tGr09 - t-PTS-Practical and Technical Skills (2018) PDF

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1. tptrhak; - Agriculture
2. czT - Food
3. Muk;gj;njhopDl;gtpay;; - Elementary Technology
4. tzpf eltbf;iffs; - Business Matters
6Mk; 7Me; juq;fspy; jdpahd ghlg;gug;ghf ,Ue;j tiutpay; (Graphics) 8Mk;
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nraw;wpll
; q;fis (Projects) mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L fw;wy; epfOjy; Ntz;Lnkd;gJk; 6Me; juk; njhlf;fk;
9Mk; juk; tiuapy; njhopDl;gj; JiwfSf;Fupa Nju;r;rpfSk; Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fSk; gpd;tUkhW ,yf;fkplg;gl;Ls;sd.
n j h o pD l ;g j ; J i w f ;N fw ;g j ; N j u ;r ;r p k l ;l q ;f s ;
t pt r h a k ; czT M u k ;g j ; t z pf
t i ut pa y ;
n j h o pD l ;g t pa y ; e l t b f ;i f
Nju;r ;r p
1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 11.0
juk;
4.1
1.1 6.1 9.1 10.1
6 2.1 - 4.2 - 7.1 8.1 11.1
1.2 6.2 9.2 10.2
4.3
4.4
6.3 9.3 10.3
7 1.3 2.2 3.1 4.5 - 7.2 8.2 11.2
6.4 9.4 10.4
4.6
9.5
4.7 6.5
8 1.4 2.3 3.2 5.1 7.3 - 9.6 - -
4.8 6.6
9.7
5.2 9.8
9 1.5 2.4 - - 6.7 7.4 - - -
5.3 9.9
1
1.2. ghlf; F wpf; N fhs; f s;
 gue;j Ie;J njhopDl;gg; gug;Gf;fspy; guk;gpAs;s nrad;Kiwj; jpwd;fspy; guprr
; ak; ngWjy;.
 nrad;Kiwr; nraw;ghLfspYk; njhopDl;gr; nraw;ghLfspYk; <LgLk;NghJ> me;je;jr;
nraw;ghLfSf;Fupa cgfuzq;fisAk; nghUl;fisAk; njupT nra;J gad;gLj;Jjy;.
 Jupjkhf khw;wkilAk; njhopDl;gk; rhu;e;j jfty;fisj; jpul;b> mtw;iwg; nghUSs;s
tpjj;jpy; mikj;jy;.
 ehshe;j tho;fi
; f Nkk;ghl;Lf;fhf ey;y Ntiyg;gof;fq;fisAk; elj;ijfisAk; tpUj;jp
nra;jy;.
 khztu;fs; jkJ Ra Mw;wy;fs; kPJ ek;gpf;if itj;Jg; Gj;jhf;fk; Gupa Kidg;GWjy;.
 ntt;NtW nraw;ghLfspD}lhfg; ngw;w jpwd;fisAk; mDgtq;fisAk; xd;wpizj;Jr;
nraw;wpl;lk; xd;wpid xOq;fhd tifapy; G+u;j;jp nra;jy;.
2.0 Njrpa ,yf;Ffs;
Njrpa fy;tp KiwikahdJ jdpegu;fF ; k; r%fj;jpw;Fk; nghUj;jkhd ngUk;ghyhd
Njrpa ,yf;Ffis miltjw;Fj; jdpegu;fSf;Fk; FOtpdUf;Fk; cjtp nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
fle;j fhyq;fspy; ,yq;ifapd; ngUk;ghyhd fy;tp mwpf;iffSk; Mtzq;fSk; jdpegu;
NjitfisAk; Njrpa NjitfisAk; epiwT nra;tjw;fhf ,yf;Ffis epu;zapj;Js;sd.
rkfhyf; fy;tp mikg;Gf;fspYk; nrad;KiwfspYk; ntspg;gilahff; fhzg;gLk; gytPdq;fs;
fhuzkhf epiyNgWila kdpj tpUj;jpapd; vz;zf;fUj;jpl;l tuk;gpDs; fy;tpapD}lhf
milaf;$ba gpd;tUk; ,yf;Fj; njhFjpapid Njrpa fy;tp Mizf;FO ,dq;fz;Ls;sJ.
I. kdpj nfsutj;ijf; fz;zpag;gLj;jy; vDk; vz;zf;fUtpw;F Njrpag;gpizg;G>
Njrpa KOik> Njrpa xw;Wik> ,zf;fk;> rkhjhdk; vd;gtw;iw Nkk;gLj;jy;
%yKk; ,yq;ifg; gd;ikr; r%fj;jpd; fyhrhu NtWghl;bid mq;ff P upj;jy; %yKk;
Njrj;ijf; fl;b vOg;GjYk; ,yq;ifau; vDk; milahsj;ij Vw;gLj;jYk;.
II. khw;wKWk; cyfj;jpd; rthy;fSf;Fj; jf;fthW Kfq;nfhLj;jNyhL Njrpa
ghuk;gupaj;jpd; mjp rpwe;j mk;rq;fis mq;fPfupj;jYk; NgZjYk;.
III. kdpj cupikfSf;F kjpg;gspj;jy;> flikfs;> fl;Lg;ghLfs; gw;wpa tpopg;Gzu;T>
xUtu; kPJ xUtu; nfhz;Ls;s Mo;e;j> ,ilawhj mf;fiwAzu;T vd;gtw;iw
Nkk;gLj;Jk; r%f ePjpAk; [dehaf tho;f;ifKiw epakq;fSk; cs;slq;fpa
Rw;whliy cUthf;FjYk; Mjupj;jYk;.
IV. xUtuJ cs> cly; eyidAk; kdpj tpOkpaq;fSf;F kjpg;gspg;gij mbg;gilahff;
nfhz;l epiyNgWila tho;f;iff; Nfhyj;ijAk; Nkk;gLj;jy;.
V. ed;F xd;wpizf;fg;gl;l rkepiy MSikf;Fupa Mf;fr; rpe;jid> jw;WzpG> Ma;eJ ;
rpe;jpj;jy;> nghWg;G> tif$wy; kw;Wk; cld;ghlhd mk;rq;fis tpUj;jp nra;jy;.
VI. jdpeguJk; Njrj;jpdJk; tho;f;ifj; juj;ijg; Ngh~pf;ff; $baJk; ,yq;ifapd;
nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jpf;Fg; gq;fspf;ff; $baJkhd Mf;fg; gzpfSf;fhd
fy;tpA+l;Ltjd; %yk; kdpjts mgptpUj;jpia Vw;gLj;jy;.
VII. jdpegu;fspd; khw;wj;jpw;Nfw;g> ,zq;fp thoTk; khw;wj;ij Kfhik nra;aTk;
jahu;g;gLj;jTk; tpiuthf khwptUk; cyfpy; rpf;fyhdJk;> vjpu;ghuhjJkhd
epiyikfisr; rkhspf;Fk; jifikia tpUj;jp nra;jy;.
VIII. ePjp> rkj;Jtk;> gu];gu kupahij vd;gtw;iw mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L> ru;tNjr
rKjhaj; j py; nfsutkhdNjhu; ,lj; i jg; ngWtjw; F g; gq; f spf; f f; $ ba
kdg;ghq;FfisAk; jpwd;fisAk; tsu;j;jy;.
(Njrpa fy;tp Mizf;FO mwpf;if - 2003 bnrk;gu;)
2
3.0 mbg;g ilj; Nju; r ; r pfs;
fy;tpapD}lhf tpUj;jp nra;ag;gLk; gpd;tUk; mbg;gilj; Nju;r;rpfs; Nkw;Fwpj;j Njrpa

,yf;Ffis miltjw;F toptFf;Fk;.
I. njhlu; g hly; Nju; r ;r pfs;
njhlu;ghly; gw;wpa Nju;r;rpfs; ehd;F Jizj; njhFjpfis mbg;gilahff;

nfhz;lit. vOj;jwpT> vz;zwpT> rpj;jpu mwpT> jfty; njhopDl;gj; jifik.
vOj;jwpT: ftdkhfr; nrtpkLj;j y;> njspthfg; NgRjy;>

fUj;jwpa thrpj;jy;> rupahfTk; nrk;ikahfTk;
vOJjy;> gad;jUk; tifapyhd fUj;Jg; gupkhw;wk;
vz;zwpT: nghUs;> ,lk;> fhyk; vd;gtw;Wf;F vz;fisg;

gad; g Lj; j y; > vz; Z jy; > fzpj; j y; > xOq; F
Kiwahf msj;jy;
rpj;jpu mwpT: NfhL> cUtk; vd;gtw;wpd; fUj;ij mwpjy;.

tpguq;fs;> mwpTWj;jy;fs;> vz;zq;fs;
Mfpatw;iwf; NfhL> cUtk;> tu;zk; vd;gtw;why;
ntspg;gLj;jYk; gjpT nra;jYk;
jfty; njhopDl;gj; jifik: fzpdp mwpT - fw;wypy;> njhopw; Rw;whlypy;> nrhe;j

tho;tpy; jfty; njhlu;ghly; njhopDl;gq;fisg;
(ICT) gad;gLj;jy;
II. MSik tpUj; j p njhlu; g hd Nju; r ; r pfs;
- Mf;fk;> tpupe;j rpe;jid> jw;WzpG> jPu;khdk; vLj;jy;> gpur;rpid tpLtpj;jy;>

EZf;fkhd kw;Wk; gFg;gha;Tr; rpe;jid> mzpapduhfg; gzp nra;jy;> jdpahs;
,iltpidj; njhlu;Gfs;> fz;Lgpbj;jYk; fz;lwpjYk; Kjyhd jpwikfs;.
- Neu;ik> rfpg;Gj; jd;ik> kdpj nfsutj;ijf; fz;zpag;gLj;jy; Mfpa tpOkpaq;fs;.
- kd vOr;rpfs;> Ez;zwpT.
III. #oy; njhlu;ghd Nju;r ;r pfs;
,j;Nju;r;rpfs; #oNyhL njhlu;GWfpd;wd - r%fk;> capupay;> ngsjpfk;
r%fr; #oy;: Njrpa ghuk;gupak; gw;wpa tpopg;Gzu;T> gd;ikr; r%fj;jpd;

mq; f j; j tu; f s; vd; w tifapy; njhlu; G Wk; Ez; Zzu; T j;
jpwd;fSk; gfpu;e;jspf;fg;gLk; ePjp> r%fj; njhlu;Gfs;> jdpegu;
elj;ijfs;> nghJthdJk; rl;lG+u;tkhdJkhd rk;gpujhaq;fs;>
cupikfs;> nghWg;Gf;fs;> flikfs;> flg;ghLfs; vd;gtw;wpy;
mf;fiwAk;
3
capupay; #oy;: thOk; cyF> kf;fs;> capupay; #oy; njhFjp - kuq;fs;> fhLfs;>
fly; > eP u ; > tsp> capupd jhtuk; > tpyq; F > kdpj tho; T
Mfpatw; Wld; nfhz;L s;s njhlu; G gw; wpa tpopg; G zu; T k; >
Ez;Zzu;Tj; jpwd;fSk; fw;wYf;Fk; Ntiy nra;tjw;Fk;
tho;tjw;Fk; fUtpfisAk; njhopDl;gq;fisAk; gad;gLj;Jk;
jpwd;fSk; ,q;F cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
ngsjpfr; #oy;: ,lk;> rf;jp> vupnghUs;> rlg;nghUl;fs; gw;wpAk; mit kdpj

tho;f;if> czT> cil> ciwAs;> Rfhjhuk;> nrsfupak;>
Rthrk;> epj;jpiu> ,isg;ghWjy;> Xa;T> fopTfs;> capupd
fopTg; nghUl;fs; Mfpatw;Wld; nfhz;Ls;s njhlu;G gw;wpa
tpopg;Gzu;Tk; Ez;Zzu;Tj; jpwd;fSk; fw;wYf;Fk; Ntiy
nra;tjw;Fk; tho;tjw;Fk; fUtpfisAk; njhopDl;gq;fisAk;
gad;gLj;Jk; jpwd;fSk; ,q;F cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
IV. Ntiy cyfj; j pw; F j; jahu; nra; j y; njhlu; g hd Nju; r ; r pfs; .
khztu;fsJ rf;jpia cr;r epiyf;Ff; nfhz;L tUtjw;Fk; mtu;fsJ Mw;wiyg;

Ngh~pg;gjw;Fk; Ntz;ba njhopy;rhu; jpwd;fs;.
- nghUshjhu tpUj;jpf;Fg; gq;fspj;jy;.
- mtu;fsJ njhopy; tpUg;Gf;fisAk; csr;rhu;GfisAk; fz;lwpjy;.
- mtu;fsJ Mw;wy;fSf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd Ntiyiaj; njupT nra;jy;.
- gadspf;ff; $baJk; epiyNgWilaJkhd [PtNdhghaj;jpy; <Lgly;.
V. rkaKk; xOfyhWk; njhlu; g hd Nju;r ; r pfs;.
md;whl tho;f ;ifapy; kpfg; nghUj;jkhdtw;iwj; njupT nra; aTk; ehshe;j

tho;f;ifapy; xOf;fnewp> mwnewp> rkanewp njhlu;ghd elj;ijfisg; nghUj;jKw
Nkw;nfhs;sTk; tpOkpaq;fisj; jd;kakhf;fpf; nfhs;sYk; cs;thq;fYk;
VI. Xa;T Neuj;i jg; gad;g Lj;j y; > tpisahl;L gw;w pa Nju; r ; r pfs;.
mofpaw; fiyfs;> ,yf;fpak;> tpisahl;L> nka;ty;Yeu; Nghl;bfs;> Xa;T Neug;

nghOJNghf;Ffs; kw;Wk; tho;tpd; Mf;fG+u;tr; nraw;ghLfs; %yk; ntspg;gLj;jg;gLk;
,d;g Efu;r;rp> kfpo;r;rp> kdntOr;rpfs; Nghd;w kdpj mDgtq;fs;
VII. “fw; w Yf; F f; fw; w y; ” njhlHghd Nju; r ; r pfs; .
tpiuthf khWfpd;w> rpf;fyhd> xUtupy; xUtu; jq;fp epw;fpd;w cynfhd;wpy;

x U tu ; Ra hj P d k hff ; f w; g j w; fhd t ypi kas pj ; j Y k ; k hw; wp aik f; F k;
nrad;KiwA+lhf> khw;wj;jpw;Nfw;g ,aq;fTk; mjid Kfhik nra;aTk; Ntz;ba
czu;itAk; ntw;wpiaAk; ngwr; nra;jy;.
(Njrpa fy;tp Mizf;FO mwpf;if - 2003 bnrk;gu;)
4
4.0 njhopDl; g g; gug; G f; f s; ehd; F f; F Kupa Nju; r ; r pfs; > Nju; r ; r pkl; l q; f s; > tpla cs; s lf; f k; > fw; w w; N gWfs; > ghlNtisfs;
njhopDl;gg; ghl
Nju; r ; r p Nju; r ; r p kl; l k; tpla cs; s lf; f k; fw;ww; NgWfs;
gug; G Ntisfs;
01. tptrhak; 1.0 fhzg;gLk; 1.5 tPl;Lj;Njhl;lr; • tPlL
; j;Njhl;lj;jpy; tUkhdkPlL ; k; tptrha • nghUshjhu uPjpapy; ,yhgk;
cw;gj;jpfSk; NritfSk; 23
tsq;fisg; nra;if rhu;e;j <l;lj;jf;f>rpw;wsTtPlL
; j;Njhl;lr;
• tzpfKaw;rpnahd;wpd;ghw;
gad;gLj;jpg; tzpf re;ju;g;gq;- nry;tjw;fhd ,Wjp Nehf;F. nraw;wpl;lq;fis,dq;fhz;ghu;.
gapu;epyj;ij fisr; nraw;- • re;ijf; Nfs;tpia tprhupj;jwpjy;. • cs;sPLfs;> tptrhar;
mgptpUj;jp gLj;Jthu;. • tUkhde;jUk; tptrha nrad;Kiw> KbTg;
nra;thu;. cw;gj;jp;fSk; NritfSk;. nghUs;fs; Mfpatw;iwj;
• fpuak; - gpujpgyd;fs; xg;gPL. jpl;lkpLthu;.
• Muk;g cs;sPLfs;>
guhkupg;Gr; nryT> tUkhdk;. • tptrha cw;gj;jpfs; kw;Wk;
• epjpj;jpl;lj;ijj; jPuk
; hdpj;jy;. Nritfs; toq;Fthu;.
• tptrha cw;gj;jpr; re;ijg;gLj;jy; • ngau;Fwpf;fg;gl;l ,izaj;
myFfs;. jsq;fspy; gpuNtrpj;Jj;
• Nrjdg; gapu;r;nra;if
• ,iy kuf;fwpfs; jfty;fs; kw;Wk; nraw;ghL
• gpw fisf; ifahz;L ghu;g;ghu;.
• ehw;W cw;gj;jp
• ngWkjp Nru;j;j cw;gj;jpfs;.
• jiu myq;fupg;G jpl;lq;fs;.
cw;gj;jpfs;>
• elg; g l; L s; s gog; g apu; f isg;
5
GdUj;jhuzk; nra;jy;
• mwpf;ifg;gLj;jy;.
• epjp / gapu;r;nra;iff; fl;Lg;ghL
• ngau;Fwpf;fg;gl;l ,izaj;jsq;fspy;
(web sites) gpuNtrpj;J> Gjpa tptrha
Kaw;rpahz;ikj; jfty;fs; kw;Wk;
tpiy tpguq;fs; gw;wpa tplaq;fisf;
fw;wha;jy;.
2.0 capu;r; #oiyg; 2.4 # o y ; N e a j ; - • R + o y ; k h w ; w q ; f s p d ; g h j f k h d • #oYf;Fk; tptrha

ghJfhg;gjpy; jd;ikiaf; tpisTfis ,opTgLj;Jtjw;fhfTk; eltbf;iffSf;Fk; ,ilapy;
gq;fspg;Gr; fhj;
j thW tptrha mtw; W f;
F ,irtiltjw; f hfTk; gRik Njhd;Wk; gpur;rpidfis
tptrhaj; njhopDl;gj; jPu;Tfs;. ,dq;fhz;ghu;.
nra;thu;. eltbf;iffis • gapu; f ; f l; L g; g hl; L f; F g; gjpyhf • #oy; gpur;rpidfis
elj;jpr; nry;thu;. kz;izf; fhj;jYk; Nghrpj;jYk;. ,opthf;Fthf;Ftjw;fhd
• FWfpa guk;giuayFf; fl;likg;igf; topfisg; gpNuupg;ghu;.
nfhz;l Gjpa gapu;g;Ngjq;fSf;Fg; • tptrha eltbf;iffs; %yk;
gjpyhf kuGupikahd gapu;g;- rhjfkhf #oiy cUthf;fj;
Ngjq;fisg; gad;gLj;jy;. jf;f nray;fspy; <LgLthu;.
njhopDl;gg; ghl
gug; G Ntisfs;
• juq;Fiwe;J nry;Yk;> tiuaiwg;gl;l
xU tskhfpa ePiu tpidj;jpwdhfg;
gad;gLj;Jjy;.
• gRe;jhtu %Lgilia mjpfupj;jYk;
tdrPtuhrpfSf;F Neakhd R+oiy cUthf;F
tjw;Nfw;w gapu;rn ; ra;iff; Nfhyq;fSk;.
• fopTg;nghUl;fis tsq;fshf khw;Wjy;.
• gP i lf; f l; L g; g hl; L f; f hf nraw; i f
,urhadq;fSf;Fg; gjpyhf
R+oy; N eakhd khw; W cj; j pfisf;
ifahsy;.
• Ngz;jF tYrf;jp Kiwfisg;
gad;gLj;jy;.
02. czT 5.0 c z i t 5 . 2 c z i t m b g ; - •czit mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l re;ij • czTld; njhlu;Gila

ifj;njhopy;fspd; ,Ug;G kPJ 22
mbg; g ilahff; gilahff; nfhz;l tha;g;Gf;fs;
n f h z ; l ifj;njhopy; njh- • RNjr $ ntspehl;Lr; Rw;Wg;gazpfs; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk;
6
ifj;njhopy; lu;ghd cw;gj;jpr; • RNjr czT Nkk;ghL fhuzpfis tprhuiz

tha;g;Gf;fis nrad; K iwiaf; • ju epu;zaq;fSk; tptuf;$w;Wf;fSk; nra;thu;.
,dq;fz;L ifahz;L ghu;gg
; hu;. • juk; • nraw;wpl;lj; jpl;lkplYf;Fg;
tzpfq; f isj; nghUj; j khd nkd; n ghUl;
• ftu;r;rp
jpl;lkpLthu;. fisg; gad;gLj;Jthu;.
• jpl;lkply; • epuk;gy; rq;fpypapy; cw;gj;jpr;
• re;ijg;gLj;jy; msT nrad;Kiwiaj; jpl;lkpLthu;.
• cw;gj;jpr; nrad;Kiwfs; • czit mbg;gilahff;
• nghUj;jkhd nkd;nghUl;fisf; nfhz; l ifj; n jhopy; f spy;
nfhz;L nraw;wpl;lk; jpl;lkpLjy;. <LgLtjw; f hd Maj; j j; i j
• Njitahd cgfuzq;fSk; cgfuz ntspf;fhl;Lthu;.
mikg;Gf;fSk;
• gjg;gLj;Jk; - jahupf;Fk; kw;Wk; ew;fhg;Gr;
nra;Ak; njhopDl;gk;
• toq;fy; / epuk;gy; rq;fpyp
• myF cw;gj;jpf; fpuak;
njhopDl;gg; ghl
gug; G Ntisfs;
5.3 czTf; ifj; • Ntiyfis ,yFgLj; J tjw; f hd • czT cw;gj;jpf;Fj; Njitahd

njhopiy Nkk;gLj; c g f u z m i k g ; G f ; f S k ; G j p a cgfuzq;fs; kw;Wk; cgfuz
Jtjw;fhf czTg; cw;gj;jpfSk; mikg;Gf;fs; jahupg;ghu;.
gy;tifikg;gLj; • czTg; gy;tifikahf;fj;jpd;NghJ • ntt;NtW czT Mf;fq;fis
jypy; <LgLthu;. Efu;Nthiuf; ftu;tjpy; nry;thf;Fr; K d ; i t g ; g j d ; %yk;
nrYj;Jk; fhuzpfs; Efu; N thiuf; ftu; e ; j P u ; f ; F k;
• J}z;Lif jd;ikia Nkk;gLj;jj;
• Rit jpl;lkpLthu;.
• ,ioaikg;G • #oy; Nea cw; g j; j pfisr;
• epwk; re;ijf;Fr; rku;g;gpg;ghu;.
• tbtk;
• czTg; ngWkhdk;
• Nghrhf;F
• Rfhjhug; ghJfhg;Gj;jd;ik
• nghjpaply;
• czTj; juepu;zak;
• #oy; Nea cw;gj;jpr; nrad;Kiw
7
• re;ijf;Fr; rku;g;gpj;jy;.
njhopDl;gg; ghl
gug; G Ntisfs;
3.0 Muk;gj; 6.0 njhopDl;gf; 6.7 vspa njhop • ghlrhiyr; rKjhaj;Jf;Fj; • ghlrhiyr; rKjhak; njhlu;ghf 23
njhop- fUkq;fis Dl;g Nritfis Njitahd njhopDl;gr;Nritfs; njhopDl;gr; Nritj;
Dl;gtpay; epiwT nra;J- epiwNtw;wtjw;fhf toq;Fjy; Njitfis tprhuiz nra;thu;.
nfhs;tjw;fhf nray; tpsf;fj;- • Nritj; Njitia ,dq;fhzy; •vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk; Gjpa
mbg;gilahd ijAk; ifj;jpwd;- • tptuf;$w;W njhopDl;gf; fUkq;fSf;fhfj;
iff;fUtp fisAk; ed;F • msTfs; jpl;lq;fs; jahupg;ghu;.
fisAk; / cg ntspg;gLj;Jthu;. • fpilg;glq;fs; • njupT nra;J nfhz;l> Nrit
fuzq;fisAk; toq; f nyhd; i w Muk; g pj; J
• njhopDl;g> El;gKiwfisAk;
nghUl;fisAk; ntw;wpfukhf elj;jpr; nry;thu;;.
ghJfhg;ghfTk; nrad;KiwiaAk; jpl;lkpLthu;.
rPuhfTk; • jpl;lg; glq;fs;
gad;gLj;Jthu;. • cgfuzq;fs;>fUtpfs;>
mikg;Gf;fs;
• nghUl;fs;
• njhopDl;g> El;gKiwfs; Kd;Ndhbf;
fw;ifAk; (Pilot study) kjpg;gL
P k;
• mgptpUj;jpj;jpl;lq;fs; kw;Wk;
gpNuuizfisj; jpl;lkply;
8
7.0 md;whlk; 7.4 md;whlj; Njit • ntt;NtW fUkq;fSld; njhlu;Gila • nrad;Kiwapy; Mf;ff;$ba
vjpu;gg ; Lk; fspd; gb gad; Mf;fj; Njitfis ,dq;fhzy;. Fwpj;j Njitf;Fg; nghUj;j
gpur;rpidfSf;fhfj; gLj; J tjw; N fw; w • nghUj;jkhd Mf;fr; nrad;Kiw khd Mf;f tbtikg;G
jpl;lkpl;Lj; gz;lq;fs;/ mikg; • ntt;NtW njhopDl;gg; gug;Gf;fspd; vz; z f; f Uf; f isj; njupT
njhopDl;gj; G f ; f i s j ; Nru;khdj;jhyhd Mf;fq;fs; nra;J nfhs;thu;.
jPu;Tfs; jpll
; kplL
; Mf;Fthu;. • M f ; f j ; j p d ; n t w ; w p f ; f h f m j p y ; • Mf;fk; rhu;ghf re;ij
toq;fg;gLk; mlq;fpapUf;f Ntz;ba ,ay;Gfs; Mw;wiyAk; ( Potential)
jpwid • vspa njhopDl;g cj;jpfs; Nfs;tpiaAk; tprhuiz
ntspf;fhl;Lthu;. mlq;fpapUj;jy; nra;thu;.
• tptuf;$w;Wf;F ,irthdjhf • jpl; l j; j pw; F mika Mf; f
,Uj;jy; vz;zf;fUit cw;gj;jp
• #oy; Neaj;jd;ik ajhu;j;jkhf khw;Wthu;.
• %yg;nghUl;fis vspjhfg; • Mf; f k; njhlu; g hd jfty;
ngwf;$bajha; ,Uj;jy; njhlu;ghlYf;F nghUj;jkhd
• fiyj;Jtk; nkd;nghUisg; gad;gLj;Jthu;.
njhopDl;gg; ghl
gug; G Ntisfs;
• jpl;lkpLjy;
• nghUs;fs;> cgfuzq;fs;> ntsp>
Vida cs;sPLfisj; njupTnra;jy;.
• eilKiwr;rhj;jpag;ghl;il
cWjpg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;sy;.
• myFf;Fupa cw;gj;jpr; nryitf;
fzpj;jy;.
• tpUj;jp nra;tjw;fhd gpNuuizfs;
• Mf;fk; njhlu;ghd jfty;fisj;
njhlu;ghLtjw;fhf
nkd;nghUs;fisg; gad;gLj;Jjy;
4.0 tzpf 9.0 rpw;wsT 9.8 ntw;wpfukhd xU • tzpfnkhd;wpd; ntw;wpapy; nry;thf;Fr; • ntw;wpfukhd tzpfnkhd;wpid 22
eltbf;iffs; tzpf tzpfj;ij Muk; nrYj;Jk; fhuzpfs;. Muk; g pj; J elj; j pr; nry; t jpy;
nkhd;iwj; gpj;J elj;jpr; • gzk;> ciog;G> gz;lq;fs;> NtW tsq;fs; nry; t hf; F r; nrYj; J k; fhuzp-
jpl;lkpl;L nry;tjpy; • njhopDl;g mwpT fisf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.
elj;jpr; nry;thf;Fr; • jfty;fs; ;• mf;fhuzpfspd; nghUj;jg;ghl;ilf;
nry;thu;. nrYj;Jk; • re;ij ifahz;L guPl;rpg;ghu;.
9
fhuzpfis • gyq;fs;
• re;ju;g;gq;fs; •Kaw;rpahz;ikg; gz;Gfis
,dq;fz;L ,dq; f z; L Ra fzpg; g Pl; b y;
• Kaw; r pahz; i k ,ay; G fs; %yk;
thz;ikahsUf;Fupa K a w ; r p a h z ; i k a p d ; g z ; G f i s <Lgl;L mgptpUj;jpg; gpNuu-
gz;Gfs; ,dq;fhzy;. izfis Kd;itg;ghu;.
njhlu;ghfr; • jiyikj;Jtk; ;
Rafzpg;gPl;by; • Gjpait gilf;Fk; Mw;wy;
<LgLthu;. • mu;g;gzpg;G
• nghWg;Ngw;wy;
• jPu;khdnkLj;jy;
• mghaq;fis vjpu;nfhs;sy;.
• gpur;rpidfisj; jPu;f;Fk; Mw;wy;.
• Kaw;rpahz;ikahsuhf Ntz;Lk;
vd;w Fwpf;Nfhs;fSk; Ra fzpg;gL
P k;.
• Nkw;gbf; fhuzpfisAk;
Kaw;rpahz;ikg; gz;Gf; $WfisAk;
tsu;j;jYf;Fj; Njitahd
gbKiwfisg; gpNuupj;jy;.
njhopDl;gg; ghl
gug; G Ntisfs;
9.9 rpw;wsT tzpf- • rpw;wsT tzpfnkhd;wpidj; jpl;lkpl;L • vspikahd tzpfq; f isj;
nkhd;wpid ,yhgfukhf elj;jpr; nry;yy;. jpl; l kpl; L r; rpwpjsT tzpf-
elj;jpg; gpd;njhlu; • tzpfj;jpd;msitj; jPu;khdpj;jy;. nkhd;wpid Muk;gpg;ghu;.
Ma;T elj;jpg; • cw;gj;jpj; jpl;lk;. • tzpf xOf;fq;fs;> rl;l jpl;lq;-
gpd;D}l;ly; • tzpf xOq;fikg;G. fSf;F mikthf tzpfj;ij
gpNuuizfis • epjpj;jpl;lk;. elj;jpr; nry;thu;.
Kd;itg;ghu;. • tpahghuj;jpl;lk;. • tzpf eltbf;iffspy; <Lgl;L>
• tzpf xOf;fnewpfs;. Kd;Ndw;wj;ij mwpe;J Nkk;-
• tzpfr; rl;ljpl;lq;fs;. ghl; L f; f hd gpNuuizfis
Kd;itg;ghu;.
• Jizr; Nritfisg; gad;gLj;Jjy;.
• tq;fpr; Nritfs;.
• Nghf;Ftuj;J
• fhg;GWjp
• njhlu;ghly;
• tpsk;guk;
10
• fzf;Ffisg; NgzptUjy;
• ngWtdT nfhLg;gdT mwpf;iffs;
• tUkhd> nryT mwpf;iffs;
•Nkyjpf KjyPl;L re;ju;g;gq;fs;

• tq;fp itg;Gf;fs;
• gq;Fr; re;ij
• gpw
5.0. ghlrhiyf; nfhs; i ffSk; Ntiyj; j pl;l q;f Sk;
(i) ,g;ghlj;Jf;fhfg;; ghlrhiy Neu#rpapy; xU juj;Jf;F thuj;Jf;F 3 ghlNtisfs; tPjk;

6 - 9 Me; juq;fSf;F Neuk; xJf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. nraw;ghLfisAk; nraw;wpl;lq;fisAk;
mbg; g ilahff; nfhz; L nra; a g; g Lk; xU ghlkhifahy; > mtw; i wr; nrt; t Nd
elj; j j; j f; f thwhf %d; W ghlNtisfisANkh my; y J Fiwe; j gl; r k; ,uz; L
ghlNtisfisNah mLj;jLj;jjhf mikj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;fhfg; ghlrhiy mjpgu;fs; my;yJ
gpupTj;jiytu;fspd; cjtpiag; ngWjy; Ntz;Lk;.
(ii) xt;nthU khztUk; ,g;ghlj;ij 6 Me; juj;jpypUe;J 9 Me; juk; tiuapy; njhlu;r;rpahff;
fw;fr; re;ju;gg
; k; ngWtu;. ghlk; njhlu;ghf Kjd;ikj;JtNkw;Wr; nraw;glj;jf;f> ,g;ghlj;ijf;
fw;gpg;gjpy; tpUg;Gila Mrpupau;fis ,dq;fz;L> ,g;ghlj;ijf; fw;gpg;gjw;Fupa gzpia
mtu;fsplk; xg;gilg;gNj Kjd;Kjyhfr; nra;a Ntz;bajhFk;. ghlrhiy Mrpupau; Fohj;jpy;
njhopDl;gg; ghlg;gug;Gf;fisr; (tptrhak;> kidg;nghUspay;> njhopDl;gk;> tzpfk;) Nru;ej ;
Mrpupau;fis ,g;ghlj;Jf;fhff; fl;lhakhf ,izj;Jf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. njhopDl;gg;
ghlj;J f; F upa Mrpupau;f s; ,y; yhj ghlrhiyfspy; ,g; g hlj;i jf; fw;g pg; g jw;f hfr;
nraw;wpwDila gpwpnjhU Mrpupaiuj; njupT nra;J <LgLj;jyhk;.
(iii) ghlrhiyapy; fhzg;gLk; ,ltrjpfs; Fwpj;Jf; ftdkhf mtjhdpj;Jr; nraw;wp;l;lq;fisj;

jpl;lkpLtjw;Fk; eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; trjpahf mikAk; tifapy; khztu;fSf;Fg;;
nghUj;jkhd fw;ww; #oiy (nraw;ghl;liw) fl;bnaOg;g Mtdnra;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ,jw;fhfg;
ghlrhiyapy; fhzg;g Lk; ngsjpf tsq; fisg; gad;g Lj; jyhk;. NkYk; jutpUj;j p
cs;sPLfisg; gad;gLj;jp ed;F jpl;lkpl;Lr; nraw;gLtjd; %yNk> ,t;thwhd fw;ww;
#oiy mikj; Jf; nfhs; syhk; . nraw; g hl; liw mikf; f g;g l; Ls; s ghlrhiyfspy;
mt; t rjpfisr; nra; K iwj; jpwd; f Sk; njhopDl; g j; jpwd ; f Sk; ghlj ; i j
eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;fhfNt gad;gLj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. khwhf NtW nray;fSf;fhf mjidg;
gad;gLj;jyhfhJ.
(iv) ghlj;ij eilKiwg;gLj;Jk;NghJ jw;NghJ ghlrhiyapy; fhzg;gLk; cgfuzq;fs;> fUtpfis

,g;ghlj;Jf;fhfg; gad;gLj;jyhk;. Nkyjpfkhf cgfuzq;fs;> fUtpfs; Njitahf ,Ug;gpd;>
jutpUj;jp cs;sPl;ilg; gad;gLj;jp cgfuzq;fs;> fUtpfisf; nfhs;tdT nra;Ak;
jpl;lnkhd;wpid eilKiwg;gLj;JtJ kpfg; nghUj;jkhdJ.
(v) 6 Mk; 7 Me; juq;fspy; 5 njhopDl;gg; gug;Gf;fs; gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;jg;gl;ld. 8 Me;

juj;jpy; 4 njhopDl;gg; gug;Gf;fs; khj;jpuNk gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. tiutpay;
vDk; njhopDl; g g; gug; G > Vida ehd; F njhopDl; g g; gug; G fspYk; mlq; F khW
xd;wpizf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. NkYk; 9 Me; juj;jpy; vy;yhj; njhopDl;gg; gug;GfisAk;
gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;Jk; tifapy;> nraw;wpl;lq;fs; mwpKfQ; nra;ag;gl;Ls;sd. ,jw;fika
Xu; Mz;by; G+u;j;jpnra;a Ntz;ba nraw;wpl;lq;fspd; vz;zpf;if 8 MFk;. ,g;ghlj;ijf;
fw;gpg;gjpy; <Lgl;Ls;s Mrpupau;fs;> jug;gl;Ls;s khjpupr; nraw;wpll
; q;fspy; khj;jpuk; jq;fpapUg;gJ
vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gltpy;iy. khwhf> jpwikkpf;f / Mf;fj;jpwd;kpf;f Mrpupau;fSf;F Nkw;gb
Nju;r;rpfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L jhNk jahupj;j nraw;wpl;lq;fis ,jw;fhfg;
gad;gLj;Jk; G+uz Rje;jpuk; cs;sJ. fzpdp trjp cs;s ghlrhiyfspYk; mt;trjpfisg;
ngwf;$ba ghlrhiyfspYk; jfty; njhlu;ghly; njhopDl;gk; njhlu;ghd mbg;gilahd
jpwd;fis ehd;F njhopDl;gg; gug;GfspD}lhfTk; khztu; ngwyhk;. ,q;F fzpdp xU
fUtpahfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLtNjhL ehd;F gug;Gf;fSk; gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLk; tifapy; Fwpj;j
nraw;ghLfspy; mtw;iw xd;wpizj;Jf; nfhs;sj;jf;fthW jpl;lkpl;Lf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
jfty; njhlu;ghly; njhopDl;gk; vd;gJ nra;Kiwj; jpwd;fSk; njhopDl;gj; jpwd;fSk;
11
ghlj;jpd; fPo; ,lk;ngWk; kw;WnkhU njhopDl;gg;gug;G my;y vd;gijAk; nra;Kiwj; jpwd;fSk;
njhopDl;gj; jpwd;fSk; ghlj;Jf;fhf xJf;fg;gl;Ls;s %d;W ghlNtisfis (Neuj;ij)
jfty; - njhlu;ghly; njhopDl;gtpaiy NtW tpjq;fspy; fw;gpj;jYf;Fg; gad;gLj;jyhfhJ
vd;gijAk; ftdj;jpw; nfhs;tJ mtrpakhFk;.
(vi) 9 Me;juj;jpy; Mz;Lf;fhfj; njupTnra;J nfhs;sNtz;ba 4 nraw;wpl;lq;fisAk; ,dq;fz;L>

mJ njhlu;ghd xU jpl;lj;ij Mz;Lj;njhlf;fj;jpy; jahupj;Jf;nfhs;Sk; nghWg;G
ghlg;nghWg;ghrpupau;fisr; rhUk;. xt;Nthu; MrpupaUk; ehd;F gug;Gf;fSk; cs;slq;FkhW
fw;g pg; gJ kpfg; nghUj;j khdjhFk;. NkYk; njupTnra; Jnfhz; l nraw; ghLfSf;F k;
nraw;wpl;lq;fSf;Fk; mikthfg; nghUl;fisg; gl;baw;gLj;jpg; ghlrhiyapd; Fwpj;j
gpupTfSf;Fk; mjpgUf;Fk; mwpT+l;lk; nra;J jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs; Ntiyj;jpl;lj;jpd; fPo;
nghUl;fisf; nfhs;tdT nra;J mtw;iw Neufhyj;Jld; Maj;jg;gLj;jpf;nfhs;sy; Ntz;Lk;.
gps;isfspd; Njitfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L ghlj;ij nefpo;rr ; pahff; ifahs;tjw;fhf
Mrpupau; fspd; Mf;fG+u;tkhd gq;f spg;G mtrpakhf miktNjhL> ed; F jpl; lkpl;L
xOq; f ikj; J f; n fhs; t jw; f hf Mrpupau; f s; Xu; FOthfj; j puz; L nraw; g LtJ kpf
Kf;fpakhdjhFk;. ,jw;fhfr; ‘nrad;Kiwj;jpwd;fSk; njhopDl;gj;jpwd;fSk;’ ghlg;
nghWg;ghrpupau;fs; xU FOit mikj;Jf;nfhs;tNjhL nghUj;jkhd xUtu; mjd;
jiyikj;Jtj;ij tfpj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. Mz;bd; nraw;ghLfisj; jpl;lkpl;L Kd;ndLf;Fk;
nghWg;G mf;FOitr; rhUk;. ghlf;FOtpd; rfy Mrpupau;fSk; $l;lhfj; jtizf;Fupa
Ntiyfslq;fpa jpl;lj;ijf; fye;Jiuahb ,zf;fg;ghL fhZjy; kpf Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.
(vii) nrad;Kiwj; jpwd;fSk; njhopDl;gj; jpwd;fSk; ghlj;Jld; njhlu;Gila tifapy;

