £,, as shown in Fig. 2.147 (}), R, = 446 || 3-62 RE S.C (a) @) InFig. 2.147 (2), the current source has been converted into the equivalent 3 voltage source for convenience, Since iq there isno current 4 Qresistance (and ‘ | hence no voltage drop across it), 1, equals thealgebraic sum ofbaltery volt- uy 36 ha Rr age and drop across 6 © resistor. As | +t B we go along the path BDC, we get, Vp, =24 x 616 +3) 12=4-V The load resistance has been @ o reconnected to the Thevenin’s equivalent circuit as shown in Fig. Fig, 23148, 2.148 (5). For maximum power transfer, 8, = Ry= 6 2 20 ae 42M ine BOE 0STW Now, 6Example 2.74, The circuit shown in Fig. 2.152 (a) contains two voltage sources and two civ rent sources. Calculate (a) ¥,, and (b) R,, between the open terminals A and B of the circuit. All resistance values are in ohens. Solution. It should be understood that since terminals A and F are open, 2 A current can flow only through 4 Sand 10 ©2resistors, thus producing a drop of 20 V across the 10 C2resistor, as shown in Fig, 2.152 (b). Similarly, 3 A current can flow through its own closed circuit between 4 and thereby procucing a drop of 24 V across 8 resistor as shown in Fig. 2.152 (b). Also, thereisno drop across 2 Qresistor because no current flows through it. lov 10Vv Starting from point 8 and going to point 4 via points D and C we get y fy = 20420424 =24-V —with point A positive. For finding &,,, we will short-circuit the voltage sources and open-circuit the current sources, as shown in Fig. 2.153. Asseen, Ry = Rag= 8+ 10+2=200 oc sc oS G oA 8 7 WW. S10 $ ° 2 sc :Example 2.53(a). With the help of superposition theorem, obtain the value of current I and voltage Vy in the circuit of Fig. 2.205 (a). Solution. We will solve this question in three steps. First, we will find the value of and when current source is removed and secondly, when voltage source is removed. Thirdly, we would com- bine the two values of Zand 7; in order fo get their values when both sources are present. First Step As shown in Fig, 2.106 (5), cutrent source has been replaced by an open-circuit. Let the values of cutrent and voltage due to 10 V source be J, and Vg,. As seen J, = 0 and %, = 10 V. Second Step As shown in Fig, 2.106 (2), the voltage source has been replaced by a short circuit, Here I= -3 Aand Py =5 «10 =50V. 1 109 4 159 bh 15a + + + Fy | + | lov SA % 1ov ha sat Ton @ o @ Fig. 2.106 Third Step By applying superposition theorem, we have P= +h-0+(Cs)=-54 +0, = 10 +50= 60Example 2.53(6). Using Superposition theo- rem, find the value af the output voltage Vin the po circuit of Fig. 2.107. 4A Solution. As usual, we will break down the + + problem into three parts involving one source each. (@) When 4A and 6 V sources are killed* 22 As shown in Fig. 2.108 (2), 4A source las 4 12 % been replaced by an open circuit and6 ¥ source by 6v a short-cirenit. Using the current-divider rule, we 1, through the 2 Qresistor = 6» W/(+ A+. Wy =1X2=2¥. @) When 6A and 6V sources are killed As shown in Fig, 2.108 (6), 6 A sources has been replaced by an open-cirenit ancl6 V source by a short-circuit. The current , can again be found with the help of current-civider rule because there are two parallel paths across