Religions in India

Religion in India is characterized by a diversity of religious beliefs &

practices. Secularism in India means treatment of all religions equally by the
state. India is a Secular State by the 42nd amendment act of Constitution in
1976. The Indian subcontinent is the birthplace of four of the world’s major
religions; namely Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism and Sikhism.
Throughout India’s history, religion has been an important part of the
country’s culture. Religious diversity and religious tolerance are both
established in the country by the law and custom; the Constitution of India
has declared the right to freedom of religion to be a fundamental right.

Christianity
 Two major divisions – the Roman Catholic Church and
the Protestant church.
 According to tradition, Christianity was brought to India
by Saint Thomas in the 100 A.D.
 to legends, the Parthian king Gondophernes sent a
messenger to Syria to look for a skilful architect who would
 build for him a new city, who returned with St. Thomas,
who converted him and many members of his court to
Christianity.
 The truth of the legend is doubtful. It was most probably
the frequent trade and movement between India and the
west which was responsible for bringing this disciple of
Lord Christ to India.
 Tomas preached Christianity in many parts of India &
was killed at Mylapore, near Madras. The tomb of St.
Thomas is still to be found at the same place.
 A large community of Christians known as Syrian
Christians continues to reside in Kerala even today.
 

Sikhism
 Started by Guru Nanak & was preached by
subsequent gurus till tenth Guru, Guru Gobind Singh; with
basic beliefs as:

i.Formless god
ii.Equality of all mankind
iii.Need of a Guru
iv.Pahul tradition

 Music has always been an important feature of Sikhism

as they believe that through music one can attain ecstasy
or samadhi.

 The fifth guru, Guru Arjun Dev, gave the Sikhs three
things viz.

i. Adi Granth, which contains the sayings of five gurus and

other allied saints
ii. Standardized script for Gurmukhi in which the Adi
Granth was first written
iii. Site and the foundation of the Har Mandir sahib /
Golden Temple and the Akal Takht at Amritsar, the highest
seat from where the dictats for the entire Sikh community are
issued.
 The tenth guru, Guru Gobind Singh created the Khalsa,
which means “the pure”, in 1699.
 He also ordained the Sikhs to take five vows, namely,
keeping of kesh (long hair and a
beard), kangha (comb), kada (a metallic bangle), kirpan (a
sword) and kaccha (an underwear extending to a little above
the knees). Consequently, these symbols became the
distinguishing marks of a Sikh.
 He further added that after his death the Adi Granth will
be the guru of the Sikhs and they have to pay obeisance to
this holy book.
 

Zoroastrianism
 Founded by Zarathushtra or Zoroaster, in 8  century BC.
th

He preached monotheism in the region now known as

Persia
 He taught the worship of fire + the presence of good
and bad in the form of Ahura Mazda (the Supreme Being
represented as a deity of goodness and light) and Ahura
Man
 Zoroastrian religion spread over the whole of Persia and
remained the dominant religion till the 8  century AD when
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Muslims conquered this region.

 Most of the Parsis migrated to different parts of the
world. They also came to India and settled at Navsari in
Gujarat, and later on spread to almost all the parts of India.
 Zoroastrianism is not a proselytizing religion and no new
entrants are accepted into its fold under any
circumstances.
 

Sufism & Islam

 According-to the Muslim belief, Quran is the message of
Allah revealed to Mohammad through his archangel
Gabriel.
 Prophet Mohammad’s sayings are preserved in what is
called the Hadith or Hadees.
 The five fundamental principles of Islam are:
 Tauhid (belief in Allah)

 Namaz (prayers, five times a day)

 Roza (fasting in the month of Ramzan)

 Zakat (giving of alms)

 Haj (pilgrimage to Mecca)

 Sufism originated in Iran and found a congenial

atmosphere in India under the Turkish rule; preached
spirituality through music mainly.
 In order to attain a state of mystical ecstasy, the sufis
listened to poetry and music (sama) which were originally
in Persian, but later switched to Hindawi or Hindustani.