Neu#rpf; F mg; g hw; g l; l tifapy; nraw; g lj; j f; f gy; N tW ghlg; g ug; G f; f isg;
gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;jpr; nray;uj
P pahd khztu; fofq;fs;> tpNrl nraw;wpl;lq;fs; Nghd;wtw;iwg;
ghlrhiy Ntiyj;jpl;lg; gug;Gf;fisg; gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;jpr; nray;uPjpahd ghlrhiy
Ntiyj;jpl;lq;fshf xOq;F nra;ayhk;. khztuJ cs;shu;e;j Mw;wy;fs;> mtu;fsJ
gy;NtW Mu;tq;fspd;gb Gj;jhf;fk; gilg;Nghupd; rpWtu; fofq;fisg; ghlrhiy kl;lj;jpy;
mikj;Jg; nghJkf;fspd; / r%fj;jpd; cjtp xj;jhirfisg; ngwj;jf;f topfisf;
fz;lwpe;J ghlrhiyf;Fr; rpwg;ghd xU gpujpikia (Image) cUthf;fpf; nfhs;syhk;.
(viii) ngsjpf> kdpj> njhopDl;g mwpTrhu;e;j tsg; gw;whf;Fiw fhzg;gLk; ghlrhiyfspy;

gzpahw;Wk; Mrpupau;fSk; gad;ngwj;jf;fthwhfg; gpuNjr r%fj;jpdupd; cjtp xj;jhiriag;
ngwj;jf;f topfis Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tJ kpf Kf;fpakhdJ. ,jw;fhfj; njhopDl;g
kj;jpa epiyaq;fs; mike;Js;s ghlrhiyfspd; cjtpiaAk; ngwyhk;. gpuNjrj;jpy;
fhzg;gLk; njhopDl;g epiyaq;fs;> tzpf epiyaq;fs; Nghd;wtw;iwg; ghu;itapl
tifnra;jy;> me;epWtdq;fspy; fhzg;gLk; njhopDl;g mwpitg; ghlrhiyf;Ff; nfhz;L
tUtjw;F upa Ntiyj; jpl;lq;f is mjpgupd; JizAld; jpl;lkpLjy; Nghd; witAk;
nrad;Kiwj; jpwd;fSk; njhopDl;gj; jpwd;fSk; ghlf; FOtpd; Kf;fpakhd xU gzpahFk;.
12
2.0 fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jw; nrad;Kiwf;Fupa mwpTWj;jy;fs;
2.1. mwpKfk;
fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; KiwapayhdJ Nju;r;rpfis mbg;gilahff;nfhz;L jpl;lkpl;L
xOq;fikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. fw;gtu; ngWk; fw;ww; NgWfis Kjd;ikahff;nfhz;Nl Nju;r;rp
ntspg;g Lj; jg; gLk;. vdNt Nju;r ;rpnahd; wpd; %yk; fw;w y; epfOk;NghJ vg;NghJk; mJ
mse;jwpaj;jf;f rpwpa gFjpfs; kw;Wk; cggFjpfs; vDk; epiyia mile;jpUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
ahNjDnkhU nraiyr; rupahfTk; tpidj;jpwDilajhfTk; epiwNtw;w KbAkh vd mse;jwpjNy
,jd; xl;Lnkhj;jkhFk; vd;gij tpsq;fpf;nfhs;tJ nghUj;jkhdjhFk;.
fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jw; nrad;Kiwapy; gpujhdkhff; fhzj;jf;f rpy mk;rq;fs; cs;sd.
mit tUkhW.
1. Kd;dhaj;jk;
2. mZFKiw
3. eilKiwg;gLj;jy;
4. Kd;itj;jy;
5. fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk;
1. nraw; g hl; L f; F upa Kd; d haj; j k;
,k;Kd;dhaj;jk; ,uz;L mk;rq;fisf; nfhz;lJ. mtw;Ws; KjyhtJk; Kf;fpakhdJkhd
mk;rk; ghlj;jpl;lj;jpy; jug;gl;Ls;s Fwpj;j Nju;r;rp> Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs;> tpla cs;slf;fk;>
fw;ww; NgWfs; Mfpatw;iw Mrpupau; kpf ed;whf tpsq;fpf;nfhs;tjhFk;. ,jw;fhf mjidf;
ftdkhff; fw;wha;tJ ,d;wpaikahjjhFk;. ghlj;ijj; jpl;lkpLtjw;Fupa mwpTWj;jy;fSld;
njhlu;Gila khjpupia (Model) ,dq;fhz;gJ njhlf;fk; mJ rhu;e;j xt;nthU nraiyAk;
xt;Nthu; mk;rj;ijAk; gw;wpf; ftdQ; nrYj;JtJk; mtw;Wf;fhf Maj;jk; nra;Jnfhs;sYk;
Kf;fpakhditahFnkd;gijf; ftdj;jpw; nfhs;sy; Ntz;Lk;.
,uz;lhtJ mk;rk;> nraiy ed;F fw;wha;e;j gpd;du;> mjd; xl;Lnkhj;jr; nrad;Kiw
g w ; w pa kd g ; g l nkh d ; wp id kd j ; j py ; cU tf pj ; J r ; nr a w; g L j y; . nr aw; g h l; il
eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;Fj; Njitahd fUtpfs;> cgfuzq;fs;> nghUl;fs;> #oy;> ,lk;
Nghd;wtw;iw Neufhyj;Jld; Maj;jQ;nra;J nfhs;sNtz;Lk;. jkf;Fk; khztUf;Fk; NjlYf;Fupa
trjpfis toq;Ftjw;Fj;Njitahd jfty;fs;> kw;Wk; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sNtz;batw;iwr; rupahf
,dq;fz;L> mtw;iw Maj;jQ; nra;Jnfhs;tjw;Fj; Njitahd njhopDl;gj;jfty;fs; kw;Wk;
mwpT gw;wpf; ftdQ; nrYj;jp mtw;iwAk; Nrfupj;Jf;nfhs;sNtz;Lk;. eilKiwg;gLj;j Kd;du;
rfy eltbf;iffisAk; jpl;lkpl;L xOq;FgLj;jpf; nfhs;tJk;> Mrpupau; Nghjpa Maj;jj;JlDk;
ek;gpf;ifAlDk; ,Ug;gJk; MrpupauJ nghWg;gpd; Kf;fpakhd xU gz;ghff; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ.
2. mZFKiw / gpuNtrk;
khztuJ nraY}f;fKs;s gq;Fgw;Wiff;F ntw;wpfukhd kw;Wk; rpwe;j gpuNtrk;
,d;wpaikahjjhFk;. cj;Njr nraYf;Fg; nghUj;jkhdthW> ahNjDk; gFjpia my;yJ
cUg;gbiaj;jpl;lkpl;L> Kd;itg;gjd;%yk; khztu;fis kyu;r;rpAld; <LgLj;jpf; nfhs;s
KbtNjhL mtu;fis Cf;fTk; topgpwf;Fk;. mjD}lhf mtu;fsJ Mu;tj;ijj; J}z;br;
nraypd;ghy; Kidg;ghd ftdj;ij <u;g;gJ ,yFthFk;. ntt;NtW mZFKiwfs; rhu;e;j
cj;Njr Kiwfs; - cj;jpfis ed;F tpsq;fpf;nfhs;tJk; NjitfSf;Fg; nghUj;jkhdthW
NtW nghUj;jkhd gFjpfisAk; GJf;fUj;Jf;fshy; nrOikA+l;lg;gl;l gpNuuizfisAk;
mjDld; Nru;jJ
; f;nfhs;syhk;. ,J njhlu;ghf cj;Njr topfhl;ly;fspd;ghy; ftdQ; nrYj;JtJ
Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.
13
3. eilKiwg; g Lj; J jy;
nghUj;jkhd Xu; mZFKiw (gpuNtrk;) %yk; (ghlj;ijj; njhlq;Ftjdhy; khztupd;
Mu;tj;ijAk; kyu;r;rpiaAk; rpwg;ghd kl;lj;jpy; NgZtJ ,yFthdjhFk;. mjd;tpisthfr;
nraw;ghl;il eilKiwg;gLjJtjw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd #oy; fl;bnaOg;gg;gLk;. cj;Njrr;
nraw;ghl;bd; jd;ikf;Nfw;g mjidr; rpy gbKiwfshfg; gpupj;Jf;nfhs;tJ nghUj;jkhdJ.
mg;gbKiwfis xd;Wlndhd;W xg;gpLk;NghJ xUgb KiwahtJ kw;nwhU gbKiwf;Fr;
rkkhdjy;y. (cjhuzkhf> vspikapypUe;J rpf;fyhdJ tiuapy; NtWgLj;jy;> gad;gLj;Jk;
cgfuzq;fs;. kw;Wk; nghUs;fs; NtWgl;litahf ,Uj;jy;). tFg;G khztiur; rpW FOf;fshfg;
gpupj;Jr; nraw;ghl;il mtu;fsplk; xg;gilg;gJk; mJ njhlu;ghd rfy topfhl;ly;fs;> Njitahd
nghUl;fs; kw;Wk; cgfuzq;fis toq;FtJk; Mrpupaupd; nghWg;Gf;fSs; mlq;Fk;. NkYk; rpy
re;ju;g;gq;fspy; Mrpupau; jiyapl;Lr; nraw;gLjYk; nra;Jfhl;ly;fis elj;JtJk; Kf;fpa
fUkq;fshFk;.
jkJ nraiyf; FOepiyapy; nra;Ak;NghJ vjpu;ghu;ff ; g;gLk; xOq;FKiwf;F mg;ghw;gl;l
gpNuuizfSf;fhd Nfhupf;iffSk; Kd;itf;fg;gl ,lKz;L. mt;thwhd re;ju;gg ; q;fspy; khztuJ
gpNuuizfisAk; Gjpa Mf; f q; f isAk; ntspf; n fhzu; t jw; f hfg; nghUj; j khdthW
re;ju;gg
; kspj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ,J njhlu;ghfr; nraw;gLk;NghJ Mrpupau; eLepiyahfTk; mikjpahfTk;
,k;khw;wq;fs; Fwpj;Jf; ftdQ; nrYj;jp mtjhdpj;jYk; Njitahd re;ju;g;gq;fspy; Fwpj;j
nray;fisf; fzpg;gPL nra;a Maj;jkhf ,Uj;jYk; Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.
nraw;ghl;ilj; njhlq;fpa re;ju;g;gj;jpypUe;J KbtilAk; tiuapy; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk;
re;ju;g;gq;fspy; fsg;gjpNtl;by; Fwpg;gpl;nlOJkhW khztu;fSf;F Mu;t%l;lTk; mJ njhlu;ghf
mtu;fis Cf;Ftpf;fTk; Mrpupau; Kd;tUjy; Ntz;Lk;. khztuJ Kd;itg;gpy; cs;slq;fNtz;ba
tplaq;fSk; fhuzpfSk; vitnadTk; me;je;jf; FO rhu;ghf Mrpupau; topfhl;bapy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;s
tplaq;fspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; njhlu;ghfTk; mtw;wpd;ghy; khztu;fs; ftdQ; nrYj;Jtjd;
mtrpak; gw;wpAk; mwpT+l;lk; nra;tJ kpf Kf;fpakhdJ vd;gijf; ftdj;jpw; nfhs;Sq;fs;.
4. Kd; i tj; j y; .
nraw;ghL Kbtile;j gpd;du; jhk; my;yJ jkJ FO Mw;wpa fUkk;> mJ njhlu;ghd
mwpKfk;> ntt;NtW gbKiwfis Ntwhf;fpa tpjk;> gad;gLj;jpa cgfuzq;fSk; nghUl;fSk;>
vjpu;Nehf;fpa rthy;fs;> mtw;iw ntw;wp nfhz;l tpjk; Mfpatw;iw cs;slf;fpa Xu; mwpf;ifia
Kd;itf;f Ntz;Lk;. khztu;fsJ Kd;itg;gpy; ,lk;ngw Ntz;ba tplaq;fs;> fhuzpfs;
vitnad me;je;jf; FOTf;F mikthf Mrpupau; topfhl;bapy; jug;gl;Ls;s tplaq;fs; Fwpj;J
khztu;fsJ ftdj;ij <u;j;jYk; ,jd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; Fwpj;J mk;khztUf;F mwpT+l;lk;
nra;tJk; mtrpankd;gijf; ftdj;jpw; nfhs;Sq;fs;.
5. fzpg;g PLk; kjpg;g PLk;

nraw;ghl;il eilKiwg;gLj;Jk; Ntisapy; khztupilNa rQ;rupj;J> mtu;fis
,dq;fz;L nfhs;sy; kw;Wk; Njitahd gpd;D}l;ly;> Kd;D}l;ly; vd;gdtw;iwAk; toq;f
Ntz;Lk;. fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk; njhlu;ghd tptuq;fs; gFjp 3.0 ,y; jug;gl;Ls;sd.
14
2.2. 9Me; juj;J f; f hd nraw;w pl; lq;f is mwpKfQ; nra; j y;
nrad; K iwj; j pwd; f Sk; njhopDl; g j; j pwd; f Sk; ghlj; J f; F upa njhopDl; g g;
ghlg;gug;Gf;fspd; fPo; 6Mk;> 7Me; juq;fspd; nraw;ghLfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;Nl fw;wy;
,lk;ngw;wJ. vdpDk; 8Me; juk; njhlf;fk; nraw;ghLfs; rw;Wr; rpf;fyhd nra;Kiwr;
nraw;ghLfshf khWk;. NkYk;> nraw;ghLfSf;F Nkyjpfkhf khztuJ fw;wy; %yk; Nkyjpf
gpujpgyidg; ngwj;jf;fjhff; fw;wy; Kiwapy; ahNjDk; khw;wq;fis> NkYk; tpupthd fw;ww;
re;ju;g;gq;fs; fpilf;Fk; tifapy; khztUf;Ff; $Ljyhd tha;g;Gf;fs; toq;fg;gLtJ xU
tpNrl mk;rkhf mikfpwJ. ,jw;fhf mwpKfQ;nra;ag;gl;Ls;s fw;ww;nraw;ghlhf miktJ
nraw;wpl;lq;fis mbg;gilahff;nfhz;l fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwapaiy
eilKiwg;gLj;JtjhFk;.
nrad;Kiwj;jpwd;fSk; njhopDl;gj;jpwd;fSk; vDk; ,g;ghlj;jpd; fPo; mwpKfQ;
nra;ag;gl;Ls;s nraw;wpl;lq;fspd; rpwg;G> ghlf;fl;likg;Gf;F mikthf njhopDl;gg; gug;Gf;fSld;
njhlu;Gila ahNJDk; rthiy my;yJ gpur;rpidia mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L njhopDl;gj;
jPu;Tfisj; Njbawpa khztiu topg;gLj;JtjhFk;. ,r;nrad;Kiw ahNjDk; KbTg;nghUSld;
epiwtilAk;. my;yJ ahNjDk; gaDs;s> mu;j;jG~;bahd Nritnahd;wpy; epiwtilAk;.
9 Me; juj;jpYk; nraw;wpl;lj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l fw;wiy mwpKfQ; nraAk;NghJ
mJ MrpupauJ topfhl;ly; kw;Wk; mwpTWj;jy;fSlNdNa eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLk;. ,q;F khztu;
FOf;fshfr; RahjPdkhf jPu;khdq;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L nraw;wpl;lq;fspy; <LgLtNj
vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpwJ.
2.2.1. nraw; w pl; lk; vd; g J ahJ?
RatpUg;GlDk; nray; uPjpapYk; ahNJDnkhU nraiy ntw;wpfukhf epiwNtw;WNthkhapd;
mJ thzhs; KOtJk; epidtpypUe;J ePq;fhj mDgtkhf mikAk;. NkYk;> mJ jpUg;jp jUk;
Xu; mDgtkhf miktNjhL Njbg; ngw;w mDgtq;fs; tpidj;jpwd; kpf;f> mu;j;jG~;bahd
fw;wyhfTk; mikAk;. ,t;thwhd mDgtq;fisr; nraw;ghl;L uPjpahf khztu;fs; milar;
nra;tjhy; ntw;wpfukhd xU Kiwapayhfr; nraw;ghl;il mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l fw;wiy
,dq;fhzyhk;.
,jw;fikaj; jw;fhy cyfpy; epWtdQ; rhu;e;j kw;Wk; epWtdQ; rhuhj ngUksthd
nraw; g hLfspy; vjpu; g hu; f ; f g; g Lk; Gjpa Fwpf; N fhs; f is ntw; w pfukhf miltjw; f hfr;
nraw;wpl;lq;fs; vDk; nghwpKiwiag; gad;gLj;JtJ xU Gjpa Nghf;fhff; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
nraw; w pl; l k; vd; g J gy nrad; K iwr; nraw; g hLfis cs; s lf; f pa xU
nrad;KiwahFnkd vspikahf tpsf;fkspf;fyhk;. ,jid NkYk; tpsf;Fkplj;J> ahNjDnkhU
Fwpf;Nfhis (KbTg;nghUis my;yJ Nritia) epiwNtw;Wtjw;Fj; jpl;lkpl;L tsq;fisr;
rpwg;G kl;lj;jpy; gad;gLj;jpf; Fwpj;j fhy tiuaiwf;Fs; eilKiwg;gLj;Jk; nrad;KiwNa
nraw;wpl;lnkdyhk;.
'csr; nraw;ghLfisAk; clw; nraw;ghLfisAk; cs;slf;fpa EZf;fkhd tifapy;
tpUg;Gf;fhl;Lk; ahNjDnkhd;Wld; gpizg;G Vw;gLkhW tFg;giwapy; toq;fg;gLk; mwpTf;F
Nkyjpfkhf gpujpgyidg; ngwj;j f; fthW fw; wtw; iw eilKiw cyfpy; gad;g Lj;j r;
re;ju;gg
; kspj;jthW FOf;fshfNth jdpjj
; dpahfNth <LgLk; ahNjDk; gpur;rpidia mbg;gilahff;
nfhz;l xU nrad;Kiw|| nraw;wpl;lkhFk;.
nraw; w pl; l g; ghq; F fs;
NjitiaAk; ,Uf;Fk; tsq;fspd; jd;ikiaAk; mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L ntt;NtW tpjkhfr;
nraw;wpl;lq;fis tifg;gLj;jyhk;. nrad;Kiwj; jpwd;fSk; njhopDl;gj;jpwd;fSk; ghlj;Jld;
njhlu;Gilajhf> tiuaiwg;gl;l fhy tPrr
; pDs; khztu;fs; nraw;gLj;jj;jf;f nraw;wpl;lg;ghzpfs;
rpy cs;sd.
1. cw;gj;jp rhu;e;j nraw;wpl;lq;fs;
2. mu;j;jG~;;bahd nraw;ghLfs;
3. miw$ty;fis> fUg;nghUs;fisr; rhu;e;j nraw;wpl;lq;fs;
15
nraw;wpl;lr;nrad;Kiwapd; mbg;gilahd ehd;F nray;fisAk; gpd;tUkhW Fwpg;gplyhk;.
jpl;lkply;> jPu;khdnkLj;jy;> eilKiwg;gLj;jy;> gpd;nwhlu; Ntiy Mfpad mr;nray;fshFk;.
,e;j mbg;gilr; nray;fs; xOq;F Kiwg;gbNa ,lk;ngWjy; Ntz;LnkDk; epajpNah ntt;Ntwhf
,lk;ngwy; Ntz;Lnkd;w epajpNah fpilahJ.
• jpl; l kply;
jpl;lkply; vDk; nrad;KiwahdJ ngsjpf> kdpj> epjp tsq;fisf; fhyj;Jf;Nfw;gf;
ifahStjhd xOq;Ftupirg; gLj;JjyhFk;. ,q;F gpur;rpidf;F mikthff; Fwpf;Nfhs;fisj;
jPuk
; hdpjj
; gpdd
; u; nghUj;jkhd epakq;fspd; fPo; khw;Wj; jPuT
; fisAk; kpfg;nghUj;jkhd jPuT
; fisAk;
njupT nra;;Ak; fhyr;rl;lfj;ijj; jahupj;jy;> tpguf; $w;Wf;fs; kw;Wk; jpl;lf;fl;lisfs;
jahupj;jy;> tsq;fisj; njupT nra;jy;> fzpg;gL P nra;jy;> nranyhOq;fikg;igf; fl;bnaOg;Gjy;>
khjpupfs; mikj;jy;> KbTg; nghUisr; nraw;gL epiyf;F ,l;Lr; nry;Yjy;> Kd;Ndw;wj;jpid
kPsha;T nra;jy; Nghd;w vy;yhf; fUkq;fs; njhlu;ghfTk; nraw;wpl;lj; jpl;lkplypd; NghJ
ftdQ; nrYj;Jjy; Ntz;Lk;. NkYk;> ngsjpf> kdpj> epjp tsq;fisf; fhyj;Jf;F xg;ghdthW
ifahz;L Njhd;wj; jf;f rthy;fs; kw;Wk; mtw;Wf;fhd gupfhu Kiwfis KbT nra;jy;
Nghd;wd jpl;lkplypd; Kd;fUkq;fshfr; nra;ag;gl Ntz;badthFk;.
• jP u ; k hdnkLj; j y;
nraw;wpl;lq;fs; njhlu;ghf vLf;fg;gLk; jPu;khdq;fs; ntw;wpfukhd xU KbTg;nghUis my;yJ
Nritia ntspapLtjw;F VJthf mikAk;. vLf;fg;gLk; jPu;khdq;fSf;F mikthfNt jpl;lk;
jahupf;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;. nraw;wpl;lnkhd;wpd; NghJ vLf;fg;gLk; jPu;khdq;fs;nraw;wpl;lj;jpy;
mlq;fpAs;s nraw;ghLfSf;Fs; khj;jpuk; tiuaiwg;gl;bUf;f khl;lhJ. nraw;wpl;lj;jpd; NghJ
Njhd;Wk; mghaq;fs; (Risks)> ghJfhg;G> Rw;whly; jhf;f Kfhik Mfpatw;Wf;F mikthf
,k;KbTg; nghUspd; my;yJ Nritapd; juk;> ftu;r;rpj; jd;ik> tpisjpwd;>gad;gL jd;ik>
Mfpad njhlu;ghd jPu;khdq;fs; vLf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
• eilKiwg; g Lj; j y;
nraw;wpl;lj;Jf;fhf vLf;fg;gl;Ls;s jPu;khdq;fs; jpl;lkply; Mfpatw;Wf;F mikthff; Fwpj;j
nraw;wpl;lk; eilKiwg;gLJ;jg;gLtJ ntw;wpfukhd nraw;wpl;lj;jpd; ,yl;rzkhFk;. xOf;f
eilKiwfSf;F Kuzhfhj tifapy; tsq;fis tpidj;jpwDs;sjhfTk; R+oy; NeakhdjhfTk;
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wikia Kfhik nra;jthW nraw;wpl;lj;ij eilKiwg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
nraw; w pl; l j; i j eilKiwg; g Lj; J k; NghJ Nrfupf; f g; g Lk; jfty; f isAk;
ngw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l mDgtq;fisAk; mtjhdpg;Gf;fisAk; vLf;Fk; KbTfisAk; gjpT nra;tJ
mtrpakhFk;. nraw;wpl;lk; G+u;j;jpailAk; tiuapy; mtw;iw ,w;iwg;gLj;jpg; Ngzp tUtJ
mtrpakhFk;.
• gpd;n jhlu; Ma;T

nraw;wpl;lj;jpid eilKiwg;gLj;Jk; NghJ jpl;lj;Jf;Fk; fhyr; rl;lfj;Jf;Fk; mikthf
eilKiwg;gLj;jy; Njhd;wpa vjpu;ghuhj tifapyhd gpur;rpid epiyikfs; kw;Wk; rthy;fis
ntspf;nfhzu;e;J mtw;iwj; jPu;g;gjw;fhff; ifahz;l cj;jpfs;> ifahstpUe;j cj;jpfs;
kw;Wk; gupfhu topfs; gw;wpf; fye;JiuahLtJ mtrpakhFk;. NkYk;>nraw;wpl;lr; nrad;Kiwapd;
NghJ Nrfupj;j Gj;jwpT> nraw;wpl;lj;Jld; njhlu;Gilatu;fspd; Neu;tifahd tpkuprdq;fspd;
gb tpUj;jp nra;Jnfhs;s Ntz;ba gy;NtW mk;rq;fs;> kw;Wk; typTfs; gw;wpf; fye;JiuahLjy;
Ntz;Lk;. mjd; topNa ,dptUk; nraw;wpl;lf; fUkq;fspNy <LgLtjw;fhd cWjpahd
mbj;jsj;ijf; fl;bnaOg;gyhk;.
16
,jw;fikar; nrad;Kiwj;jpwd;fSk; njhopDl;gj;jpwd;fSk; ghlj;ijf; fw;Fk; NghJ
nraw;wpl;lkhdJ :
 jhk; tpUk;Gk; xU nrad;KiwahFk;.
 nrad;Kiwr; nraw;ghLfs; gytw;iw cs;slf;fpajhFk;.
 ehshe;j tho;f;ifAld; njhlu;Gila njhopDl;gf; fUkq;fspd; xU nghwpKiwahFk;.
 Gjpjhf ahNjDnkhd;iwr; nra;aTk; fhzTk; topNfhYk; xU Kaw;rpahFk;.
 jdpahfTk; $l;lhfTk; nraw;gl;Lj; jPu;khdnkLj;jyhFk;.
 ghlrhiyapYk; ntspNaAk; fhzg;gLk; tsq;fisg; gad;gLj;jyhFk;.
,it vy;yhtw;Wf;Fk; Nkyhf vjpu;fhyj;jpy; jhk; vjpu;Nehf;fTs;s vjpu;ghuhjtpjkhd mghaq;fs;>
mdu;j;jq;fs; my;yJ Rw;whly; jhf;fj;jpd; NghJ ,zf;fkiltjw;fhd fw;wYk; ,jd;%yk;
fpilf;fpd;wJ.
2.2.2 fw;wy; - fw;g pj;jw; nrad;Kiwapd; NghJ nraw;wpl;lq;fisg; gad;gLj;Jtjd;

mtrpak;
nraw;wpl;lq;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;Nl fy;tpahdJ> khztu; ikaf; fw;wiy
nkd;NkYk; tYT+lL ; k; tifapyhd #o;epiyia cUthf;fpf; nfhLf;Fk; vd;gJ ep&gzkhfpAs;sJ.
,J jtpu "nrad;Kiwj;jpwd;fSk; njhopDl;gj;jpwd;fSk;" vDk; ghlj;ijf; fw;Fk;NghJ
njhopDl;gj;jpwd;fis tsu;jJ ; f; nfhs;tjw;Fj; Njitahd gy;tifj;jpwd;fs; kw;Wk; tiff;Fupa
/ nkd;jpwd;fs; (soft skills) cl;gl ey;y Ntiyg; gof;fq;fisAk; kdg;ghq;FfisAk; khztu;fs;
mile;J nfhs;tjw;fhd fw;wy; re;ju;g;gq;fis cUthf;fp mtw;iw ntspf;nfhzu;tJ MrpupauJ
gzpapd; Kf;fpakhd Xu; mk;rkhFk;.
 Gjpa Mf;fq;fs; gilg;gjw;Fj; Njitahd kdg;ghq;F rhu;e;j khw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;Jtjw;F
topNfhyg;gLjy;.
 FOg;gzp vd;w tifapy; Fwpf;Nfhs;fis miltjw;fhf> xOq;fikj;j tifapy; nraw;gLk;
jpwd; tsu;r;rpailjy;.
 Kiwikapy;yhf; fl;likg;nghd;wpy;> jkJ mwpitf; fl;bnaOg;gpf; nfhs;sj; Njitahd
xU topahf mikjy;.
 Muha;rr; p G+ut
; khfg; Gj;jwpitAk; jpwd;fisAk; kdg;ghq;FfisAk; tpUj;jp nra;J nfhs;sj;
Jizahjy;.
 ep[ cyfg; gpur;rpidfis ntw;wpfukhf vjpu;nfhs;tjw;Fj; Njitahd MSik
tpUj;jpailjy;.
nraw;wpl;lq;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l fw;wy; Kiwapy; Nehf;fk; ghlQ; rhu;e;j
nraw;ghLfs; %yk; gy;NtW njhopDl;gj;Jiwfspy; fw;ifapy; <LgLtNjhL> NkNy Fwpg;gplg;gl;l
gue;Jgl;l elj;ijfisAk; tpUj;jp nra;J nfhs;syhk;.
17
jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs; : -
2.3 jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs; ,U gFjpfisf; nfhz;lJ.
2.3.1 Efu;Tg; nghUl;fs; (me;je;jr; nraw;ghl;by; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sd.)
2.3.2 cgfuzq;f Sk; fUtpfSk;
tptrhak;
cUg;gbfs; msT
01 mythq;F 1 kPw;wu; (Crow bar - 1 Metre) 01
02 tPl;Lj;Njhl;l ePu; tprpWk; Foha; - ,wg;gu; Foha; 2cm 25m
(Garden hose - Rubber Tubing 2cm)
03 tPl;Lj;Njhl;lf; Nfhyp (Garden Shovel) / jfl;L thup 02
04 Fg;ig thup (Garden rake) 02
05 if Ks;S (Hand fork) 04
06 iff;Nfhyp (Hand Shovel) iff;fuz;b / ifr;rts; 04
07 fj;jp (fpis nfha;Ak; / ePzl
; ifg;gpbAs;s) (Knife with long handle) 02
08 nrfbau; (jz;L nfha;Ak;) (Secureteur) 01
09 jhr;rp (Shallow metal bowl) 02
10 ; tz;b (,wg;gu; rf;fuKilaJ) Wheel barrow (With rubber wheels)
xw;iwr; rpyY 01
11 kz;ntl;b (20cm x 20cm) 03
12 Ks; kz;ntl;b Mammoty Fork) 02
13 msT ehlh (30 kPw;wu;) (Measuring tape) (30m) 01
14 thsp (fy;tidRg; gLj;jg;gl;lJ 8-10 yPw;wu;) 01
15 gpshj;jpf;F thsp (30-40 yPw;wu;) (Bucket plastic - 30-40 Litre) 02
16 ifr;rptpwp (gpshj;jpf;F 1-11/2 yPw;wu;) (Hand sprayer - plastic -1-11/2Litre) 01
17 gpshj;jpf;F rhb (ntt;NtW msTfspy;) 06
18 tpw;fj;jp 8cm - 10cm (Pen knife 8cm - 10cm) 03
19 Kl;fk;gpr; RUs; (25kg) - (Barbed wire roll - 25 kg each) 04
20 fhtw; ghjzp (Pair of gum boots) 01
21 ifAiw (,wg;gu;) Nrhb - (Pair of rubber gloves) 02
22 kiwg;G tiy (gpshj;jpf;F) 50-60% #upa xsp jUk; (Shade Net) 25m
czT
23 cuha; fUtp - gy;NtW tif myFfisf; nfhz;l (Grater-with slides) 03
24 gpshj;jpf;F thsp - yPw;wu; fyd; (Bucket - plastic 10- 12Litre) 02
25 ghz; ntl;Lk; fj;jp (Bread knife) 02
26 ntg;gkhdp - 00F - 3000F (Thermometer - 00F - 3000F) 03
27 rkayiwf; fj;jp 20cm (Kitchen knife - 20cm) 03
28 Nkirf; fuz;b (Table spoon) 06
29 Kl;fuz;b (Fork) 03
30 Njf;fuz;b (Tea spoon) 04
31 Kl;il mbfUtp (Egg Beater) 02
32 gpshj;jpf; fpz;zk; - 15cm (Plastic bowl - 15cm, 20cm) 04
18
33 NjePu;f; Nfhg;igAk; jl;Lk; - tidnghUs; (Cups and saucers - Ceramic) 06
34 czTj; jl;L ngupaJ - tidnghUs; (Full plate - Ceramic) 06
35 ntz;nza;f; fj;jp (Butter Knife) 02
36 rkayiwj; juhR -5kg (Kitchen weighing scale - 5kg) 01
37 NrhRg;ghd; (%bAld;) 18-25cm (Set of sauce pans) 03
38 nghupf;Fk; NrhRg;ghd; (sauce pans 15cm ) 01
39 JUtyF (ifapdhy; Row;Wk;) (Coconut scraper) 01
40 cuYk; cyf;ifAk; 01
41 fdyLg;G (Baking Oven) 01
42 miug;ghDld; $ba fyj;jy; ,ae;jpuk; (Blender & Grinder) 01
43 mfg;ig (rpul;il) 03
44 gpshj;jpf;fpyhd tb (12-15cm) (Plastic Strainers) 03
45 NjePu; tb (gpshj;jpf;F) (Tea Strainers) 02
46 msTr; rhb (gpshj;jpf;F) 02
47 FspNuw;wp (xw;iwf;fjT / eLj;ju) Refrigerator 01
Muk;gj; njhopDl;gtpay;
48 Nkir ,Lf;fp -10cm (RiuAk; jpUfhzpAKs;s) 03
(Bench vice - 10cm with nuts & bolts)
39 G - ,Lf;fp -10cm (G - clamp - 10cm) 03
50 ifths;; 45cm (Hand saw - 45cm) 04
51 ftu;r; Rj;jpay; 500g (Claw Hammer - 500g) 04
52 ifr;rptpwp - 1 yPw;wu; (Hand sprayer - 1 Litre) 01
53 rhizg; nghwp / ifahy; Row;Wk; Nkir tif - 01
(Grinder Bench type hand operated)
54 ; y; (fhnghuz;lk;> nkd;/ful;L gf;fq;fSs;s)(Sharpening stone)
vz;nza;ff 01
55 ifj;jku; ($u; Crp) 10cm (Bradawl - 10cm) 01
56 cUf;F msT ehlh 3m (Steel Tape) 03
57 jpUfhzp KLf;fp (15cm (Screw driver - 15cm) 03
58 jpUfhzp KLf;fp (30cm (Screw driver - 30cm) 03
59 fj;jupf;Nfhy; - 20cm (Scissors - 20cm) 03
60 fj;jupf;Nfhy; $u;Kid cila (7cm) 02
61 jpUfhzp KLf;fp g+tbtj;jiy 15cm (Philip head Screw driver 15cm) 03
62 nghb ntl;b - 20cm (Tinmans snips - 20cm) (jfLntl;Lk;fj;jup) 03
63 ePu; kl;lk; - 36cm (Sprit level - 36cm) 02
64 ifj; Jwg;gzk; - myFfSld; (Hand drill - with bits) 02
65 Fz;Lj; jiyr; Rj;jpay; 250g (Ball pane hammer - 250g) 02
66 ngupa rl;l ths; (ifahy; ,af;Fk;) (Fret saw - Hand Operated) 03
67 tpy; ths;; (,uz;L rl;lq;fisf; nfhz;l) (Hack saw frame with 2 blades) 03
68 Fz;L E}y; / J}f;Ff;Fz;L - khztu;fspd; gad;ghl;bw;F
- eLj;ju gUkDilaJ (Plumb - medium size for students) 03
19
69 rhe;jfg;ig / Nkrd;fuz;b (eLj;ju mstpyhdJ) (Mason trowel - medium) 03
70 nghJf;FwL (Combination pliers - Universal) 03
71 ntl;Lsp - 2cm (Cold chisels - 2cm) 03
72 FwL ($u;Kid - 15cm) (Pliers - Pointed end - 15cm) 03
73 kpd; gw;whRf; Nfhy; (40 W) (Soldering Iron - 40 W) 03
74 %iy kl;lk; (Bevel Edge metal) 15cm 03
75 muk; (jl;il 25-30cm) (File flat 25-30cm ) 02
76 muk; (Kf;Nfhz)10cm-15cm (file- triangular-10-15cm) 02
77 Ks;suk; (Rasp)-25cm 02
78 cUf;F msTNfhy;;-30cm (Steel Ruler-30cm) 03
79 rPTsp (ifapdhy; ,af;Fk;) kuj;jpdhyhd eLj;ju 45cm 03
(Plane-Hand operated wooden - medium 45cm )
80 Gupahzpr;rhtpj; njhFjp -,Ugf;f (6mm-25mm) (Set of wrenches-double) 02
81 rPuhf;Fk; jpUfhzpr;rhtp - 37mm (Adjustable wrench - 37mm) 03
82 gy;khdp (khztu;fSf;fhf) (Multi Meter) 03
83 fk;gpntl;b (Wire cutter) 02
84 nghg; jiw fUtp (ifapdhy; ,af;Fk; 20cm - 25cm) 02
(Pop rivet machine - hand operated -20cm-25cm
85 jfuj; njhopyhsu; Rj;jpay; (Hammer / Tinker) 02
86 tiua+rp -15cm (Scriber -15cm) 02
87 fOe;J ths; (nghJ); (Tenon saw / General) 03
88 ijay; ,ae;;jpuk; (kpjpf;Fk; tif-nghJ)(Sewing Machine) 01
89 Nkhjpu Gupahzpr;rhtpj; njhFjp (Ring Spanner) 02
90 cNyhfkupAk; ths; (Hack Saw) 03
91 Nrhjidg;gyif kpd;flj;jhg;gyif(Bread Board, Electronic Project Board) 03
tzpf eltbf; i ffs;
92 fzpg;ghd; (Calculator) 03
93 fljhrp JisapLk; fUtp (Paper puncher) 01
94 fljhrp gpiz fUtp (Stapling Machine) 01
95 tisaf; Nfhitfs; (gpshj;jpf;F) (Ring - file Plastic) 03
96 fljhrp ntl;Lk; fj;jp 12cm - 15cm (Paper cutter blade - 12cm - 15cm) 02
97 cUf;F mYkhup 01
98 Nfj;jpu fzpj cgfuzj; njhFjp (Drawing instruments set) 03
*99 gy;Y}lf trjpfs; nfhz;l fzpdp (Computer with multimedia) 01
*100 UPS nghwp (UPS) 01
*101 fzpdp mr;Rg; nghwp (Computer Printer) 01
* ,it ,d;wpaikah cgfuzq;fs;> fUtpfshff; fUjg;gltpy;iy. ,tw;Wf;Fj; Njitahd

epjp trjp> cl;fl;likg;G trjpfs; Nghd;wit NghjpasT fpilj;Js;sjhapd; mtw;iwg;
ngw;Wf;nfhs;tJ gaDilajhFk;.
20
nrad; K iwj; j pwd; f Sk; njhopDl; g j;j pwd; f Sk; juk; 9
njhopDl;g g; gug;G - tptrhak;