the current source. One has a resistance of 3 Qand the other of (2 +1) =3 © It means that current divides equally at point A. Hence, i,=42=2A + Vy =2%2=4V (© When 6A snd 44 sources are killed As shown in Fig, 2.108 (¢), drop over 2 Qresistor= 6 x 2/6 =2 V. The potential of point 8 with respect to point A is~ 6 -2—+4 V. Hence, Yq, ~ 4 V. f 20: 1 Ny 6Vi ¥ ie io) Fig. 2.107 My = Vy thy t My-2t44=2V @ Fig, 2.108Example 2.100. Using Norions theorem, calculate the current flowing through the 15 Qload resistor in the cireuit of Fig. 2.207 (a). All resistance values are in ohn. Solution. (@) Short-Cireult Current Z,¢, As shown in Fig, 2.207 (b), terminals 4 and 8 have been shorted afler removing 15 resistor. ‘We will use Superposition theorem to find J, ( When Only Current Source Is Present In this case, 30-V battery is replaced by a short-circuit, The 4 A current divides at point D between parallel combination of 4 Qand 662 Current through 6 Qresistor is Ig = 4X MGA+6)=1.64 —from BtoA ( When Only Battery is Present In this case, current source is replaced by an open-cirenit so that no current flows in the branch CD. The current supplied by the battery constitutes the short-circuit current Eff = 304 +6)=3.4 from 4 to B Ly = Ul Ef <3-A6= 148 from 4 to B 4 6 4 4 6 4 6 4 I NWS mn 4 nr nS 8 be 8 te 4 |] fse R, 30.V Ise 730 , GR 4a(q ] 4A isc oc D B D B D B B (a 6) 7) @ Fig. 2.207 (B) Norton’s Parallel Resistance As seen fiom Fig, 2.207 (c) 2, =4 +6=10 & The8 Oresistance does not comeinto the picture because of an open in the branch CD. Fig. 2.207 (4) shows the Norton's equivalent circuit along with the load resistor. ir 14% 10 (10 +15)= 0.56 AExample 2.102. Using Norton’ theorem, calculate the current in the 6-Qvesisior in the network of Fig, 2.209 (a). Ail resistance are in ohms. 4 10 4 © 1 4 — aw —© 4 NM RA 12A 194 & tga || # i Bo @ ? 5 @ ? 4 4 > 10 8A, I 4 fy € le | 8s L 12A g | | t 8A. z 18 8 eg 00. 3 R 2 { 6 6 B D D @ @ © Fig, 2.200 Solution. When the branch containing 6 —© resistance is short-circuited, the given cireuit is reduced to that shown in Fig. 2.209 (6) and finally to Fig, 2.209 (). As seen, the 12 A current divides info two unequal parts at point A, The current passing through 4 Qresistor fons the short- circuit current fp. Resistance 2 between points C and D when they are open-circuited is _a@ 8) wy “"@ a wo 2 It is s0 because the constant-current source has iyfinite resistance i.¢., it behaves like an open circuit as shown in Fig. 2.209 (a). Hence, Norton's equivalent circuit is as shown in Fig. 2.209 (2). As seen current of 8 A is divided equally between the two equal resistances of 6 Qeach. Hence, current through the required 6 Qresistoris 4 A. &, 6 8 = 1ax8_=8a Toe BHAExample2.88. Find the input resistance ofthe circuit between the points A and B of Fig 2.186(a) (AMIE See. B Network Analysis Summer 1992) Solution. For finding R,5, we will convert the delta CDE of Fig. 2.186 (a) into its equivalent star 1s shown in Fig, 2.186 (6), Rog = BX AIS = 169 O Roy =8 < 6/18 = 249 O Roo = 6 x 4/18 = 129.0 The twvo parallel resistances between Sand B can be reduced to a single resistance of 35/9. A nfy © 4 4 fy _¢ 4 8 1693 6 D IE 8 4 as B B B @ ) o Fig 2.186 As seen from