 Sufi saints such as Moinuddin Chisti, Nizamuddin Auliya,

Fariduddin Ganj-e-Shakar were the pioneer sufïs who are
still loved, respected and honored in India.
 Sufis were also influenced by the Christian and Buddhist
monks regarding the establishment of
their khanqahs and dargahs.
 Khanqah - institutions (abode of Sufis) set up by the Sufis in
northern India took Islam deeper into the countryside.
 Mazars  (tombs) and Takias (resting places of Muslim saints) also
became the centers for the propagation of Islamic ideas.
 Sufis were organized into religious orders
or silsilahs. According to Abul Fazl, the author of the Ain-i-
Akbari, there were as many as 14 silsilahs in India during
the sixteenth century.

 Each order had its own khanqah, which served as a

shelter for the Sufi saints & for destitute, and later
developed as a center of learning.

 A pir nominated a successor or wali from his disciples to

carry on his work.

 Sufis organized samas (a recital of holy songs) to arouse

mystical ecstasy. These also started the tradition of piri-
muridi, (teacher and the disciple).
 

Bhakti Movement
 In northern India, it developed into two
streams, nirguna bhakti and saguna bhakti.
 Nirguna bhaktas – Devotees of a formless God even
while calling him variously as Rama, Govinda, Hari or
Raghunatha. The most conspicuous among them were
Kabir and Nanak
 Saguna bhaktas – Devotees of Rama, the son of
Dasharatha, or Krishna, the son of Devaki and Vasudeva
 Tulsidas, who idolised Rama in his famous Ramcharita Manas

 Surdas, who sang praises of Krishna in his famous

 Raskhan, a Muslim poet, who was a devotee of Lord Krishna, also

belonged to this tradition.
The use of terms such as Krishna, Radha, Gopi, Jamuna, Ganga etc. became
so common in medieval literature that an eminent Sufi, Mir Abdul Wahid
wrote a treatise Haqaiq-i-Hïndi to explain their Islamic equivalents.
One of Kabeer’s  doha conveyed that if by worshipping a stone (idol) one
could attain God, then he was willing to worship a mountain. It was better to
worship a stone flour-grinder because that could at least fill stomachs.
Similar to ideas of the Sufis, came logic of guru or spiritual teacher, whose
function was to provide people with hope, strength and inner courage. He
was supposed to be a person who had marched ahead on the path of bhakti
and had probably realized God and hence was capable of leading others into
Him.
This brought in a system of pahul. Pahul was the sanctified water offered
by a master to the pupil or shishya as a token of his being accepted as a
trainee on his march to godliness
The Sikhs performed “washing of the swords” ceremony, called khande
ka pahul, evolving as the pir-muridi custom (the saint-soldier concept).

Judaism
 Indian Jews are a religious minority of India. Judaism was
one of the first foreign religions to arrive in India.
 Of the total Jewish population in India, about half live in
Manipur & Mizoram and a quarter live in the city of
Mumbai.
 In Kerala a community of Jews can be seen at Kannur
(Kodungalloor) and Kochi
 

BAHA’I Faith
 Youngest of the world’s independent religion. India was
the 6th country to have the Baha’i Faith introduced to it.
Very small %age of population in India follows Baha’i Faith.
 Baha’i House of worship in Delhi, popularly known as the
Lotus Temple is a prominent attraction in Delhi. It was
completed in 1986 and serves as the mother temple of the
Indian subcontinent.
 
 Vaishnavism & Shaivism in South India

Vaishnavism

Panini’s
Ashtadhyayi worshippers of Vasudeva (Krishna)

Vasudeva- Vishnu (primarily an aspect of sun) & Narayana

Bhagavata cult (cosmic God)

Vaishnava bhakti cult + doctrine of incarnations

Gupta period (avataras)

Vaishnava saints  known as Alvars in Tamil + songs called

(Vishnu) Prabandhas

Shaivism

 Unlike Vaishnavism, Saivism had its origin in antiquity

 Panini refers to a group of Shiva worshippers as Shiva-
bhagavatas
 Shiva Bhakts are characterized by the iron lances and
clubs they carried and their skin garments
 Shaiva Bhakt in Tamil → Known as Nayanars which hails
from all castes
 Songs called Tevaram Stotras / Dravida Veda
 Prominent Shaiva movements → Agamanta, Shudha and
Vira-shaivism