Nju;r;rp 1'0 ( fhzg;gLk; tsq;fisg; gad;gLj;jpg; gapu;epyj;ij mgptpUj;jp nra;thu;.
Nju;r ;r pkl;l k; 1.5 ( tPlL
; j;Njhl;lr;nra;if rhu;ej
; tzpfr; re;ju;gg
; q;fisr; nraw;gLj;Jthu;.
ghlNtis ( 09
fw; w w;N gWfs; ( • nghUshjhu uPjpapy; ,yhgkPl;lj;jf;f> rpw;wsT tPl;Lj;Njhl;lr;
nraw;wpl;lq;fis ,dq;fhz;ghu;.
• cs;sPLfs;> tptrha cw;gj;jpr; nrad;Kiw> KbTg; nghUl;fs;
Mfpatw;iwj; jpl;lkpLthu;.
• tptrha cw;gj;jpfs; kw;Wk; Nritfs; toq;Fthu;.
• ngau; Fwpf;fg;gl;l ,izaj; jsq;fspy; gpuNtrpj;Jj; jfty;fs;
kw;Wk; nraw;ghLfisf; ifahz;L ghu;g;ghu;.
nraw;w pl;lj;i jj; jpl;lkpLtjw;F upa mwpTWj;j y;f s; :

nghopg; G : 'tPl;Lj;Njhl;lr; nra;ifapy; tUkhdkPl;Lk; tptrha Kaw;rpahz;ikia
Nehf;fpr; nry;Nthk;"
Rw;wptu Ntypahy; #og;gl;l> tPl;il mz;bf; fhzg;gLfpd;w tPl;Lj;Njhl;lj;ijg; gue;j
capu;g; gy;tifikiaf; nfhz;ljhfj; jpl;lnkhd;Wf;F mikthfj; jhgpj;J> mjpw;
fhzg;gLk; gapu;fSf;Fj; Njitahd tiuaiwg;gl;l tsq;fis (#upa xsp> ePu>; ,ltrjp>
kz;) tpidj;j pwDilajhfg; gad;g Lj;jpg; nghUshjhu uPjpapy; ,yhgkPl;lj;jf;f
Kiwikahd xU tPl;Lj;Njhl;lkhf mikj;Jf;nfhs;syhk;.
FLk;gj;jpd; tho;f;ifr; #oYf;Fj; Njitahd ntt;NtWgl;l gy Nritfis toq;Fk;
,t;thwhd xU tPl;Lj;Njhl;lj;ijg; nghUshjhu uPjpapy; ,yhgk; ngwj;jf;f rpw;wsT
tPl;Lj;Njhl;l tzpfkhf khw;wpaikj;Jf; nfhs;syhk;. mjw;fhfr; nraw;wpl;lf; fhy
tiuaiwapDs; mjpf Nfs;tpAs;s tptrha cw;gj;jpfisAk; NritfisAk; toq;fj;jf;f
cw;gj;jp Kiwapay;> cs;sPLfs;> tptrha cw;gj;jpr; nrad;Kiw kw;Wk; cw;gj;jpg;
nghUs;fs; Mfpatw;iwj; jpl;lkpl;L eilKiwg;gLj;Jjy;> epjp kw;Wk; gapu;r;nra;ifg;
guhkupg; Gj; njhlu; g hf mwpf;i fg;g Lj;J tjd; Kf; f paj;J tk; Mfpad njhlu; g hf
tpsq;fpf;nfhs;tJ Kf;fpakhdJ. NkYk; tpisnghUl;fisr; re;ijg;gLj;JjYf;fhfr;
re;ijg;gLj;jy; myFfisj; jhgpj;jy; %yk; re;ijAld; ,ilj;njhlu;Gfisf; fl;bnaOg;gpg;
nghUshjhu uPjpapy; epue;jukhf ,yhgkPl;Lk; tpjk; njhlu;ghf Kd;khjpup mDgtq;fis
toq;FtNj ,r;nraw;wpl;lk; rhu;e;j fw;wy; %yk; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
• tPl;Lj; Njhl;lnkhd;wpy;> tptrha cw;gj;jpfisAk; NritfisAk; ,dq;fz;L> jpl;lkpl;l
tptrha cw; g j; j pr; nrad; K iwnahd; w pD}lhfg; nghUshjhu uP j papy; gaDs; s
KbTg;nghUl;fis (gz;lq;fis)j; Njhw;Wtpf;fyhnkd;gJ ntspf;nfhzug;gLk; tifapyhd
Xu; mZFKiwiaf; ifahz;L khztUf;F tpdhf;fis Kd;itf;Ff.
• tPlb; d; czTg; nghUshjhuj;jpy; (food economy) tPl;Lj;Njhl;lk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWk;
tpjk;
• tUkhdk; jUk; tptrha cw;gj;jpfSf;fhd rpy cjhuzq;fs; ,izg;G 1.5.1 ,y;
jug;gl;Ls;sd.
• khztuJ Jyq;fy;fis kjpj;Jg; gpd;tUk; tplaq;fis tpsf;Ff.
• Rfhjhug; ghJfhg;ghd> ek;gfkhd czTfSf;fhfr; jw;fhyj;jpw; fhzg;gLk; mjpf
Nfs;tpia epiwT nra;tjw;fhfr; Nrjdg;gapu; cw;gj;jpf;fhf cau;thd Mw;wy;
tPl;Lj;Njhl;lj;jpy; fhzg;gLjy;.
• tptrha cw;gj;jp vd;gJ Neubahf Efu;tjw;fhfj; jahu;g;gLj;jpa Xu; cw;gj;jp MFk;.
Mrpupau; topfhl;b 21
• tptrhar; Nrit vd;gJ> tptrha cw;gj;jpnahd;wpidj; jhgpg;gjw;fhfr; nra;ag;gLk;

toq;fy; MFk;.
• nghUshjhu ,yf;Ffisg; ngupJk; epiwTnra;Ak; tzpfnkhd;iwj; njupT nra;Ak;NghJ
nrt;i t ghu;g ;Gg; gl;banyhd;wpid mbg;g ilahff; nfhz;L jPu;khdnkLj;jy;
(decision making check list) ngupJk; nghUj;jkhdJ.
• tUkhdkPl;Lk; Mw;wy; nfhz;l gapu;fisg; nghUj;jkhdthW jhgpj;Jr; nraw;wpl;lf;
fhy tiuaiwapDs;> tpisnghUl;fisg; ngwj;jf;fthW GJikg;ghlhd tptrha cw;gj;jpr;
nrad;Kiwiaj; jpl;lkpLtNj rthy;fis ntw;wpnfhs;Sk; Kjd;ikahd gbKiwahFk;.
• re;ijg; Nghl;bia ntw;wp nfhs;tjw;fhfr; re;ijj; njhopDl;gq;fisg; (nghjpaply;>
xOq;fikj;jy;> ngWkjpNru;f;fg;gl;l KbT cw;gj;jpg;nghUl;fs;> Kd;itf;Fk; tpjk;)
gad;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; Efu;Nthiuf; ftUk; jd;ikia tpUj;jp nra;J nfhs;syhk;.
• Efu;NthUf;Fg; Gj;jk; Gjpa cw;gj;jpg; nghUis toq;Ftjw;fhf tzpf epiyaKk;
re;ijAk; xd;Wf;nfhd;W fpl;bajhf ,Ug;gJ Kf;fpakhdJ.
• tptrha Nritfis toq; F k; N ghJ Efu; N thiur; re; i jg; g Lj; j y; myfpd; g hy;
tutioj; J f; n fhs; s Yk; Nrit toq; F tjw; f hf Efu; N thid ehbr; nry; t Jk;
Kf;fpakhditahjyhy;> mJ ,yFthf te;jilaj;jf;f kw;Wk; ftu;r;rpfukhd tifapy;
guhkupf;fg;gLk; Xu; ,lkhf ,Uj;jYk;
• epjp kw;Wk; gapu;g; guhkupg;G eltbf;iffis Kiwahfg; gjpTnra;J itj;jpUg;gjhy;
nkhj;j ,yhgg; gq;iff; fzpf;Fk; jpwd; fpilj;jYk; mgptpUj;jpf;fhd kPsha;T elj;Jjy;
,yFthjYk;
Kd; d haj; j k;
• nraw;wpl;lj;ijr; nraw;gLj;j Kd;du;> Fwpj;j tplaq;fisAk; mwpTWj;jy;fisAk; ftdkhf
thrpj;J (gf;fk; 15 - 17) tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjhy; ,t;Ntiyia khztu;fs; ,yFthfr;
nraw;gLj;j KbAnkd;gijf; ftdj;jpw; nfhs;f.
• khztiug; nghUj;jkhdthW FOf;fshf;Ff. xU gFjpapdu; rpw;wsT Kaw;rpahsu;fshfTk;
VidNahu; Efu;NthuhfTk; nraw;gLkhW mwpTWj;Jf.
• nraw;wpl;l Ntiyfisj; njhlq;Ftjw;fhf khztUf;F mwpTWj;jy; toq;Fk; KjyhtJ
jpdj;jpy; RaMf;ff;Nfhitiaj; jahupg;gjw;F mwpTWj;jy; toq;Ff. ,jid khztu;
xt;nthUtUk; jdpj;jdpNa nra;jy; Ntz;Lnkd mwpTWj;Jf.
• nraw;wpl;lj;ij eilKiwg;gLj;Jk; fhytiuaiwapDs; Njhd;Wk; gpur;rpidfs; kw;Wk;
Kd;Ndw;wk; njhlu;ghf ehshe;jj; jfty;fisj; jpul;Ltjw;fhff; fsg;gjpNtnlhd;wpidg;
gad; g Lj; j Ntz; L nkdTk; > mjid thuj; J f; n fhU jlitNaDk; MrpupauJ
MNyhridfisg; ngWtjw;fhff; fhl;lNtz;LnkdTk; mwpTWj;Jf.
• gpur;r pidia ntspf;n fhzu; j y;
• 6 Mk; 7 Mk; 8 Me;juq;fspy; khw;wq;fSf;Fl;gLj;jp> Kiwikahff; fl;bnaOg;gpa
ghlrhiyj; Njhl;lkhdJ FLk;g g; Nghrizj; Njitfis epiwT nra;t NjhL>
NkyjpfkhfTs;s cw;gj;jpg; nghUl;fs; %yk; epue;jukw;w tUkhdj;ij ,ilapilNa
ngwj;jf;f xU gapu;r; nra;iff; NfhykhFk; vd;gij epidT+l;Lf.
Nkw;gb tplaq;fspd; topNa> epue;jukhd Nkyjpf tUkhdj;ij tPl;Lf;F toq;Ftjw;fhf
tPl;Lj;Njhl;l tptrha Kaw;rpahz;ikf;F topNfhYk; tptrha cw;gj;jpfs; kw;Wk;
Nritfisg; ghlrhiyj; Njhl;lj;jpd; topNa ,dq;fz;L nfhs;f. mt;thW ,dq;fz;l
cw;gj;jpfs; kw;Wk; Nritfs; toq;Fk; tzpfg; gpd;dzpapy; %d;W (3) thu fhyj;Js;
KbTg;nghUs; / cw;gj;jpg;nghUs; ngwf;$ba cw;gj;jpr; nrad;Kiwnahd;wpid mikj;Jf;
nfhs;sj;jf;f nraw;wpl;lnkhd;wpy; <LgLtjw;F khztUf;F topfhl;Lf.
A jpl;l kply;
• tzpfnkhd;iw ehbr;nry;Yk; gbKiwfis ,Wjpf; fz;Nzhl;lj;ijngWjy; tiuapy;
tupirg;gLj;jy;.
• rkfhyj;jpy; mjpf tpahghuf; Nfs;tpAs;s> nghUshjhu ed;ikfs; jUfpd;w> Nrjd
tptrha cw;gj;jpfs; kw;Wk; Nrit KbTg;nghUl;fs; njhlu;ghf tprhuiz nra;jy;.
• ,yf;F Efu;Nthu; FOitAk; mtu;fsJ tpUg;Gf;fisAk; tprhupj;jwpjy;
• nraw;wpl;lf; fhy tiuaiwapDs;> tpisnghUl;fisg; ngwj;jf;f> mjpf Nfs;tpAs;s>
tptrha cw;gj;jpfs; kw;Wk; Nrit khw;Wf;fisj; Njbawpjy;.
• njupT nra;j khw;Wf;fisf; Fwpj;j fhyg;gFjpapy; jhgpf;Fk; cw;gj;jp Kiwapay;fs;>
Kjd;ikahd cs;sPLfs;> gpd;gw;w Ntz;ba tptrha cw;gj;jpr; nrad;Kiwapd; rpwg;ghd
jd;ik kw;Wk; guhkupf;f Ntz;ba tpjk;
• nryitAk; (fpuaj;ijAk;) gpujpgyd;fisAk; xg;gpl;Lg; ghu;j;jy;.
• ngWkjp Nru;f;fg;gl;l KbTg; nghUs; (End product) cw;gj;jpahf Kd;itf;Fk; tptrha
cw;gj;jpr; nrad;Kiw
• epjp kw;Wk; gapu;g;guhkupg;Gj; jfty;fis mwpf;ifg;gLj;jy;
• re;ijg;gLj;jy; myFfspd; miktplg; nghUj;jg;ghL
• nraw;wpl;lj;Jf;Fupa nraw;gLj;jw; jpl;lj;ijj; jahupj;jy;. (cjhuzj;Jf;fhfr; rpy Ntiyfs;
jug;gl;Ls;sd)
nraw;gLj;jy;
fhyr;rl;lfk;
,y. gzp 1 Mk; thuk; 2 Mk; thuk; 3 Mk; thuk;
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1. t p t r h a t z p f n k h d ; i w e h b r ; n r y ; Y k ; , W j p f ;
fz;Nzhl;lj;ijg; gjpT nra;jy;.
... ..............................................................................................................
... nghUshjhu mD$ye;juj;jf;f> re;ijf;Nfs;tpAs;s> tpahghug;
gapu;fs; kw;Wk; Nritfis ,dq;fhzy;
... ..............................................................................................................
... Fwpj;j nraw;wpl;lf; fhy tiuaiwapDs;> tpisnghUs;
ngwj;jf;f> tptrha cw;gj;jpr; nrad;Kiwnahd;wpid
mikj;Jj; jhgpj;jy;
... ..............................................................................................................
... tptrha cw;gj;jpfs; kw;Wk; Nritfs; toq;Ftjw;Fg;
nghUj; j khd tptrha cw; g j; j pr; nrad; K iwia
eilKiwg;gLj;jy;
... ...............................................................................................................
... epue;ju tUkhdk; <l;lj;jf;f tPlL ; j;Njhl;l tzpf cj;jpfSf;Fupa
gpNuuizfis Kd;itj;jy;
nraw;wpl;lf; fUkq;fisg; G+u;jj ; pnra;jy;
B jPu ;k hdnkLj;j y;
• tptrha tzpfnkhd;iw ehbr;nry;yypd; ,Wjpf; fz;Nzhl;lj;Jf;fhfr; nraw;wpl;lj;jpy;
mlq;fNtz;ba mk;rq;fisj; jPu;khdpj;jy;.
• Nrjdg; gapu;rn
; ra;iff; Nfhykhf elj;jpr; nry;yj;jf;f tPlL
; j;Njhl;lg; gapu;fshf ,Uj;jy;.
• re;ijf; Nfs;tpiag; guprPypg;gjd; %yk; tUkhdkPl;Lk; tptrha cw;gj;jpfs; kw;Wk;
Nritfisj; njupT nra;jy;
• nraw;wpl;lf; fhy tiuaiwapDs; re;ijf;F toq;fj;jf;f tptrha cw;gj;jpfs; kw;Wk;
Nritfshf ,Uj;jy;.
• Rfhjhug; ghJfhg;G kw;Wk; ek;gfj;jd;ikapd; mg;gilapy; fhzg;gLk; Nfs;tp
• ngWkjpia mjpfupf;fj;jf;f njhopDl;g KiwfSk; El;g mwpTk;
• tPz;tpuakhFk; tsq;fisg; gad;gLj;jj;jf;f Kiwapay;fs;

• re;ijapy; Nghl;b Fiwthd my;yJ Nghl;b ,y;yhj cw;gj;jpfs;
• Ml;fspd; tpUg;Gf;Fk; gy;tifikf;Fk; nghUj;jkhf ,Uj;jy;
• gad;g L tsq;f is ,yFthfg; ngw;W cw;g j;j pr; nrad;K iwf;Fj; Njitahd
mikg;Gf;fisj; (structure) jahupf;Fk; jpwd;
• njupT nra;j cw;gj;jpfisj; njhlu;rr ; pahf eilKiwg;gLj;Jk; jd;ik nfhz;l jPuT
; fs;
• Efu;Nthupd; Nfs;tpf;fhfj; njhlu;rr
; pahf toq;fj;jf;fjhf ,Uj;jy;.
• cs;sPLfs;> cw;gj;jpg;nghUl;fs;> khw;wpaikf;Fk; nrad;Kiw Mfpatw;Wf;fhd fhyk;>
ciog;G> fpuak; Mfpad tiuaiwg;glhjjhf ,Uj;jy;.
• GJikg;ghl;Lld; Kd;itf;fj;jf;f re;ijf;fhd cw;gj;jpahf ,Uj;jy;
C eilKiwg;g Lj;j y;
• tzpfj;ij Nehf;fpr; nry;Yk; ,Wjpf; fz;Nzhl;lj;ij miltjw;fhfj; jahupj;j
tupirg;gLj;jypdg; b nraw;wpll
; j;ij eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf khztiuf; FOf;fshfg; gpupjj
; y;.
• Fwpj;j nraw;wpl;lf; fhy tiuaiwapDs; tptrha cw;gj;jpfs; kw;Wk; Nritfs;
toq;Ftjw;Fj; Njitahd tptrha cw;gj;jpr; nrad;Kiwia cUthf;Ftjw;Fj;
Njitahd mikg;Gf;fspd; jpl;lg;glq;fisAk; khjpupAUf;fisAk; Mf;Fjy;.
• Njitahd cs;sPLfisg; ngWjy;
• gapu;fisj; jhgpj;jYk;> tptrha cw;gj;jpr; nrad;Kiwiaj; njhlu;rr ; pahf elj;jpr;
nry;tjw;Fj; Njitahd mikg;Gf;fis Mf;FjYk;
• FO mq;fj;jtu;fs; Njitf;Nfw;gg; gapu;j;jhgpg;G kw;Wk; guhkupg;Gf; fUkq;fisr; nra;jy;.
• tptrha cw;gj;jpfs; kw;Wk; NritfSf;fhfr; re;ijg;gLj;jy; myFfs; jhgpj;jy;
• Efu;Nthiuf; ftu;e;jPu;g;gjw;fhf cj;jpfisg; gpuNahfpj;jy;
• tptrha cw;gj;jpfs; kw;Wk; Nritfspd; re;ijg;gLj;jYf;fhf Mf;fG+u;tkhd fUj;Jf;fis
eilKiwg;gLj;Jjy;.
• epjp kw;Wk; gapu;g; guhkupg;Gj; njhlu;ghf mwpf;ifg;gLj;jy;
• fpuaj;ijAk; gpujpgyd;fisAk; xg;gpLjy;
• gpd;njhlu; Ma;Tk; kPs;Nehf;Fk; gpd;D}l;lYk;
D gpd;n jhlu; Ma;T
• me;je;jr; nraw;wpl;lj;jpd; ehshe;j epfo;Tfis kw;iwa FOf;fSf;Ff; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jjy;.
• tPl;Lj;Njhl;l tptrha Kaw;rpahz;ikf;fhfj; njupT nra;j tptrha cw;gj;jp kw;Wk;
Nritfspd; ,yf;Fr; re;ijapd; Nfhs;tpia epiwTnra;tjw;fhf tptrha cw;gj;jpr;
nrad;Kiwapd; %yk; Kbe;jjhntd epjp kw;Wk; gapu;r;nra;if mwpf;iffspd; gb Ra
kjpg;gPl;by; <LgLjy;.
• nraw;wpll
; j;ijj; jpll
; kpLjy;> jPu;khdnkLj;jy;> eilKiwg;gLj;jy; Mfpa fl;lq;fspdN; ghJ nra;j fUkq;fs;
njhlu;ghf kPs Nehf;fpr; rthy;fis ntw;wpnfhz;l tpjk; njhlu;ghfr; Ra kjpgg; l P b
; y; <LgLjy;.
• re;ijf;F Kd;itj;j Nrjd tptrha cw;gj;jpfs; kw;Wk; Nritfs; njhlu;ghf Efu;Nthupd;
Nfs;tp> re;ijapy; Nghl;bf;fhfg; gad;gLj;jj;jf;f re;ij cj;jpfs; rhu;e;j jfty;fs;>
epjp kw;Wk; gapu;r; nra;ifg; guhkupg;G eltbf;iffis mwpf;ifg;gLj;jypd; ngWkhdk;
Mfpad njhlu;ghd mDgtq;fisr; RaMf;ff; NfhitAld; tFg;gpy; Kd;itg;gjw;Fj;
Njitahd trjpfis toq;Fjy;.
• tFg;gpy; me;je;jf; FOtpd; gpd;D}l;lw; gpNuuizfSf;Fr; re;ju;g;gkspj;jy;.
• epjp kw;Wk; gapu;r;nra;ifg; guhkupg;G mwpf;iff; Fwpg;Gfspd; topNa nraw;wpl;lj;ij
tpUj;jp nra;jy;.
fzpdp trjp cs;s jhapd;

mjpgUf;F mwptpj;J> fzpdpf;$l Mrpupaupd; cjtpiag; ngw;Wf; fzpdpf;$lj;jpy; (,iza
trjpAld;) Neuj;ij xJf;fpg; ngw;Wg; gpd;tUk; nraw;ghLfSf;fhd Njlypy; khztiu
<LgLj;Jf.
tptrha Kaw;rpahz;ikia ntw;wpfukhf elj;jpr; nry;tjw;Fj; Njitahd jfty;fisAk;
ehshe;jk; NtWgLk; re;ij tpiy tpguq;fisAk; mwpe;Jnfhs;tjw;fhfr; nra;jpj;jhs;fs;>
njhiyf;fhl;rp epfo;r;rpfs;> thndhyp epfo;r;rpfs; kw;Wk; ,izaj;jsq;fspD}lhf
tplaq;fisg; ngwyhk;.
• khztiuf; FOf;fshf;fpf; fzpdpfspd;ghy; topg;gLj;jpf; fzpdpapd; ,af;fj;ijj;
njhlq;Ftjw;Fj; Njitahd cjtpfis toq;Ff.
• Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox, Google chrome my;yJ NtW nghUj;jkhd xU tiy NkNyhb
(web browser) nkd;nghUisj; jpwe;J nfhs;Sk; tpjj;ij tpsf;fp> nkd;nghUisj;
jpwe;J nfhs;tjw;Fj; Njitahd cjtpfis toq;Ff.
• vl;;lhe;j uj;j py; ,izaj;i jf; ifahStjw;Fupa nkd;nghUs; gw;w p khztu;f s;
fw;Ws;sduhifahy; me;j mwpitAk; jfty;fisAk; gad;gLj;Jf.
fzpdpiag; gad; g Lj; j pf; fP N o jug; g l; L s; s tiyj; j sq; f is crhTf. ,e; j
tiyj;jsq;fSf;fhd tiy NkNyhbahf Google chrome Ij; njupT nra;J nfhs;Nthk;.
Google chrome ,dJ ,il Kfg;G fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sJ.
Tab
Image
Gmail
,izaj;js Kftupiaj;
jl;lr;rply;
• ,q;F ,izaj;js Kftupiaj; jl;lr;Rr; nra;aNtz;ba ,lj;jpy; www.doa.gov.lk vDk;

Kftupiaj; jl;lr;rpw; nghwpg;gjhy; tptrhaj; jpizf;fs ,izaj;jsj;jpd; Kjw;gf;fj;ijg;
ngwyhk;. mq;F Njitahd nkhop %yj;ijj; njupT nra;J nfhs;tjw;fhfj; ‘jkpo;’ tab
kPJ fpspf; (Click) nra;ayhk;.
gpujhd
gl;il
(Menu)
fhzp
Link
• ,q;Fs;s gpujhd gl;ilapd; fPo; tptrhaj; jpizf;fsj;jpdhy; nra;ag;gLk; fUkq;fs;

njhlu;ghd ,izg;ghd;fs; (link) fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sd. mjd;kPJ ‘fpspf;’ nra;tjd; %yk;
jftw; Njitfisg; G+u;j;jp nra;ayhk;.
NkYk;> ,iza Kfg;G kPJ jfty;fs; Fwpf;fg;gl;Ls;s tpjk; kw;Wk; mjd; nrad;Kiw
njhlu;ghd tpsf;fj;ijg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjhy; kpf Kf;fpakhd jfty;fisj; Njbawpayhk;.
ntt;NtW epWtdq;fSk; jpizf;fsq;fSk; mt;tg;NghJ jkJ ,iza ,ilKfg;Gfis
khw;wpaikj;Jf; nfhs;tJz;L.
gad;ngwj;jf;f rpy ,iza tiyj;jsq;fs; tUkhW.
(1) www.vikaspedia.in/agriculture (2) www.agridept.gov.lk
(3) www.doa.gov.mv (4) www. rupavahini.lk/rividina arunella
(5) www.agrimin.gov.lk (6) www.99 businessideas.com.india
(7) www.omafra.gov.on.ca (8) www. mytopbusinessideas.com
(9) www.neda.lk (10) www.nerdc.lk
Nkw;gb tiyj;jsq;fis crhTk; NghJ my;yJ NtW tiyj;jsq;fisj;

Njbawptjw;fhf NjitahdthW gpd;tUk; gjg;gpuNahfq;fisg; gad;gLj;jyhk;.
1. fha;fwp tpiy tptuq;fs; - Prices of vegetables
2. tpj;J tiffs; - Types of seeds
3. nghUl;fspd; tpiy - Material price (fertilizer etc.)
4. tptrhag; gz;izj; jfty;fs; - Agriculture farm information
5. gapu;epyf; fhl;rpfs; - Images of agriculture
6. jiu myq;fhuk; - Landscaping
• ,t;tiyj;jsq;fs; %yk; NkYk; tplaq;fisj; NjbawpAk;NghJ Nkw;gb gjg;gpuNahfq;fis

Search (Njly;) epuypy; (type) nra;J ngWk; jfty;fis tFg;giwapNyh tPlL
; j;Njhl;lj;jpNyh
ifahz;L ghu;g;gjd; %yk; rpwe;j tptrha Kaw;rpahz;ikahsuhfyhk;.
jutpUj;j p cs;s PL fs;

• nraw;wpl;lk; njhlu;ghfr; Nrjd tptrha cw;gj;jpfs; kw;Wk; NritfSf;fhf tpj;Jf;fs;>
,Lifg; nghUl;fs;> rhbfs;> tPl;Lj;Njhl;l cgfuzq;fs;> Nrjdg;gris> ,aw;ifg;
gPil nfhy;ypfs;> re;ijf;fhf tpisnghUisj; jahu;g;gLj;Jtjw;Fj; Njitahd
%yg;nghUl;fs;> nghjpaplYf;Fj; Njitahd nghUl;fs;> jiu myq;fupg;Gj; jpl;lq;fSk;
KbTg;nghUl;fSk;> ngWkjp Nru;f;fg;gl;l cw;gj;jpg;nghUl;fSf;Fupa cs;sPLfSk;
%yg;nghUl;fSk;
• Njitahd nghwpfs; / cgfuzq;fs;
fzpg;g PL k; kjpg;g PL k;
• tUkhdkPl;Lk; tptrha cw;gj;jpfs; kw;Wk; Nritfs; toq;Ftjw;fhd tPl;Lj;Njhl;l
tzpfnkhd;wpd;ghw; nry;Yk; gbKiwfis mjd; ,Wjpg;gbKiw tiuapy; tupirg;gLj;Jjy;.
• nraw; w pl; l f; fhy tiuaiwapDs; toq; f f; $ ba tptrha cw; g j; j pfs; kw; W k;
NritfSf;fhfg; nghUj;jkhd tptrha cw;gj;jpr; nrad;Kiwiaf; fl;bnaOg;Gjy;.
• epjp kw;Wk; gapu;r;nra;iff; fl;Lg;ghl;L mwpf;iffisg; NgzptUtjd; ngWkhdq;fs;
njhlu;ghd mDgtq;fisg; ngwy;.
• tptrha cw;gj;jpfs; kw;Wk; Nritfisr; re;ijg;gLj;jYf;fhf Mf;fG+u;tkhd fUj;Jf;fis
eilKiwg;gLj;jy;.
• xU Nrjdg; gapu;r;nra;iff; Nfhyk; vd;w tifapy; tPl;Lj;Njhl;lr; nra;ifahdJ
rkfhy r%f> nghUshjhu> Rw;whlw; gpur;rpidfisj; jPug
; g
; jw;fhd xU khw;W Kiwnad;gJ
njhlu;ghd mDgtq;fisg; ngwy;.
gpujhd nrhw; f s;
• tPlL; j;Njhl;l tptrha Kaw;rpahz;ik> Nrjdg; gapu; cw;gj;jp> jiu myq;fupg;Gj; jpl;lKk;
KbTg;nghUl;fSk;> gotifj; jhtuq;fs; jhgpj;jy;> ngWkjp Nru;ff ; g;gl;l KbTg; nghUl;fs;
(cw;gj;jp)> re;ijAk; Efu;Nthupd; Nfs;tpAk;> re;ijg;Nghl;b> epjp kw;Wk; gapu;r;nra;ifg;
guhkupg;G mwpf;iffs;> czTg; nghUshjhuk; (Food economy)
,izg;G: 1.5.1
juNkk;ghL> re;ijf; ftu;r;rp Mfpatw;i wf; fUjp ngWkjp Nru;f;Fk; cj;jpfisf;

ifahz;L > GJj;jd;i kAld; Kd;i tf;f j;j f;f tptrha cw;g j;jpfSk; NritfSk;
• tPl;L j;Njhl;lj;j py; tUkhdkPl;L k; tptrha cw;g j;j pfs;

i. czT rhu; ngWkhdk;> ,ioaikg;G> fl;likg;G> GJj;jd;ik Mfpatw;iwg;
NgzpathW> nghjpAiwapy; ,l;l “xU gpb nghd;dhq;fhzpf; nfhOe;J” tpisnghUisj;
njhlu;rr
; pahf cw;gj;jp nra;tjw;fhfg; gapiu eLifnra;Ak; NghJ> ,se;jz;L>
Fiwfbdj; jz;L> kw;Wk; fbdj;jz;Lg; gFjpfis ntt;Ntwhf el;Lf;nfhs;tjhy; 1
Me; jlit> 3 Me; jlit kPz;Lk; 1 Me; jlit vd;wthwhfj; njhlu;rr ; pahf
tpisnghUs; ngwj;jf;fthwhfj; jhgpj;Jf;nfhs;syhk;.
ii. rikayiwf;Fj; Njitahd RitA+l;bfs; (uk;ig> fwpNtg;gpiy> ,Q;rp> vYkpr;irg;Gy;
(Lemon grass) Gjpdh> grpy; Nghd;w jhtuq;fis xNu ghj;jpuj;jpy; xU rpW G+q;fh
Nghd;W el;Lf;nfhs;sy;.
iii. gaw;iw> mtiu> ghrpg;gaW Nghd;w tpj;Jf;fis Kisnfhs;sr; nra;J (sprouting
seeds) nghjpapl;L tpw;gidf;F itj;jy; (,izg;G: 1.5 2A)
iv. ntt;NtW tif tpjJ ; f;fs; kw;Wk; gapug
; g
; Fjpfis cyu;jj
; pg; nghUj;jkhdthW nghjpaply;
cjhuzk;: cld; #g; jahupg;gjw;F my;yJ ghfy;> <ug;gyh> gyh Nghd;w gapu;fspd;
Nkyjpf tpisnghUl;fis mit fpilf;fhj Nghfky;yhf; fhyq;fspy; tpw;gid
nra;tjw;fhfj; jahupj;jy;.
• tPl;L j;N jhl;l j;j py; tUkhdkPl ;L k; tptrha Nritfs;
i. rhbapNyw;wpa ,iy kuf;fwpfis thd; tsu;g;ghfj; njhq;ftplj;jf;fthW mikj;Jf;
nfhs;tjhy; khRw;w efu;gG; w kz;Zld; njhLifailahJ NgZtjd; %yk; Rj;jj;ij
cWjpg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;sy;.
ii. kyu; nkhl;Lf;fs; kw;Wk; fha;j;Js;s fha;fwp kw;Wk; gotifj; jhtur; rhbfisg;
gad;gLj;jpg; gugug;ghd efu;g;Gwr; #oypy; Jupjkhd gapu;fisj; jhgpj;jy;.
iii. ghj;jpunkhd;wpy; fha;fwpj; jhtuq;fisj; jhgpg;gNjhL mOj;jpj; jahupj;j Jk;Gj;J}s;
Fw;wpfspy; (Coir bricks) kpsfha;> jf;fhsp Nghd;w fha;f;Fk; jhtuq;fs;> Nfhth
Nghd;w ,iyj; jhtuq;fis ,yFthfj; jhgpj;Jf;nfhs;syhk;. ,k;Kiwf;Fj; Njitahd
guhkupg;G> ciog;G> Neuk;> cs;sPLfs; Nghd;wit ,opthjy;.
iv. fz;fhl;rpf;Nfw;w mofpa jhtuq;f s; (G+r;n rbfs;> mofpa ,iyj;jhtuq;f s;)
ghj;jpunkhd;wpy; ntt;NtW tbtq;fSf;fika kid. myq;fupg;Gf;fhfj; jahu;gg ; Lj;jy;.
(Planning and display)

iv. gy;NtW epy myq;fupg;Gj;jpl;lq;fSk; Mf;fq;fSk;:
cjhuzk;: rpw;WUtg; G+q;fhr; nra;if> capupd cUtq;fs; Mf;fy;> “nfhf;fplhkhr;”
nra;if (,izg;G 1.5.2 B,C,D)
v. eLif nra;Js;s gog;gapu;fis Gdu;epu;khzk; nra;tjw;fhf> xl;LNtiy Kiw>
fj;jupj;jy; Nghd;wtw;iwg; gad;gLj;jp> caupajuKis jhtuq;fisg; ngWtjw;fhf
njhopDl;gr; Nritfs; toq;Fjy;. (,izg;G: 1.5.2 E)
vi. RUf;fkhd mr;rpl;l tptuj;Jld; rhbapNyw;wpa gapupd; ngWkhdj;ij mjpfupj;J
Kd;itj;jy;.
cjhuzk;:
,dk; : RNjr \tuzp| gr;ir kpsfha;
taJ : 4 - 4 1/2 khjk;
tpisr;ry; : xU rhbapypUe;J 80 - 100 fha;fs; gapu;r;nra;iff; fhyj;Js;
xU fhapd; ePsk; : 18 - 20 nrd;upkPw;wu;
gz;G : ciwg;Gf; FiwthdJ> nkd;ikahdJ> RitahdJ
guhkupg;G : 6 - 8 kzpj;jpahyq;fs; #upa xsp fpilf;fr; nra;jy;
jpdKk; 2 - 3 jlit ePu;g;ghrdk; nra;jy;
vii. igf; f w; w py; nghjpapl; l fha; f wp tpj; J f; f s; > gof; f d; W fs; kw; W k; mofpa
,iyj;jhtuq;fis tpw;gid nra;Ak;NghJ mtw;iwg; gapu;r;nra;if Kiwfs;
mlq;fpAs;s tptuf;Fwpg;G my;yJ Rl;bj;Jz;Lld; Efu;NthUf;F toq;Fjy;.
Nkw;gb vi ,y; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sjw;fpzq;f> jfty;fis toq;fyhk;. FwpaPLfs;>
,yr;rpidfs; kw;Wk; epwq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp> ngWkhdj;ij mjpfupj;J Kd;itj;jy;.
tif guhkupg;G epiy xsp ePuj

; N
; jit #oy; epiyik
,yFthfg; Neubr; #upa 2-3 ehl;fSf;F xU jlit

eLif Clfj;ij
kQ;rs;
gapuplyhk;
 xsp  ed;whf eidf;Ff.
jpdKk; ePu; ,ly;
cyu; epiy
tuzp
<u epiy
ePu; ,ly;
ghjp epoy; XusT <ukhf

kpsfha; ePyk; XusT ftdpg;G
 itj;jpUf;Ff.
mjpf ftdpg;G (ghjp xsp) XusT cyu; thf

rptg;G itj;jpUf;Ff.
Njit epoy;

tuzp kpsfha;g;gapUf;Fupa fl;Lg;ghl;L epge;jidfs;
ix. kfue;jr; Nru;f;ifg; gpur;rpidfs; fhuzkhf cupa Mw;wypd; msTf;F tpisr;riyj;
juhj tptrhag; gapu;fSf;fhf kfue;jr; Nru;fi
; fj; njhopDl;gj;ij mwpKfQ; nra;jy;.
(,izg;G 1.5.2 F)
A Kisnfhs;sr; nra;j ghrpg;gaW> ft;gP tpj;Jf;fs; (Seed sprouts)

Jisfspl; l %bnfhz; l [hk; Nghj; j y; my; y J ‘k]; y pd; ’ Nghd; w ,Nyrhd
Jzpj;Jz;bdhy; tha; %lg;gl;l [hk; Nghj;jypDs;> 1/3 gq;F epuk;Gk; tiuapy; ed;F
Rj;jpfupj;j ghrpg;gaW / ft;gP tpj;Jf;fis epug;gp ePu; Nru;j;J 6 - 12 kzp Neuk; tiu
itj;jpUf;Ff. gpd;du; (%bapy; cs;s Jthuq;fspd; topNa my;yJ Jzpj;Jz;bd;
topNa) ePiu tbatpl;L Neubahf #upa xsp glhjthW rw;W ,Ushd> ed;F fhw;Nwhl;lk;
fpilf;Fk; Xuplj;jpy; 2 - 4 ehl;fs; tiu itj;jpUf;Ff. ehnshd;Wf;F ,uz;L jlitfs;

Nghj;jypy; ed;F ePu; epug;gpf; fyf;fp> ePiu tbatpLf. Nghj;jypy; Njq;fpapUf;Fk; ePu;>
tpj;J Kisg;gjw;Fg; NghJkhdjhFk;. Kisj;j tpj;Jf;fs; 2 - 4 ehl;fspy; czthff;
nfhs;tjw;F Vw;w epiyia milAk;.
• Kisj;j tpj;Jf;fs; ntt;NtW re;ju;gg ; q;fspy; (taJf;Nfw;g) mit NtWgLfpd;wikahy;
(Fiwe;j ehs;fnsdpd; Rit cau;thdJ) re;ij Ma;T elj;jp Efu;Nthupd; tpUg;gj;ijj;
jPu;khdpj;Jf; nfhs;syhk;.
B rpw;WUtg; G+q;fhr; nra;if (Terrariums)

mu;g;gzpg;Gld; EZf;fkhfTk; xOq;fhfTk; nra;aNtz;ba xU gapu;r;nra;if Kiwahd
,jd; nrad;Kiw EZf;fkhf mikAksTf;F ,jd; ngWkjpAk; cau;tilAk;.
ntt;NtWtifahd Nghj;jy;fs;> kpd;Fkpo;fs;> ghj;jpuq;fs;> jl;Lf;fs;> NtW mofpa
fz;zhbg; ghj;jpuq;fs; Nghd;wtw;iw ,jw;fhfg; gad;gLj;jyhk;. Nkir kPJ capUs;s
myq; f hug; nghUshfTk; thdpy; njhq; F k; myq; f hug; nghUshfTk; ,jid
mikj;Jf;nfhs;syhk;. ghj;jpuj;jpDs; cUthf;Fk; #oy; jd;ikf;F (Profile) mika>
cs;sPLfis ,irTgLj;Jjy; ,jd; tpNrl ,ay;ghFk;. cjhuzk; ghiy tdj;Jf;F
xg;ghf kzy; mjpf mstpy; mlq;fpAs;s kz;zpy; tsUk; twzpyj; jhtuq;fspd;
Nru;khdk;.
C capUs;s cUtq;fs; mikj;jy;.

,jw;fhf Mtzf; Nfhit jhq;fpj; jl;L (File Trap) Nghd;w xU nghUisf;$lg;
gad;gLj;jyhk;. njhq;ftpLtjw;fhf ,uz;L nfhSf;fpfisg; nghUj;Jf. jl;bDs;Ns
ePu; frpahjthW nghypj;jPd; jhis xl;b my;yJ (ft;tpfis ,izj;J) mjd; kPJ
,uz;lhf kbf;fg;gl rhf;Fj;Jz;L ,l;L Mzp miwe;J jahu;g;gLj;jpf; nfhs;f. ,J
jhtuq;fs; tsUk; mbj;jhskhFk;. cl;Gwj;Nj ,Nyrhd Clfk; epug;gp (Nrjdg;gris1:
Jk;Gj;J}s; 1: ckpf;fup 1/4) NghJkhd msT ePu; Nru;j;J> epoyhd #oypy; tsUk;
gy;NtW myq;fhuj; jhtuq;fis ahNjDk; Nfhyj;jpd; gb> epwk;> cUtk;> Mfpatw;iwr;
Nru;khdk; nra;J ehl;l fpilahf 2 - 3 thuq;fs; itj;jpUg;gjd; %yk; rl;lfj;jpDs;
tsUk; jhtuq;fspd; Ntu;fs; xd;Wlndhd;W jOtp tsu;j;J epiyf;Fj;jhf itg;gjw;F
Vw;wthW ,irtilAk;. jl;bd; tpspk;Gfis mofhf epwe;jPl;Ltjd; %yk; Mf;fj;Jf;F
NkYk; mo$l;bf; nfhs;syhk;. jpdKk; ePu;r;rptpwp %yk; ePu; toq;Ftjhy; jhtuq;fspd;
capNuhl;lkhd jd;ik mjpfupf;Fk;. 2 - 3 thuq;fSf;nfhU jlit rl;lfj;ijr; Rtupy;
,Ue;J mg;Gwg;gLj;jpf; fpilahf itj;J ed;F ePu; ,LtJ Kf;fpakhdJ.
D nfhf;fplhkh gapu;r;nra;if Kiw (Kokidama)

Jk;Gj;J}Sk; Nrjdg; grisAk; rk mstpy; mlq;fpAs;s Xu; Clfj;jpy; njupT nra;j
gapupd; Ntu;j;njhFjp ed;F cl;nghjpj;jpUf;FkhW itj;J> ,uz;lhf kbf;fg;gl;l
rhf;Fj;Jz;bdhy; Nfhs tbtkhf mikAkhW Rw;wp> thdpy; njhq;Fk; gapuhf miktjw;fhf
E}ypdhy; Rw;wpj; njhq;f tplj;jf;fthW mikj;Jf; nfhs;syhk;. 2 - 3 ehl;fSf;nfhU
jlit Clff; Nfhsj;ij (Ntu;j;njhFjp mlq;fpAs;s Clfk;) ePupDs; mkpo;j;JtJk;
jpdKk; ePu; rptpWtJk; Kf;fpakhd guhkupg;Gf; fUkq;fshFk;.
E fha;f ;f hj gokuq;f isg; Gduikj;j y;
fha;f;Fk; jha;j;jhtunkhd;wpypUe;J njupT nra;j xU xl;LKisia (fpisiaj;)>
xl;Lf;fl;ilj; jhtuj;jpy; mNj msT tpl;lKs;s xU fpisAld; fpisnahl;L Kiwapy;
,izf;Fk; ,k;KiwapaYf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd kpf vspikahd xl;L Kiw> ehd;F ,jo;

four flap xl;LKiw MFk;. (wk;Gl;lhd; jhtuj;Jf;F mUk;nghl;L nghUj;jkhdJ)
xl;LNtiyiar; nra;Ak; gbKiwfs; fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sd.
wg;gu; gl;il ePf;fpa

thnuhd;wpdhy; xl;Lf; fl;ilj;
3” - 4” Jz;il ntl;b
jho;thfr; ePfF
; f.
rpiwg;gLj;jpf;
fpisapd;
cr;rpg; 2” - 3” ePsj;Jf;Fg;
gFjpia gl;ilia ehd;F
ePfF
; f. gf;fq;fspYk; wg;gu;
(i) thu;tiuapy;
fha;f;fhj jhtuk; (ii) (iii) ftdkhf fow;Wf.
(xl;Lf;fl;il)
fha;fF
; k;
jhtu
xl;LKis
xl;L
wg;gu; thu; ntw;wpaspj;J-
fha;ff; hj s;sjhapd;
jhtu Vwj;jho 3
xl;Lf;fl;il thuq;fspy;
fha;f;Fk; xl;LKisapd; ehd;F xl;LKisapy;
gf;fq;fspYk; gl;ilg; gFjpia Jspu;tpLtijf;
2” - 3” ePf;fp> xl;Lf;fl;ilapd; gpd;du; nghypj;jd
P ; ehlhtpdhy;
NkypUe; J fP o hfr; Rw; w p> fhzyhk;
itug; gFjp ePf;fpa gl;ilg;
gFjpfs; 4 ,Ds; GFj;jp mjd; xl;LKis cyu;j;J tplhj- (vi)
fPNo cs;s wg;gu; tiu Nky; thW 2 - 3 thu fhyk; >
Nehf;fp ,Oj;J xl;il ,Wf;fpf; nghypj;jPd; ciwapdhy; %b
nfhs;f. itj;jpUf;f. (v)
(iv)
F tptrhag; gapu;f spy; kfue;j r; Nru;f ;i fg; gpur;rpidfSf;f hd jPu;T fs;

gue;j tPr;rpy; mlq;Fk; gapu;fspy; kfue;jr; Nru;f;iff; fUtp vd;w tifapy; NjdP
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngw;w NghjpYk;> rpwg;ghd rpy G+r;rpfSk; NtW tpyq;fpdq;fSk; rpy
gapu;fisg; nghWj;j kl;by; kfue;jr; Nru;f;iff;Fk; fha;j;jYf;Fk; Kf;fpakhditahFk;.
nfhbj;Njhilg; gapupy; jr;rd;tz;L (Carpentry beetle) mNdhdh FLk;gg; gapu;fspy;
tpNrlkhd rpwpa tz;L ,dq;fs;> l;ufd; GUl; gapupy; ,uhf;fhyq;fspy; rQ;rupf;Fk;
G+r;rpfs; J}upad; kuq;fspy; ntsthy; Nghd;wit rpy cjhuzq;fshFk;. #oypy;
,t; t pyq; F fspd; ,Ug; G j; njhlu; g hd khwy; f s; > FiwghLfs; fhuzkhf
,g;gapu;j;jhtuq;fspy; G+f;fs; Njhd;wpa NghjpYk; rhu;gstpy; Fiwthd msT fha;fNs
/ goq;fNsH fpilf;Fk;. NjdP> jw;NghJ mUfpr; nry;Yk; xU G+r;rpahjyhy; tpNrlkhf
efu;Gwr; #oy; epge;jidfspy; kfue;jr; Nru;f;iff;fhfj; NjdPf;fs; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Ak;
ngUk;ghyhd gapu;fs; Fiwe;j tpisr;riyNa jUfpd;wd. ,t;thwhd gapu;fs; njhlu;ghfg;
G+f;fs;> kfue;jk; thq;Fk; re;ju;g;gq;fis ,dq;fz;L kfue;jr; Nru;f;if cj;jpfisr;
nraw;ifahff; ifahy; nra;tjhy; tpisr;riy mjpfupj;Jf; nfhs;syhk;. cjhuzkhf>
rhbapy; tsu;f;fg;gl;l fj;jup Nghd;w nrhyNdrpNa FLk;gg; gapu;fspy; ,jo; tpupj;j
G+f;fis Kw;gfy; Ntisapy; rpW mjpu;rr ; pf;F cl;gLj;Jtjhy; kfue;jk; thq;Fk; epiyapy;
cs;s Fwpf;F NkNy mikj;Js;s Nfruq;fspy; cs;s kfue;j kzpfs; mf;FwpkPJ
tpor; nra;ayhk;.
Nju;r;rp 2.0 : capu;r; #oiyg; ghJfhg;gjpy; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;thu;.