Fig. 2186 (©), Rys =4 + (6/9) + (35/9) = 87/9 OExample 2.89. Calculate the equivalent resistance between the terminals A and B in the net- work shown in Fig. 2 187 (a). (EY. Engg. Pune Univ.) Solution. The given circuit can be redrawn as shown in Fig, 2.187 (6). When the della BCD is converted to its equivalent star, the circuit becomes as shown in Fig. 2.187 (). Each arin of the delta has a resistance of 10 Hence, each am of the equivalent star has a resistance = 10 « 10/30= 10/3 O. As seen, there are two parallel paths between points A and, cach having a resistance of (19 + 10/3) = 40/3 Q Their combined resistance is 20/3 Q Hence, Rys ~ (20/3) + 10/3 =10.0 AW AW ated TR saline Isle 5 3 @ 0 osExample 2.90. Calculate the current flowing through the 10 9 resistor of Fig. 2.188 (a) by using any method. (Network Theory, Nagpur Univ. 1993) Solution. It will be seen that there are two deltas in the cireuit te. ABC and DEF. They have been converted into their equivalent stars as shown in Fig. 2.188 (b). Each arm of the delta ABC has aresistance of 12 Qand each arm of the equivalent star has a resistance of 4 0. Similarly, each arm of the delta DE has a resistance of 30 Qand the equivalent star has a resistance of 10 Qper arm. The total circuitresistance between A and F=4+ 4824+ 10=300 Hence I= 180/30=6A. Current through 10 Qresistor as given by current-divider rule =6 * 48(48+ 24) =4 A. \ \ ov ce lisov F iF soe/ \yi7 0 » Mp 4 4 4 a4 a aS vA Siz a 3 " a 10 & 0 1 oe . @ 0) Fig. 2188Example 2.91, A bridge network ABCD has arms AB, BC, CD and DA of resistances 1, 1, 2and J olin respectively. If the detector AC has a resistance of 1 ohm, determine by star/delia transformation, the network resistance as viewed from the battery terminals. (Basie Electricity, Bombay Univ.) 19. 10 1a @ o o @ Fig. 2.109 Solution, As shown in Fig, 2.189 (b), delta DAC has been reduced to its equivalent star. y= Hence, the original network of Fig, 2.189 (a) is reduced to the one shown in Fig. 2.189(d). As seen, there are two parallel paths between points Nand 8, one of resistance 1.25 © and the other of resistance 1.5. Their combined resistance is _ L2sxis 15 © 125415 22 ‘Total resistance of the network between points D and B is 15 13 =0S 3 772Example 2.92, A network of resistances is formed as follows as in Fig. 2.190 (@) AB=9Q; BC = 10; CA= 1.50 forming a deltaand AD = 6Q; BD = 4Qand CD = 3.9 forming a star Compute the network resistance measured between (i) A and B (ii) B and C and i) Cand A. (Basic Electricity, Bombay Univ. 1980) 4 4 4 9 a o “9 6Q, ? 8942 0 Yo, od 8 ie © B c B 8 s @ 6 ‘0 Fig. 2.190 Solution, The star of Fig. 2.190 (a) may be converted into the equivalent delta and combined in parallel with the given della ABC. Using the rule given in Art, 2.22, the three equivalent delta resistance of the given star become as shown in Fig. 2,199 (6). When combined together, the final circuit is as shown in Fig, 2190 (e) (As seen, there are two parallel paths across points A and B. (@ one directly trom A to B having aresistance of 6 Qand (B) the other via C having a total resistance 27 9 6 225 4g = 30 i9 7 8 (6 225 mb 8 4m Ho it on i = BS Mg Gi See Bea @ Re ag Bg weg iy Rea “3 aayExample 2.93, State Norton's theorem and find current using Norton’s theorem through aload of 8 Qin the circuit shown in Fig. 2 191(a).(Circuit and Field Theory, A-M.LE. Sec. B, 1993) Solution. In Fig. 2.191 (6), load impedance has replaced by a short-circuit. 1200/2 = 100 A. AM. 6 6 se 20 2 Tao 83 Tov Bt af Md 1h 10 10 10: 10 c @ o Fig. 2.191 ‘Norton’s resistance R,,can be found by locking into the open terminals of Fig. 2.191 (4). For this purpose A ABC has been replaced by its equivalent Star. As seen, R,, is equal to 8/7 Q Hence, Norton's equivalent circuit consists of a 100 A source having a parallel resistance of 8/7Qas shown in Fig. 2.192 (c). The load current J, can be found by using the Current Divider rule. = (8/7) _ 1, = 100% gy AIRS 35 1004, 25 @ o @ Fig. 2.192Example 7.2. A coil of resistance 100 Qix placed ina magnetic fleid of 1 mWb. The cotl hax 100 tums and a galvanometer of 400 resistance is connected inseries with it. Find the average e.m,fand the current ifthe coilis moved in 1/10th secand from the given field to a field of 0.2 mWb. d® Solution. Indueede-ms. = WV.“ volt Here @ ® = 102=0.8 mwb=0.8 x 10° Wb dé = 1/10 =0.1 second; 17= 100 @ = 100% 08x 1070.1- 0.8 ‘Total circuit resistance = 100 +400 = 500 Q Current induced = 0,8/500 = 1.6 x 107 A= 6 mA Example 7.3. The time variation of the flux linked with a coil of SOO turns during a complete cycle is az jollows : @ = 0.04 (1 4/7) Weber pet, sin30°= 0.5 c= 75 x 0.5=37.5VExample 5.12. Find the C., ofthe circutt showntn Fig 5.19, All capacitances aretn pF (Basie Circuit Analysis Osnania Univ. Jan/Feb. 1992) Solution, Capacitance between Cand D=4 +1 |2= 14/3 6. Aa. 1 Capacitance between Aad B12 C= 3+ 2h it 14/3=44 pF ExampleS.13. Twocapacitors afta capacitance 4 \uP and 2 UF respectively, are joined in sortes witha battery of emf 100 ¥ The connections are broken and the le terminals of the capact- tors aro thon jetmod. Find the final charge on each capacitor Solution, When joinedin series, let 7, and Vy be she voltages acrass the capacitors. Then as cherge across cach isthe seme 4xF= 2%; 22M, Also V+ ¥y=100 + ar 100 ¥=10039¥ and = 200/39 = (20073) «2 = (400/3) por “Total charge en both cepacitors =800/3 ‘When joined in parallel, « redistribwion of charge tekes place because both capacitors are re- duced te acommon potential F Tetd charge = 800/2 4 C; total capacitance =4+2= 6F “an _ 400 2 D Fig. 5.19 y volts Example 7.5. 4 square coil of 10 om side and with 100 twns ig rotated at a uniform speed of 500 rpm about an axis at right angle to a uniform field of 0.5 WoAn*. Calculate ihe instantaneous value ofinduced em, when the plane of the coil is (9 at right angle to the plane of the field. (fin the plane ofthe field. (i) at 45° with the field direction. Elect. Engg. AM.Ae. 8.1. Dec. 1991) Solution. As seen from Art. 12.2, e.m_f inducedin the coil woul dbezero when itsplaneisat right anglestotheplane of he field, even thoughit will have maximum flux inked withit, However, the coil will have maximum e.m.f. induced in if when itsplane lies parall d to the plane of the field even though itwill have minimum fuxlinkedwithit, Ingeneral, the valueofthe induced e.m.f.isgiven by e=anb, sin =, sin @ where is the anglebetween the axisof