Nju;r;r pkl;l k; 2.4 : #oy; Neaj; jd;ikiaf; fhj;jthW tptrha eltbf;iffis elj;jpr;
nry;thu;.
ghlNtis : 09
fw; w w;N gWfs; : • #oYf; F k; tptrha eltbf; i ffSf; F kpilapy; Njhd; W k;
gpur;rpidfis ,dq;fhz;ghu;.
• #ow; gpur;rpidfis ,optsthf;Ftjw;fhd topfisg; gpNuupg;ghu;.
• tptrha eltbf;iffs; %yk; rhjfkhf #oiy cUthf;fj;
jf;f nray;fspy; <LgLthu;.

nghopg; G : 'khw;wKWk; #oy; epiyikfSf;fhfg; gRik tptrhaj; njhopDl;gj; jPuT ; fs;
toq;FNthk;"
G+Nfhs uPjpapy; kpfg;ngupa nghUshjhu Kaw;rpahz;ik tptrhakhdJ kdpj epyg;
gad;g hl;ilAk;> kpfg;ngupa ePu; Efu;itAk; nfhz;l nghUshjhuj; JiwAkhFk;.
ngw;Nwhypak; capu;r;Rtl;L ,urhad kw;Wk; rf;jp cw;gj;jp cs;sL P fs; kPJ Kjd;ikahd
tifapy; jPuk ; hdpf;fg;gLk;. rkfhyf; fkj;njhopyhdJ cau; tptrha cw;gj;jp kl;lj;ijj;
jP u ; k hdpj; J s; s njdpDk; mjd; % yk; Vw; g Lj; j g; g l; L s; s #ow; gpur; r pidfs;
ghuJ}ukhditahFk;.
#oy; kw;Wk; nghUshjhu ,yf;FfSf;fpilNa fhzg;gLk; gue;j Kuz;fspd; gb> #oy;
khw;wq;fspd; ghjfkhd jhf;fq;fis ,opthf;Ftjw;fhfTk; ,irTgLj;Jtjw;fhfTkhd
toptiffis Kd;ndLj;jy; xU ghupa rthyhFk;. vdpDk;> #oy; Neaf; Nfhl;ghLfspd;
topNa eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLk; gRik tptrhaj; njhopDl;gj; jPu;Tfspd; kPJ ,d;W
G+Nfhs uPjpapy; mfyj;jpwe;j fz;fspd; ftdk; <u;f;fg;gl;Ls;sikf;Ff; fhuzk; Nkw;gb
Kuz;ghL mjpy; fhzg;glhikahFk;.
,jw;fikar; Nrjdg; gapu;r; nra;iff;Fj; Njitahd gapu;fisj; njupT nra;jy;>
gapu;g; guhkupg;G> juq;Fd;wpr; nry;Yk; ,aw;if tsq;fs; (Degradation)> rf;jpg; gpwg;ghf
cs; s PL fis tpidj; j pwDs; s thW gad; g Lj; j y; > NtW khw; W topfspd; topNa
khw;wq;fSf;Fs;shfpa ,r;#oy; epge;jidfis ,opthf;fp> capu;r; #oiyf; fhg;gjw;Fupa
epiyNgwhd (Ngz;jF) jPuT ; fis toq;Fk; jpwid tpUj;jp nra;tjw;fhf ,r;nraw;wpl;lj;ij
mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l fw;wypy; khztiu <LgLj;j vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
• kz;> ePu;> #upa xsp> tsp> gpuhzpfs;> jhtuq;fs;> czT Mfpatw;iw Kjd;ikahff;
nfhz;L> mtw;Wld; ,izj;jthW ehk; thOk; capu;gn ; gsjpfr; #oypd; ghy; (Biophysical
Enviornment) fkj;njhopypd; rkfhyg; gapu;rn ; ra;if eltbf;iffs; #oy; neUf;fbfis
(Eco-crisis) cUthf; Ftjpy; nra; Js;s gq; f spg; G ntspg; g Lk; tifapyhd Xu;
mZFKiwapD}lhf khztUld; ciuahliyf; fl;bnaOg;Gf.
• ghjfkhd #oy; jhf;fq;fSf;F Neubahf cs;shfpAs;s Kf;fpakhf Jiwfshf
• kz;Zk;> epyKk; (juq;Fd;wy;> mupg;G> Fiwjy;)
• ePu; (jtwhd gad;ghLfs;> juq;Fd;wy;> khriljy;)
• fhLfs; (Fiwtiljy;> capu;gg ; y;tifikAk; ePu; Kjy;fSk; juq;Fd;wy;> vy;iyg;gl;l
epyq;fs; cUthjy; - Marginal)
• fopTg; nghUl;fshf xd;W NrUk; capu;j;jpzpT (Bio- Mass) khrile;j #oy;
• ,urhad Kiwg; gPilf; fl;Lg;ghL kw;Wk; jhtu Nghriz> #oy; khrilT. kdpjr;
Rfhjhug; gpur;rpidfs;> td rPtuhrpfs; mope;njhopjy;

• jiyKiw cupikfs; (khriljy;> mupg;G> fjpu;g;G)
• capu;r;Rtl;L tYr;rf;jpg; gbTfs; (Fiwtiljy;> #oy; khrilT)
• ghjfkhd #oy; jhf;fq;fSf;F Neubahf MshfpAs;s ,j;Jiwfspy; mjid
mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L Njhd;wpAs;s xd;Wlndhd;W ,izj;j Vida khw;wKw;w
#oy; epiyikfspd; jhf;fq;fis ,dq;fhzYf;fhd cjhuzk;: fhLfs; Fiwtiljy;
 gr;irtPl;L thAf;fs; ntsptplg;gly;  G+Nfhsk; ntg;gkiljy;  khw;wKw;w
thdpiy epiyikfs;
• xU njhFjpg; gpur;rpidfs; cs;slq;Fk; tifapy;> Kd;itf;fj;jf;f #oy; Nea gRikj;
njhopDl;gj; jPu;Tfis Kd;itj;jYf;Fupa cjhuzk;: fhLfs; FiwtiljYf;fhd xU
jPu;thf tptrhaf; fhL tsu;j;jypd;NghJ> kl;fhg;G kw;Wk; kz; Nghrpg;Gf;fhf capu;
Ntyp mikf;Fk; NghJ fpspuprpbah jhtuj;jpd; gq;fspg;ghdJ xd;Wlndhd;W ,ize;j
#oy; rhu;e;j gpujpgyd;fs; gytw;iw cs;slf;fpajhFk;.
Kd; d haj; j k;
gad; g Lj; j Ntz; L nkdTk; mjid thuj; J f; n fhU jlitNaDk; MrpupauJ
MNyhridfisg; ngWtjw;fhf xg;gilf;f Ntz;LnkdTk; mwpTWj;Jf.
gpur;r pidia ntspf;n fhzu; j y;

• ehk; thOk; capu;g;ngsjpfr; #oyhdJ rkfhyj;jpy; vjpu;Nehf;Fk; gy;NtW #ow;
gpur;rpidfisf; fye;Jiuahb> Kiwikapy; gapu;r;nra;if eltbf;iffSk; tptrha
tsq;fspd; Ju;g;gad;ghL njhlu;e;Jk; ,lk;ngWnkdpd;> tptrhakhdJ Nkw;gb khw;wKw;w
#oy; epge;jidfs; cUthtjpy; mjpfstpy; gq;fspf;fj;jf;f xU gq;fhspahf ,lKz;L
vd;gij khztUf;F tpsf;Ff.
• ,aw;if Nea vspikahd gRikj; njhopDl;g cj;jpfspd; (Green initiatives) topNa
fhzg;gLk; tiuaiwg;gl;l tsq;fis tpidj;jpwdhdthW gad;gLj;jp ,r;#oy;
neUf;fbia ,opthf;Ftjw;Fk; $lNt mjw;fpirtiltjw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd njhopDl;gj;
jPu;Tfis toq;Ftjw;Fkhd gpurpdq;fis ntspf;nfhzu khztUf;F topfhl;Lf.
A jpl;l kply;
• khw;wKW #oy; epge;jidfs; cUthtjw;F mbg;gilahf mike;j Kiwikaw;w kw;Wk;
Ju;g;gad;ghl;L tptrhar; nrad;Kiwfis ,dq;fhzy;.
• mtw;Wf;fikaj; Njhd;wpAs;s rkfhyr; #oy; neUf;fbfisg; gl;baw;gLj;jy;.
• Fwpj;j gpur;rpidfSf;fhf> FWfpa fhyj;Js; jPu;T toq;fj;jf;f gRikj; njhopDl;g
cj;jpfisj; njupT nra;jy;.

• mtw;Ws; ngupJk; eilKiwr; rhj;jpakhd> Jupjkhd ngWNgWfs; juj;jf;fij ,dq;fhzy;.
• njupT nra;j khw;W Kiwapayhd xd;wpizj;j tifapy; toq;Fk; #oy; rhu;e;j
gpujpgyd;fs; njhlu;ghf mwpT+l;lk; ngwy;.
• njupT nra;j cj;jpfspd; ntw;wpia Xg;gPlL ; uPjpapy; kjpg;gpLtjw;fhff; fl;Lg;ghl;L
epge;jidfis ,dq;fhzy;.
• cj;Njr cj;jpia cupa fhyj;jpDs; jhgpj;jy;
• nraw;wpl;lk; eilKiwg;gLj;j vjpu;ghu;f;Fk; #oy; mtjhdpg;Gf;fs;> jPu;Tfs; njhlu;ghd
jfty;fisj; jpul;Ljy;.
• ,r;nraw;wpl;lj;Jf;fhfr; nraw;gLj;jw; jpl;lnkhd;W jahupj;jy;. (cjhuzj;Jf;fhd rpy
fUkq;fs; fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sd)
nraw;gLj;jw; jpl;lk;
fhyr;rl;lfk;
,y.
gzp 1 Mk; thuk; 2 Mk; thuk; 3 Mk; thuk;
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1 Kiwikapyy ; h kw;Wk; Ju;gg ; htid tptrhar; nrad;Kiwfis
,dq;fhzy;
... ..................................................................................................................
... mjd; tpisthfj; Njhd;wpAs;s khw;wKW #oy; epiyikfisg;
gl;baw;gLj;jy;.
... ..................................................................................................................
... jPuT; toq;fj;jf;f khw;Wg; gRikj;njhopDl;g cj;jpfis ,dq;fhzy;
... ...................................................................................................................
... eilKiwr;rhj;jpak;> cs;sL P fisg; gad;gLj;jy;> fhyk; kw;Wk;
mDgtq;fSf;fikar; nraw;wpl;lj;Jf;F kpfg; nghUj;jkhd
gRikj; njhopDl;gj;ij ,dq;fhzy;.
... ...................................................................................................................
... cj;Njr cj;jpiaj; jhgpj;jy;
... ...................................................................................................................
... cupa #oy; mtjhdpg;Gf;fSk; juT Nrfupj;jYk;
... ...................................................................................................................
... gupry P pff ; g;gLk; #oy; epge;jidfisAk; jfty;fisAk; xg;gpLjy;
... nraw;wpl;lj;ij epiwT nra;jy;
• khw;wKWk; #oy; epge;jidfs; cUthtjpy; mbg;gilahf mike;j Kiwikay;yh
tptrha eltbf;iffs; kw;Wk; tsj; Ju;g;gpuNahfk; Mfpatw;wpd; %yk; nra;ag;gLk;
tptrha eltbf;iffs; fhzg;gLk; Jiwfs;
• mj;Jiwfspy; ,dq;fz;l #oy; gpur;rpidfSs; cr;r vz;zpf;ifahd gpur;rpidfisj;
jPug
; ;gjw;fhf Kd;ndLf;fj;jf;f gRikj; njhopDl;g cj;jpfs; (,izg;G 2.4.1 a njhlf;fk;
x tiuapy;) rpy khjpupfs; jug;gl;Ls;sd)
• njupT nra;j gRikj; njhopDl;g cj;jpfSs; nraw;wpl;lf; fhyj;Js; ,yFthf
eilKiwg; g Lj; j f; $ ba kw; W k; epiyNgwhd (Ngz; j F) ngWNgWfs; juj; j f; f
gRikj;njhopDl;g cj;jpfs;.
• gRikj; njhopDl;g cj;jpfspd; ntw;wpiaf; fhl;Ltjw;fhff; FWfpa fhyj;Js; eilKiwapy;
mikj;Jf;nfhs;sf;$ba vspikahd fs khjpupfSk; (Simple field models) fl;Lg;ghl;L
(MSif) epge;jidfSk;
C eilKiwg;g Lj;j y;
• gRikj;njhopDl;g cj;jpfSf;F mikthfr; nraw;wpl;lr; nrad;Kiwapd; gbKiwfis

tupirg;gLj;jy;.
• cupa gad;ghl;L tsq;fis ,dq;fhzYk; ngwYk;
• Kiwikahd njhopDl;g KiwfisAk; tpQ;Qhdf; Nfhl;ghLfisAk; gad;gLj;jpg;
gRikj; njhopDl;g cj;jpia eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;Fj; Njiahd vspa fs khjpupfis
(Simple field models) Mf;fpj; jhgpjj
; y;
• gpur;rpid jPu;g;gjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;Jk; gRikj; njhopDl;g cj;jpfspdJ jPu;Tfspd;
ntw;wpia xg;gPl;L uPjpapy; kjpg;gPL nra;tjw;Fj; Njitahd fl;Lg;ghl;L epge;jidfisr;
nraw;wpl;lr; nrad;KiwAld; ,irTgLj;jy;.
• fl;Lg;ghl;L epge;jidfSld; xg;gpl;Lf; Fwpj;j gRikj; njhopDl;g cj;jpfs; %yk;
toq;f pa jP u;T fspy; ntw;w pia kjpg;g PL nra;t jw;Fj; Njitahd jPu;T fisAk;
mtjhdpg;Gf;fisAk; Fwpj;Jf; nfhs;sy;.
D gpd;n jhlu; Ma;T

• Fwpj;j juTfisAk; mtjhdpg;Gf;fisAk; gad;gLj;jpf; ifahz;l njhopDl;gj; jPuT ; fspd;
epiyNgwhd jd;ikia ntt;NtW mk;rq;fspd; fPo; (eilKiwr;rhj;jpak;> gad;ghL)
tprhuiz nra;jy;.
• nraw;wpl;lj;ijj; jpl;lkply;> jPu;khdnkLj;jy;> eilKiwg;gLj;jy; Mfpa re;ju;g;gq;fspy;
nra;j fUkq;fs; njhlu;ghfg; gpd;njhlu; Ma;T elj;jpr; Ra kjpg;gPl;by; <Lgly;.
• Nrfupj;j jfty;fspd; topNa nraw;wpl;lj;ij tpUj;jp nra;aj;jf;f tpjj;ijg; gpNuupj;jy;
• #oiy ,yf;fhff; nfhz;l Jiwapw; fhzg;gLk; gpur;ridiaj; jPu;g;gjw;fhd gRikj;
njhopDl;g cj;jpfspd; ntw;wpia> mtjhdpg;Gf;fs; kw;Wk; jfty;fspD}lhfr; RaMf;ff;
NfhitAld; tFg;gpy; Kd;itg;gjw;F khztUf;F trjp nra;J nfhLf;fTk;.

• nraw;wpl;lj;Jf;Fupa eLifg; nghUl;fs;> mikg;Gf;fis cUthf;Ftjw;Fj; Njitahd
tsq;fs;> ,aw;ifg; gPilnfhy;ypfs;
• gapu;rn; ra;ifg; guhkupg;gpd; Kiwikapy;yhj;jd;ik kw;Wk; mjDld; ,ize;j tsq;fspd;
J}ug; ghtid fhuzkhf capu;r# ; oypy; Vw;gl;Ls;s rkfhy khw;wKW gpur;rpidfSf;fhf
mjpf gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Ak; Jiwfs; njhlu;ghd jfty;fis tupirg;gLj;jy;.
• #oy;Neag; gapu;r;nra;ifia cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf xd;Wlndhd;W njhlu;Gila gRikj;
njhopDl;g cj;jpfisg; gl;baw;gLj;jy;.
• #ow; gpur;rpiidfis ,opthf;FtNjhL> mjw;fhf ,irtiltjw;fhf gRikj; njhopDl;g
cj;jpfSf;fhd vspa fs khjpupfisf; (Simple field models) fl;bnaOg;Gjy;.
• xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l gpur;rpidfSld; xd;wpize;j jPu;Tfs; toq;Fk; gRikj; njhopDl;g
cj;jpfis eilKiwg;gLj;jy;.
• fl;Lg;ghl;L epge;jidfSld; xg;gpl;Lg; gRikj; njhopDl;g cj;jpfspdJ jPu;Tfspd;
newpiaf; Fwpj;Jf; nfhs;tu;.
gpujhd nrhw;fs; (Keywords)
• gRik tpisT thAf;fs;> G+Nfhsk; ntg;gkiljy;> capu;g; ngsjpfr; #oy;> ifj;njhopy;

tptrhak;> Ngz;jF tYrf;jp %yq;fs;> gRikj; njhopDl;g cj;jpfs;> capu;f; fl;Lg;ghl;Lj;
jhtuq;fs;
tiy flg;gplq;fs; / ,izaj;jsq;fs; (Websites)

(1) www.agridept.gov.lk
(2) www.cea.lk
(3) www.nerdc.lk
(4)www.ncpc.srilanka.org
(5) www.iwmi.cgiar.org
(6) www. rupavahini.lk/rividina arunella
,izg;G 2.4.1
(A) capu;Ntypfs; %yk; kl;f hg;Gk; kz; NghrizAk;
rha;thd epyj;jpy; Kjpu;r;rpaile;j fpspuprpbah jz;Lfis (60-90 nrd;upkPw;wu; ePskhd)
,uz;L tupirfspy; (tisnesp Kiwapy; tupirfSf;fpilNa 30-45 nrd;wpkPw;wu;)> ‘A’
rl;lfnkhd;wpd; JizAld;> rkTauf; NfhLfspd; topNa elyhk;. ehl;Lk; ,U tupir
fpspuprbah Ntypfs; rha;Tf;F mika> rha;T mjpfupf;Fk;NghJ mUfUfhfTk; rha;T
FiwtilAk; NghJ rhu;gstpy; J}uj;J}ukhfTk; ehl;lg;gLk;. fpspuprpbah jz;Lfs;
Kisf;Fk; NghJ Ntu;j;njhFjpapdhy; rha;thd epyj;jpd; kz; gw;wpitf;fg;gLtNjhL
,it tpisr;riy mt;tg;NghJ gRe;jhl;grisahf kz;Zld; Nru;g;gjhy; kz; Nrjd
uPjpapy; Nghrpf;fg;gLk;. epiwNgwile;j fpspuprpbah Ntypapdhy; toq;fg;gLk; Nkyjpf
#oy; mD$yq;fs; gythFk;.
fj;jupf;Fk; Kjpu;e ;j jz;L fis

,UtupirfSf;FkpilNa ,Ltjhy;
tisnesp Kiwapy; kz; f hf;f g;g Ltjw; f hf Ntypf; F
ehl;ba fpspuprpba Nkyjpf gq;fspg;ig toq;Fjy;.
,Utupirfs;
k;
upf;F -
; T mjpftupirfS (b)
r ha , U iw e ; j rha;T Fiw-
(a) NghJ lNa F tilAk; NghJ
f;fpi nt s p
,il ,U tupirfS-
f;fpilNa $ba
,ilntsp
B) Ngz;jF gapu;r;nra;iff;fhf> rha;thd fhzpiag; nghwpKiwg; gapuhf;ftpay; kw;Wk;

capupay; Kiwfspd; Nru;khdk; %yKk; kl;fhg;G> kz;Nghrpg;G> ePu;f;fhg;G Mfpatw;iwr;
nra;ayhk;. ,jw;fhfr; rha;thd fhzpapy; nghwpKiwapy; xLq;fpa rha;tpd; ,U Gwq;fspYk;
rkTau ntspfspuz;L mikAkhW jahu;gLj;jg;gLk;. capu;Ntypapd; Gw;FLk;gg; gapnuhd;W
NkNy cs;s ntspapd; mUNf rha;tpd; Xuj;jpy; tupirahfj; jhgpf;fg;gLk;. (cjhuzk;:
Nru> vz;nza;g;Gy;> ntl;bNtu;> fUk;G) rha;T Nkw;gug;igg; nghwpKiw uPjpapy; rw;W
,sf;fpr; Nrjdg; gris Nru;jJ ; ,sfpa Nkw;gug;gpd; kPJ Njq;fha; cupkl;il tupirahf>
xOq;fhf mLf;fg;gLk;. xt;nthU 4 Njq;fha; cupkl;ilg; gFjpfSf;FkpilNa ahNjDk;
fPiutif (cjhuzk;: nghd;dhq;fhzpj; jz;Lj; Jz;Lfis 6-8) ehl;b> ,yFthd
ePu;ghrd %yk; fPiug;gapiuf; Fiwthd guhkupg;Gld; jhgpj;J rha;tpd; fPo; ntspia
NtW nghUj;jkhd xU gapUf;fhf ,yFthfg; gad;gLj;jyhk;.
(1) (a) nghwpKiwapy;

jahu;gLj;jpa ntsp
(a) kz;izg;
nghwpKiwapy;
nghwpKiwapy;
jahu;gLj;jpa ntsp
rha; t hf
(b)
kz;
(2)
gs;s j; jhf;F nghwpKiwapy;
kz;ntspiaj; jahu;gLj;jpa ntsp
jahupj;jy;; (b)
Gw;gapu;
Njq;fha; cupkl;il
mLf;Fr; rha;it
(4) kiwj;jy;
(3)
Njq;fha; cupkl;ilg;
gFjpfSf;F ,ilNa
nghd;dq;fhzp eLk; ,lk;
(C) Nrjdf; fopTg; nghUl;f is tskhf khw;W jy;

tptrhag; gapu;fs; kw;Wk; tpyq;F cw;gj;jpr; nrad;Kiwapd; Nrjdf; fopTg;nghUl;fshy;
#oypy; tpLtpf;fg;gLk; capu;j;jpzpthdJ (Bio Mass) G+NfhsuPjpapy; #oiy khw;wKwr;
nra;tjw;fhd gq;fspg;G ghuJ}ukhdJ. Nrjdg; gapu;r;nra;ifapd; NghJ jhtug;
Nghrizf;fhfr; #oy; Neakhd $l;nlU cw;gj;jp kw;Wk; Ngz;jF tYrf;jp %ykhf
capu;thA cw;gj;jp vd;gtw;iwf; fUjp> ,e;j capu;jj; pzpit xU tskhfg; gad;gLj;JtJ
Kf;f pakhdJ. Nrjdf; fopTfis Kjd;i kahff; nfhz;L vspa nraw;w pl;lr;
nrad;Kiwapy; cs;slf;Ftjw;F mbg;gilahf mikAk; gha;r;rw;Nfhl;Lg;glk;
gpd;tUkhW
Nrjd (1)
$l;nlU
fopTg;nghUs;fs; fhw;Ws;s epge;jidfspy;
gpupif (+O2)
kz;Nghriz
(2) Neubahfg;
(4) fhw;wpd;wpa epge;jidfs; gad;gLj;jy;
gpupif (+O2) (3)
ePu;
capu; thA $l;nlUj; jputk;

(rhak; Tea)
gpujhd thA nkNjd; thA
mlq;fpa thAf;fyit(CH4) (jput> Nrjdg; gris)
cU: 3: Nrjdg; nghUs;fis tskhf khw;w mbg;gilahf mikAk; gha;r;rw;Nfhl;Lg; glk;
1. rhjfkhd epge;jidfis toq;fpr; Nrjdg;nghUs;fisf; fhw;Ws;s epge;jidfspy;

FWfpa fhyj;Js; $l;nlUthf khw;wr; nra;f. cf;Ftjpy; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWk;
fhuzpfSs; %yg;nghUs;fspd; jd;ik (,dk; / Kjpu;T) msT (gUkd;) (rpwpa> ngupa
Jz;Lfs;)> <uypg;G> cf;Ftjw;Fj; Njitahd Ez;zq;fspfisg; GFj;Jjy; (cf;fpa
$l;nlU rpwpjsT> japu;> Nahfl;> Nrhah mtiuf;$l;L Nghd;w mD$ykhd Ez;zq;fp
%yq;fs;) kw;Wk; fhw;W}l;lk; toq;Fjy; (Gul;Ljy; / fyj;jy;> tsp gk;Gjy; Nghd;wit)
Kf;fpakhdit.
2. kz;izg; Nghrpg;gjw;fhff; $l;nlUtpd; gq;fspg;i gg; ngWtjw;fhfr; rhbfspy;
gapu;j;jhgpg;Gr; nra;jy;.
3. $l;nlUj; jputk; (compost tea) jahupg;gjw;fhf ed;F cf;fpa $l;nlU xU gFjpAld;
Vwj;jho ePu; 10-15 gFjp Nru;j;J %d;W ehl;fs; CwtpLf. ,ilawhJ fhw;W}l;ly;
toq;Ftjw;fhf kPd;njhl;bfSf;Ff; fhw;W}l;Ltjw;Fg; gad;gLk; Kiwiaf; ifahs;tJ
my;yJ ehnshd;Wf;Fr; rpy jlitfs; fyf;FtJ Kf;f pakhdJ. Ez;zq;f pf;
Fbj;njhifia mjpfupg;gjw;fhf Nkyjpfkhf xU gFjp gOg;Gr; rPdp> Nghrizg;
ngWkhdj;ij mjpfupg;gjw;fhf upd;kd P ; miug;gFjp Nru;f;Ff. ehd;fhtJ ehsd;W
tbj;njLf;Fk; $l;nlUj; jputj;jpd; (Compost Tea) xU gFjpia 10-15 gFjp ePUld;
fye;J gapu;fSf;F ,ly;.
4. capu;thA cw;gj;jpf;fhd vspikahd Xu; mikg;gpd; khjpupahfr; rikayiwapy; xd;W
NrUk; fyg;Gr; Nrjdf; fopTg;nghUl;fis my;yJ ntt;Ntwhfr; Nrfupj;j (fha;fwp>
gotif> fPiu Nghd;w) gFjpfis ntt;Ntwhf vLj;J gpnsd;lupy; ,l;L ePu; Nru;j;Jf;
fsp Nghd;W jahupj;Jf; fz;zhbg; Nghj;jy;fspy; 1/2 - 3/4 gFjpasTf;F epug;Gf.
gpd; d u; > Nghj; j y; epuk; G k; t iu eP u ; tpl; L g; Nghj; j ypd; thapy; xU gY}id
xl;Lg;girehlhtpdhy; ed;W ,Wf;fkhfg; nghUj;Jf. my;yJ cyuhJ itj;jpUf;f.
fhw;wpd;wpa epge;jidfspy; Nrjdg; nghUl;fs; cf;Ftjhy; ntspNaWk; capu;thAthy;

gY}d; epuk;Gtij mtjhdpf;Ff. (Fwpg;G: jPgg
; w;Wk; Mgj;J cz;lhjypdhy; mJ Fwpj;Jf;
ftdQ; nrYj;Jf.) ntt;NtW %yg;nghUl;fshy; capu;thA cw;gj;jpahFk; msT>
fyitapd; capu;thA cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLk; msT> Mfpatw;iw> gY}d; epuk;Gk; msitf;
nfhz;L jPu;khdpf;fyhk;.
(D) Nrjdj; jhtug; Nghriz myFfs; (Organic plant neutrient units)

,J kz;GOf;fisf; nfhz;L Nrjdg;nghUl;fis cf;fr;nra;Ak; xU Kiw vd;w
tifapy; Ez;zstpy; eilKiwg;gLj;jf;$ba Xu; vspikahd njhopDl;gkhFk;.
gad;gLj;jpf; fopj;j PVC (8-10 nrd;wp kPww
; u; MiuAs;s) Foha;jJ
; z;Lfisg; gad;gLj;jp
rikaiwapy; ehshe;jk; xd;W NrUk; Nghrizkpf;f Nrjidf; fopTg;nghUl;fis>
kz;GOf;fisf; nfhz;L $l;nlUthf khw;wpg; gapu;fSf;Fr; nropg;ghd kz; #oiy
Neubahf cUthFtNj ,jd; Kjd;ikahd fUg;nghUshFk;.
epykl;lk;
75 cm
ngupa Jisfs; 4> rpwpa Nrjdf; fopTg; nghUl;fs;>

Jisfs; rpy cs;s PVC Nky;kz;> njhlf;fj;jpy;
Foha;j; Jz;il kz;Zf;Fs; khj;jpuk; kz;GOf;fs; (15-
Gijf;Ff. gFjpapy; ,Ljy; 20) ,ly;
cU: nrOikahd kz;#oiy cUthf;Ftjw;fhf> Nrjd> jhtu Nghriz

myifg; gad;gLj;jy;
(E). #oy; Neag; gPilf;fl;Lg;ghl;L Kiwfs;

G+r;rpfs;> Neha;fs;> fisfs; MfpadNt gapu;r;nra;ifapy; gPilfshfg; ngUkstpy;
fhzg;gLtdthFk;. ,k;%d;iwAk; fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;fhfr; rkfhy tptrhaj;jpw; gad;gLk;
#ow; gpur;rpidfspy; ngupJk; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Ak; nraw;ifahd mjhtJ ngw;Nwhypak;
capu;r;Rtl;Lg; gbTfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l ,urhadq;f Sf;Fg; gjpyhf>
,aw;ifahd Kiwfis xd;wpizj;Jr; nra;Ak; gPilf;fl;Lg;ghl;Lf;fhf>
• xLq;fpa guk;giuayF ([Pd;) fl;likg;igf; nfhz;l Gjpa Ngjq;fSf;Fg; gjpyhfg;
ghuk;gupakhff; fpilf;Fk; gapu;fisg; gapuply;
(cjhuzk; : vjpu;gG ; j; jd;ikAs;s ghuk;gupakhd / RNjr gapu; tiffisj; njupTnra;jy;)
• MNuhf;fpakhd gapu; tsu;r;rpf;Fr; rhjfkhd Nrjd kz; #oiy cUthf;Fjy;.
• rhjfkhd ,iunfstpfisf; ftUtjw;fhd topfis Vw;gLj;jy;.
• capupaw; fl;Lg;ghl;Lj; jhtuq;fisf; fye;J gapuply;.
(cjhuzk;: nrt;te;jp> fLF> nfhj;jky;yp> Ks;sq;fp)
• Njitg;gLk;NghJ ,aw;ifg; gPilnfhy;ypfs; gad;gLj;jy;.
• capupaf;f Kiwfisg; gpd;gw;Wjy; (cjhuzk; : tw;Wg;ngUf;F> re;jpuf;fiy Nghd;wit)
• capUs;s kw;Wk; capupy;yhj; jilfs; gad;gLj;jy;.

(F) ePu;f;fhg;Gk; gad;g hLk;
• ePu;j;Njit Fiwthd> twl;rpiaj; jhq;Fk; jd;ikAs;s RNjr gapu;tiffisj; njupT
nra;jy;. (cjhuzk;: KUq;if / tl;Lf;fj;jup)
• kz;euP ; kw;Wk; kz;Nghrizf; fhg;Gf;fhf Nkw;gug;gpy; Xb topjy; (Run off) kw;Wk;
kz;zupg;igf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;fhfg; nghUj;jkhd gapu;r;nra;if topKiwfisg;
gpd;gw;Wjy;. cjhuzk;: %Lgilaply;.
gapu;fSf;F ePu; toq;Fk; tpidj;jpwid mjpfupg;gjw;fhf kz;GOf;fisf; nfhz;L
gapu;r;nra;if xOq;Ffisg; gpd;gw;Wjy;. cjhuzk;: Jsp ePu;g;ghrdk;> cr;rg; gapu;
tsu;rr ; pr; re;ju;gg
; j;jpy; khj;jpuk; mjpf msT ePu; toq;Fjy;> gad;gLj;jj;jf;f xt;nthU
re;ju;g;gj;jpYk; rtu; ePiug; gad;gLj;jy; (Brakish water) ehspd; fhiy Ntisapy;
my;yJ khiy Ntisapy; ePu;g;gha;rR ; jy;.
• mjpf msT ePu; kz;zpy; Njq;fpapUf;Fk; cj;jpfs;
cjhuzk;: %Lgilaply;> gapu; Nkw;gug;igf; fulhfg; NgzptUtjw;fhd kz; gz;gLj;jy;
Kiwfisf; ifahsy;> kz;zpd; Nrjdg; nghUl;Njf;fj;ij mjpfupj;jy;.
• gapu;rn; ra;iff; fUkq;fisf; fhyj;Jf;Nfw;g khw;Wjy;. cjhuzk;: ePu; Vw;gLj;Jk; ntg;gkhd>
Nfhil epiyikfisj; jtpu;g;gjw;fhfg; gapu; tpijf;Fk; kw;Wk; ehw;W eLk; fhyj;ij
Kd;gLj;jy;.
• gad;ghl;Lf;fhf kioePiur; Nrfupj;jy; (Rain water harvesting)
• tPl;Lg;gad;ghl;Lf;fhff; fopTePiu tifg;gLj;jp Ntwhf;fpg; gapUf;Fg; nghUj;jkhdthW
Rj;jpfupj;Jg; gad;gLj;jy;.
tPlb
; y; gad;gLj;jp ntspNaw;Wk; fopT ePiug; gapUf;Fg; nghUj;jkhdthW Rj;jpfupg;gjw;fhf
vspikahd tbfl;b mikg;nghd;wpidf; tPNz ntspNaw;Wk; nghUl;fs; %yk; Fiwe;j
nrytpy; jahupj;Jg; ngWk; ePiug; gapu;r;nra;iff;fhfg; gad;gLj;jy;.
(G) Ngz;jF tYrf;jp Kjyhf tptrhaj;jpd; gq;fspg;G

tptrhaf; ifj;njhopypy; gad;gLk; jhtug;gFjpfshd ,iyfs;> fpisfs;> G+q;nfhj;Jf;fs;
Nghd;wit gRj;jhl; grisahf Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWtNjhL> mJ jukhd Nrjdg; gris
cw;gj;jpf;Fj; Njitahd %yg;nghUshfTk; tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. NkYk;> Kjpu;r;rpaile;j
jz;Lfs;> jz;Lg; gFjpfs; mdy;kpd; cw;gj;jpf;fhd vupnghUshfg; gad;gLj;j KbAkhjyhy;
Ngz;jF tYr;rf;jp Kjyhff; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ.
jhtuq;fSs; fpspuprpbah Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWtjw;fhd fhuzk; xU tUl fhyj;Js; gy
jlitfs; fj;jupf;fj;jf;fjhf ,Uj;jYk; Jupjkhd tsr;rpailjYkhFk;. ,j;jhtu
,iyfisAk; ,se;jz;LfisAk; tpyq;Fzthfg; gad;gLj;j KbtNjhL jz;Lfis>
ntg;gk; gpwg;gpg;gjw;fhd vupnghUshfg; gad;gLj;jyhk;. tptrhaf; fopTfs; Nghd;Nw
tPl;Lf; fopTfisAk; capu;thA cw;gj;jpf;fhfg; gad;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; tptrha
eltbf;iffSf;fhf capu;rR ; tl;L vupnghUs; gad;ghl;il ,opthf;fpr; #ow; ghJfhg;Gf;Fg;
gq;fspg;Gr; nra;ayhk;.
njhopDl;gg; gug;G - czT

Nju;r ;r p 5.0 : czit mbg;g ilahff; nfhz;l ifj;n jhopy; tha;g ;Gf;f is
,dq;fz;L> tzpfq;fisj; jpl;lkpLtu;.
Nju;r ;r pkl;l k; 5.2 : czit mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l ifj;njhopy; njhlu;ghd cw;gj;jpr;
nrad;Kiwiaf; ifahz;L ghu;g;ghu;.
ghlNtis : 09
fw; w w;N gWfs; : • czTld; njhlu;Gila ifj;njhopy;fspd; ,Ug;G kPJ nry;thf;Fr;
nrYj;Jk; fhuzpfis tprhuiz nra;thu;.
• nraw; w pl; l j; jpl; l q; f isj; jahupg; g jw; f hfg; nghUj; j khd
nkd;nghUl;fisg; gad;gLj;Jtu;.
• epuk; g w; rq; f pyp njhlu; g hff; ftdQ; n rYj; j p cw; g j; j pr;
nrad;Kiwiaj; jpl;lkpLthu;.
• czit mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l ifj;njhopy;fspy; <LgLtjw;fhd
Maj;jj;ij ntspf;fhl;Lthu;.

nghopg; G : 'czT rhu;ej
; ifj;njhopy;fis ,dq;fhz;Nghk; - tzpfq;fs; Njhw;Wtpg;Nghk;"
czT rhu;e;j ifj;njhopy;fSf;fhf czT cw;gj;jp nra;Ak;NghJk; re;ijg;gLj;jypd;
NghJk; khztu;fs; mwpe;jpUf;f Ntz;ba kw;Wk; gupr;rak; ngwNtz;ba tplaq;fs;
gythFk;. czTf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd nghUl;fspd; tpNrlkhd ,ay;Gfisj; Jizahff;
nfhz;L> mjd; juj;ijf; fhj;jthW RitahfTk; ftu;r;rpfukhdjhfTk; czitj;
jahupf;fyhk;. “jkJ Mf;fG+ut
; khd fUj;ij cw;gj;jpahf khw;Wtjd; Muk;gf; fl;lj;jpypUe;J
Efu;Nthupd; iffis milAk; tiuapYk; ,lk;ngWk; nraw;ghl;Lj;njhFjp (toq;fy;
rq;fpyp) njhlu;ghff; ftdQ;nrYj;jpj; jkJ cw;gj;jpr; nrad;Kiwia ed;F jpl;lkpl;L>
GJikg;ghlhd> caupa jukhd ngWkhdj;ijf; nfhz;l> czT cw;gj;jpfisg; NghJkhd
msT ,yhgg;gq;Fld; tpw;gid nra;J jkJ ,yf;if miljy; njhlu;ghd Kd;khjpup
mDgtq;fisg; ngWtNj ,e;jr; nraw;wpl;lk; rhu;ej ; fw;wy; %yk; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ.”
• RNjr kw; W k; ntspehl;L Efu;NthUf;f hf czT jahupf;F k; czT tpw;g id
epiyankhd;wpy;> tpsk;guj;Jf;fhfg; gad;gLj;jpa cj;jp rhu;e;j mwptpj;jy;fs; kw;Wk;
mt;thW jahupj;J Kd;itf;fg;gl;Ls;s rpy czTfisj; Jizahff; nfhz;L
gpd;tUtdtw;iwf; fye;JiuahLtjw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd Xu; mZFKiwiaf; ifahs;f.
• czT Efu;Tf;fhf Efu;Nthdplj;Nj fhzg;gLk; vjpu;ghu;g;Gf;fs;
• czT cw;gj;jpnahd;wpy; fhzg;gl Ntz;ba juepakq;fs; / tptuf;$w;Wf;fs;
• caupa jug;ngWkhdKs;s czT cw;gj;jpfisf; ftu;r;rpfukhdjhfj; jahupj;J
Kd;itj;jy;.
• khztuJ Jyq;fy;fis kjpj;Jg; ghuhl;b> gpd;tUk; tplaq;fis tpsf;Ff.
• czT Efu;T %yk; Efu;NthDf;F clypd; njhopw;ghl;Lf;Fk; ,Ug;Gf;Fk; Njitahd
rf;jpAk; Nghrizg; gjhu;j;jq;fSk; fpilj;jy;
• RNjr czTfspy; tpNrl jd;ikfisAk; gy;tifikiaAk; Vw;gLj;jp Kd;itj;jy;.
• RNjr czTfisj; jukhdjhfj; jahupj;J Mf;fG+u;tkhf Kd;itj;jy;.
• cztpd; epwj;ijAk; ntt;NtW tbtq;fisAk; gad;gLj;jpf; ftu;rr ; pfukhf Kd;itf;fg;gLk;
czTfs; %yk; fpilf;Fk; Efu;Nthdpd; jpUg;jp
• czT Ntisnahd;wpid Efu;NthDf;Fj; jukhdjhf Kd;itg;gjw;fhff; ftdj;jpw;
nfhs;s Ntz;ba tplaq;fs;
• czitf; Nfhupa gpd;du;> clDf;Fld; jahupj;jy;.