zerae.m,f andthe planeof the coil 500/60 = 25/3 rps; N=100; B= 0.5 Wb’ 54 =(10 x 10) x 10% = 107 2M fNBA=2 m (25/3) 100 x 0.5 x 10°=26.2 V (1) since @=0; sin @ 0; therefore, =O. (ii) Here, @=90°; 2 = Z,, sin90°= 26.2 x 1= 26.2 V Gil) sin 45° = 1/2 ¢ = 26.2% 12 135VExample 7.6. A conducting rod 4B (Fig. 7.8) makes contact with meial rails AD and BC which are SOcm apart in auniform magnetic field of B = 1.0 Wh/nt perpendicular to the plane ABCD. The total resistance (assumed constant} of the circuit ABCD is 0.42. (@) What is the direction and magnitude of the e.mf. induced tn the rod when it ix moved to the left with a velocity of m/s (What force is required to keep the rod in motion ? © Compare the rate at which mechanical warkis done by the force Fwith the rate of develop- ment of electric power in the circuit. ++ Jat + + Solution. (@ Since AF movesto the lef, direction D ofthe induced current, as found by applying Fleming’s f ag ns Right-hand rule is from 4 to 8. Magnitude of the in- 4 , . duced e.m.f. is given by sole e= i volt = 1x 05x &—4valt | ran + + + + (®) Current through 43 = 4/0.4=10 A Force n AB iw, F=BI=1x 10x 05=5N an BY ‘ ‘The direction of this force, as found by applying Fleming’s leit-handrrule, is to the right. (©) Rate of doing mechanical work Electric power produced = ¢ From the above, it is obvious that the mechanical work done in moving the conductor against force Fis converted into electric energy. Fig. 7.8Hence OQ, = (O09) x4 = 1600/9 = 178 We Q, = G00/9) x 2=8009 = 89 1. © approx.) Example 5.14. Three capacitors 4, B C have capacitances 10 50 and 25 \F respectively 10) Calculate () charge on each when connected in parallel toa 250 supply (i) total capacitance and (ii) pd. acrass each when con nected in series, Elect. Technology, Gwalior Univ.) @ 50) Solution. @) Parallel connection is shown in Fig. 5.20 (@). Each capacitor has ap.d. of 250'¥ acrossit Q=O,P= 10 « 250 =2500 pC; Q, = 50 x 250 = 12,500 uC 25 Q= 25 x 250 = 6,750 PC. ee (i) CHO)+ G+ C= 104504 25=85 ur (ii) Series connection is showmin Fig. 5.20 (2). Here charge on Gq G& each capacitor is the same and is equal to that on the equivalent Fog hg) single cap actor O eV LIC = VC,+ LIC, + LIC, , C= 25/4 LF ‘ O = CV= 25% 1504 = 1562.5 UF 250 Vo— @ = Gh. h,=15625/10= 15625 V Fig. 520 Vi, = 1562.5/25 = 625; V, = 1562.5/50 =3125V. Example5.15. Find the charges on capacitors in Fig. 521 and the pd across then Solution, Equivalent cap aritance between points A and Bis Ct OC, = 5+3=8F Capacitance of the whole combination Fig. 521) _y, ~ 8x2 = BX) eur C= a7 Oh alle, a Charge on the combination is 2uF Q, =CF= 100% 1.6=160 pC 160 K 1S = 007, ¥; =100-80=20V a x 107 x 20 =60 po x 10% x 205100 pc — &)% 3nF SpF aG 1 Fig. 521Example5.16. Twocapacitors A and B are connected in series across a 100 V sepply andit is observed that the p ds. across thom are 60V and 40 Vrespectively A capacitor of 2 \F capacitance isnow connectedin parallel with Aand the pd across Brises to 90volts. Calculate the capacitance af A and B in micro farads Solution, Let C, and C, y Fhe the capacitances ofthe two capacitors, Since they are connected in series [Fig 522 (@)], the charge across each is the same. 60 =40G, or CC, =2/3 @ In Fig. 5.22 @) is shown a capacitor of 2 j F connected across capacitor A. Their combined capacitance = (Cy +2) uF C+] = 9c, or GfCy=2/3 @ Putting the value of Ch =3C\/2 from (i) in Gi) we get +2 Ot 2=135 or OC, = U124=0.16 4 F and ©, = G/2)* 0.16 =0.24 4 F 2yF -— ic er c IF Ihx Ile 60V = - 10V ~ 90V = 100v = 100V + @ ® Fig. 522Example 5.17. Three capacitors of 2 WF S| Pand 10 F haw breakdown voltage of 200 500 Vand 100 Vrespectively. The capacitors are connected in sertes and the applied direct voltage to the circuit is gradually increased. Which capacitor will Breakdown first 2 Determine the total applied voltage and total energy stored at the point af breakdown [Bombay Univeristy 2001] vy, Solution. C; of2 pF, C, ofS WE, and Ch of 10 UF are connected inseries. Ifthe equivalent single cap aritor is C, 4 UC = iC, + IC, + UC, which gives C= 1.25 PF JEVis the applied voltage, WF, = Rede; rx (1.252) = G25%0fV Fig. 5:23 Vy = Px (CHCY= Cx (1.255) = 25% of V Fy = Pe (CIC =P* (1.25/10) = 125 % of JE F{= 200 volts, 7= 320 volts and = 80 volts, ¥y=40 volts Ttmeans that, first capacitor C, wall breakdown first. Energy stored = 1/2 OF = 2 « 1.25 « 107° « 320 = 320 = 0.064 JouleExample 11.2. The maximum values ofthe alternating voltage and current are 400 Vand 20 A respectivelyin a cireuit connected to 50 Hz supply and these quantities are sirusoidal. The instan- taneous values ofthe voltage and current are 283 V and 10 A respectively at t = 0 both increasing positively @ Write down the expression for voltage and current at time t (i) Determine the power consumed in the circuit (Elect. Engg. Pune Univ.) Solution. (@) In general, the expression for an ac. voltage is v= phase difference with respect to the point where = 0. (sin (Ot + §) where dis the Now, v= 283 V; ¥,,=400 V. Substituting 1= (in the above equation, we get 283 = 400 (sin @ XO +d) -sin $= 283/400 = 0.707; +. §= 45° or /4 radian Hence, general expression for voltage is y= 400 (sin 2m x50 x t+ 74) = 400 sin (100 me + ma) Similarly, at t= 0, 10 = 20 sin (@ x 0+ Q sin $= 0.5 ~. §= 30° or a/6 radian Hence, the general expression forthe cusrentis, i= 20 (sin 100m 2+ 30°) = 20 sin (100 m2 + m6) Fig. 11.10 (® P=Vicos® where Vand J are rms values and @ is the phase difference between the voltage and current. Now, y P Vila =400/V2 , = 20/V2 ; 6 = 45° -30° = 15° (Gee Fig. 11.10) (@00/y2) x (20/J2) x cos 15° = 3864 W Example 11.3. An alternating current af frequency 60 Hz has a maximum value of 120A. Write down the equation for its instantaneous value. Reckoning time from the instant the current is zero ane is becoming positive, find (a) the instantaneous value after 1/360 second and (6) the time taken to reach 96 A jor the first ume. Solution. The instantaneous current equation is 120 sin 2 120 sin 120 nt Now when t 1/360 second, then @ 2 = 120 sin (120 m x 1/360) angle in radians = 120sin (120 x 180 x 1/360) angle in degree 120 sin 60° = 103.9 A o 96 = 120x sin2x 180 60x¢ angle in degree or sin (360 x 60x) = 96/120=0.8 360 x 60 x ¢= sin? 0.8 = 53° (approx) 2 = G/2mf= 53/360 x 60 =0.00245 second.Example 1135. Voltage and current fora circuit with hwo elements in series are experssed as follows VQ) = 170sin (62801 +113) Volts 1) = 