• Rfhjhug; ghJfhg;ghdjhf czitj; jahupj;jYk; Kd;itj;jYk; (gupkhWjYk;)
• Ritahdjhf ,Uj;jy;.
• mJ rhu;e;j Nritfs; toq;Fjy;.
• czT re;ijg;gLj;jYf;fhfg; gad;gLj;Jk; cj;jpfs;.
• myFf;Fupa cw;gj;jpf; fpuaj;ijAk; ,yhgg; gq;ifAk; jPu;khdpj;jy;.
• ,yf;Ffis vl;Ltjw;fhd topKiwfs;.
• Nfs;tpf;Fg; NghJkhdjhf toq;Ftjw;fhd Maj;jk;
cjhuzk;: Vw; f dNt gjg; g Lj; j p Maj; j Q; nra; j czT %yg; n ghUl; f isf;
FspNuw;wpapy; Kiwikahff; fsQ;rpag;gLj;jp itj;jy;.
• czit mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l ifj;njhopy;fs; %yk; NghJkhd gpujpgyd;fs; ngwy;
• ts Kfhik %yKk; nghUj;jkhd jug;gpdUld; njhlu;GWtjd; %yKk; czit
mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l ifj;njhopy;fis ntw;wpfukhf elj;jpr; nry;Yk; Mw;wy; fpilj;jy;.
Kd; d haj; j k;
MNyhridfisg; ngWtjw;fhff; fhl;l Ntz;LnkdTk; mwpTWj;Jf.

• czT rhu;e;j ifj;njhopfspd; ,Ug;gpd; ghy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; fhuzpfs; gw;wpf;
ftdj;ijr; nrYj;Jf. nraw;ghl;bd; %yk; jukhd czT cw;gj;jpnra;ayhk;. RNjr
kw;Wk; ntspehl;L cy;yhrg; gazpfis ,yf;fhff; nfhz;L jukhd czT jahupj;Jg;
gupkhWtjd; Kd; k hjpup mZFKiwfisg; ngwj; j f; f gpur; r pidnahd; w pid
ntspf;nfhz;LtUtjw;F khztu;fSf;F topfhl;Lf.
A jpl;l kply;
• nraw;wpl;lj;jpd; ,yf;Ffis ,dq;fhzy;
• RNjr kw;Wk; ntspehl;Lr; Rw;Wg;gazpfspd; czTj; Njitfis ,dq;fhzy;.
• nraw;wpl;lj;ij eilKiwg;gLj;Jifapy; jhk; vjpu;Nehf;f Neuplj;jf;f rthy;fis
tupirg;gLj;Jjy;
• jkJ Mf;fj;jpwid Kd;itf;fj;jf;f Mf;fq;fis ,dq;fhzy;.
• czT rhu;e;j ifj;njhopy;fs; kPJ nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; fhuzpfs; gw;wpf; ftdQ;
nrYj;Jjy;
• cw;gj;jpf; nfhs;sitAk; tpw;gid msitAk; jpl;lkply;
• toq;fw; rq;fpypg; gFg;gha;itAk; toq;fYf;Fk; re;ijf;Fkpilapyhd njhlu;igAk;
,dq;fhzy; (,izg;G 5.2.1)
• cs;sPLfis ,dq;fhzy;
• %yg;nghUl;fs;> ciog;G> %yjdk;> xOq;fikg;G
• toq;Feu;fs;
• Kd; cw;gj;jpr; nrad;Kiwf;Fj; Njitahd kdpj / ngsjpf tsq;fs;
• cw;gj;jp Kiwapay; / cw;gj;jpr; nrad;Kiw
• re;ijg;gLj;JNthiuAk; Vida jug;gpdiuAk; ,dq;fhzy;
• tpsk;guKk; re;ijg;gLj;jy; Nkk;ghl;L cgha topfSk;
• nghjpaply;> fsQ;rpag;gLj;jy;> tpepNahfpj;jy;> re;ijg;gLj;jYf;Fg; gpe;jpa Nritfs;.
• ,r;n raw;wpl;lj;Jf;Fupa nraw;gLj;jy; jpl;lk; (cjhuzj;Jf;f hfr; rpy fUkq;fs;
jug;gl;Ls;sd)
nraw;gLj;jy; jpl;lk;
fhyr;rl;lfk;
,y.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
... mbg; g ilf; fye; J iuahlYk; nraw; w pl; l ,yf; F fis
,dq;fhzYk;
... ..................................................................................................................
... ..................................................................................................................
... Efu;NthDf;Fj; Njitahd Ntisapy; czTr; Nritfis
toq;Ftjw;fhfj; jahu;gLj;j Ntz;batw;iwj; jPuk ; hdpj;jy;
... ...................................................................................................................
... ,yFthfg; ngwj;jf;f cgfuzq;fs; kw;wk; tsq;fis
,dq;fhzy;
... ...................................................................................................................
... cw;gj;jpr; nrad;KiwapYk; KiwapaypYk; ,Uf;fNtz;ba
B jPutptuf;
;k hdnkLj;$w;Wf;fisj; j y; jahupj;jy;
• ...nraw;
nraw;wwpl; pl;l
lj;k;ijrhu; epiwTe;j nra; nghUl; jy; fs; toq;FNthu; ahu;> re;ijg;gLj;JNthu; ahu; vd;gJk;
mtu;fsJ nghWg;Gf;fSk;
• gjg;gLj;jy; kw;Wk; ew;fhg;Gr; nra;jYf;fhfg; gad;gLj;Jk; njhopDl;gk;
• cw;gj;jpg; nghUs;> cw;gj;jp Kiwapay;> cw;gj;jpr; nrad;Kiwapy; ,Uf;fNtz;ba
tptuf;$w;Wf;fs;
• %yg;nghUl;fs;> fUtpfs; / cgfuzq;fs; kw;Wk; mikg;Gf;fisg; ngWk; tpjk;
• cw;gj;jpg; nghUisg; nghjpaplYk; Kd;itj;jYk;
• epjpj;Njitfis ,dq;fhzy;
• fpuaj;ij / nryitf; fzpj;jy;
• ,yhgg;gq;Fk; tpiyAk;
• tpepNahfk; kw;Wk; re;ijg;gLj;jy; epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lk;
C eilKiwg;g Lj;j y;
• Efu; N thu; f ; F j; Njitahd czTfs; > Nritfspd; msit cupa Ntisapy;
toq;Ftjw;fhfj; Njitahd nrad;Kiwia tupirg;gLj;jy;.
• cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; nghUspd; my;yJ cw;gj;jpr; nrad;Kiwapd; Rfhjhug; ghJfhg;ghd
jd;ik (Food safety)
• Njitahd jukhd %yg;nghUl;fs;> rikayiw cgfuzq;fs;> rikay; cgfuzq;fs;>
fUtpfs; / cgfuzq;fs;> kw;Wk; nghUj;jkhd Xu; ,lj;ijg; ngwy;.
• cw;g j; j p Kiwapay; f spy; fhzg; g lNtz;ba tptuf; $w;W f;f spd; gb cw;g j;j pr;
nrad;Kiwia eilKiwg;gLj;jy;.
• Efu;Nthiuf; ftuj;jf;fthW nghjpaply;
• nghUj;jkhdthW fsQ;rpag;gLj;jy; kw;Wk; tpepNahff; fUkq;fis Nkw;nfhs;sy;.
• cw;gj;jpg; nghUisr; re;ijapy; Kd;itj;jYk; re;ijg;gLj;jYk;
D gpd;n jhlu; Ma;T
Efu;Nthupd; jpUg;jp njhlu;ghd Ma;Tg;gbtk; (Consumer Satisfactory survey form)
(khjpupahfj; jug; g l; L s; s J)
• khztu;> Mrpupau;fs;> ngw;Nwhu;> kw;iwa Efu;Tf; FOf;fspd; fUj;Jf;fisg; ngw;W
gpd;tUk; ml;ltizapd; gb ;ntt;Ntwhfg gpd;D}l;ly; ngwy;
juf;fhuzp kjpg;gPL gpNuuizfs;
ed;W rhjhuzk; tpUj;jpailjy;
Ntz;Lk;
Rit
Njhw;wk; / jd;ik
tpiy
msT
nghjpaply;
tpepNahfpj;jy;
Rfhjhug; ghJfhg;Gr; Nrit
kupahijahd Nrit
• gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; njhlu;ghff; ftdQ;nrYj;jpg; ngw;w mDgtq;fisg; gjpT nra;f.

• tUkhdk;> nryT> ,yhgk; Mfpatw;iwg; gFg;gha;T nra;J tpUj;jp nra;jYf;fhfg;
gpNuuizfis Kd;itj;jy;.
• nraw;w pl;lj;i j eilKiwg;gLj;Jk;NghJ Njhd;W k; gpur;rpidfSk; mtw;i wj;
jPu;j;Jf;nfhz;l topAk;
• ,r;nraw;wpl;lj;jpd; %yk; czit mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l ifj;njhopypy; <LgLk;
Maj;jk; njhlu;ghfg; ngw;w mDgtq;fisr; Ra Mf;ff; NfhitAld; tFg;gpy;
Kd;itg;gjw;F trjp nra;J nfhLf;fTk;.
fzpdp trjp cs;s jhapd;

• mjpgupd; mDkjpAld; fzpdp Ma;T$l Mrpupaupd; cjtpiag; ngw;Wf; fzpdp Ma;T$lj;jpy;
Neuj;ij xJf;fpg; ngw;Wg; gpd;tUk; nraw;ghLfSf;fhf khztiuj; Njbaha;tpy;
<LgLj;Jq;fs;.
ahNjDk; nraw;wpl;lj;ijj; jpl;lkpl;L eilKiwg;gLj;Jk;NghJ mf;fUkj;jpDs; ntt;NtW
Ntiyg; gbKiwfis ntw;wpfukhdjhf;fpf; nfhs;tjw;fhff; fzpdp nkd;nghUl;fisfisg;
gad;gLj;jyhk;.
cjhuzk;
• nraw;wpl;l Mtzq;fs; - nrhy;Kiw topg;gLj;jy; nkd;nghUl;fs; jahupj;jy; - Word
processing software
• nraw;wpll
; j;Jf;Fj; Njitahd gzj;ijf; fzpjj
; y; - tpupjhs; nkd;nghUs; - Spreadsheet software
• nraw;wpl;lj;ij Kd;itj;jy; - mspf;if nkd;nghUl;fs; - Presentation software
kpd;Kiw mspf;if nkd;nghUl;fs;
• nraw;wpl;lr; nraw;ghl;Lj;jpl;lk; jahupj;jy; - nraw;wpl;lk; jahupj;jy; nkd;nghUs; Project

Management software
• nraw;wpl;lj;ijj; jahupg;gjw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd gy nkd;nghUl;fs; cs;sd. mtw;Ws;
gpd;tUk; nkd;nghUl;fisg; gad;gLj;jyhk;.
1. Microsoft Project
2. Gantt Project
• ,k;nkd;nghUisg; gad;gLj;Jk;NghJ jkpo; AdpNfhl; (Unicode) Ig; gad;gLj;Jtjd;
%yk; jkpo;nkhopapy; jl;lr;Rg; nghwpf;fyhk;.
• fzpdp Ma;T$lg; nghWg;ghrpupaupd; cjtpiag; ngw;Wg; ghlj;Jf;F Kd;du;> Gantt
Project nkd; n ghUisNah NtW nghUj; j khd nkd; n ghUisNah fzpdpapy;
jhgpj;Jf;nfhs;sy;.
• http://www.ganttproject.biz/download ,izajsj;jpypUe;J gjptpwf;fk; nra;J nfhs;sYk;
mjidf; fzpdpapy; jhgpf;Fk;NghJ fhl;lg;gLk; mwpTWj;jy;fisg; gpd;gw;wp nkd;nghUisj;
jhgpj;Jf; nfhs;sYk;
• gpd;tUk; nraw;ghLfSf;fhf khztiuj; Njbaha;tpy; <LgLj;Jf.
• khztiuf; FOf;fshf;fpf; fzpdpapd; ghy; topg;gLj;jpf; fzpdpapd; ,af;fj;ijj;
njhlq;Ftjw;Fj; JizGupf.
• Gantt Project my;yJ NtW nghUj;jkhd nkd;nghUisg; gad;gLj;jpr; nraw;wpl;lj;Jf;Fupa
nraw;gLj;jw; jpl;lj;ijAk; Vida fUkq;fisAk; ,yFthfj;
jpl; l kpl; L f; n fhs; s yhnkd; g ij tpsf; f p> nkd; n ghUisj; jpwe; J nfhs; s r;
re;ju;g;gkspj;jy;.
• jpwe;j nkd;nghUspd; ,ilKfg;igg; gad;gLj;jpr; nraw;wpl;lr; nraw;ghl;Lj; jpl;lj;ijf;
Nfhitg;gLj;jy;.
• nraw; g Lj; j w; jpl; l j; j py; juTfisg; GFj; J k; N ghJ fhyr; r l; l fk; jhdhfNt
cUthFnkd;gJ Fwpj;J khztu;f;F mwpT+l;lk; nra;f.
nraw;wpl;lj;Jf;fhfg; gad;gLj;Jk; Gantt Project ,d; ,ilKfg;G fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sJ.
Project
Menu Bar
• nraw;wpl;lj;Jf;fhf cupa fhy tiuaiwfis ,Ltjw;fhf>

Project  Properties
• ,ilKfg;gpy; fhl;rpaspf;Fk; juTfis khw;Wtjw;fhf
Edit  Settings
Tasks  New Tasks
• Ntiyg; gbKiwfs; njhlu;ghd juTfshfpa Muk;gj; jpfjp> KbTj; jpfjp> ehs;fspd;
vz;zpf;if Mfpatw;iw ,Ltjid ,e;j Task epuy; %yk; nra;J nfhs;syhk;.
• ,t;thwhd NtiyfSf;fhfj; juTfis ,Ltjw;fhfg; gad;gLk; ,ilKfg;G fPNo
jug;gl;Ls;sJ.
Move task up Muk;gj; jpfjp> Ntiy KbTj;jpfjp

Task  Task properties  Enter %yk; juT jahupfF
; k; ,il Kfg;igg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;syhk;.
Task properties ,ilKfg;G fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sJ.
• nraw;gLj;jw; jpl;lj;ij mr;rpl;Lf; nfhs;tjw;fhf>

Project  Print  Print  Enter
• nraw;wpl;lj;Jf;Fupa Mtzq;fspd; moifAk; juj;ijAk; tpUj;jp nra;Jnfhs;tjw;fhf
,r;nraw;wpl;lj; jpl;lkply; nkd;nghUisAk; Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l Vida nkd;nghUl;fisAk;
gad;gLj;jyhk;.

• nraw;wpl;lj;Jf;Fj; Njitahd %yg;nghUl;fs;
• Njitahd rikayiw cgfuzq;fs;> rikay; cgfuzq;fs;
• nghUj;jkhd ,lk; / ,lq;fs;
• njhopDl;gj;jfty;fs;> mr;R kpd; Clfj;jfty;fs;
• fljhrp (A4)> fzpdp trjp
• RNjr> ntspehl;Lr; re;ijfspy; czT rhu;e;j Njitfisj; Njbawpjy;
• ju epu;zaq;fs; / tptuf;$w;Wf;fs; njhlu;ghff; ftdQ;nrYj;jpr; re;ijg;gLj;jy; msitj;
jpl;lkply;.
• toq;fw; rq;fpypf;Fk; re;ijf;Fk; ,ilapyhd njhlu;Gf;fikar; nraw;gLjy;.
• ,yhgg; gq;ifAk; tpiyiaAk; jPu;khdpj;jy;.
• Efu;Nthupd; jpUg;jp njhlu;ghfg; ngw;w jfty;fspd;gb FiwghLfis eptu;j;jp nra;J

nfhs;sy;.
• czit Kjd;ikahff; nfhz;l ifj;njhopw; re;ju;g;gq;fs;> cw;gj;jpr; nrad;Kiwapy;
,Uf;fNtz;ba tptuf;$w;Wf;fs;> toq;fw; rq;fpyp
,izg;G 5.2.1
re;ijAk; toq;fw; rq;fpypAk; (Market & Supply Chain)
re;ijj; Njitfis ,dq;fhzy; (Market needs)


tbtikj;jy; (Designing)

cs;sPLfis ,dq;fhzy; (nghUl;fs;> ciog;G> gzk;> Nritfs; Nghd;wit
(Identification of inputs)

toq;Feu; (Supplier)

Kd;Dw;gj;jpr; nrad;Kiw (Pre-production process)

cw;gj;jp nra;jy; (Production)

nghjpaply; (Packaging)

fsQ;rpag;gLj;jy; (Storage)

tpepNahfpj;jy; (Distribution)

tpw;gidf;Fg; gpe;jpa Nritfs; (After sales services)

thbf;ifahsu; (Customer)

Efu;Nthu; (Consumer)
njhopDl;gg; gug;G - czT

Nju; r ; r p 5.0 : czit mbg;g ilahff; nfhz;l ifj;n jhopy; tha;g ;Gf;f is
,dq;fz;L tzpfq;fisj; jpl;lkpLthu;.
Nju;r;r pkl;l k; 5.3 : c z T f ; i f j ; n j h o p i y N k k ; g L j ; J t j w ; f h f c z T g ;
gy;tifikg;gLj;jypy; <LgLthu;.
ghlNtis : 09
fw; w w;N gWfs; : • czTw;gj;jpf;Fj; Njitahd cgfuzq;fs; kw;Wk; cgfuz
mikg;Gf;fisj; jahupg;ghu;.
• ntt;NtW czT Mf;fq;fis Kd;itg;gjd; %yk; Efu;Nthiuf;
ftu;e;jPu;f;Fk; jd;ikia Nkk;gLj;jj; jpl;lkpLthu;.
• #oy; Nea cw;gj;jpfisr; re;ijf;Fr; rku;g;gpg;ghu;.
nghopg; G : 'czTf;ifj;njhopiy Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhfg; gd;Kfg;gLj;jypy; <LgLNthk;"
czT gd;Kfg;gLj;jiy czTf; ifj;njhopiy Nkk;gLj;Jtjd; rpwg;ghd Xu; mk;rkhff;
Fwpg;gplyhk;. czit xU GJj; Njhw;wj;Jld; Efu;NthUf;Fr; rku;g;gpg;gNj ,jd; %yk;
fUjg;gLfpd;wJ. cjhuzkhf Muha;rr ; pfspd; %yk; cWjpg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s Gjpa tpQ;Qhd-
njhopDl;g mwpitj; Jizahff; nfhz;L ntt;NtW tptrhag; gapu;fs; kw;Wk; xsljj;
jhtuq;fspd; tpNrl ,ay;Gfisg; gad;gLj;jp caupa juKs;s Ritahd czit
Efu; Nthiuf; ftuj; j f; f tifapy; cw;g j;j p nra; a yhk;. ,t; t hwhf ntt; NtW
%yg;nghUl;fisr; Nru;j;J Mf;fG+u;tkhf czTj; jahupg;Gf;fis cw;gj;jp nra;tNjhL
mjw;Fj; Njitahd Ntiyfis ,yFgLj;Jk; cgfuzq;fs; kw;Wk; mikg;Gf;fis
Mf;FjYk; Kf;fpakhdJ. mjw;fika Efu;Nthiuf; ftUtjw;fhf ntt;NtW czTfis
cw;gj;jp nra;jy;> re;ijf;F Kd;itj;jy; Mfpad njhlu;ghd Kd;khjpup mDgtq;ifsg;
ngWtNj ,e;j nraw;wpl;lk; rhu;e;j fw;wy; %yk; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
• Efu;Tf;fhfj; jahu;g;gLj;jpa> re;ijf;F Kd;itf;fg;gl;Ls;s mt;thwhd rpy czTfis
my;yJ ftu;rr ; pfukhf Kd;itf;fg;gl;Ls;s gd;Kfg;gLj;jpa czT tiffspd; glq;fisj;
Jizahff; nfhz;L gpd;tUtdtw;iwf; fye;JiuahLtjw;Nfw;wthW ghlj;ij mZFf.
• czTf; ifj;njhopiy Nkk;gLj;Jtjpy; czTg; gd;Kfg;gLj;jypd; mtrpak;.
• mj;Njitfis epiwT nra;tjw;fhf cztpy; fhzg;gl Ntz;ba gz;Gfs;
• “tho;f;ifapd; ,Ug;Gf;F czNt xsljkhFk;” vDk; $w;iwg; gFj;jha;jy;.
• khztuJ Jyq;fiy kjpj;Jg; gpd;tUk; tplaq;fis tpsf;Ff.
• cztpd; %yk; clypd; tsu;r;rpf;Fg; Nghrizg; gjhu;j;jq;fs; fpilj;jy;.
• Nghrizg; gjhu;jj ; q;fs; my;yhjnjdpDk; clw;Rfhjhuj;Jf;Fr; rhjfkhd $WfSk;
czTg; gapu;fspy; mlq;fpapUj;jy;.
• mt;tpNrl gz;Gfisg; gad;gLj;jp czTg; gd;gKfg;gLj;jiyr; nra;a Kbjy;.
• Efu;Tf;fhf czT jahu;g;gLj;Jk;NghJ ifahSk; cw;gj;jpr; nrad;Kiwapd;gb>
czTg; gjhu;j;jq;fs; clypdhy; cwpQ;rg;gLtjpy; NtWghLfis Vw;gLj;Jk;
• czT jahu;g;gLj;Jtjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;Jk; cgfuzq;fspd; gb cztpd; gz;Gfs;
NtWglf;$Lkhjyhy; Ntiyia ,yFgLj;Jk; cgfuzq;f s;> mikg;Gf;fs;
Mf;fq;fisg; gad;gLj;Jk;NghJ cztpdJ gz;GfSf;Fg; ghjpg;G Vw;glhjthW
mtw;iwg; gad;gLj;jy;. (cjhuzk;: rpwpa Jz;Lfshf;fy;> cyu;j;Jjy;> fyf;Fjy;>
tbj;jy;)
• Efu; N thiuf; ftUk; fhuzpfs; njhlu; g hff; ftdQ; nrYj; j p czT
gd;Kfg;gLj;jiyr; nra;jy; Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ.
• czT cw;gj;jpf;fhd %yg; nghUl;fs; ngWjy;> fsQ;rpag;gLj;jy;> cw;gj;jpr; nrad;Kiw

kw;Wk; czTg; nghUis tpepNahfpj;jy; Mfpa vy;yhg; gbKiwfspd;NghJk; cztpd;
Rfhjhug; ghJfhg;ghd jd;ikia cWjpg;gLj;Jjy;.
• nghjpapliyr; re;ijg;gLj;jYf;fhd Xu; cj;jpahfTk; czTg; ghJfhg;Gf;ffhd xU
KiwahfTk; gad;gLj;jy;.
• czT njhlu;ghd rl;luPjpahd xOq;Ftpjpfs; rhu;e;j juf;fl;Lg;ghLfs; Fwpj;Jf;
ftdQ; nrYj;Jjy;
• cw;gj;jpr; nrad;Kiwiapd; #oy; Neaj;jd;ikAk; fopTg;nghUs; Kfhikapd;
Kf;fpaj;JtKk;
• czT gd;gKfg;gLj;jYf;Fl;gLj;jpa cw;gj;jpfis ,yhgkPll ; j;jf;fthwhfr; re;ijapy;
Kd; i tj; j y; %yk; ,t; t hwhd tzpf Kaw; r pfisj; njhlu; e ; J k; elj; j pr;
nry;yyhnkd;gijr; nra;Kiwapy; cWjpg;gLj;jy;.
Kd; d haj; j k;
jpdj;jpy; Ra Mf;ff;Nfhitiaj; jahupg;gjw;F mwpTWj;jy; toq;Ff. ,jid khztu;
• nraw;wpl;lj;ij eilKiwg;gLj;Jk; fhytiuaiwapDl; Njhd;Wk; gpur;rpidfs; kw;Wk;

• Ntiyia ,yFgLj;Jk; cgfuzq;fisAk; cgfuz mikg;Gf;fisAk; nghUj;jkhdthW
gad;gLj;jpr; #oy; Neakhd cw;gj;jpr; nrad;Kiwnahd;wpd; %yk; gy;NtW czT
cw;gj;jpfisj; jahupf;fyhk;.
,jw;fika Efu;Nthiuf; ftuj;jf;f fhuzpfs; njhlu;ghfr; #oy; Nea czT
cw;gj;jpfisr; re;ijapy; Kd;itf;Fk; Kd;khjpup mDgtq;fisg; ngWtjw;fhfg;
gy;tifg;gLj;jpa nghUj;jkhd xU gpur;rpidiaj; njupTnra;J nfhs;SkhW khztiu
topg;gLj;Jf.
jpl; l kply;
• czT gd;Kfg;gLj;Jk; NghJ Efu;Ntiuf; ftuj;jf;f fhuzpfis tupirg;gLj;Jjy;.
• czT cw;gj;jpfis toq;Fk; tzpfnkhd;wpid ntw;wpfukhf elj;jpr; nry;Yk; cj;jpfs;
njhlu;ghd jfty;fisg; gl;baw;gLj;jy;.
• czT cw;gj;jpfisj; jahupg;gjw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd Xuplj;ijg; ngWjYk; Mf;fG+u;tkhfj;
jpl;lkpLjYk;.
• cs;sPLfs;> ciog;G> %yjdk;> xOq;fikg;G Mfpatw;iw ,dq;fhzy;> Efu;Nthu;
Nfs;tp cau;thd cw;gj;jpfis ,dq;fhzy;.
• cj;jpfis eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd rhj;jpag;ghl;ilf; fw;wha;jy;.
• Nkw;gb fUkq;fSf;fhfg; gpd;tUk; khjpup miktpw;Fr; nraw;gLj;jw; jpl;lj;jijj; jahupj;jy;.
fhyr;rl;lfk;
,y.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1. • czTj; Njitfis ,dq;fhzy;. njhopDl;g mwpitg;
ngwy;.
... • Ntiyf; F g; nghUj; j khd cgfuzq; f s; > cgfuz
mikg;Gf;fisj; jPuk
; hdpj;jy;.
... ....................................................................................................
... • cw;gj;jpr; nrad;Kiwia tupirg;gLj;jy;
... ......................................................................................................
... • rhj;jpag;ghl;ilf; fw;wha;jy;.
... • jkJ cw;gj;jp njhlu;ghd kjpg;gPl;ilg; ngwy;.
... • nraw;wpl;l Ntiyia epiwT nra;jy;.
B. jPu ;k hdnkLj;j y;
• cupa ,lq;fspy; ngw;w jfty;fs;> czT cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; Xuplj;jpy; ,lk;ngWk;
nrad;Kiw> nraw;nwhlu;fs;> xOf;fq;fs; njhlu;ghfj; jpul;ba gy;NtW jfty;fisf;
ftdj;jpw;nfhz;L jPu;khdnkLj;jy;.
• Njbg;ngWk; nghUl;fSk; cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; czTg; nghUl;fSk;.
• Efu;Nthiuf; ftUk; fhuzpfSs; vf;fhuzpfis cl;gLj;jyhk;? (J}z;ly;> Rit>
,ioaikg;G> epwk;> tbtk;> czTg;ngWkhdk;> Nghriz)
• Rfhjhug; ghJfhg;ghdthW czT jahupj;jypy; ju epakq;fs; / tptuf;$w;Wf;fisg;
gpuNahfpj;jy;.
• gad;gLj;Jk; cgfuz tptuf; $w;W. (cjhuzk;: Ntfk;> ntg;gepiy> ....)
• nghjpapL nghUs; tptuf;$w;W
• cw;gj;jpr; nrad;Kiw
• #oy; Nea cw;gj;jpr; nrad;Kiw
• Kfhik nra;aNtz;ba fhuzpfs;
• fpuaj;ij (nryitf;) fzpj;jYk; tpiyiaj; jPu;khdpj;jYk;
• re;ijf;F Kd;itf;Fk; nrad;Kiw
C eilKiwg; g Lj;j y;
• jahupj;jy; nraw;gLj;jy; jpl;lj;jpd;gb nraw;gLtjw;fhf nrad;Kiwia tupirg;gLj;Jf.
• FOf;fshfpj; jkJ ghlrhiyapy;> gpuNjrj;jpYs;s tsq;fs; njhlu;ghfj; Njbawpjy;.
• jkJ ghlrhiyf; Fbj;njhif> mtu;fsJ czTj; NjitAk; Nfs;tpAk;> Mfpad
njhlu;ghd jfty;fisj; jpul;Ljy;.
• rpWtu;> ,isQu;> eLj;ju tajpdu;> KjpNahu;
• jahupf;f Maj;jkhFk; czT cw;gj;jpfspd; cw;gj;jpr; nrad;Kiwiapd; Kiwapay;fis
,dq;fhzy;.
• Rfhjhug; ghJfhg;ghd xOq;Ffisf; ifahz;L> jahupj;Jf; nfhz;l tptuf;$w;Wf;fspd;
gb cw;gj;jpr; nrad;Kiwia tupirg;gLj;Jf.
• czTw;gj;jp nra;Akplk;.
• Njitahd njhopDl;g mwpitg; gad;gLj;Jjy;.
• Njitahd czTg; nghUl;fisg; ngwy;> gjg;gLj;jy;> fsQ;rpag;gLj;jy;.
• Njitahd Vida nghUl;fs;> rikayiw cgfuzq;fs;> rikay; cgfuzq;fisg;
gad;gLj;Jy;.
• jdpahs;> ,lk;> %yg;nghUl;fs;> kw;Wk; nghwpfs; / cgfuzq;fspd; Rfhjhug; ghJfhg;ghd
jd;ik.
• czT cw; g j; j p nra; A k; KiwapaiyAk; cw; g j; j pr; nrad; K iwiaAk;
gjpTnra;tjw;fhd gha;r;rw; Nfhl;Lg;glj;ijg; gad;gLj;jy;.
• nghjpaply; kw;Wk; ngau;r;Rl;baplw; nrad;Kiwia tupirg;gLj;jr; nra;f.
• czitj; jukhdjhf cw;gj;jp nra;jy; kw;Wk; re;ijg;gLj;jYf;fhfr; #oy;Neakhd
cw;gj;jpr; nrad;Kiwfspy; <LgLjy;.
• %yg;nghUl;fspd; rpwg;ghd ,ay;Gfs; Ngzg;gLk; tifapy; cgfuzq;fs; / fUtpfisg;
nghUj;jkhdthW gad;gLj;jy;.
• rupahd njhopDl;g mwpitg; gad;gLj;jp cztpd; juk; Ngzg;gLk; tifapy; cw;gj;jp
Kiwapaiyg; gad;gLj;Jjy;.
• gd;Kfg;gLj;jypd;NghJ Efu;Nthiuf; ftuj;jf;f fhuzpfs; njhlu;ghff; ftdQ; nrYj;jpr;
#oy; Neakhd cw;gj;jpfisr; re;ijapy; Kd;itj;jy;.
• gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; njhlu;ghff; ftdQ; nrYj;jpg; ngw;w mDgtq;fisg; gjpT nra;f.
• Efu;Nthu; jfty;fs;.
• nkhj;jr; nryT> ,yhgg; gq;F> kw;Wk; tpiyiaj; jPu;khdpj;jy;.
• Njhd;Wk; gpur;rpidfs;.
• ,r;nraw;wpl;lj;jpd; %yk; ngw;w mDgtq;fisr; Rakjpg;gPl;Lf;F cl;gLj;Jf.
D gpd;n jhlu; Ma;T
• jpl;lkply;> jPuk
; hdnkLj;jy;> eilKiwg;gLj;jy; Mfpa re;ju;gg ; q;fs; njhlu;ghfj; jkJ
mDgtq;fs; kw;Wk; ngWNgWfspd;gb gpd;njhlu; Ma;T elj;jpr; Ra kjpg;gl P b
; yPLgl;Lr;
nraw;wpll; j;ij tpUj;jp nra;j tpjk; gw;wpa FwpgG
; f;fisg; gjpT nra;Jitf;FkhW topgg; Lj;Jf.
• jkJ FOtpd; cw;gj;jp kw;Wk; Vida FOf;fspd; cw;gj;jpfs; njhlu;ghfg; gpd;njhlu;
Ma;T elj;Jtjw;fhfg; gpd;tUk; khjpupg;gbtj;ijg; gad;gLj;JkhW mwpTWj;Jf.
Efu;Nthupd; jpUg;jp njhlu;ghd Ma;Tg; gbtk; (Consumer satisfaction survey form)
Efu;Nthiuf; ftUk; fhuzpfs; gd;gKfg;gLj;jpa czT cw;gj;jpfs;
ed;W rhjhuzk; NkYk; tpUj;jpailjy; Ntz;Lk;
J}z;ly;
Rit
,ioaikg;G
epwk;
tbtk;
czTg; ngWkhdKk; NghrizAk;
Rfhjhug; ghJfhg;ghd jd;ik
nghjpaply;
czTf;Fupa juepakq;fs;
#oy; Neaj;jd;ik
gpw
cw;gj;jpg; nghUspd; epiw
• nraw;wpl;lj;jpd; %yk; ngw;w mDgtq;fisr; RaMf;ff;NfhitAld; tFg;gpy; Kd;itg;gjw;F

trjp nra;J nfhLf;fTk;.

• nraw;wpl;lj;Jf;Fj; Njitahd %yg;nghUl;fSk; Vida nghUl;fSk;.
• Njitahd nghUl;fs;> nghjpapLnghUl;fs;> fUtpfs;/cgfuzq;fs;> cgfuz mikg;Gf;fs;.
• njhopDl;gj; jfty;fs;> mr;R Clf kpd; Clff; Fwpg;Gf;fs;.
• fljhrp(A4)> fzpdp trjp
• czT gd;Kfg;gLj;jy; cw;gj;jpfSf;fhfg; gad;gLj;jf;$ba (xsljg; gz;Gfs; nfhz;l)
czTg; nghUl;fisg; ngwy;.
• Njitahd njhopDl;g mwpitg; ngwy;.
• jukhd czTw;g j;j pf; fUkj;Jf;Fj; Njitahd rupahd tptuf;$w;W fspd; gb/
cgfuzq;fs;> cgfuz mikg;Gf;fs; xOq;F nra;jy;.
• Efu;Nthiuf; ftu;e;jPu;j;J itg;gjw;Fj; Njitahd fhuzpfis Nkk;gLj;jy;.
• czTf; ifj;njhopiy Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;Ff; ifnfhLg;gjw;fhfg; GJikg;ghlhd #oy;
Neakhd cw;gj;jpfisr; re;ijapy; Kd;itj;jy;.
• czT gd;Kfg;gLj;jy;.
• Ntiyia ,yFgLj;Jk; cgfuzq;fs;.
• nghjpapL nghUl;fs;
• re;ijg;gLj;jy;
• ,yf;F
• Mw;wy;
tiy flg;gplq;fs; / ,izaj;jsq;fs; (Websites)
(1) www.iti.lk
(2) www.agridept.gov.lk
(3) www.nerdc.lk
njhopDl;g g; gug;G - Muk;g njhopDl;g tpay;

Nju;r ;r p 6.0 : njhopDl;gf; fUkq;fis epiwT nra;J nfhs;tjw;fhf mbg;gilahd
iff;fUtpfisAk; / cgfuzq;fisAk; nghUl;fisAk;> ghJfhg;ghfTk;
rPuhfTk; gad;gLj;Jthu;.
Nju;r;r pkl;l k; 6.7 : vspa njhopDl; g r; Nritfis epiwNtw; w tjw; f hd nray;
tpsf;fj;ijAk; ifj;jpwd;fisAk; ed;F ntspg;gLj;Jthu;.
ghlNtis : 09
fw; w w;N gWfs; : • ghlrhiyr; rKjhak; njhlu;ghd njhopDl;gr; Nritj; Njitfis
tprhuiz nra;thu;.
• vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk; Gjpa njhopDl;gf; fUkq;fSf;fhd jpl;lq;fisj;
jahupg;ghu;.
• njupT nra; J nfhz; l Nrit toq; f nyhd; i w Muk; g pj; J
ntw;wpfukhf elj;jpr; nry;thu;;.

nghopg; G : 'rKjhaj;jpdupd; Njitfis epiwT nra;tjw;fhfj; njhopDl;gr; Nritfisg;
gad;gLj;JNthk;."
ghlrhiyr; rKjhaj;jpdUf;fhf epiwNtw;w Ntz;ba gy vspa njhopDl;gr; Nritj;
Njitg;ghLfs; cs;sd. mt;thwhd njhopDl;gr; Nritfis toq;f Kw;gLk;NghJ
njhopDl;gj; jPuT
; fis toq;fj;jf;f Njitg;ghLfis ,dq;fhz;gJ Kf;fpakhdJ. vdNt
njhopDl;gr; Nritfis toq;Fk;NghJ Mf;fr; nrad;Kiwiaf; fhl;Lk; Fwpg;nghd;wpidj;
jahupj;J> me;je;jg; gbKiwapd; topNa kPz;Lk; kPzL ; k; tprhuiz nra;jthW jPu;Tfis
cUthf;fj; jf;fthW jpl;lkpl topg;gLj;jNtz;Lk;. jpl;lkpLk;NghJ ftdj;jpw;nfhs;s
Ntz;ba fhuzpfisf; fw;wha;tjw;fhfTk; mjw;fikaj; jPu;khdnkLf;Fk; mtrpaj;ij
tpsq;fpf;nfhs;sr; re;ju;gg
; kspg;gjw;Fk; ,jd; %yk; tha;gG; f;fpilf;Fk;. NkYk;> njhopDl;g
cj;jpfs; njhlu;ghd xU Kd;Ndhb Ma;tpdJ ngWNgWfspd;gb mgptpUj;jpg; gpNuuizfis
eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; njhopDl;gr; Nritapd; tpisjpwid tpUj;jp nra;tjw;Ff;
fhzg;gLk; tha;g;Gf;fs; njhlu;ghd mDgtq;fis toq;FtJk; ,r;nraw;wpl;lk; rhu;e;j
fw;wypd; %yk; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
• ghlrhiyr; rKjhaj;jpd; Njitfis epiwT nra;Ak; vspa njhopDl;gr; Nritfs;
njhlu;ghfg; gpd;tUtdtw;iwf; fye;JiuahLtjw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd Xu; mZFKiwiag;
gad;gLj;Jf.
• njhopDl; g mwpitAk; jpwd; f isAk; mbg; g ilahff; nfhz; L ghlrhiyr;
rKjhaj;jpdUf;F toq;fj;jf;f njhopDl;gr; Nritfs; ahit?
• ghlrhiyr; rKjhak; njhlu;ghf ,d;dKk; jPu;T toq;fg;glhj epiyapy; cs;s
njhopDl;gr; Nritfs; ahit?
• Njitf;Nfw;g toq;f Ntz;ba njhopDl;gr; Nritfis epiwNtw;Wtjw;fhff;
ifahsj;jf;f gbKiwfs; ahit?
• njhopDl;gr; Nritfspd; NghJ GJikg;ghlhd njhopDl;g Kiwfisg; gad;gLj;Jtjd;
gad; ahJ?
• khztuJ Jyq;fiy kjpj;Jg; gpd;tUk; tplaq;fis tpsf;Ff.
• ghlrhiyr; rKjhaj;jpd; vspa njhopDl;gj; Njitfis epiwT nra;tjw;fhfg;
GJikg;ghlhd cj;jpfis cs;slf;fpa jPu;Tfis toq;fj;jf;f gpur;rpidfSf;fhd
rpy cjhuzq;fshf.
• ghlrhiy tstpy; Mgj;jhd epiyikfis Vw;gLj;jf; $ba mghafukhd ,lq;fs;

fhzg;gLjy;.
• ghlrhiyapy; ghijf;FwpaPLfs;> ngau;g;gyiffs;> thfdk; epWj;jpitf;Fkplq;fs;
Nghd;wit Kiwahff; fhzg;glhik.
• ghlrhiyj; njhlu;ghly; Kiwikapy; fhzg;gLk; FiwghLfs;.
• ghlrhiyapd; FbePu; trjpAk; Rfhjhu trjpfSk;.
• ghlrhiy tFg;giwr; #oy; rpwg;ghff; fhzg;glhik.
• ghlrhiyapdJk; ghlrhiyr; rKjhaj;jpdJk; njupT nra;ag;gl;l xU nghJj; Njitiaj;
njhopDl;g cj;jpfisg; gad;gLj;jp epiwNtw;wpf; nfhLj;jy; xU njhopDl;gr; NritahFk;.
• njhopDl;gr; Nritf; fUkq;fshfj; Njitahd Xuplk; tiuapy; Foha;euP ; ePlb
; g;nghd;wpidj;
jhgpj;jy;> Mgj;J tpisaj;jf;f ,lq;fspy; nra;aj;jf;f gupfhu eltbf;iffs;>
tptuf;$w;Wf;F mikthf> vspikahd epu;khzpg;Gf;fs; nra;jy;> ghlrhiyapy;> moif
Vw;gLj;Jtjw;fhd ifj;jpwd; fiy Mf;fq;fs;> ghlrhiy fPo;j;jsk; kw;Wk; Nky;
khbfSf;fhd topfhl;lw; ngau;gg; yiffs; mikj;jy;> thfdk; (irf;fps; kw;Wk; Vidait)
epWj;jp itf;Fk; ,lq;fis Kiwiahf mikj;jy; Nghd;w jPu;Tfis cUthf;fyhk;.
• guhkupg;Gr; Nritfshfj; jw;NghJ nraypoe;j epiyaq;fis / Mf;fq;fis ,ay;G
epiyg;gLj;JtijAk; mope;J NghFk; tha;gi ; g ,ad;wsT Fiwg;gijAk; Fwpg;gplyhk;.
mope;J NghFk; tha;g;ig ,ad;w msTf;Ff; Fiwg;gjw;fhfr; nra;aj;jf;fd: fjT>
ad;dy;fs; kw;Wk; fl;lq;fisg; gOJghu;jj
; y;> cgfuzq;fs; / fUtpfisg; gOJghu;jj ; y;
Nghd;wtw;iwf; fUjyhk;.
Kd; d haj; j k;
• khztu; f isg; nghUj; j khdthW FOf; f shf; F f. xU gFjpapdu; rpw; w sT
Kaw;rpahsu;fshfTk; VidNahu; Efu;NthuhfTk; nraw;gLkhW mwpTWj;Jf.
• nraw;wpl;l Ntiyfisj; njhlq;Ftjw;fhf khztu;fF ; mwpTWj;jy; toq;Fk; KjyhtJ
jpdj;jpy; RaMf;ff;Nfhitiaj; jahupg;gjw;F mwpTWj;Jf. ,jid khztu; xt;nthUtUk;
jdpj;jdpNa nra;jy; Ntz;Lnkd mwpTWj;jy; toq;Ff.
• khztu;fisg; nghUj;jkhd Kiwapy; FOf;fshf;fpr; nraw;ghLfspy; <LgLj;Jf.

• ,J tiuapy; epiwT nra;J nfhs;s Kbahj epiyapYs;s ghlrhiyr; rKjhaj;jpy;
Njitfs; gw;wpf; fye;JiuahLf. Rafw;if %yKk; Njbaha;tpy; <Lgl;L> mt;thwhd
Njitfis epiwT nra;J nfhs;s Kbahkw; Nghdikf;Ff; fhuzkhf mike;Js;s
gpur;rpidfis ntspf;nfhzu topfhl;Lf.
njupT nra;j gpur;rpidfSs; jug;gl;l Neu tiuaiw kw;Wk; tiuaiwg;gl;l tsq;fisf;
nfhz;L ve;jputpaw; njhopDl;gj;Jiwfisr; Nru;e;j njhopDl;gr; Nritj; jPu;Tfis
toq;Fk; Mw;wiyf;nfhz;l ntt;NtWgl;l gpur;rpidfisf; FOf;fspD}lhf ntspf;nfhzu
khztu;fSf;F topfhl;Lf.
A jpl;l kply;
• nraw;wpl;lj;ijj; jpl;lkpLk; NghJ gpd;tUk; tplaq;fspd;ghw; ftdQ; nrYj;Jf.
• ghlrhiyr; rKjhaj;jpd; Njitfs; gw;wp tprhuiz nra;jy;.
• nraw;wpll ; jpd; %yk; Nritfs; toq;Fk; rKjhaf; FOitj; njupT nra;J nfhs;sy;> Fwpjj
; Nrit
ngWNthuJ vz;zpfi ; fg;gb toq;f Ntz;ba Nritfspd; Mw;wiy (msit) KbT nra;jy;.
• njhopDl;gr; NritfSf;fhd jpl;lKk; mjd; gbKiwfSk;
• toq; F k; njhopDl; g r; Nritfs; > vspikahditahf ,Uj; j Yk; ,yFthf
eilKiwg;gLj;jj;jf;fitahfTk; epiwT nra;aj;jf;fitahfTk; ,Uj;jy;.
• GJikg;ghlhd njhopDl;g cj;jpfisg; gad;gLj;jy;.
• njupT nra;j Nritia toq; Ftjw;F j; Njitahd nray; tpsf; f j; i jAk;
ifj;jpwd;fisAk; tpUj;jpnra;J nfhs;sy;.
• ghlrhiyr; rKjhaj;jpypUe;J ,yFthfg; ngwj;jf;f tsq;fisg; gad;gLj;jy;.
• ‘nra;Kiwj;jpwd;fSk; njhopDl;gj;jpwd;fSk;’ ghlg; nghWg;ghrpupaupd; topfhl;lypd;
fPo; tsthsu;fspd; cjtpiag; ngWk; tpjk;.
• tptuf;$w;W> Njitg;ghL kw;Wk; ju epakq;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L gz;lnkhd;wpy;
myyJ Nritnahd;wpYs;s ngsjpfg;gz;GfSk; ngsjpfk; rhu;ej ; gz;GfSk;
• n j ho pD l;g r ; Nri t f s pd; j uj ;Jf ;F k; n ra w ;w pl;lj ;Jf ;F j ; Nj i t a hd
tsq;fSf;Fkpilapyhd rkdpiy
• tsq;fspd; tpidj;jpwdhd gad;ghL
• njhopDl;gr; Nritfs; rhu;ghd RfhjhuKk; ghJfhg;Gk; (rupahd nka;epiyfisg;
Ngzy; > nghwpfs; / cgfuzq;f s; kw;W k; kpd; rhuk; fhuzkhf Vw;g lj; j f; f
tpgj;Jf;fspypUe;J ghJfhg;Gg; ngWtjw;fhf Kw;ghJfhg;G cj;jpfs; kw;Wk; fUkj;jpy;
<LgLk; NghJ Fwpj;j fUkj;Jf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd ghJfhg;ghd cilfSk;> rhjdq;fSk;)
• NjitahfTs;s Nritfspd; Njitg;ghl;bd; gb nghUl;fs;> fUtpfs; kw;Wk;
cgfuzq;fs;> cgfuz mikg;Gf;fs;> njhopDl;gr; nrad;Kiwfs;> njhopDl;g cj;jpfs;>
Mfpatw;iw tpguf;$w;wpd;gb njupTnra;J nfhs;sy;.
• jpl;lg;glq;fSk; tpsf;fg;glq;fSk;
• Kd;Ndhbf; fw;ifAk; (Pilot study) kjpg;gL P k;> mjid mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L mgptpUj;jpg;
gpNuuizfis eilKiwg;gLj;jr; re;ju;g;gj;ijg;ngWk; tpjk;
• jug;gl;Ls;s Neu tiuaiwapDs;> nraw;wpl;lf; fUkj;ijg; G+u;j;jp nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;
vd;gij tpsf;fp> mjw;Fg; nghUj;jkhdthW nraw;gLj;jy; jpllj;ijj; jahupf;fr;
nra;jy; (cjhuzj;Jf;F rpy fUkq;fs; fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sd)
nraw;gLj;jy; jpl;lk;
fhyr;rl;lfk;
,y. gzp 1 Mk; thuk; 2 Mk; thuk; 3 Mk; thuk;
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1. ghlrhiyr; rKjhaj;jpdupd; NjitfspypUe;J gpur;rpid rhu;ej
;
re;ju;gg
; q;fis ,dq;fhzy;.
2. njupT nra;j gpur;rpidfisj; Njbaha;jy;
... nghUj;jkhd jPuT
; fisj; jPuk
; hdpj;jy;
... tsthsu;fisj; Njbg; ngwy;
... nghUs;fs;> cgfuzq;fs;> fUtpisg; ngwy;
... ....................................
... gad;gLj;J k; njhopDl;g cj;jpfspd; nghUj; jg;ghl;il
cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf Kd;Ndhbf; fw;if elj;Jjy;
... ...................
... nraw;wpl;lj;ijg; G+u;jj
; pnra;jy;
• jPui
; tj; jPuk; hdpg;gjw;fhfg; gpd;tUk; tplaq;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L khw;Wj; jPuT
; fis
kjpg;gPL nra;aNtz;Lk; vd;gij typAWj;Jf.
• juepakq;fs; kw;Wk; tptuf;$w;Wf;fSldhd ,zf;fg;ghL
• gad;gLj;Jk; njhopDl;g cj;jpfs;> cgfuzq;fs;> fUtpfisf; ifahSk; tha;g;G
• ,yFthfg; ngwj;jf;f> kw;Wk; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s Ntz;ba nghUl;fs;> cgfuzq;fs;>
fUtpfs; / jUzj;Jf;Nfw;w (Improvised) cgfuzq;fs;>
• vspikahd> gaDs;s fUkkhf ,Uj;jy;.
• nghUj;jkhd epjp kw;Wk; epjp rhu;e;j ts tiuaiwapDs; eilKiwg;gLj;jj;jf;fjhf
,Uj;jy;.
• ,yFthf eilKiwg;gLj;jj;jf;f xd;whfTk; Kbit <l;lj;jf;f xd;whfTk; fUkj;ijj;
njupT nra;jy;.
• ghlrhiy epUthfKk;> ghlrhiy KiwikAk; vjpu;Nehf;Fk; Neubahd rthy;fSs;
jPu;T fhzj;jf;f rthy;fisj; njupT nra;jy;.
• nraw;wpl;lj;Jf;Fj; Njitahd fhy tiuaiw
• njhopDl;g kw;Wk; guhkupg;Gr; Nritf; Nfs;tpia toq;Ftjw;Fj; Njitahd Mw;wy;
(capacity)
C eilKiwg;g Lj;j y;
• n ra w ; g L j;j w; jpl;lj ;jpd; g bK i wf i s , dq ;fhzYk; tupirg ; g L j;j Yk;
fhyr;rl;lfj;jpw;fika eilKiwg;gLj;JjYk;.
• gpur;rpidf;F mikthfj; jfty;fs;> tptuf;$w;Wf;fisf; ftdj;jpw;nfhz;L> mjw;fikar;
nraw;gLj;Jtjw;Nfw;w jPu;itj; njupT nra;jy;.
• jPu;Tf;F mikthfj; jpl;lg;glq;fisAk; khjpupAUf;fisAk; fl;bnaOg;Gjy;
• gad;gLj;Jk; njhopDl;g El;gKiwfSf;Fupa nrad;Kiwiag; gjpT nra;Jnfhs;sy;.
• Njitahd cgfuzq;fs;> fUtpfisg; gl;baw;gLj;jy;.
• tsthsu;fisj; Njbg;ngwy;.
• nghUl;fs; kw;Wk; mit Njitg;gLk; msTfisf; fzpg;gL P nra;J mjw;fikaj; Njitahd
epjp tsq;fisf; fzpj;jYk; Fwpg;Gf;fisg; gjpT nra;J nfhs;sYk;
• FOtpy; xt;Nthu; cWg;gpdUk; jkJ nray; tpsf;fj;Jf;Fk; ifj;jpwd;fSf;Fk;
nghUj;jkhdthW Ntiyfisg; gpupj;J Ntwhf;fpf; nfhs;sy;
• Njitahd jfty;fs; kw;Wk; %yhjhuq;fs; njhlu;ghff; Fwpg;Gf;fisg; gjpTnra;J
nfhs;sy;.
• gad;gLj;Jk; njhopDl;g cj;jpfspd; / Kiwfspd; nghUj;jg;ghL kw;Wk; nraw;wd;ikfis
cWjpg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tjw;fhf Kd;Ndhbf; fw;wha;T elj;Jjy;.
• njhopDl;g cj;jpfs; Kiwfs; njhlu;ghd Kd;Ndhbf; fw;ifapd; ngWNgWfspd;gb>
Nritapd; tpisjpwid Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;Fj; Njitahd mbg;gilj; juTfisAk;
jfty;fisAk; gjpT nra;J nfhs;sy;.
• Njitahd njhopDl;gr; Nritfisr; nra;jy;
• fopTg; nghUs;fisg; nghUj;jkhdthW ntspNaw;Wk; Kiwfisf; ifahz;L> #oy;
NeakhdthW nraw;gLj;jy;.
• gpd;D}l;lw; gpNuuizfisf; fye;JiuahlYk; nraw;wpl;lj;ijg; G+u;j;jp nra;jYk;

D gpd;n jhlu; Ma;T
• njhopDl;gr; Nritapd; nraw;gLjd;ik njhlu;ghd jfty;fis tFg;gpy; Kd;itj;jy;.
• njhopDl;gr; Nrit kw;wk; mjd; ntw;wp njhlu;ghd Ra kjpg;gPl;by; khztu; FOf;fis
<LgLj;jy;.
• kw;iwa FOf;fspd; gpd;D}l;lw; gpNuuizfis Kd;itj;jy;.
• ghlrhiyr; rKjhak; rhu;e;j njhopDl;gk; Nritj; Njitfisj; jpl;lkpl;Lg; Gjpa
njhopDl;g Kiwfisg; gad;gLj;jp toq;fpa tpjKk; NritngWeupd; Jyq;fy; njhlu;ghfj;
jkJ mDgtq;fisr; RaMf;ff;NfhitAld; tFg;gpy; Kd;itg;gjw;fhf trjpfis
toq;Ff.

• nraw;wpl;lj;Jf;Fj; Njitahd nghUl;fs;> cgfuzq;fs;> fUtpfs;> njhopDl;g mwpT
(mr;R Clf / kpd; Clf)
• njhopDl;gj; jPu;Tfs; toq;fj;jf;fitahd ghlrhiyr; rKjhaj;jpdJ Njitfis
Kd;Dupikg;gb tupirg;gLj;Jjy;.
• njhopDl;gr; Nritfs; kw;Wk; guhkupg;Gr; Nritfis toq;Ftjw;fhfg; GJikg;ghlhd
njhopDl;g Kiwfisg; gad;gLj;Jtjw;fhd re;ju;g;gq;fis Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhs;sy;.
• njhopDl;gr; nrad;KiwfisAk; El;gKiwfisAk; tptuf;$w;Wg;gb njupTnra;J nfhs;sy;.
• jpl;lg;glq;fs;> jpl;lf;Fwpg;Gf;fs;> khjpupAUf;fisg; gad;gLj;jp KiwikahdthWk;
tpidjpwdhdthWk; Nritf; fUkq;fisAk; guhkupg;Gf; fUkq;fisAk; epiwT nra;jy;.
• Kd;khjpupf; fw;if %yk; ngWNgWfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L toq;fj;jf;f njhopDl;gf;
fUkq;fis tpUj;jp nra;J nfhs;s Kbtjd; mD$yj;ij mDgtpj;jy;.

• ghlrhiyr; rKjhaj;jpd; Njitfs; - Needs of School community
vspikahd njhopDl;gr; Nritfs; - Simple technical services
GJikg;ghlhd njhopDl;g Kiwfs; - New technical methods
Nju;r;rp 7.0 : md;whlk; vjpu;g;gLk; gpur;rpidfSf;fhfj; jpl;lkpl;Lj; njhopDl;gj;

jPu;Tfs; toq;fg;gLk; jpwid ntspf;fhl;Lthu;.
Nju;r ;r pkl;l k; 7.4 : md;whlj; Njitfspd; gb gad;gLj;Jtjw;Nfw;w gz;lq;fs; / mikg;
Gf;fisj; jpl;lkpl;L Mf;Fthu;.
ghlNtis : 09
fw; w w;N gWfs; : • nrad;Kiwapy; Mf;ff;$ba Fwpj;j Njitf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd
Mf;ftbtikg;G vz;zf;fUf;fisj; njupTnra;J nfhs;thu;.
• Mf;fk; rhu;ghfr; re;ij Mw;wiyAk; (Potential) Nfs;tpiaAk;
tprhuiz nra;thu;.
• jpl;lj;jpw;fika Mf;f vz;zf;fUit cw;gj;jp ajhu;j;jkhf
khw;Wthu;.
• Mf;fk; njhlu;ghd jftw;njhlu;ghlYf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd
nkd;nghUisg; gad;gLj;Jthu;.

nghopg; G : 'mu;j;jG~;bahf Mf;fk; nra;Nthk;."
ehshe;jk; ,lk;ngWk; gy;NtW NtiyfSld; njhlu;Gila r%fj; Njitfs; Clhfj;
Njhd;Wk; gpurpdq;fSf;fhfr; nra;Kiwapy; cUthf;ff;$ba gy;NtW ve;jputpay;
njhopDl; g j; Jiwfspd; Nru; khdkhd Mf; f vz; zf; f Uf; f s; cUthfpAs; s d.
mt;ntz;zf;fUf;fis KbT cw;gj;jpahf khw;Wtjw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd KiwikahdnjhU
nrad;K iwapd; topNa jpl; lnkhd; W f;f ikthfr; nraw; g Ljy; Ntz; L k;. NkYk;
mt;thf;fq;fspd; re;ij Mw;wiyj; Njbawpe;J> Mf;fj;jpd; ntw;wpf;Fg; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Ak;
fhuzpfs; kw;Wk; njhopDl;gj; jPuT ; fis Mf;fj;jpy; cs;slf;fj; J}z;LtJk; mtrpakhFk;.
ntt;NtW fl;lq;fspy; kPsN ; ehf;fpr; nraw;ghl;bd; rhj;jpag;ghl;il cWjpg;gLj;jpr; nryTf;Fg;
nghUj;jkhd tpisjpwd; kpf;fNjhu; Mf;fj;ij ntspg;gLj;JtJ Kf;fpakhdJ. mJkl;Lkd;wp
Fwpj;j mu;j;jG~;bahd Mf;fj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp toq;fj;jf;f njhopDl;gj; jPu;itj;
njspthf Kd;itg;gjw;fhfr; Rajpwid Vw;gLj;JtJk; ,r;nraw;wpl;lk; rhu;e;j fw;wy;
%yk; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpwJ.
• tsq;fis tpisjpwDs;sthW gad;gLj;Jjy;> ,aw;if tsq;fisAk; #oiyAk;
ghJfhj;jy; Nghd;w rkfhyj; Njitfspd;ghy; khztupd; ftdj;ijaPu;j;J> ntt;NtW
Mf;fj;jPu;Tfis vLj;Jf;fhl;bg; gpd;tUk; jiyg;Gfspd; fPo; khztiur; nray; uPjpahf
<Lglr; nra;tjw;fhff; fye;Jiuahlypy; <LgLf.
• Nja;TWk; (mopAk;) ,aw;if tsq;fSf;Fg; gjpyhf khw;W (gpujpaPl;L) tsq;fisg;
gad;gLj;Jjy;.
cjhuzk;: kpd;tY cw;gj;jpf;fhf vupnghUSf;Fg; gjpyhf ePu; tY / fhw;W tYr;
RoypfisNah Qhapw;Wf;fyq;fisNah gad;gLj;Jjy;.
• tsq;fisr; rpf;fdkhfg; gad;gLj;Jk; Kiwfs;
cjhuzk;: $iuNta; nghUshf XLfSf;Fg; gjpyhf tisnespj; jfLfisg;
gad;gLj;Jtjhy; fsp> kuk; Nghd;wtw;wpd; gad;ghl;il ,ad;wsTf;Ff; Fiwj;Jf;
nfhs;syhk;.
• rf;jp tpidj;jpwid mjpfupf;Fk; Kiwfs;:
cjhuzk;: Nkhl;lu; thfd vQ;rpdpy; my;yJ mLg;gpy; cw;gj;jpahFk; ntg;gj;ijf;
Fspu;g;gpuNjrq;fspd; cl;Gwj;ij ntg;gNkw;Wtjw;Fg; gad;gLj;jy;.
• Gifaw;w tpwfLg;G
• fs;tu;fsplkpUe;J / gy;NtW gpuhzpfsplkpUe;J gz;lq;fisAk; nghUl;fisAk;

ghJfhj;Jf; nfhs;sYk;> ,og;Ngw;gLj;Jtdtw;iwf; fl;Lg;gLj;jYk;.
cjhuzk;: kidg;ghJfhg;Gj;njhFjp> ahidj;jLg;G Ntyp
• Ntiyia ,yFgLj;jy;
cjhuzk;: rpye;jp tiy Jilg;ghd;> ePu; rptpwp
• gpur;rpidfSf;fhf toq;fg;gLk; ngsjpfj; jPuT ; fs;> fhzg;gLk; tsq;fisg; gad;gLj;jpNa
Mf;fg;gl;bUj;jy;.
• ghlrhiyr; nraw;wpl;l Ntiyf;Fupa fhyg;gFjpapDs; G+u;j;jp nra;aj;jf;f vspikahd
njhopDl;g cj;jpfisg; gad;gLj;Jtjd; mtrpak;.
• Njitf;Fk; juepakq;fSf;Fkikag; gz;lj;Jld; Nru;ff ; Ntz;ba ngsjpf ,ay;GfSld;
mjhtJ tptuf;$w;Wf;fSld; nghUj;jpaikjy;.
• ,aw;if tsq;fisg; nghUj;jkhdthW gad;gLj;Jjy;.
• #oypd;ghy; Mf;fr; nrad;KiwapdJk; Mf;fj;jpdJk; jhf;fk; njhlu;ghff; ftdQ;
nrYj;Jjy;.
• rkfhy r%fj;Njitf;fhfr; nra;ag;gLk; Mf;fk; njhlu;ghfr; re;ijf; Nfs;tpia
mjpfupj;jy;.
• ngUk;ghyhd r%fj; NjitfSf;fhfj; jPu;Tfs; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gltpy;iyahjyhy;
jPu;Tfisj; Njhw;Wtpf;Fk; gz;ghl;il cUthf;Fjy;.
Kd; d haj; j k;
gad; g Lj; j Ntz; L nkdTk; mjid thuj; J f; n fhU jlitNaDk; MrpupauJ
MNyhridfisg; ngWtjw;fhff; fhl;lNtz;LnkdTk; mwpTWj;Jf.
• gpur;r pidia ntspf;n fhzu; j y;

• G+u;j;jp nra;ag;glhjpUf;Fk; md;whlj; Njitfs; njhlu;ghfj; Njbawpe;J mt;thwhd
re;ju;g ;g q;fSf;fhd jPu;Tfs; ,Jtiuapy; fpilf;f hjpUg;gjw;fhd fhuzq;fSf;F
mbg; g ilahf mike; J s;s gpur; rpidfis tupirg; g Lj; j y; > mg; g pur; rpidfSs;
re;ijf;Nfs;tpAs;s> vspikahd kw;Wk; GJikg;ghlhd njhopDl;gj;jpy; Mf;fj;jPu;Tfs;
toq;fj;jf;fjhf vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk; gpurpdnkhd;wpid ntspf;nfhzu topfhl;Ljy;.
• Mf;fj;jPu;Tf;Fupa fUg;nghUis ,dq;fhzy;.
cjhuzk; • tsr;rpf;dk; • #oy; Neaj;jd;ik
• ngWkhdk; Nru;j;jy; • ghJfhg;Gk; RfhjhuKk;
• gad;gLj;Jtjpy; nrsfupak;
A jpl;lkply;
• ,yFthfj; Njbg;ngwj;jf;f %yg;nghUl;fs;> cgfuzq;fs;> NtW tsq;fis tprhuiz
nra;J fpuaj;ijAk; (nryitAk;) tpisjpwidAk; ftdj;jpw;nfhz;L> jpl;lkpLjy; %yk;
Mf;fj;Jf;fhd fUj;ij ,yFthf ajhu;j;jkhf khw;wpf; nfhs;sj;jf;f gbKiwfisj;
jpl;lkpLjy;.
• jPu;Tf;F mbg;gilahd tpQ;QhdG+u;t vz;zf;fUf;fisAk; njhopDl;g cj;jpfisAk;
rupahfg; gad;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; jukhd jPu;nthd;wpid cUthf;Fjy;.
• ntt;NtW mk;rq;fspd; fPo; tptuf;$w;Wf;fisf; fl;bnaOg;gpf; nfhs;sy;.
cjhuzk;:
• gUkd; (ePsk;> mfyk;> cauk;> epiw Nghd;wit)
• jhq;fj;jf;f nfhs;ssT vy;iy / tiuaiw (cauj;jf;f cr;rr; Rik> njhlu;rr ; pahfr;
nraw;gLj;jj;jf;f cr;rf; fhy msT)
• gad;gLj;jj;jf;f njhopDl;g tiuaiwfs; (toq;fy; Nthy;ww ; sT> Xl;lk; Nghd;wit)
• Rfhjhug; ghJfhg;G> jpUg;jpg;gLj;jNtz;ba Vida ju epakq;fSk; tptuf;$w;Wf;fSk;
• Mf;fj;jpd; nraw;ghl;Lr; rhj;jpag;ghl;ilr; Nrhjpg;gjw;Fj; Njitahd tsq;fs;
• tsq;fis tpisjpwDs;sthW gad;gLj;jy; kw;Wk; #oy; khriljiy ,opthf;fj;jf;f
Kiwfisj; Njbawpjy;.
• re;ijf; Nfs;tpia mjpfupj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;fhf> ePz;l fhyg; ghtid> fiyj;Jtk;>
ftu;r;rp Nghd;w gz;Gfis tsu;g;gjw;fhd cj;jpfs;
• jpl;lkpLk;NghJ jkf;Ff; fpilj;Js;s fhy tiuaiwapDs; nraw;wpl;l Ntiyfis
epiwT nra;tjd; mtrpaj;ij tpsq;fpf; nfhs;sy;.
nraw;wpl;lj;jpd;NghJ jkf;Ff; fpilj;Js;s Neu tPr;rpDs; ntt;NtW ePl;ly;fspd; fPo;
epfOtnjhd;whFk; vd;gij tpsf;fpr; nraw;ghl;Lj;jpl;lj;ijj; jahupj;jy;. (cjhuzj;Jf;fhfr;
rpy Ntiyfs; fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sd)
fhyr;rl;lfk;
,y.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1 ntt;NtW gug;Gfspy; fhzg;gLk; NjitfSs; epiwNtw;WtJ
fbdkhf mike;j Njitfis ,dq;fhzy;
... ..................................................................................................................
Njitfis epiwT nra;tjw;Fj; Njitahd rthy;fis
,dq;fzhy;> tptuf;$w;Wf;fs; fl;bnaOg;Gjy;
... ..................................................................................................................
... ,yFthfg; ngwj;jf;f cgfuzq;fs; kw;Wk; NtW tsq;fis
,dq;fhzy;
... ..................................................................................................................
... nghUj;jkhd Mf;fr; nrad;Kiwia mikj;jy;
..................................................................................................................
... jPuk ; hdpj;j tptuf;$w;Wf;fspd;gb Mf;fj;ijg; G+u;jj ; p nra;jy;
... ..................................................................................................................
... nraw;gLjd;ikiag; guprPypj;jy;
... ..................................................................................................................
njhopDl;gj; jPu;tpd; njhopw;ghL njhlu;ghd jfty;fis
Kd;itj;jy;
... ..................................................................................................................
... nraw;wpl;lj;ij epiwT nra;jy;
• Mf;ff; fUkj;jpd; NghJ jPu;Tfisj; jPu;khdpf;Fk;NghJ gpd;tUk; tplaq;fisf;
ftdj;jpw;nfhz;L nraw;gLtjd; mtrpaj;ij typAWj;jy;.
• tptuf;$w;Wf;fSld; ,zq;Fjy;.
• njhopDl;gg;gug;Gf;fSf;Fupa kw;Wk; ,yFthfr; nra;aj;jf;f Mf;fq;fisr; nra;jy;.

• ,yFthfj; Njbg;nwj;jf;f nghUl;fs;> fUtpfs;> cgfuzq;fs; / jUzj;Jf;Nfw;w
cgfuzq;fs;.
• epjpj;NjitfisAk; epjpay;yhj; NjitfisAk; gjpTnra;J nfhs;sy;.
• ts Efu;it tpisjpwDilajhfg; gad;gLj;jp cw;gj;jp %yk; cr;rg; gad;gLjd;ikia
xg;gPl;LuPjpapy; ngWjy;.
• ,yFthfg; guhkupf;fj;jf;fjhf ,Uj;jy;.
• ghJfhg;Gk; Rfhjhug; ghJfhg;Gk;.
• #oy; Neakhdjhf ,Uj;jy; (cjhuzk;: tYr;rf;jpf; fhg;G> ,opTr; #oy; khrilT)
• fhyr;rl;lfj;jpw;fikag; G+u;j;jp nra;aj;jf;f njhopDl;g cj;jpfisg; gad;gLj;jy;.
• rkfhy / etPd miw$ty;fis ntw;wpnfhs;tjpy; mjpf gq;fspg;Gr; nra;jy;.
• fiyj;Jtk; kw;Wk; ftu;r;rpia Vw;gLj;Jtjw;fhd topfs;.
C eilKiwg;g Lj;Jjy;
• jahupj;j nraw;ghl;Lj;jpl;lj;jpy; mlq;fpAs;s gbKiwfisg; gpd;gw;wp cupa tifapy;
Ntiyiag; G+u;j;jp nra;jy;.
• tptuf;$w;Wfisj; jPu;khdpj;jYk; gjpT nra;jYk;
• jpl;lg;glq;fs; jahupj;jy;> khjpupAUf;fs; mikj;jy;> nraw;gLjd;ikiag; guprPypj;jy;
(Testing performance)
• nghUl;fs; kw;Wk; mtw;wpd; msTfisg; gl;baw;gLj;jy;.
• fUtpfs;> cgfuzq;fisg; gl;baw;gLj;jy;.
• nryT kw;Wk; Vida epjpj;Njitfis kjpg;gply;.
• jfty;fs; kw;Wk; %yhjhuq;fs; gw;wpa Fwpg;Gfisg; gjpT nra;jy;.
• nghUj;jkhd cw;gj;jpg; gbKiwfisf; Fwpg;gplYk; nraw;gLj;jYk;.
• Ntiyr;#oiy Kiwikahfg; NgzptUjy;.
• gad;gLj;Jk; tsq;fis tpisjpwDs;sthW gad;gLj;jy;.
• fopTg;nghUl;fis Kiwikahf ntspNaw;wy;.
• cw;gj;jpf; fUj;ij cw;gj;jp ajhu;j;jkhf khw;Wjy;.
• myFf;Fupa cw;gj;jpr; nryitf; fzpj;jy;.
D kP s ;N ehf;F
• jPu;T mlq;Fk; fUg;nghUisj; jpUg;jpg;gLj;Jfpd;wikia cWjpg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;sy;.
• Mf;fj;jpd; nraw;gLjd;ikiag; guprPypj;J cWjpg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;sy;.
• nghUj;jkhd njhlu;ghly; Kiwfisg; gad;gLj;jp Mf;fk; njhlu;ghf tptukhd jfty;fis
tFg;gpy; Kd;itj;J Mf;fj;jpd; nraw;gL jd;ikiaf; fhl;rpg;gLj;jy;> gad;ghl;Lj;jd;ikia
ntspg;gLj;jpf; fhl;Ltjw;fhd tha;g;Gf;fis Vw;gLj;Jjy;.
• mgptpUj;jpg; gpNuuizfspd;ghy; khztiu topg;gLj;jy;.
• jkJ kdjpy; Njhd;wpa Xu; vz;zj;ij (Mf;ff; fUj;ij) jpl;lkpl;l> nghUj;jkhd
Mf;fr; nrad;Kiwnahd;wpd; topNa cw;gj;jp ajhu;j;jkhf khw;wj;jf;f tpjj;ijr;
RaMf;ff;NfhitAld; tFg;gpy; Kd;itf;f trjp nra;J nfhLf;f.
fzpdp trjp cs;sjhapd;

• mjpgUf;F mwptpj;Jf; fzpdpf; $l Mrpupaupd; cjtpNahL fzpdp Ma;T$lj;jpy; Neuj;ij
xJf;fpg; ngw;Wg; gpd;tUk; nraw;ghLfSf;fhf khztiuj; Njbawpifapy; <LgLj;Jf.
ehk; elj;Jk; gy;NtW epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fisAk; nraw;wpl;lq;fisAk; VidNahUf;F
Kd;itf;Fk;NghJ rpwg;ghfTk; rpe;ij ftuj;jf;f tifapYk; Kd;itg;gjw;fhf kpd;

fz;fhl;rp nkd;nghUs; / mspf;if nkd;nghUs; (Presentation software) gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.
mjw;fhf
• Microsoft office Power point
• Libre office Impress
my;yJ NtW mspf;if nkd;nghUisg; gad;gLj;jyhk;.
ghlrhiyf; fzpdp Ma;T$lq;fspy; Isuru Linux nra;tzp Kiwik njhopw;glr;
nra;ag;gl;Ls;sjhapd; Libre office Impress nkd;nghUisj; jpwg;gjw;fhf
Start  All programms  Libre office Impress  Enter
my;yJ
fPNo jug;gl;Ls;s FWtopf; FwpaPL kPJ Double click (,uz;L jlit mOj;Jtd;) %yk;
nkd;nghUisj; jpwe;J nfhs;syhk;.
jpiuapy; fhl;rpaspf;Fk; Impress nkd;nghUspd; ,ilKfg;G fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sJ.

Menu Bar
Task Pane
Slide layout
Drawing Tool Bar
• Gjpa glr;rl;lfnkhd;iwg; (Slide) ngWtjw;fhf

Insert  Slide  Enter
fpilf;Fk; glr;rl;lfj;ij (Slide) NjitahdthW mikj;Jf; nfhs;sy;.
,jw;fhf View  Taskpane Ie; jpwe;J mjpy; cs;s Layout %yk; nra;J nfhs;syhk;.
glr;rl;lfk; (Slide) kPJ mspf;iff;Fj; Njitahd vOj;Jf;fisj; (Text box kPJ)
jl;lr;Rr; nra;f. Kd;ida juq;fspy; ePq;fs; fw;w nraw;ghLfspd; gb> vOj;Jf;fs;
kw;Wk; cUg;gLj;jy;fSf;fhf tool bar (mikg;Gf; fUtpg;gl;iliag;) gad;gLj;jpapUg;gpd;
• glq;fs; GFj;jYf;fhf - Insert  Picture  From file  Enter
• ml;ltizfs; / tiuGfs; GFj;jYf;fhf - Insert  Chart  Enter
• jahupj;j mspf;if nkd;nghUs; epfo;r;rpf;fhf  Animation (mirA+l;lk;) ,Ltjhy;
NkYk; ftu;r;rpahd tifapy; mikj;Jf; nfhs;syhk;.
Slideshow  Custom Animation  Enter Ig; gad;gLj;jyhk;.
Custom Animation
• NkYk;> xt;nthU gltpy;iyiaAk; fUkj;Jf;Fg; nghUj;jkhdthW khw;Wtjw;fhfTk;

ntt;NtW jd;ikfis cl;gLj;Jtjw;fhfTk; Slide show  Slid transition  Enter Ig;
gad;gLj;jp mjw;nfhg;ghd njhlu;ghlw; fyj;jpy; cs;s mwpTWj;jy;fspd; gb nraw;gLf.
• jahupj;j ,Wjp mspf;if nkd;nghUisf; fzpdpapy; Nrkpg;gjw;fhf File  Save as  File
name  Save  Enter
jahupj;j mspf;ifiaf; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf>
Slide Show  Slide show  Enter
nraw;wpl;lj;ij Kd;itf;Fk; NghJ mjidf; ftu;rr ; pfukhf Kd;itg;gjpy; Mu;tk; fhl;Lk;
khztu;fSf;F Nkw;gb tplaq;fs; gaDilaitahf mikAk;.
• nraw;wpl;lj;Jf;Fj; Njitahd nghUl;fs;> fUtpfs;> cgfuzq;fs;> njhopDl;g mwpT
(mr;rpl;l / kpd;D}lf)
• Njitf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd> eilKiwj; jPu;Tfs; juj;jf;f gpurpdq;fis ,dq;fhzy;.
• Mf;ff; fUj;ij cw;gj;jp ajhu;j;jkhf khw;Wtjw;Fg; nghUj;jkhdthW cw;gj;jpr;
nrad;Kiwf;Fj; Njitahd jpl;lj;ijj; jahupj;jy;.
• Mf;fj;jpd; ntw;wpfukhff; ftdj;jpw;nfhs;s Ntz;ba fhuzpfSf;fikar; nraw;gly;.
• njhopw;gLjd;ikia ntt;NtW fl;lq;fspy; Nrhjpj;jwpjy;.
• cw;gj;jpapd; juk; njhlu;ghfg; gpd;D}l;lw; gpNuuizfs; Kd;itj;jy;.