8 Ssin (62801 +2) Amps () Plot the two-wavejerms. (ii) Determine the frequency in Hz, (iii) Determine the power Jactor stating its mature (iv) What are the values of the elements ? [Nagpur University, April 1996] Solution. (é @= 6280 radiation/sec, f= w20= 1000 Hz (@ Two sinusoidal waveforms with a phase-difference of 30° (= m2 —m/3) are to be drawn, Each waveform completes a cycle in 1 milli-second, since f= 1000 Hz. ‘The waveform for currentleads that for the voltage by 30°. At af =0, the currentis at its positive peak, while the voltage will be atits positive peak for at = 7/6 = 30°. Peak value are 170 volts and 8.5 amp. (iii) RMS value of voltage = 170/¥2 =120 volts RMS value of current = 9 57/2 = 6 amp Impedance = WI = 120/6 = 20 ohms Power factor = cos 30°, Leading = 0.866, Since the current leads the voltage, the two elements must be & and C R =£ cos b= 20 * 0.866 = 17.32 ohms 4, = Zsin $= 20 = 0.50 = 10 ohms 1000 «1000 C= 1 (@¥,) = = 15.92 mF o* "8280 x10 Example 11.43, 4 SO-" capacitor is connected across a 230-V, 50-He supply Calculate (@ the reactance offéred by the capacitor (B) the maximum current and (c) the rm.s. value of the current drawn by the capacitor to 1 3 6350 Solution. @) Xp e tk 7 nae M40 10 (9 Since 230 Vrepresents therm, value, = 230i, = 230/63.6 =3.62A (8) £ bg ¥N2 =3.62x2 = SLA LamsExample 11.44. The voltage applied across S-branched circuit of Fig 11 65is given by v= 100sin (5000¢+n!4). Claloulate the branch currents and total current. Solution. The total instantaneous current is the vector sum of the three branch currents 30 HF Sigti, tig Nowip=wR= 100 sin (5000 2+ 1/4)/25 Fig. 11.65 4 sin (5000 t+ 1/4) 1 10 © =f] va=tE J ino sin (sooae+ Zar _ 10? x10 ~ 2 05 (50008 +74) 5000 | —10 cos (50001 + 7/4) ay, a = 30 x 10% x 100 x 5000 x cos (5000 # + m4) = 15 cos (5000 t+ A4) 4 sin (5000 t+ W4)— 10 cos (5000¢+ WA) + 15 cos (S000t+ m4) =4 sin (S000 £ + 14) +5 cos (S000 t+ m4) ipe CB ac, £00 sin (60001 +1/4)] Example 13.4. Ina particular R-L series circuit a voltage of 10 Vat 50 Hz produces a current of 700 mA while the same voltage at 75 Fz produces SO0mA. What are the values of Rand Lin the circuit P (Network Analysis 4.MLLE. Sec. B, 8 1990) IR +98696 27 = Z or 10= 700x107 /(R? +.98696 2) (a? +.98696 £7) = 10/700 x 10° = 100/7 or &’ +98696 1" = 1000/49 ../) Gi) Inthe secondcase — Z IR’ + Qnx75L) = \(R’ + 222066 L') 210 =500 x 107 [(R? + 222066 2) 12. J¢R? + 222066 22) = 20 ot R* +22206617 = 400 (i), Subtracting Eq. ( from (7), we get 222066 1? -98696 1? = 400 —(10000/49) or 123370 I? = 196 or Z Substituting this value of 1 in Eq, (@), we get, R” + 222066 (0.398)° Solution. () Z= VP renxs05° + @nx 50.2)? = 0398 H 400 0 mH,Example 13.6. 4 60 Hz sinusoidal voltage v = 141 sin wtis applied fo aseries R-Leircuit. The values of the resistance and the inductance are 3 Qvand 0.0105 H respectively. (@ Compute the rms. value ofthe current inthe circuit and its phase angle with respect to the voltage. (i) Write the expression for the instantaneous current in the circuit. (i) Compute the rm.s. value and the phase of the voltages appearing across the resistance and the inductance (@) Find the average power dissipated hy the circuit. (0) Calculate the p.f- of the circuit. FE. Pune Univ.) -141V; ¥=141/V2=1007 +, Y= 100430 My, = 20 X 60X 0.0106=42 Z=3+/4=5 253.19 @ I= WZ=100 £095 253.19 = 20 2-53.12 Since angle is minus, the current lags behind the voltage by 53.1 (@ 1,= V2x20 =2828 - f= 28.28 sin (we -53.19) (i) VR =IR=20 2-53.1°x 3= 60 2-53.1° volt. V,=JE¥,=1 £90°x 20 2-53.1°x 4= 80 236.92 (&) P= VEeosh= 100 x 20x cos53.1°= 1200 W. ©) p£.