• Mf;f vz;zf;fUf;fs;
• Mf;fr; nrad;Kiw
• cw;gj;jpf;fhd re;ijf; Nfs;tpia Vw;gLj;Jk; fhuzpfs;
;tiy flg;gplq;fs; / ,izaj;jsq;fs; (Websites)
(1) www.slic.gov.lk (3) www.nipo.gov.lk

(2) www.nerdc.lk (4) www.mrt.ac.lk
,izg;G: 7.4.1
,it khjpupfs; khj;j puNk
1. Esk;Gfs; GFtijj; jLf;Fk; ad;dy; jpiu
,j;jpiu> Esk;Gfs; Gf Kbahj> $lNt ed;F fhw;Nwhl;lkhd tiyj;JzpapdhyhdJ.
jpiuiaf; fPo; Nehf;fp ,Og;gjhy; ad;diy %lyhk;. jpiuia tpLtpg;gjhy; ad;diy
%lyhk;. jpiu Rw;wg;gl;Ls;s Nfhitia kPsr; Row;Wtjd; %yk; jpiu kPsr; RUSjy;
jd;dpaf;fkhf epfoj;jf;fthW Nfhit gw;wpr; Rw;wg;gl;Ls;s E}ypy; fl;bj; njhq;f tplg;gl;Ls;s
Rik gad; g Lj; j g; g LfpwJ. ,jw; f hfr; rpy; Y k; mr; r hzpAk; vd; D k; Nfhl; g hNl
gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. jpiuiaf; fPo; Nehf;fp ,Of;Fk; NghJk; jpiu kPsf; Nfhitapy;
Rw;wg;gLk; NghJk; Njitg;gLk; vj;jdKk; RikAk; nghUj;jkhdthW rkdpiyg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
glj;jpy; fhl;bAs;sthW mikg;igj; jahupj;J ad;dypd; Nkw;gFjpapy; nghUj;jp
,jidg; gad;gLj;jyhk;. tFg;giwapDs; fLikahd #upa xsp tpOk; re;ju;g;gq;fspy;
mJ xU gpur;rpidahf mikAkhapd;> mt;thwhd re;ju;gg ; q;fspy; fLikahd #upa xspiaj;
jpiuapl;L kiwg;gjw;fhfTk; ,e;j cj;jpiag; gad;gLj;jyhk;.
jpiu
E}y;
jhq;Fk; mr;R
Rik
jpiu ad;dy;
ifg;gpb
tptuf;$w;W f;f s; jahupf;F k; NghJ ftdj;j pw; nfhs;s Ntz;ba tplaq;f s;

• jpiuapD}lhf xspAk; fhw;Wk; Gfj;jf;fjhf ,Uj;jYk; gpuhzpfs; GfKbahjpUj;jy;.
• ,opT epiwAilajhf ,Uj;jy;.
• ,lr;rpf;fdk;.
• ad;dy; rl;lfk; KOikahf tiuaj;jf;f msTf;Fg; ngupajhf ,Uj;jy;.
• ,yFthfj; jpwf;fTk; %lTk; Kbjy;.
• ghJfhg;ghdjhf ,Uj;jy;.
• ,yFthff; ifahsj;jf;f nghUl;fisf; nfhz;L cw;gj;jp nra;aaj;jf;fjhf ,Uj;jy;.
2. NuhNgh if / nghwpKiwf;if (Robot / Mechanical arm) Mf;Fjy;.

gz;lq;fis Vw;wpapwf;fy;> gFjpfis xUq;F Nru;jj ; y;> rptpwy; Kiwapy; G+rR
; g; G+Rjy;>
fha;r;rpapizj;jy; Nghd;wit cl;glg; gy;NtW NtiyfSf;fhf nuhNgh nghwpfs;
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpdw
; d. nuhNgh nghwpapd; nghsjpfj; jd;ikahdJ mjd; tbtk;> cWjp> mJ
nra;Ak; Ntiy Mfpatw;iwg; nghWj;Jj; jPuk ; hdpff
; g;gLk;. nghwpKiwf; if Mf;Fifapy; vkJ
if Nghd;w cWg;Gf;fs; njhopwg ; Lk; tpjKk; mit njhlu;Gw;Ws;s tpjk; gw;wpAk; ftdQ;nrYj;j
Ntz;Lk;. fPNo jug;gl;Ls;s mikg;Gf;fisf; fw;wha;eJ ; mt;thwhdnjhU nghwpKiwf;ifia
Mf;f Kaw;rp nra;Aq;fs;. gpdd
; u; Nkhl;lUld; ,izj;J mk;Gf;Fwpfshy; fhl;bAs;s jpirapd;
topNa mtw;iw ,af;f Kaw;rp nra;Aq;fs;.
mirT tiffs;
Neu;Nfhl;L/ tl;l kw;Wk; ,ul;il tl;l Kk;ik tl;l kw;Wk;

Vfgupkhz Neu;Nfhl;L kw;Wk; Neu;Nfhl;L Neu;Nfhl;L
,g;nghwpKiwf; ifapdhy; toq;fg;gLk; tpiriag; gad;gLj;jp cq;fsJ

NjitfSf;Nfw;g ntt;NtW Mf;fq;fq;fs; nra;a Kaw;rp nra;Aq;fs;
3. kpd;rpf;fd mOj;jp Ve;jp

kpd;dOj;jpiag; gad;gLj;Jk; re;ju;gg; q;fspy; kpd;rf;jp tPzt
; puakhtJz;L. kpd;dOj;jpapd;
mOj;j Nkw;gug;G Kw;W KOjhfr; #oypy; jpwe;J tplg;gLkhW epWj;jp itf;fg;gLjyhdJ
mt;thW kpd;rf;jp tPzt
; puakhf VJthFk;. glj;jpy; fhl;bAs;sthW Mf;fpa xU jhq;fpapd;
kPJ mOj;jpia itg;gjhy; kpd; tPzt ; puakhtij ,opthf;fpf; nfhs;syhk;. kpd; mOj;jpapy;
#NlwpAs;s mbg;gFjp (mOj;J Nkw;gug;G) jhq;fpapdhy; kiwf;fg;gLtjhy; Nkw;fhTif>
fjpu;g;G Mfpad %yk; epfOk; ntg;g ,og;Gf; FiwtilAk;. mOj;jpapd; mOj;J
Nkw;gug;ig ntg;gf; fhtypg; nghUspdhyhd jhq;fp kPJ itg;gjhy; flj;jy; %yk;
epfOk; ntg;g ,og;Gk; FiwtilAk;.
ntg;gf; fhtyp (nu/t;Nyhd;)
mRngRj;NjhR E}y;
kpd; mOj;jp
ntg;gf; fhtypapdhyhd jhq;fp

(gupRr;rhe;J / Rl;lfsp)
tptuf;$w;W f;f s; jahupf;Fk; NghJ ftdj;j pw; nfhs;s Ntz;ba tplaq;f s;

• rpwe;j ntg;gf; fhtypahf ,Uj;jy;.
• ntg;gj;ij ed;F rfpf;fj;jf;fjhf ,Uj;jy;
• kpd; mOj;jpapd; mOj;J Nkw;gug;Gf;F (mbg;gFjpf;F) Nrjk; tpisahjpUj;jy;.
• ,yFthff; ifahsj;jf;fjhf ,Uj;jy;.
• mOj;jpapd; mOj;j Nkw;gug;ig itf;fj;jf;f ,ltrjp ,Uj;jy;.
4Afs;t u; mgha mwptpg;g hd;
glj;jpy; fhl;bAs;s ,yj;jpudpay; Rw;iw ntt;NtW NjitfSf;fhfg; gad;gLj;jyhk;.
,r;Rw;wpd; 555 vDk; njhifapLk; Rw;wpd; 2 Mk; ,yf;f Kbtplj;Jld; njhLf;fg;gl;l
njhLifj; jl;il (Touch plate) ifahy; njhl;lTld; Gtpj;njhLg;G Vw;gLfpd;wikahy;>
mQ;ryp (Relay) njhopw;glj; njhlq;Fk;. mQ;ryp %yk; NtW kpd; Fkpnohd;iwNah
irif vOg;gp (,kpup Buzzer) Nghd;wnjhd;wpidNah njhopw;glr; nra;ayhk;. ,jd;
njhLifj; jl;L (Touch plate) njhlu;Ggl;Ls;snjd;gij mwpe;J nfhs;syhk;. NkYk;
,jidj; njhLif %yk; njhopw;gLk; MspahfTk; gad;gLj;jyhk;.
tptuf;$w;W f;f s; jahupf;F k;NghJ ftdj;j pw; nfhs;s Ntz;b a tplaq;f s;

• fs;tu;fspd; if ,yFthfg; glj;jf;fthW nghUj;Jjy;.
• fs;tu;fs; ,yFthf ,dq;fhz Kbahjjhf ,Uj;jy;.
• ,kpup (Buzzer vOg;gg;gLk; irif) typikahdjhf ,Uj;jy;.
• ,yFthfg; nghUj;jpg; gad;gLj;jj;jf;fjhf ,Uj;jy;.
5. jd;dpaf;f jput epug;Gk; ,ae;jpuk;

,q;F fhl;lg;gl;Ls;s Rw;iwg; gad;gLj;jpf; fpz;znkhd;wpy; jd;dpaf;fkhfj; jputk; epug;gpf;
nfhs;syhk;. ,r;Rw;wpy; mlq;fpAs;s LED,dJ xspf;fw;iw itf;fg;gl;Ls;s fpz;zj;ij
LDR kPJ njwpf;fg;gLk; RL1 mQ;ryp %yk; ,uz;lhk; Rw;Wf;F kpd; toq;fg;gLk;. fpz;zk;
itf;fg;glhj NghJ mJ njhopw;gl khl;lhJ. njhopw;gl;Lr; Rw;W %lg;gl;lTld; Nkhl;lhu;
njhopw;gl;L gk;gpapdhy; jputk; fpz;zj;jpDs; epiwAk;. ,uz;lhk; Rw;wpd; njhLif Kidfs;
(Leads) epuk;gpAs;s jputj;jpy; njhLifaile;jTld; mk;Kidfspuz;Lk; FWQ;Rw;whfp
RL2 mQ;ryp jpwe;J jputg; gk;gp Nkhl;lupd; njhopw;ghl;il epWj;Jk;. ,q;F A Rw;iwAk;
B Rw;iwAk; ntt;Ntwhfg; gad;gLj;jp Mf;fG+u;tkhd NtW Mf;fq;fSk; nra;ayhyk;.
jputk; epuk;gpAs;s
+12V
im¾Yl
njhLif Kidfs; ;=vq
10
1N4001
1N4001
560
560
C 828
1K 10K C 828
10K
A B
6. #upa ntg;g j;j pdhy; ePi u ntg;g Nkw;W k; cgfuzk;

glj;jpw; fhl;bAs;sthW Foha;fisg; gad;gLj;jp Mf;fpa Xu; Mf;fj;ijg; gad;gLj;jpr;
#upa ntg;gj;jpd; %yk; ePiu ntg;gNkw;wpf; nfhs;syhk;. ,e;j Mf;fj;jpy; cs;s Foha;j;
njhFjp #upa xspapy; jpwe;j epiyapy; cs;s NghJ Foha;j; njhFjpapYs;s ePu;
ntg;gNkWk;. mg;NghJ #lhd ePu; Nkw;fhTifg; gha;r;ryhf ePu;j; njhl;bia Nehf;fpr;
nry;Yk;. mg;NghJ #lhd ePu; njhl;bapd; Nkw;gFjpiar; nrd;wilAk;.
tptuf;$w;W f;f s; jahupf;F k;NghJ ftdj;j pw; nfhs;s Ntz;b a tplaq;f s;

• tpiuthf ntg;gNkw;wj;jf;fjhf ,Uj;jy;.
• NghJkhdsT ePiug; ngwj;jf;fjhf ,Uj;jy;.
• ,yFthf mikf;fj;jf;fjhf ,Uj;jy;.
• ,yFthfg; gad;gLj;jj;jf;fjhf ,Uj;jy;.
• ntg;g ,og;G ,opthjy;.
• JUg;gpbahjpUj;jy;.
njhopDl;g g; gug;G - tzpf eltbf;i ffs;

Nju; r ; r p 9.0 : rpw;wsT tzpfnkhd;iwj; jpl;lkpl;L elj;jpr; nry;thu;.
Nju;r ;r pkl;l k; 9.8 : ntw;wpfukhd xU tzpfj;ij Muk;gpj;J elj;jpr; nry;tjpy; nry;thf;Fr;
nrYj;Jk; fhuzpfis ,dq;fz;L thz;ikahsUf;Fupa gz;Gfs;
njhlu;ghfr; Rakjpg;gPlb
; y; <LgLthu;.
ghlNtis : 09
fw; w w;N gWfs; : • tzpfnkhd;wpid Muk;gpj;J elj;jpr; nry;tjpw; nry;thf;Fr;
nrYj;Jk; fhuzpfisf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.
• mf;fhuzpfspd; nghUj;jg;ghl;ilf; ifahz;L ghu;g;ghu;.
• Kaw;rpahz;ikg; gz;Gfis ,dq;fz;L Rafzpg;gl P ;by; <Lgl;L
mgptpUj;jpg; gpNuuizfis Kd;itg;ghu;.
nghopg; G : 'Kaw;rpahz;ikg; gz;Gf;$Wfis tsu;j;Jf; nfhs;Nthk;"
ntw;wpfukhd xU tzpfj;ij Muk;gpj;J elj;jpr; nry;Yk; NghJ mjd; ntw;wpkPJ
nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; fhuzpfs; Fwpj;J mwpT+l;lk; ngWtJ mtrpakhFk;. tzpfj;jpd;
ntw;wp kPJ nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; fhuzpfis ,dq;fhzy;> mtw;iwg; nghUj;jpaikj;Jf;
nfhs;sy;> tsq;fis tpisjpwDs;sthW gad;gLj;Jjy;> Gjpa njhopDl;g khw;wq;fis
,dq;fhzy;> Nghl;lhNghl;b epiyikia vjpu;nfhz;L Gjpa tzpf Kaw;rpfis
ntspf;nfhzu;e;J elj;jpr; nry;yy; MfpadNt Kaw;rpahz;ikahsupd; NtiyfshFk;.
NkYk; ntw;wpaile;Js;s Kaw;rpahz;ikahsnuhUtupd; gz;Gf;$Wfis mtjhdpj;Jj;
jkJ Kaw;rpahz;ikg; gz;Gfs; Fwpj;J khztu;fs; Ra fzpg;gl P b
; y; <Lgl;Lg; gpNuuizfis
Kd;itg;gjw;Fj; Njitahd nra;Kiw mDgtq;fis toq;FtNj ,r;nraw;wpl;lj;jpid
mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l fw;wypd; %yk; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLtjhFk;.
• cq;fsJ gpuNjrj;jpy; my;yJ Njrpa kl;lj;jpy; gpugy;ak; tha;e;j ntw;wpfukhd
Kaw;rpahz;ikahsu;fs; njhlu;ghfj; jpul;ba jfty;fisj; Jizahff; nfhz;L
gpd;tUtdtw;iwf; fye;JiuahLtjw;Fg; nghUj;jkhdthW ghlj;ij mZFf.
• njupT nra;j tzpf Kaw;rp ntw;wpailtjw;F VJthfpa fhuzpfshf ePqf ; s; fhz;git ahit?
• mk;Kaw;rpahz;ikahsu;fsplj;Nj ePq;fs; fz;l rpwg;ghd gz;Gf;$Wfs; ahit?
• mt;tplaq;fSf;fika Kaw;rpahz;ikahsd; vdg;gLgtu; ahu;?
• khztuJ Jyq;fisg; ghuhl;bg; gpd;tUk; tplaq;fis tpsf;Ff.
• tzpfnkhd;wpidj; njhlq;fp elj;jpr; nry;Yk; NghJ gzk;> ciog;G> nghUl;fSk;
Vida ngsjpf tsq;fSk;> njhopDl;g mwpT> jfty;fs;> re;ij> gyq;fs;> re;ju;gg ; q;fs;
Mfpad mt;tzpf Kaw;rpapd; ntw;wpkPJ nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; fhuzpfshf ,Uj;jy;
• tzpf Kaw;rpapd; ntw;wp kPJ nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; fhuzpfs; njhlu;ghf cd;dpg;ghff;
ftdQ; nrYj;JjyhdJ ntw;wpfukhd Kaw;rpahz;ikahsupd; gz;ghFk;. mt;thW
ftdQ; nrYj;jp mtw;iw ed;F tpsq;fpf;nfhs;shikapd; tpisthf tzpf Kaw;rpfs;
Njhy;tpaile;J %Ltpohf;fhzTk; ,lKz;L.
• Kaw;rpahz;ikahsu; vdg;gLgtu;> Gjpa tzpfr; re;ju;gg ; q;fis ,dq;fz;L khw;wj;ij
Vw;gLj;Jgtuhthu;. mtu; GJik gilg;gtUkhthu;. ,Ug;gij mNj epiyapy; elj;jp tUtiij
tpl> Mf;fG+ut; khfg; Gjpanjhd;iwg; Gjpa tifapy; r%fj;jpy; mwpKfQ; nra;aTk;
mjid tzpf kag;gLj;jTk; mtu; Kidthu;. fhzg;gLk; epiyia khw;wpaikg;gjd; kPNj
mtuJ ,Ug;Gk; ntw;wpAk; jq;fpAs;sJ. mjd; %yk; mtUf;F tzpfr; re;ju;gg ; q;fs;
mjpfupf;Fk;. $lNt tzpf cyfpy; epue;jukhd ew;ngaiuAk; fl;bnaOg;gpf; nfhs;syhk;.
• ntt;NtW Kaw;rpahz;ikahsUf;Fupa jdpr;rpwg;ghd gz;Gf;$Wfisf; fw;wha;tjd;
Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
Kd; d haj; j k;
• nraw;wpl;lj;ij eilKiwg;gLj;j Kd;du; nraw;wpl;lk; Fwpj;Jg; nghJ mwpTWj;jy;fs;
toq;Ff. (gf;fk; 15-17 tiu)
• khztiug; nghUj;jkhdthW FOf;fshf;fpr; nraw;wpl;l Ntiyfspy; <LgLj;Jjy;.
• FOepiyapy; nraw;gl;l NghjpYk; khztu; xt;nthUtUk; jdpj;jdpNa RaMf;ff;Nfhit
xt;nthd;W jahupj;jy; Ntz;Lnkd;gijr; nraw;wpl;l Ntiyiaj; njhlq;Ftjw;fhf
khztu;f;F topfhl;ly;fs; toq;Fk; KjyhtJ jpdj;jpNyNa mwptpj;jy;.
• FOepiyapy; jfty; Nrfupj;j NghjpYk; khztu; xt;nthUtUk; mtjhdpg;Gg; gj;jpuj;ij
jdpj;jdpNa G+u;j;jp nra;jy; Ntz;Lk; vd;gij tpsf;Fjy;.
• nraw;w pl;lk; njhlu;ghf ehshe;j jfty; Nrupg;Gf;fhf fsg;g jpNtnlhd;wpidg;
gad;gLj;Jjy; Ntz;Lk; vd;gijAk; MrpupauJ topfhl;ly;fisg; ngWtjw;fhf thuj;Jf;F
xU jlitNaDk; mjid Kd;itj;jy; Ntz;Lk; vd;gijAk; mwptpj;jy;.
gpur;r pidia ntspg;g Lj;j pf; nfhs;s y;

• jkJ gpuNjrj;jpy; elj;jpr;nry;yg;gLk; tzpf Kaw;rpnahd;wpidj; njupT nra;J
mjd; ntw;wpf;Fg; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;j tzpff; fhuzpfis ,dq;fz;L> tupirg;gLj;jp
mt;tzpf Kaw;rpapd; ntw;wpf;F mit ve;jsTf;Fg; nghUj;jkhdit vd;gijAk;
ntw;wpailahj mk;rq;fs; cs;sdthapd; mf;fhuzpfisr; rupahfg; gad;gLj;jf;$ba
tpjk; njhlu;ghfTk; gpd;D}l;lw; gpNuuizfis Kd;itf;Ff.
• mjd; %yk; mt;tzpf Kaw;rpahz;ikahsuplj;Nj fhzg;gLk; Kaw;rpahz;ikg;
gz;Gf;$Wfis ,dq;fz;L> mt;tzpfj;jpd; Kaw;rpahz;ikahsu; ePqf; nsdpd; mjid
ntw;wpfukhf elj;jpr; nry;tjw;F cq;fsplj;Nj fhzg;gLk; Kaw;rpahz;ikg;
g z;Gf;$W f is ,dq;f z;L Raf zpg ;gPl; b y; <L g Lt jw ;Fj ; Nji t ahd
gpur;rpidnahd;wpid ntspg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;s topfhl;Lf.
A jpl;l kply;
• Muk;g FOf;fye;Jiuahly; %yk; nghUj;jkhd Kaw;rpahz;ikahsu; xUtiuAk; tzpfr;
re;ju;g;gnkhd;wpidAk; njupT nra;J> nra;a Ntz;ba tplaq;fs; njhlu;ghff; FO
cWg;gpdu;fSf;F mwpT+l;lk; nra;J> Njitg;gLk; gbKiwfisj; jPuk ; hdpj;jy;.
• tzpfj;jpd; ntw;wp kPJ nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; fhuzpfspd; nghUj;jg;ghL njhlu;ghd
jfty;fisj; jpul;Ltjw;Fj; Njitahd tplaq;fis tupirg;gLj;Jjy;.
• Kaw;rpahz;ikahsuplj;Nj fhzg;gLk; Kaw;rpahz;ikg; gz;Gf;$Wfs; njhlu;ghd
jfty;fisj; jpul;Ltjw;Fj; Njitahd tplaq;fis tupirg;gLj;Jjy;.
• tupirg;gLj;jpa tplaq;fisj; Jizahff; nfhz;L mtjhdpg;Gg; gj;jpunkhd;W jahupj;Jj;
jfty; jpul;l Ntz;ba tpjj;ijj; jpl;lkply;. (,izg;G ,y: 9.8.1 ,y; Xu; vLj;Jf;fhl;L
Kd;itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ)
• jpl;lkpl;l Ntiyfisg; G+u;j;jp nra;Ak; fhy tiuaiwfis cs;slf;fpa nraw;gLj;jw;
jpl;lnkhd;wpidj; jahupj;jy; (cjhuzj;Jf;Fr; rpy Ntiyfs; ,q;F Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sd)
nraw;g Lj;j w; jpl;l k;

Ntiy fhyr;rl;lfk;
Ntiy
,y. thuk; 1 thuk; 2 thuk; 3
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1 Muk;g FOf;fye;Jiuahly;
... ....................................................................
... tzpfj; j pd; ntw; w p kP J nry; t hf; F r;
nrYj;Jk; fhuzpfisj; Njbawpjy;
... ...................................................................
... tupirg;gLj;jpa tplaq;fisj; Jizahff;
nfhz; L mtjhdpg; G g; gj; j punkhd; W
jahupj;Jj; jfty; jpul;Ljy;.
... ...................................................................
... KidT tiuankhd;wpy; Kaw;rpahz;ikg;
gz;Gf;$Wfis xg;gpLjy;
... ...................................................................
... nraw;wpl;lj;ijg; G+u;j;jp nra;jy;
• fw;wha;tjw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd tzpf epiyaq;fs; vitnad;gJk; Kaw;rpahz;ikahsu;fs;
ahtnud;gJk; (tzpfj;Jiw> msT> tzpf Kaw;rpahsupd; cjtpiag; ngWtjw;fhd
rhj;jpag;ghl;ilf; fUj;jpw; nfhz;L)
• juT Nrfupg;gjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;Jk; fUtpfSk; (mtjhdpg;Gg; gj;jpuq;fs;> Neu;fhzy; .....
Nghd;wit) mtw;iwg; gad;gLj;Jk; tpjKk;
• tzpfnkhd;wpd; ntw;wp kPJ nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; fhuzpfs;> mt;tzpfj;jpd; ntw;wp
kPJ nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jpAs;s tpjj;ijf; fzpg;gPL nra;jy;. (,izg;G 9.8.1 m 1)
• tzpf Kaw;rpahsu; ntspf;fhl;Lk; Kaw;rpahz;ikg; gz;Gf;$Wfs; njhlu;ghd fzpg;gPL
(,izg;G: 9.8.1. M)
• jk;kplj;Nj fhzg;gLk; Kaw;rpahz;ikg; gz;Gf;$Wfs; njhlu;ghd Ra fzpg;gL P . (,izg;G:
9.8.1 ,)
C eilKiwg;g Lj;Jjy;
• jahupj;j nraw;ghl;Lj;jpl;lj;jpd;gb nraw;gLtjw;fhfr; nrad;Kiwia xOq;F nra;J
tupirg;gLj;Jjy;.
• njupT nra;j tzpfj;ij mtjhdpg;gjw;Fk; kjpg;gpLtjw;Fkhd mtjhdpg;Gg; gj;jpuj;ijg;
gad;gLj;Jjy;
• tzpfk; njhlu;ghfj; Njly; elj;Jtjw;fhd re;ju;gg ; q;fisj; njupT nra;jy;> tzpfj;ijj;
jhgpj;jy;> xOq;FgLj;jy;> elj;jpr; nry;yy;> re;ijg;gLj;jy; Mfpa re;ju;gg
; q;fspd; NghJ
gzk;> ciog;G> nghUl;fs; kw;Wk; Vida tsq;fs; Mfpa tzpfj;jpd; ntw;wp kPJ
gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Ak; fhuzpfs; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s tpjk; gw;wpa jfty;fisf; fz;lwpjy;.
• Kaw;rpahz;ikahsu; jkJ njhopDl;g mwpitAk; jfty;fisAk; gad;gLj;jpa tpjk;>
rthy;fis vjpu;nfhz;l tpjk; Mfpad gw;wpa jfty;fis EZfpaha;jy;.
• tzpfj; J f; F j; jiyikj; J tk; toq; F jy; > rkNahrpjkhfj; jP u ; khdnkLj; j y; >
mu;g;gzpg;Gld; nraw;gly;> ,lu;fis (Risk) vjpu;nfhs;s tpUk;Gjy;> Mf;fj;jpwDk;

nefpo;rr ; pahd jd;ikAk; Mfpa thz;ikg;gz;Gf; $Wfs; mt;tzpfj;jpd; tpUj;jpf;fhfg;
gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s tpjj;ijj; Njbawpa topg;gLj;Jf.
• Kaw;rpahz;ikahsuplj;Nj fz;l gz;Gf;$Wfs; ntspf;fhl;lg;gl;l tpjj;jpw;fika toq;fpa
Gs;spiaAk; Ra fzpg;gPl;bd; %yk; jk;kplj;Nj fhzg;gLtjhf cWjpg;gLj;jpf; nfhz;l
gz; G f; $ WfSf; F toq; f pa Gs; s pfisAk; mbg; g ilahff; nfhz; L KidT
tiuankhd;iwaikj;J ,UtuJk; Kaw;rpahz;ikg; gz;Gf;$Wfis xg;gpLjy;.
• Ra fzpg;gPL %yk; khztd; jk;kplj;Nj fhzg;gLk; Kaw;rpahz;ikg; gz;Gf;$Wfisg;
gad;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; Njitahd gz;Gf;$Wfis tsu;j;Jf;nfhs;tjw;Fj; Njitahd
eltbf;iffisnaLj;jy;.
• ,izg;G 9.8.3 ,y; jug;gl;Ls;s vLj;Jf;fhl;ilf; fw;wha;e;J khztUf;Fj; Njitahd
topfhl;ly;fs; toq;Fjy;.
D gpd;njhlu; Ma;T
• ngw;w juTfisg; gFg;gha;T nra;J Kaw;rpahz;ikahsu; gad;gLj;jpa kw;Wk; gad;gLj;j
Ntz;ba tzpfj;jpd; ntw;wp kPJ gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Ak; fhuzpfis mtuJ tzpf
eltbf;iffspd; ntw;wpf;fhf ve;jsTf;Fg; gad;gLj;jyhk; vd;gijf; fz;lwpa topg;gLj;jy;.
• tzpfj;jpd; jiytu;> newpg;gLj;Jgtu;> topfhl;Lgtu;> Kfhikahsu;> Kaw;rpahz;ikahsu;
vd;w tifapy; Gjpa ahNjDnkhd;iwg; GJikg;ghlhd tifapy; Kd;itg;gjw;F mtuJ
tzpf tfpghfk; ve;jsTf;F ntw;wpaspj;jnjd;gij EZfpaha;jy;.
• tzpfj;jpd; rfy eltbf;iffspd; NghJk; Kaw;rpahz;ikahsuplj;Nj njs;sj;njspthff;
fhzg;gl;l Kaw;rpahz;ikg; gz;Gf;$Wfis mtjhdpg;Gg; gj;jpuj;jpidAk; jfty;fisAk;
Jizahff; nfhz;L tupirg;gLj;jp Mtznkhd;W jahupj;J mjd; kw;WnkhU epuypy;
tsu;r;rpaila Ntz;ba gz;Gf;$WfisAk; tupirg;gLj;jp Mtznkhd;W jahupj;jy;.
• me;je;j cWg;gpdupd; vjpu;ghu;g;Gf;fspd;gb Kaw;rpahz;ikahsuhtjd; Nehf;fq;fisg;
gl;baw;gLj;Jjy;.
• jhk; tsu;j;Jf; nfhs;sNtz;ba Kaw;rpahz;ikg; gz;Gf;$Wfisr; Ra fzpg;gPl;bd;
%yk; ,dq;f z;L ntw;w pfukhd rpw;w sT tzpfnkhd;w pidj; njhlq;f p elj;jpr;
nry;Ytjw;Fupa Mw;wy; njhlu;ghf Neu;tifahd kdg;ghq;Ffisf; fl;bnaOg;gpf; nfhz;l
tpjk; njhlu;ghd RaMf;ff;Nfhitia tFg;gpy; Kd;itg;gjw;F trjp nra;J nfhLf;f.

• A4 fljhrp> khf;fu; / ngy;w; Ngidfs;> mtjhdpg;Gg; gj;jpuq;fs;
• ntw;wpfukhd tzpfnkhd;wpidj; njhlq;fp elj;jpr; nry;tjpy; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Ak;
fhuzpfis tupirg;gLj;jy;.
• tzpfj;jpd; ntw;wp kPJ nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; fhuzpfisr; rupahfTk; nghUj;jkhdthWk;
njupT nra;Ak; jpwidg; ngwy;.
• Kaw;rpahz;ikahsnuhUtupd; tzpfj;jpdJ ntw;wpapy; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;j Kaw;rpahz;ik
,ay;Gfs; jk;kplj;Nj fhzg;gLfpd;wik njhlu;ghd mDgtq;fisg; ngWjy;.
• Rafzpg;gL P %yk; ,dq;fz;L Kaw;rpahz;ikg; gz;Gf;$Wfis tsu;j;Jf;nfhs;tjw;Fj;
Njitahd gbKiwfisg; gpNuupj;jy;.
• Kaw;rpahz;ikahsuhFk; jkJ vjpu;ghu;g;igf; fhuzq;fhl;b ntspg;gLj;Jjy;.
,izg;G ,y: 9.8.1

tzpfj;jpd; ngau; :
mike;Js;s ,lk; :
tzpfj;jpd; jd;ik :
mtjhdpj;j gz;lk; / NritAk; re;ijAk; :
mtjhdpg;Gg; gj;jpuk; (m) (cupa epuypy; milahsk; ,Lf.)
mtjhdpg;Gg; gj;jpuk; (m)> (M) Mfpatw;iwg; G+u;jj
; p nra;tjw;Fupa mwpTWj;jy;fs;
tzpfj;jpw; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Ak; me;je;jf; fhuzp / Kaw;rpahz;ikg; gz;Gf;$W
ntspff
; hl;lg;gLk; kl;lj;jpwf
; ikag; Gs;s
; pfisj; jPu;khdpj;J mtjhdpg;GG; gj;jpuj;jpd; m>
M ,y; milahskpLf.
1. kpf ed;whf ntspg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wjhapd; 3 Gs;sp
2. ed;whf ntspg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wjhapd; 2 Gs;sp
3. NkYk; tsu;r;rpaila Ntz;Lnkdpd; 1 Gs;sp
khjpup mtjhdpg;Gg; gj;j puk; (m)
njhlu; tzpfj;jpd; ntw;wpapy; gq;fspf;Fk; fhuzpfs; Gs;sp
,y 3 2 1
01 re;ijf; Nfs;tp
02 gz KjyPL
03 njhopDl;gk;
04 tzpf xOq;fikg;G
05 gz;lj;jpd; / Nritapd; juk;
06 gz;l / Nrit Kd;itg;G
07 re;ijg;gLj;jy; cj;jpfs;
08 gyq;fs; (Strengths) Fwpg;gpLf.
jiyikj;J tg; gz;Gf;$ Wfs;

1. jiyikj;Jtk; -VidNahupd; Nritiag; ngw; w thW tpidj; j pwDld;
nraw;gLjy;.
2. Gjpad cw;gj;jp nra;jy; - cw;gj;jpr; nrad;Kiw> cw;gj;jpg; nghUs; - gz;lq;fis
Efu;NthUf;F toq;Fjy; tiuapyhd eltbf;iffisg; Gjpa
Kiwfspy; nra;jy;
3. mu;g;gzpg;G - tzpfj;jpd; Nehf;fq;fis vl;Ltjw;fhf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;
,ilawhj Kaw;rp
4. nghWg;Ngw;wy; - jkJ fl;Lg;ghl;bd; fPo; ,lk;ngWk; fUkq;fs; njhlu;ghfg;
nghWg;Ngw;Wf;nfhs;stjw;fhd Ra Cf;fy;
5. jPu;khdnkLj;jy; - fhye;jho;jj; hJ Njitahd re;ju;gg; q;fspy; nghUj;jkhdthW
jPu;khdnkLf;Fk; jpwd;.
6. ,lu;fis vjpu;nfhs;sy; - nra;Ak; Ntiyfs; ntw;wpaspf;fhjpUf;f ,lKz;nld;gij
tpsq;fpr; rthy;fis Vw;Wf;nfhs;tjpy; fhl;Lk; tpUg;Gk; jpwDk;.
7. gpur;rpid jPuf
; ;Fk; jpwd; - jhk; vjpu; N ehf;F k; Njitfs; rthy;f is mr; rkpd; w p>
jaf;fkpd;wp Vw;Wj; jPu;Tfs; toq;Fk; jpwd;.
khjpup mtjhdpg;Gg; gj;jpuk; (M)

njhlu; Kaw;rpahz;ikahsupd; gz;Gf;$Wfs; Kaw;rpahz;ikahsu; ehd;
,y. 1 2 3 1 2 3
01. jiyikj;Jtk;
02. Gjpad cw;gj;jp nra;jy;
03. mu;g;gzpg;G
04. ngWg;Ngw;wy;
05. jPu;khdnkLj;jy;
06 ,lu;fis vjpu;nfhs;sy; (Risk taking)
07. gpur;rpid jPu;f;Fk; jd;ik
,izg;G: 9.8.2
KidT tisT (Polar Chart)
vLj; J f; f hl; L :
Kaw;rpahz;ikahsUk; ePqf ; Sk; mtjhdpgG; g; gj;jpuj;jpd; gb me;je;j Kaw;rpahz;ikg; gz;Gf;$Wf;fhfg;
ngw;w Gs;spfs; fPNo ml;ltizapy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sijg; Nghd;wjhFk; vdf; fUJf.
njhlu; Kaw;rpahz;ikahsupd; gz;Gf;$Wfs; Kaw;rpahz;ikahsu; ehd;
,y.
01. jiyikj;Jtk; 03 02
02. Gjpad cw;gj;jp nra;jy; 03 03
03. mu;g;gzpg;G 02 03
04. ngWg;Ngw;wy; 03 01
05. jPu;khdnkLj;jy; 02 02
06 ,lu;fis vjpu;nfhs;sy; (Risk taking) 03 01
07. gpur;rpid jPu;f;Fk; jd;ik 02 03
Nkw; g b Gs; s pfis mbg; g ilahff; nfhz; L Kaw; r pahz; i kahsuJk; cq; f sJk;
Kaw; r pahz; i kg; gz; G f; $ Wfis xg; g pl; L Nehf; f yhk; . mjw; f ika jk; k plj; N j
tpUj;jpaile;Js;s Kaw;rpahz;ikg; gz;Gf; $WfisAk; tpUj;jpaile;j gz;Gf;$WfisAk;
,dq;fz;L> tpUj;jp nra;J nfhs;s Ntz;ba gz;Gf;$Wfis tpUj;jp nra;J nfhs;s
eltbf;if vLf;fyhk;.
KidT tiuak; (Polar Chart)

Nju;r;rp 9.0 : rpw;wsT tzpfq;fisj; jpl;lkpl;L elj;jpr; nry;thu;.
Nju;r;rpkl;l k; 9.9 : rpw;wsT tzpfnkhd;wpid elj;jpg; gpd;njhlu; Ma;T elj;jpg;
gpd;D}l;ly; gpNuuizfis Kd;itg;ghu;.
ghlNtis : 09
fw; w w;N gWfs; : • vspikahd tzpfq;fisj; jpl;lkpl;Lr; rpw;wsT tzpfnkhd;wpid
Muk;gpg;ghu;.
• tzpf xOf;fnewpfs; kw;Wk; rl;ljpl;lq;fSf;fpirthf tzpfj;ij
elj;jpr; nry;thu;.
• tzpf eltbf; i ffspy; <Lgl; L Kd; N dw; w j; i j mse; J
Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhd gpNuuizfis Kd;itg;ghu;.
nraw;g hl;i lj; jpl;lkpLtjw;Fupa mwpTWj;j y;f s; :
nghopg; G : 'ntw;wpfukhd tzpfnkhd;wpid Muk;gpj;J elj;jpr; nry;Nthk;"
Nju;rr; pkl;lk; 9.8 ,y; Ra fzpg;gPL %yk; ,dq;fz;l Kaw;rpahz;ikg; gz;Gf;$Wfspd;
gb jk;kplj;Nj fhzg;gLk; tzpf MSikiag; gad;gLj;jp tzpfnkhd;wpid Muk;gpj;Jg;
Gjpa Kiwfs;> cj;jpfspd;gb Kiwikahf mjid elj;jpr; nry;y topg;gLj;JjNy
,q;F ,lk;ngWtjhFk;. rfy re;ij eltbf;iffisAk; eilKiwg;gLj;jj;jf;f vspikahd
tzpfnkhd;wpidj; jpl;lkpl;L tzpf xOf;fq;fs; kw;Wk; rl;ljpl;lq;fs; Fwpj;Jf; ftdQ;
nrYj;JtNjhL> tsq;fis tpisjpwDs;sthW gad;gLj;Jjy; Ntz;Lk;. mjw;fhfj;
Jizr; Nritfis ,dq;fz;L mtw;iwf; nfhz;L gad;ngWk; tpjk; gw;wp mwpT+l;lk;
ngWjy;> Nkyjpf KjyPl;L tha;g;Gf;fis ,dq;fhzy;> fzf;Ffis Kiwikahfg;
NgZjy;> tzpf eltbf;iffis ,yhgfukhdjhf elj;jpr; nry;yy;> tzpf eltbf;iffs;
Fwpj;Jg; gpd;njhlu; Ma;T elj;jpg; gpd;D}l;lw; gpNuuizfis Kd;itj;jy; Mfpa
tplaq;fs; njhlu;ghfr; nra;Kiw mwpTld; $ba tpsf;fj;ijNaw;gLj;JtNj ,r;nraw;wpl;lk;
rhu;e;j fw;wy; %yk; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
• gpuNjr uPjpapy; elj;jpr; nry;yg;gLk; rpw;wsT tzpfq;fs; rpytw;iwg; gw;wpa gpd;tUk;

tplaq;fisf; fye;JiuahLtjw;Fg; nghUj;jkhdthW ghlj;ij mZFf.
• rpw;wsT tzpfnkhd;wpid mjd; ve;nje;jg; gz;Gfisf; nfhz;L ePqf ; s; ,dq;fhz;guP f
; s;?
• rpwpanjhU tzpfkhapDk; $l> mjid Muk;gpf;Fk; NghJ vspa tzpfj; jpl;lnkhd;W
Njitg;gLtNjd;?
• tzpfj;ij elj;jpr; nry;Yk;NghJ tzpf Kaw;rpahsuplj;Nj fhzg;gl Ntz;ba
xOq;fq;fs; kw;Wk; rpw;wsT Kaw;rpahsnuUtu; kPJ nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; rl;ljpl;lq;fs;
vd;gjhy; ePq;fs; fUJtJ ahJ?
• khztuJ Jyq;fy;fis kjpj;Jg; ghuhl;bg; gpd;tUk; tplaq;fis tpsf;Ff.
• rpw;wsT tzpfq;fis ,dq;fhz;gjw;Fg; nghJthd epakq;fs; ,y;iynadpDk;>
cupikahsuhNyNa KjyPL nra;J tzpfKaw;rp mike;Js;s gpuNjrj;jpNyNa jkJ
re;ijia tiuaiwg;gLj;jpr; rpww ; sT KjyPlb; d; %yk; rpww
; stpy; cw;gj;jp eltbf;iffis
my;yJ tpw;gid eltbf;iffis elj;jpr; nry;Yk; tzpfq;fs; rpw;wsT tzpfq;fshFk;.
• tzpfk; rpwpajhf ,Ue;j NghjpYk; ,yhgk; ngWtNj mjd; Nehf;fkhjyhy; jkJ
tzpfj; J f; F upa rfy tsq; f isAk; tpisjpwdhd topfspw; gad; g Lj; j p
,yhgkPl;Ltjw;fhfj; jpl;lkpLtJ ,d;wpaikahjjhf ,Uj;jy;.
cjhuzk;: tzpfj;jpl;lk;> epjpj;jpl;lk;> tpahghuj; jpl;lk; Nghd;wit
• jkJ tzpf eltbf;iffis elj;jpr; nry;Yk;NghJ ey;yJ - nfl;lJ njhlu;ghd
njspthd tpsf;fj;Jld; ey;ytw;iwNa nra;tJk; ghjfkhdtw;iw kWjypg;gJNk
tzpf xOf;fnewp MFk;.
(rpw;wsT tzpfq;fs; njhlu;ghf muR tpjpj;Js;s rl;ljpl;lq;fshf msit epWit>
re;ij xOq;fd P q;fs;> Efu;Nthu; ghJfhg;G Nghd;w tplaq;fs; Fwpj;Jf; ftdQ; nrYj;Jjy;)
• ntw;wpfukhf tzpf eltbf;iffis Muk;gpg;gjw;Fk; ntw;wpfukhf elj;jpr; nry;tjw;Fkhf
xt;nthU eltbf;ifapd; NghJk; khw;wj;ijNaw;gLj;Jk; xU newpg;gLj;Jgtu; vd;w tifapy;
Kaw;rpahz;ikahsu;> mt;tzpf Kaw;rpf;F kpf Kf;fpakhdtuhthu;. $lNt mtu; gpd;tUk;
tplaq;fs; Fwpj;Jf; ftdQ; nrYj;JtJ Kf;fpakhdnjdTk; tpsf;Ff.
• tzpf tha;gG ; f;fis clNd ,dq;fhzy;> mt;tha;gG ; f;fspypUe;J gad;ngWtjw;fhfg;
Gjpanjhd;wpidg; GjpanjhU tpjj;jpy; Mf;Ftjw;Fj; Njitahd tsq;fisg; ngWjy;>
tpisjpwdhd tiyaikg;Gf;f isf; fl;bnaOg;gpf; nfhs;s y;> ,lu; Kfhik>
jPuk
; hdnkLj;jy;> jaf;fkpd;wp eilKiwg;gLj;jy; Nghd;wtw;Wf;F Kaw;rpahz;ikahsd;
jpwikAs;stuhf ,Uj;jy;.
• nfhLf;fy; thq;fy;fis xOq;fhfg; gjpT nra;J mwpf;iffisg; NgzptUtNjhL
tzpfj;jpd; ngWNgWfis mse;jwptjpy; ftdQ; nrYj;Jjy;.
• ,yhgj;jpd; xUgFjpiar; Nrkpg;gjpYk; Nkyjpf tUkhd topfis ,dq;fz;L KjyPL
nra;tjpYk; ftdQ; nrYj;Jjy;.
• ahNjDk; Fwpg;gpl;lsT fhyj;Js; nra;j tzpf eltbf;iffs; njhlu;ghfg; gpd;njhlu;
Ma;T elj;jpg; gyq;fs;> gytPdq;fisf; fw;wha;e;J gpd;D}l;ly; gpNuuizfis
Kd;itj;jy;.
Kd; d haj; j k;
• nraw;wpl;lk; njhlu;ghd tplaq;fisAk; mwpTWj;jy;fisAk; (gf;fk; 15-17) Kjypy;
ftdkhf thrpj;J tpsq;fpf;nfhs;tjd; %yk; ,f;fUkj;ij khztiuf; nfhz;L ,yFthf
eilKiwg;gLj;jy;.
• nraw;wpl;l Ntiyfis Muk;gpg;gjw;fhf khztUf;F mwpTWj;jy;fs; toq;Fk; KjyhtJ
jpdj;jpy; RaMf;ff;Nfhit jahupj;jy; njhlu;ghfTk; topfhl;Lf. ,jid khztu;
xt;nthUtUk; jdpj;jdpNa jahupj;jy; Ntz;Lk; vd mwptpf;Ff.
• nraw;wpl;lk; njhlu;ghd ehshe;jj; jfty;fisj; jpul;Ltjw;fhff; fsg;gjpNtnlhd;iwg;
gad;gLj;j Ntz;LnkdTk; mjid thuj;Jf;nfhU jlit MrpupaUf;Fr; rku;g;gpj;J
mtuJ MNyhridfisg; ngWjy; Ntz;LnkdTk; mwptpj;jy;.
• khztu;fisg; nghUj;jkhd Kiwapy; FOf;fshf;fpr; nraw;wpl;lj;jpyPLgLj;jTk;.
gpurpdj;i j ntspf;n fhzu;j y;
• njupTnra;J nfhz; l ahNjDk; ghtidg; nghUnshd;W ld; (gz;l nkhd;W ld;)
Gjpa mk;rnkhd;wpidr; Nru;j;Jg; ngWkhdk; Nru;f;fg;gl;l gz;lnkhd;wpid cw;gj;jp
nra;J mjid tpw;W ,yhgkPll ; f;$ba rpw;wsT tzpfnkhd;wpidj; jhgpj;jy; njhlu;ghd
tzpff; fUj;njhd;wpid ntspf;nfhzu;e;J nfhs;sr; re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.
tzpfj;ijj; jhgpj;jy; njhlf;f k; gz;lk;> Efu;Nthid milAk; tiuapyhd