= cos = cos 53.1° = 0.6. Solution. Example 13.35. A pure resistance of 50 ohms is in series with a pure capacitance of 100 microfarads. The series combination is connected across 100-1; 5O-He supply. Find (a) the impedance (2) current (©) power factor (@ phase angle (e) voltage across resislor (f) voltage across eapacitor. Draw the vector diagram. Elect. Engg.-1, INT Univ, Warrangel Solution. Ke = 10°n an x 50 x 100=32 2; R= 500 (@) Z= 4[507 +327 59.4 Q (i T= W/Z = 100/59.4 (©) pf. = R/Z= 50 = 59.4 = 0.842 (lead) (@) = cos* (0.842)= 32°36 (@) Vp=IR=50X 1.684 =84.2'V (f) H=IN,=32x 1681= 53.9 V Example 13.36. 4240-1; 50-He series R-C circuit takes an rms. current of 20.4. The maxi- mum value of the current ovewrs 1/900second bejore the maximum value of the voltage. Calculate (@ the power factor (i average power (ii) the parameters of the circuit. Elect. Engg-L, Calcutta Univ.) Solution. ‘Time-period of the alternating voltage is 1/50 second, Now a time interval of 1/50 second corresponds to a phase difference of 2 = radian or 360°. Hence, a fime interval of 1/900 second corresponds fo a phase difference of 360 x 50/900 = 20°. Hence, current leads the voltage by 20° (@_ power factor = cos 20° = 0.9397 (lead) ()_averge power =240 x 20 x 0.9397 = 4.510 W (Hf) Z= 240/20 = 12 O R= Zcos @=12 x 0.9397 = 11.230 Xo=Zsin O= 12x sin20°= 12x 0.342= 4.1.2 C= 10%/2n x 50x 41-775 UE 684AExample 13.43. 4 resistance of 20 9 an inductance of 0.2 Hand a capacitance of 100 wF are connected in series across 220-U; 50-Hz mains. Determine the following (a) impedance (b) current © voltage acrosr R, Land C (d) power in watts and VA (e) p.j.and angle of lag. Elect. Engg. A.M.Ae S.L 1992) Solution, ¥.=0.2 x 314=6392 , C= 10 w= 100 x 10° = 10% farad ae — oo a1ax107 (@) Z= (20? +31)? =37 2 @& [= 220887 = 6 A (approx) (©) Mpa IX R=6% 20= 120 V5 1, =6% 63 =278V, Vo=6x 32= 1920 @ Powerin ¥4=6 x 220-1320 Power in watts = 6 x 220x 0.54=713 W (©) pal. = cos Q= R/Z= 20/37 = 0.54; )= cost (0.54) = 5718" Ky 2 2. X= 63 32 = 31 Qidnducthe) Example 13.50. i Fig. 13.40, calculate (i) current (if) voltage drops V,, V;, and V, and (iil) power absorbed by each impedance and total power absorbed by the circuit. Take voltage vector along the reference axis. Solution. Z, = (4 +3) @ Z,= (6 78) Q Z,= 4 +j0)Q BaD, By Eg" OB) +6 ++ M= U4 52 Taking V = V.20° = 100 20° = (100 +0) vy _100 odd 35) = 6.34 j2.26 7 GDH D / (@ Magnitude of the current 4A a a 7 7 < ko = y =6.73A 40 30 Q 82 40 (634° +226) NBO] | ANE 8584/2806 -—% % al IZ, = (6.34 +) 2.26) (6 8) = 56.12 337.16 IZ, = (6.34 +) 2.26) (4 +70) =25.36 + 9.04 V =100 +0 (check) um Zep (i) Py= 6.73? <4 = 181.13 W. Fig. 13.40 P,=6.73" x 6 =271,74 W, P, = 6.73" * 4 = 181.13 W, Tolal = 34. W Otherwise Pyy = (00+) 0) (6.34 ~ 2.26) (using current conjugate) = 634 ~) 226 634 W (as a check) real power