nrad;Kiwapy; ,lk;ngWk; rfy tzpf eltbf;iffisAk; GJikg;ghL ntspg;gLk; tifapy;
nra;jy;> nfhLf;fy; thq;fy;fisg; gjpT nra;J Efu;Nthupd; Jyq;fy;fisg; ngw;W
Kd;Ndw;wj;ij mse;J Njitahd gpd;D}l;lw; gpNuuizfis toq;Fjy; Mfpa tplaq;fs;
njhlu;ghd khjpup mDgq;fisg; ngwj;jf;fthwhd nrad;Kiwnahd;wpy; <LgLtjw;Nfw;w
gpur;rpidnahd;wpid ntspf;nfhzu khztiu topg;gLj;Jf.
A jpl;l kply;
• ntw;wpfukhd xU tzpfj;ijj; jhgpj;J elj;jpr; nry;yy; njhlu;ghf tzpfj; jpl;lk;
• me;je;jr; nrayilTg; gpupTf;Fupa tfpghfq;fs; kw;Wk; nghWg;Gf;fs; njhlu;ghd
jfty;fisj; jpul;Lk; tpjk;.
• tzpff; fhuzpfisg; nghUj;jpaikj;Jf; nfhs;sj;jf;f tpjk;
• tzpfk; rhu;e;j toq;Feu;fs;> jug;gpdu; kw;Wk; Nghl;bahsu;fs;
• tzpfj;Jf;F cjtpfisg; ngwj;jf;f Jizr;Nritfs;
• nraw;gLj;jw; jpl;lnkhd;wpd; %yk; fpilj;Js;s tiuaWf;fg;gl;l fhyj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp>
Ntiyfis epiwNtw;Wk; tpjk; (cjhuzkhf rpy Ntiyfs; fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sd)
nraw;gLj;jw; jpl;lk;
Ntiy fhyr;rl;lfk;
Ntiy
,y. thuk; 1 thuk; 2 thuk; 3
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1 tzpfj;jpl;lk; jahupj;jy;
2 gFjpfshfg; gpupj;J Ntiyfis
xg;gilj;jy;
... ..............................................
... tzpfj; j py; Nru; f ; f Ntz; b a Gjpa
mk;rq;fisj; jPu;khdpj;jy;
... ..............................................
... tzpfj;J f;F g; nghUj; j khdthW El; g
KiwfisAk; epakq;fisAk;
eilKiwg;gLj;jy;
...
..............................................
Kd; N dw; w j; i j mse; J gpd; D }l; l w;
gpNuuizfis Kd;itj;jy;
... nraw;wpl;l Ntiyiag; G+uj;jp nra;jy;
• ntw;wpfukhd rpw;wsT tzpfnkhd;iwj; jhgpj;jy; kw;Wk; elj;jpr; nry;yy; njhlu;ghfj;
jpul;ba jfty;fisf; nfhz;L gpd;tUkhW tplaq;fisj; jPu;g;Gr; nra;jy;.
• tzpfj;jpd; Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;> msT> cs;sPLfs;
• tzpfj;Jf;Fr; Nru;f;fNtz;ba Gj;jk;rq;fs; (jhgpf;Fk;NghJ> cw;gj;jpapd; NghJ>
tpw;gidapd; / re;ijg;gLj;jypd;NghJ)
cjhuzk; : Gjpa njhopDl;gj;ijg; gad;gLj;Jjy;> tYr;rf;jpiar; rpf;fdg;gLj;jj;jf;f>
tPzt ; puaj;ij ,opthf;fj;jf;f cw;gj;jpfs;> ePzl
; fhyk; itj;jpUj;jf;f my;yJ gz;lj;jpd;
ghJfhg;Gf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd nghjpaply;> Efu;NthuJ Njitfspd;gb gz;lq;fs;>
Nritfspd; rpwg;ghf;fk;> guhkupg;Gg; Nghd;w re;ijg;gLj;jYf;Fg; gpe;jpa Nritfs;.
• toq;Feu;fSk; tpepNahf topfSk;
• Nghl;bapLk; tpahghupfspd; gz;lq;fs;> mtw;wpd; tpiytptuq;fs;> juepu;zak;>
ifahz;Ls;s tpahghu cj;jpfs;> mtu;fs; tsKfhik nra;Ak; tpjk; Mfpatw;iwf;
ftdj;jpw;nfhz;L> mt;tzpfj;Jf;Fg; nghUj;jkhdthW El;gKiwfisAk; epakq;fisAk;
njupT nra;jy;.
C jPu ;k hdnkLj;j y;
• jahupj;j fhyr;rl;lfj;jpd;gb nraw;gLtjw;fhfr; nrad;Kiwia tupirg;gLj;jy;.
• xl;Lnkhj;j tFg;gpd; <Lghl;ilg;ngw;Wf; fye;Jiuahb tzpfj;jpl;lnkhd;W jahupj;jy;.
(,izg;G: 9.9.1 ,y; khjpupnahd;W jug;gl;Ls;sJ)
• tzpfj;ijj; jhgpg;gjw;Fg; nghUj;jkhditnadf; fUjpj; jPu;khdpj;j fhuzpfisg;
gad;gLj;jp tzpfj;ijj; jhgpj;jy;.
• nghUj;jkhd tzpf mikg;nghd;wpidj; njupTnra;J nfhs;sy;.
• tzpfj;ij eilKiwg;gLj;Jtij ,yFgLj;Jtjw;fhf tzpf eltbf;iffis ehd;F
nraw;gL gpupTfshf;fp (,izg;G 9.9.2) xg;gilf;fg;gl;Ls;sthW nraw;gLj;jy;.
• cw;gj;jp> re;ijg;gLj;jy;> gzk;> fzf;F itj;jy; eltbf;iffs; kw;Wk; kdpj tsKfhik>
jfty; toq;Fk; gpupTfspd; tfpghfq;fis tiuaWj;Jj; jpl;lkpl;lthW nghWg;Gf;fis
xg;gilj;Jr; nraw;ghl;by; <LgLj;Jjy;.
• gpupTfspy; ntt; Ntwhfr; nraw; g l; l NghjpYk; midtUk; xNu tzpfj; i jNa
nraw;gLj;Jfpd;wikahy; Njitahd re;ju;g;gq;fspy; rfy gpuptpdUk; Njitf;Nfw;g
xj;Jioj;Jf; $l;lhfr; nraw;gly;.
• xt;nthU gpuptpYk; Efu;Nthu; njhlu;ghfTk; xl;Lnkhj;j r%fj;jpd; rfy jug;gpdu;
njhlu;ghfTk; tpsq;fp Neu;ikahf> ePjpepahakhf> nfsutkhf> r%fg;nghWg;Gld; nraw;gly;.
• jkf;Fk; jk;Kld; nraw;gLk; rfy jug;gpdUf;Fk; ed;ikNa fpilf;FkhW xOf;fq;fSf;Fk;
tzpfr; rl;ljpl;lq;fSf;Fkikthfr; rfy eltbf;iffisAk; Nkw;nfhs;sy;.
• ahNjDk; xU Fwpj;j fhyj;Jl; nra;j tzpf eltbf;iffis xt;Nthu; mk;rj;jpd; fPOk;
mtjhdpj;Jg; gytPdq;fisg; gyq;fshf eptu;jj ; p nra;tjw;fhd gpNuuizfis Kd;itf;f
eltbf;if vLj;jy;.
D nraw;g Ljd;i kAk; kPs Nehf;F jYk;

• ngw;w juTfisg; gFg;gha;T nra;J ntw;wpfukhd tzpfnkhd;wpid Muk;gpj;J elj;jpr;
nry;Yk;NghJ nra;j nraw;ghLfs; mt;tzpfj;jpd; ntw;wpf;F ve;jsTf;Fj; Jizahf
mike;jntdj; Njbawpjy;.
• cw;gj;jp> re;ijg;gLj;jy;> gzk; kw;Wk; fzf;F itj;jy; eltbf;iffs;> kdpj ts
Kfhik kw;Wk; jfty; toq;Fk; gpupTfs; jj;jkJ tfpghfj;ij ve;jsTf;Fg; Gjpad
cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; jpwd; ntspg;gLkhW epiwNtw;wpd vd Ezpfpaha;jy;.
• tzpfj;jpd; xt;nthU gpuptpYk; me;je;j eltbf;iff;Fj; jiyikj;Jtk; toq;fpa
cWg;gpdu;fs; jj;jkJ Kaw;rpahz;ikg; gz;Gf;$Wfis ntspf;fhl;ba re;ju;g;gq;fis
tupirg;gLj;jp Mtzg;gLj;jy;.
• jkJ tzpf eltbf;iffs;> ,yhgkPl;ba tpjk;> Nrkpj;j gzj;jpd; msT> mg;gzj;ij
Nkyjpf KjyPlL ; topfspy; KjyPL nra;aj;jf;f tha;gG
; f;fs;> Mfpad gw;wpf; fye;Jiuahb
,dq;fz;L mJ njhlu;ghd mwpf;if jahupj;jy;.
• xU Fwpj;j fhyj;Js; elj;jpr; nrd;w tzpf eltbf;iffspd; Kd;Ndw;wj;ijase;J
Njitahd gpd;D}l;lw; gpNuuizfis Kd;itj;jy;.

• ,izg;G. 9.9.1> ,izg;G. 9.9.2> cw;gj;jp nra;j gz;lq;fs;> Njitahd Vida nghUl;fs;
• jk;kplj;Nj fhzg;gLk; Kaw;rpahz;ikg; gz;Gf; $WfisAk; tzpf MSikj;jpwidAk;
gad;gLj;jp ntw;wpfukhd tzpfnkhd;wpid Muk;gpj;J elj;jpr; nry;Yk; jpwidg; ngWjy;.
• Gjpa Kiwfisg; gad;gLj;jpr; rfy tpahghu eltbf;iffisAk; eilKiwg;gLj;jj;
jf;fjhf vspa tzpfnkhd;wpidj; jpl;lkply;.
• tzpf Kaw;rpahz;ikahsu; vd;w tifapy; vjpu;Nehf;Fk; rthy;fis ,dq;fz;L>
mtw;Wf;Fj; jPu;T toq;Fk; mDgtj;ijg; ngWjy;.
• Ngz;jF> ew;r%fnkhd;wpidf; fl;bnaOg;Gtjpy; gq;fspg;G nra;Ak; xU gpuir vd;w
tifapy; jkJ tzpf eltbf;iffis tzpf xOf;fq;fs;> rl;ljpl;lq;fSf;fikthf
epiwNtw;Wjy;.
• tzpfj;jpd; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij mse;J ntw;wp Njhy;tpia ,dq;fz;L Njhy;tpaile;j
re;ju;g;gq;fs; gw;wpa gpd;D}l;lw; gpNuuizfis Kd;itj;jy;.

• tzpfj; jpl;lkply;> rpw;wsT tzpfk;> tzpf xOq;fikg;Gk; rl;ljpl;lq;fSk;> Nkyjpf
KjyPl;Lr; re;ju;g;gq;fs;.
;tiy flg;gplq;fs; / ,izaj;jsq;fs; (Websites)
(1) www.mytopbusinessideas.com (3) www.neda.lk

(2) www.industry.gov.lk
,izg;G:9.9.1
khjpup tzpfj;j pl;lk; (Njitf;N fw;g khw;w paikj;J f; nfhs;s yhk;)
tzpfj;j pd; ngaUk; KftupAk; : ................................
1. tzpff; fUj;Jk; Fwpf;Nfhs;fSk; : ..............................................................................................................................

2. tzpfj;jpd; jd;ik: .........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................................................................
3. njupT nra;j tzpf mikg;G : ....................................................
4. cw;gj;jpg; nghUs; / gz;lk; : ....................................................
5. Vida Nghl;bahsu;fsJ gz;lq;fspypUe;J NtWgLtjw;F VJthFk; tpNrl ,ay;GfSk;
rpwg;gk;rq;fSk; : ...............................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................................................................
6. re;ij
I. vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk; Efu;Nthu; vz;zpf;if (jkJ tFg;gpYs;s khztu; njhifahfTk;
,Uf;fyhk;) : ..................................................................................................................................................................
II. mr;re;ijapd; nkhj;jf; Nfs;tpapy; jhk; toq;fj;jf;f rjtPjk;: ...............................................
7. cw;gj;jpr; nryT> vjpu;ghu;ff ; g;gLk; nkhj;jf;fpuak;> myFf;fpuak; : .............................................
.........................................................................................................................................................................................................
8. re;ijg;gLj;jy;
• vjpu;gg ; hu;ff ; g;gLk; tpw;gid msT : ...........................................................................................................
• Efu;Nthiuf; ftu;ej ; uP g; g; jw;fhff; ifahSk; cj;jpfs; : .................................................................
• gz;lk; Efu;Nthid milar; nra;tjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;Jk; tpepNahf topfs;: ................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................
9. ,yhgj; jd;ik:
• vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk; myF tpiy : ....................................................................................................
• vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk; myF ,yhgk; : ....................................................................................................
• vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk; nkhj;j ,yhgk; : ....................................................................................................
10. tsq;fisg; ngWk; topfs;: (gad;gLj;jj;jf;f epjp> kdpj kw;Wk; ngsjpf tsq;fs;
njhlu;ghd tptuq;fs;)
.........................................................................................................................................................................................................
11.tzpf xOq;fq;fSk; tzpfj;jpd; kPJ nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; rl;ljpl;lq;fSk;:
.........................................................................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................................................................
,izg;G: 9.9.2
1. cw;gj;jpg; gpupT
• ,yf;fhff; nfhz;Ls;s re;ijf;Fj; Njitahd gz;lj;jpy; fhzg;gl Ntz;ba rpwg;ghd
,ay;Gfisr; re;ijg;gLj;jy; gpupTld; Nru;e;J $l;lhfj; jPu;khdpj;jy;.
• cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; gz;lj;jpd; jpl;lg;glq;fis tiujy;.
• cw;gj;jpr; nrad;Kiwiaj; jpl;lkpLjy;.
• gz;lj;ij cw;gj;jp nra;tjw;Fj; Njitahd tsq;fisg; gl;baw;gLj;jy;.
• jkJ iftrKs;s tsq;fs; Gwj;NjapUe;J ngw Ntz;ba tsq;fs; vd ntt;Ntwhf
,uz;L gl;bay;fisj; jahupj;jy;.
• mtw;wpd; tpiy tptuq;fis tprhupj;jwpjy;.
• toq;Feu;fis ,dq;fhzy;.
• mD$ykhdthW %yg;nghUl;fs; nfhs;tdT nra;jy; (epjp kw;Wk; fzf;Fitj;jy;
gpupTld; $l;lhf)
• nrythFk; ciog;G kw;Wk; njhopDl;g mwpTf;fhfr; rk;gsr; nryitj; jPu;khdpj;jy;.
• nra;a NeupLk; NtW nryTfisAk; Nfhitg;gLj;Jjy; (cjhuzk;: Nghf;Ftuj;Jr;
nryT> njhlu;ghlw; nryT> njhiyNgrpf;fl;lzk;)
• cw;gj;jpf;fpua kjpg;gPL jahupj;jy;.
• gz;lj;ij cw;gj;jp nra;jy;.
• re;ijg;gLj;jy; gpuptpd; fUj;Jf;fisg; ngw;Wj; Njitahd jfty;fisAs;slf;fpr; #oy;
Neakhd nghjpAiwnahd;W jahupj;jy;.
2 re;ijg;g Lj;j w; gpupT
• cw;gj;jpg; gpupTld; Nru;e;J re;ij Ma;T elj;jpr; re;ijf;Fj; Njitahd gz;lj;jpw;
fhzg;gl Ntz;ba gz;Gfisj; jPuk ; hdpj;jy;. (Efu;Nthu; gpuptpdiur; re;jpj;Jf; fUj;Jf;fis
tpdtpawpe;Jk; vspikahd Ma;Tg;gbtnkhd;wpd; JizAlDk; re;ij Ma;T elj;Jjy;)
• cw;gj;jpg; gpuptpdu; jpl;lkpl;l gz;lj;ij NkYk; tpUj;jp nra;tJ mtrpankdpd;> mjw;fhd
gpNuuizfis Kd;itj;jy;.
• ,yf;F Efu;Nthu; gpupit ,dq;fhzy;.
• tpNrl re;ijia ,dq;fz;L $WgLj;jpf; nfhs;sy;.
• epuk;gw; rq;fpypfis ,dq;fhzy;.
• gz;lk; njhlu;ghf Efu;NthUf;F mwpT+l;lk; nra;tjw;fhf tpsk;gu Clfnkhd;wpidj;
njupT nra;jy;.
• ,yhgf;$Wld; tpw;gid tpiyiaj; jPu;khdpj;jy;. (cw;gj;jpg;gpupTld; $l;lhf)
• vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk; Efu;Nthu; gpupitj; jPu;khdpj;jy;.
• Njitahd Jizr;Nritfspd; cjtpiag; ngWjy;..
• nghUj;jkhd tpepNahf Kiwnahd;wpidj; jPu;khdpj;J eilKiwg;gLj;Jjy;.
• gz;lj;ij tpw;gid nra;jy;.
• Efu;Nthiuf; ftu;e;jPu;f;Fk; cj;jpfisg; gpuNahfpj;jy;.
• vjpu;ghu;ff
; g;gl;l tpw;gid ,yf;if vl;ltpy;iynadpd; FWfpa fhy uPjpapy; tpw;gidia
mjpfupj;Jf;nfhs;tjw;fhf tpw;gid Nkk;ghl;L cj;jpfisf; ifahsy;.
• Gjpa gz;lk; njhlu;ghf Efu;Nthupd; fUj;Jf;fisg; ngw;Wg; gpd;D}l;lw; gpNuuizfis
cw;gj;jpg; gpupTf;F toq;Fjy;.
3. epjp kw;W k; fzf;F eltbf;i ffs; gpupT (tfpghfNkw;W ebj;j y; Simulation)

%yk; Kd;itf;f KbAk;.
• Vida gpupTfspd; nryTfSf;fhfg; gzk; toq;Fjy;> tpw;gid %yk; fpilf;Fk; tpw;gid
tUkhdj;ijg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sy;.
• gzk; fpilj;jy; kw;Wk; gzk; nrYj;Jjy; njhlu;ghd fhNrnlhd;iwg; NgzptUjy;.
• tq;fpapy; gzk; itg;Gr; nra;jy; kw;Wk; kPsg;ngWjy; eltbf;iffis epiwNtw;wy;.
• rpw;wsT tzpfj;jpd; rfy eltbf;iffs; njhlu;ghfTk; nfhLf;fy; - thq;fy; mwpf;iffis
Kiwikahfg; NgzptUjy;.
• tUkhdk; - nryT Mfpatw;iwf; fhl;Lk; tUkhdf; $w;nwhd;W jahupj;jy;.
• tzpfj;jpd; ngWNgWfis kjpg;gPL nra;jy;. xU Fwpj;j fhyj;Js; elj;jg;gLk; tzpf
eltbf;iffspd; ,yhg / el;l epiyikfis mwpe;J Kd;Ndw;wj;ijj; jPu;khdpj;jy;.
4. kdpjts Kfhik kw;Wk; jfty; toq;fw; gpupT

• tzpfj;Jf;fhfj; Jizr;Nritfisg; ngWtjw;fhf ehlj;jf;f jdpahs;fs;> epWtdq;fs;>
mikg;Gf;fs; gw;wpj; Njbawpe;J mtw;iw ntt;Ntwhfg; gl;baw;gLj;jy;.
• me;je;jg; gpupT njhlu;ghff; fhzg;gLk; gpur;rpidfisf; fz;lwpe;J Nfhitg;gLj;jp
mtw;Wf;Fj; jPu;Tfhz;gjw;fhf ehlj;jf;f jdpahl;fs;> epWtdq;fs;> mikg;Gf;fs;
cs;sdthapd; mj;jfty;fis cupa gpupTfSf;F toq;Fjy;
• rfy gpupTfsJk; cWg;gpdu;fspd; Ntiyfis tpisjpwDs;sthW epiwNtw;Wtjpy;
jilahf mikaj;jf;f gpur;rpidfis ,dq;fz;L mtw;iwj; jPu;j;Jf; nfhs;tjw;Fj;
Njitahd cjtpfis toq;Fjy;.
3.0 fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPL k;
3.1. mwpKfk;
gpd;tUk; gd;Kfj;jpwd;fis tpUj;jp nra;Jnfhs;tjw;fhf khztu;fSf;Fr;
re;ju;gg
; spff; g;gLfpdw
; ik ‘nra;Kiwj;jpwd;fSk; njhopDl;gj;jpwd;fSk;’ ghlj;jpd;
rpwg;gpay;GfSs; xd;whFk;.
• gy;NtW njhopDl;gg;gug;GfSf;Fupa njhopDl;gj;jpwd;fs;
• nkd;jpwd;fs; / Generic (Soft) Skills
• ey;y Ntiyg; gof;fq;fs;
• kdg;ghq;Ffs;
Nkw;gb jpwd;fisAk; elj;ij tPr;irAk; vOj;Jr; Nrhjid %yNkh
tha;nkhopr;Nrhjid %yNkh khj;jpuk; msg;gJ NghJkhdjy;y. vdNt mjw;Fg;
nghUj;jkhd kjpg;gl P ;Lf; fUtpfis cUthf;fpf; nfhs;tJk; mf;fUtpfisr;
rupahfg; gad;gLj;Jtjw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd re;ju;g;gq;fis ,dq;fhz;gJk; kpf
Kf;fpakhdjhFk;. vdNt khztu;fs; nraw;wpl;lq;fs;fspy; <Lgl;bUf;F k;
re;ju;g;gj;jpy; mjhtJ fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jw; nra;Kiw epfOk;NghJ mtjhdpj;J
mtu;fsJ jpwd;fis mse;jwptjw;fhf Kd;itf;fg;gl;Ls;s Xu; mupa tha;gg ; hf
,jidf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.
fzpgg ; L
P > kjpgg
; L
P vd;gd ,uz;L tpjq;fspy; khztuJ jpwd;fis mse;jwpar;
re;ju;g;gkspf;Fk; Kf;fpakhd ,uz;L nray;fshFk;. ,UNtW re;ju;g;gq;fspy;
,lk;ngWk; ,uz;L nray;fshf ,Ue;j NghjpYk; mt;tpuz;L nray;fSf;FkpilNa
neUf;fkhd njhlu;G fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. mjhtJ ntw;wpfukhf ,lk;ngw;w
fzpg;gl P ;bD}lhf rpwe;j kjpg;glP ;bd;ghy; nry;tjw;fhd nry;thf;F Vw;gLj;jg;gLk;.
fw;wy; fw;gpj;jw; nrad;Kiwapd;NghJ cj;Njr fw;ww;NgWfspd;ghy; khztiu
Kd;Ndhf;fpf;nfhz;L nry;Yk; xU fUtpahff; fzpg;gl P ;ilAk; kjpg;gl
P ;ilAk;
,dq;fz;L nfhs;tJ nghUj;jkhdJ.
9 Me; juj;Jf;nfd cj;Njrpff ; g;gl;Ls;s xt;nthU nraw;wpll; j;jpYk; fzpg;gL

P
epfo;tNjhL> mjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;jNtz;ba re;ju;gg ; q;fisr; rupahf ,dq;fz;L
nfhs;sy; Mrpupaupd; nghWg;ghFk;. mjhtJ mwpT> jpwd;> kdg;ghq;Ffs; njhlu;ghff;
fhl;Lk; elj;ij rhu;e;j re;ju;g;gq;fis Neufhyj;Jld; fz;lwptJ Fwpj;Jj;
njhlu;r;rpahf tpspg;Gld; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lnkd;gNj ,jd; %yk; fUjg;gLtjhFk;.
nraw; w pl; l j; J f; F upa fzpg; g P l ; L epakq; f spD}lhf khztu; f s; xUtpj
mstplYf;Fs;shtu;.
nraw;wpl;lq;fSf;fikar; rpwg;ghd rpy kjpg;gl P ;Lf; fUtpfs; / Ngjq;fs;

%yk; khztu;fsJ jpwd;fs; guprPypf;fg;gLk;. nra;Kiwr; Nrhjidfs;> Mf;fr;
nraw;ghLfs;> Mfpa kjpg;gl P L
; f; fUtpfisg; gad;gLj;jp 9 Me;juj;jpy; mtu;fis
kjpg;gl
P ;Lf;F cl;gLj;jj; jpl;lkplg;gl;Ls;sJ. mJ njhlu;ghd tptuq;fs; mLj;Jj;
jug;gl;Ls;sNjhL> kjpg;gPl;Lg;Ngjq;fSf;fhd khjpup kjpg;gPl;Lf; fUtpfSk;
xt;nthd;W tPjk; Kd;itf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,t;thwhf> kw;iwa kjpgg ; l
P L
; f; fUtpfisj;
Njitf;Nfw;gj; jahupj;Jf;nfhs;Sk; Rje;jpuk; Mrpupau;;fSf;F cz;L.
80
Kd;itf;fg;gl;Ls;s kjpg;gPl;Lf; fUtpfs;/ kjpg;gPl;Lg; Ngjq;fs;
9 Me;juj;jpy; nra;Kiwj; jpwd;fSk; n;jhopDl;gj; jpwd;fSk; ghlj;Jf;fhfg;
G+u;j;jp nra;a Ntz;ba kjpg;gl
P ;Lf; fUtpfspd; vz;zpf;if fPNo ml;ltizapy;
jug;gl;Ls;sJ.
3.1 kjpg;gPl;Lf; fUtpg; Ngjq;fs;

ghlrhiy kl;l kjpg;gl
P ;Lf; fUtp jtiz I jtiz II jtiz III nkhj;jk;
1. nrad;Kiwr; Nrhjid 1 1 1 3
2. Mf;fr; nraw;ghLfs; 1 1 - 2
3. Mf;ff; fz;fhl;rp - - 1 1
4. RaMf;ff; Nfhit 1 1 1 3
nkhj;jk; 3 3 3 9
1. nra;K iwr; Nrhjid

khztu; me;je;jg; ghlg;gug;Gfspy; fw;w njhopDl;g mwpitAk; ngw;w
tpsf;fj;ijAk; mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L toq;fg;gLk; xU nraw;ghL rhu;e;j
NrhjidahFk;. ,jd;NghJ Nfhl;ghLfs;> vz;zf;fUf;fs;> Kiwfs;/
cj;jpfisg; gad;gLj;jp ahNjDnkhd;iw Mf;Fk; jpwd; Nehf;fg;gLk;. xU
ghlg;gug;Gf;F xU Nrhjid tPjk; xU tUlj;jpy; 04 nra;Kiwr; Nrhjid
fisg; g+u;j;jp nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ,tw;Ws; khztd; caupa Nju;r ; ;rp kl;lk;
ngw;w 03 Nrhjidfspd; Gs;spfis khj;jpuk; ,Wjpg; Gs;spiaf; fzpgg; jw;fhfj;
njupT nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
2. Mf;fr; nraw;ghLfs;
khztuJ Mf;fj;jpwd;fis tpUj;jp nra;tij Nehf;fhff; nfhz;L ,k;kjpgg ; L
P
elj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. jkJ RahjPdkhd vz;zq;fisj; jl;bnaOg;gpg; Gjpa
tifapy; rpe;jpf;fTk; nraw;glTk; Njitahd tha;gG ; ,jd; %yk; fpilf;Fk;.
GJikg;ghl;Lld; Gj;jhf;fk; gilj;jy;> ghtidg; nghUnshd;Wld; Gjpa
ahNjDnkhd;iwr; Nru;j;jy;> my;yJ mlq;fpapUf;Fk; ahNjDnkhd;iw
ePfF
; jy; %yk; nra;Ak; xU khw;wk;> Fiwe;j fpuaj;Jld; nryTld; tpisjpwd;
kpf;f Kiwapay;fisj; Njbawpjy;> gad;gLj;jpa gpd;du; fopj;njhJf;Fk;
nghUl;fis gpd;du; kPz;Lk; gad;gLj;Jtjw;fhd ifahz;L ghu;j;jy;fs;
Nghd;wit ,jw;fhd rpy cjhuzq;fshFk;. tho;tpd; Clhf Vw;w njhopDl;g
mwpitg; gad;gLj;jpj; jpl;le; jahupj;jy;> tptuf; $w;Wf;fs; jahupj;jy;>
Njitahd nghUl;fisAk; cgfuzq;fisAk; njupT nra;jy;> Njitahd
Kiwfs;/ cj;j pfisg; gad;gLj;j p Mf;f j;j py; <LgLjy;> mtw;i wg;
nghUj;jkhdthW Kd;itj;jy; vd;gd ,jw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd gbKiwfshFk;.
rfy ghlg; g ug; G fisAk; gpujpepjpj; J tg; g Lj; J k; tifapy; Mf; f r;
nraw;ghLfisg; G+u;jj ; p nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;. mtw;Ws; cau; Nju;r
; r
; p kl;lj;ijf;
fhl;ba> ,uz;L (2) NrhjidfSf;Fupa Gs;spfis khj;jpuk; tUl Kbtpy;
,Wjpg; Gs;spiaf; fzpg;gjw;fhfj; njupT nra;J nfhs;sy; Ntz;Lk;.
81
3. Mf;ff; fz;fl;rp
xt;nthU nraw;wpl;lj;JlDk; RaMf;ff;Nfhitia Kd;itj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
mtw;Ws; caupa ghz;bj;jpa kl;lj;ijf; fhl;Lk; ,uz;L Nrhjidfspd;
Gs; s pfis Mz; b Wjpg; Gs; s pfisj; jahupg; g jw; f hfj; njupTnrs; J
nfhs;sy;Ntz;Lk;. tUlj;Jf;F xU fz;fhl;rp elj;Jjy; Ntz;Lk;. 6 Mk; 7
Me; juq;fspy; Mrpupau; Kjd;ikNaw;gNjhL> 8 Mk; 9 Mk; juq;fspy;
gbg;gbahf khztiu Kjd;ikj;JtNkw;f topgg ; Lj;jp topfhl;Ljy; Ntz;Lk;.
khztu; f s; Mf; F k; ghtidg; nghUs; f s; > khjpupAUf; f s;> KbTg;
nghUs; f s; > Kd; i tg; G f; f s; Mfpatw; i w cs; s lf; f paNj Mf; f f;
fz; f hl; r pahFk; .
 Mf;fk; Gupjiy Muk;gpj;j ehs; njhlf;fk;> rk;gtj;jpul;Lf; Fwpg;Ngnlhd;iw
(log book) / Mtzf;Nfhit nahd;iwg; Ngzp tUjy; Ntz;Lk;. jpfjp /
Neuk; kw;Wk; Fwpj;j fhyj;Js; nra;jtw;iwAk; me;je;jj; jpfjpapy; me;je;j
Neuj;jpy; nra;j vy;yhtw;iwAk; gw;wpa tptuq;fisAk; ,f;Fwpg;Ngl;by;
Fwpg;gpLjy; Ntz;Lk;. Mf;fk; Gupaj; njhlq;fpaJ Kjy; Mf;fk; G+u;j;jp
ailAk; tiuapyhd rfy tptuq;fisAk; ,jpy; Fwpg;gpLjy; Ntz;Lk;.
Fwpg;Ngl;by; (Log book) Fwpg;Gf;fis vOJk;NghJ gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs;
njhlu;ghff; ftdQ; nrYj;Jq;fs;.
1. ,e;j Mf;fj;ijr; nra;tjw;fhd Kidg;ig Vw;gLj;jpa vz;zk; / gpur;rpid
Njhd;wpa re;ju;gg; j;jpy; ePq;fs; ,dq;fz;l Kf;fpakhd tplaq;fs;
2. Kjd;ikahd vz;zj;Jf;Fupa jfty;fSk; gUkl;lhd glq;fSk;
3. vz;zj;ij Mf;fk;Guptjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;Jtjw;fhf ePqf ; s; njupT nra;j
toptiffSf;F VJthf mike;j fhuzpfis Kd;itj;jy;
4. cq;fsJ Mf;f vz;zj;jpw;F mikthd jfty;fSf;Fupa glq;fs;>
tpsf;fg;glq;fs;> gUkl;lhd glq;fs;> njhopDl;gg; glq;fs;> xspg;glq;fs;
kw;Wk; mr;R Clfj; jfty;fs;> kpd;D}lfj; jfty;fisg; gad;gLj;Jjy;
khztuJ Mf;fr; nraw;wpll ; khdJ xU ghtidg; nghUshf KbTg; nghUshf>
Mf;fkhf> fiyg; gilg;ghf> Njlyhf mikayhk;. NkYk;> jw;NghJ ,Uf;Fk;
ahNjDnkhd;wpidj; jkJ Njitf;fhf etPdkag;gLj;jyhfTk; mikayhk;.
mJ xU epyg; g Fjpiaj; jkJ Mf; f G+u; t vz; z q; f Sf; f ika
moFgLj;Jjyhf mikayhk;. my;yJ Gjpa cznthd;iwj; jahupj;jyhf
mikayhk;. my;yJ czTg; nghUnshd;iw ePzl ; fhyk; itj;jpUg;gjw;F
Vw;w tifapy; jahu;gg ; Lj;jyhf ,Uf;fyhk;. fz;fhl;rpj; jpdj;jpy; tpw;gid
eltbf;iffspy; FOepiyapy; <Lglyhk;.
khztUf;F gpd;tUk; epakq;fspd;gb Mf;ff; fz;fhl;rpf;F Maj;jQ;
nra; a yhk; .
1. #oypy; jhk; fhZk; gpur;rpid rhu;e;j mDgtj;ij jkJ kdjpy;
Njhd;Wk; Xu; vz;zkhf ,dq;fhzy;
2. vz;zj;ij Mf;fkhf khw;wj;jf;f gbKiwfisr; rpe;jpj;jy;
3. vz;zj;ij xU glkhf my;yJ rpy glq;fshf tiujy;
4. glj;jpd;gb jhk; Mf;f vjpu;ghu;f;Fk; KbTg;nghUis Mf;Ftjw;Fj;
Njitahd nghUl;fisg; ngaupLjy;
5. Nji tahd c gfu zq; f isA k; f Utpfi sA k; Njbg; n gWjy ;
(fopj;njhJf;fg;gLk; nghUl;fisg; gad;gLj;jy;)
82
6. fz;fhl;rpg; nghUl;fis Mf;Fjy;> ,Wjpahd KbTg;nghUs; njhlu;ghff;
ftdQ; nrYj;Jjy;.
7. ahNjDk; Mf;fk; xU Gj;jhf;fkhff; fhzg;gLkhapd; mt;thf;fj;ij
fz;fhl;rpf;F itg;gjw;F Kd;du; Gyikr; nrhj;Jf;fs; gjpTr; rl;lj;jpd;
fPo; mjw;fhd cupj;Jupikiag; ngw tpz;zg;gpf;FkhW topg;gLj;jy;
Ntz;Lk;. khztuJ GyikkpF Mf;fq;fs; gpwu; tag;gLtjpypUe;J
ghJfhf;f Mtd nra;tJ Mrpupaupd; nghWg;ghFk;.
Mf;f f; fz;f hl;r pia Maj;jg;gLj;j Yk; KfhikAk;
1. khztu;fs; fz;fhl;rpg; nghUl;fisj; jpl;lkpLjy;
2. fz;fhl;rp elj;jg;gLk; jpfjp
3. fz;fhl;rp; gw;wp tpsk;gug;gLj;Jjy;
4. mr;rplg;gl;l Fwpg;Gf;fs;
5. fz;fhl;rp elj;jg;gLk; fhy tiuaiw
6. fz;fhl;rp Muk;gpf;Fk; NeuKk; KbtilAk; NeuKk;
7. fz;fhl;rpg; nghUl;fspd; njhif
8. fz;fhl;rpg;nghUl;fis Mf;Fjy;/ itj;jpUj;jy; kw;Wk; fhl;rpg;gyiffs;
jahupf;f cjTjy;
9. mjpjpfisAk; Clfj; JiwapdiuAk; tuNtw;wy;
10. cgruiz
11. eLepiy tfpg;gjw;F (Judging) eLtu; rignahd;wpid epakpj;Jf;nfhs;sy;
(eLtu; FO mq;fj;jtu;fSf;Fj; njhopDl;gj; jpwd;fs; njhlu;ghd mwpT
,Ug;gJ mtrpakhFk;.)
12. fz;fhl;rpiag; ghu;itapLtjw;F ehnshd;wpy; tUif juf; $batu;fs;
vd vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk; kf;fs; njhif kw;Wk; mtu;fSf;fhd trjpfis
toq;Fjy; njhlu;ghff; ftdQ; nrYj;Jjy;.
Mf;f f; fz;fhl;rpiaj; jpl;lkpLtjw;f hfg; gpd;tUk; topfhl;ly;f isj;

Jizahff; nfhs;S q;f s;.
1. fz;fhl;rpf;nfdr; nra;a Ntz;ba nryTfs; cs;sdthapd; Njitg;gLk;
gzj;njhif vt;tsT vdj; jPuk ; hdpAq;fs;.
2. maw;gpuNjr r%fj;jpdiug; gq;F nfhs;sr; nra;tjd; %yk; ,yFthf
mDruiz (Sponsorship) ngw Kaw;rpAq;fs;.
3 xOq;fikg;Gf; FO (Organizing Committee)

rkhe;juj; juq;fspy; fw;gpf;Fk; Mrpupau;fspd; xj;Jiog;igg; ngWtjw;fhf
mtu;fis cs;slf;fpa xOq;fikg;Gf; FOnthd;wpid mikj;Jf; nfhs;Sjy;
Ntz;Lk;. xOq;fikg;Gf; FOitg; gpd;tUkhW mikj;Jf; nfhs;Sq;fs;.
(a) MNyhridf; FO (Advisory Committee)

mjpgu;> ghlg;n ghWg;ghrpupau;f s;> maw; rKjhaj;i jr; Nru;e ;j rpyiu
cs;slf;fpajhf ,f;FOit mikj;Jf;nfhs;Sq;fs;.
(b) kj;jpa FO (Central Committee)

Mf;ff; fz;fhl;rp njhlu;ghd rfy mk;rq;fisAk; ftdpj;Jr; nraw;gLtJ
,f;FOtpd; nghWg;ghFk;.
83
(c) Mtz> mwpf;ifg;gLj;jy; FO (Clerical Record Committee)
khztu; njhlu;ghd kw;Wk; Mf;ff; fz;fhl;rp njhlu;ghd tptuq;fisg;
gjpT nra;J itj;jYk; mwpf;iffisj; jahu;g;gLj;JjYk; ,f;FOtpd;
nghWg;ghFk;.
(d) eLtu; FO (Judging Committee)

Mf;ff;fz;fhl;rpapy; itf;fg;gl;Ls;s fhl;rpg;nghUs;fisAk;> xl;Lnkhj;jf;
fz;fhl;rpiaAk; kjpg;gPL nra;tJ ,f;FOtpd; nghWg;ghFk;. ,t;tplak;
njhlu;ghd gy;NtW Nju;rr; pfisf; nfhz;l Mrpupau;fisAk; gpuKfu;fisAk;
,f;FOtpy; Nru;j;Jf; nfhs;syhk;.
(e) gupR toq;Fk; FO (Award Committee)

Mf;ff; fz;fhl;rpapy; kjpg;gPlL
; f;F cs;shf;fg;gl;l khztu;fSf;Fg; gupRfs;/
rhd;wpjo;fs; toq;Fk; gzpia xOq;F nra;tJ ,f;FOtpd; nghWg;ghFk;.
(f) khztu; cjtpf; FO (Student Aid Committee)

Mf;ff; fz;fhl;rpff
; hf Mf;fg;gLk; fhl;rpgn
; ghUl;fisg; gupry
P pjJ
; > Nkyjpfkhf
mtu;fSf;Fj; Njitahd epjp rhu;e;j MNyhridfisAk; njhopDl;g
MNyhridfisAk; toq;FtJ ,f;FOtpd; Nehf;fkhFk;. NkYk; mf;fhl;rpg;
nghUl;fisg; G+uzj;Jtg;gLj;jp Kd;itg;gjw;Fj; Njitahd cjtpia toq;FtJk;
,f;FOtpd; Clhf vjpug; hu;ff
; g;gLtjhFk;.
Mf;f f;f z;f hl;r pf;f hfr; nraw;wpl;l KbTg;N gw;i w Kd;i tj;j y;
ePq;fs; Kd;itf;Fk; Mf;fj;ijf; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jtjw;fhff; fhl;rpg;gyiffspy;
gpd;tUk; tptuq;fisf; Fwpg;gpLjy; Ntz;Lk;.
1. ghtidg; nghUspd;/ fhl;rpg;nghUspd; ngau;
2. Mf;fj;ij Mf;Ftjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;jpa gUkl;lhd tpsf;fg;glq;fs;
3. cgfuzq;fs;> fUtpfs;> Clfq;fs; (nghUl;fs;)
4. Mf;fr; nraypd;NghJ ePqf ; s; gpd;gw;wpa gbKiwfis 1> 2> 3 ... vd;wthwhff;
Fwpg;gpLq;fs;
5. gpuNahfKk; gad;fSk;
tpupthd - tiutpay; njhlu;ghly; Clfq;fs;
 tpsf;fg;glq;fs; (Diagrams)
 tiuGfs; (Graphs)
 ml;ltizfs;> glq;fs; (Charts and Maps)
 Rtnuhl;bfs; (Posters)
 tpflr; rpj;jpuq;fs;/ fUj;Jg; glq;fs; (Cartoons)
 rpj;jpuq;fs;/ xspg;glq;fs; (Pictures, Photographs)
 eifr;Ritf; fijfs; (Comics)
 tiutpay;fs; (Graphics)
6. gad;gLj;Jk; tpjk;
7. fz;fhl;rpg; gyiffs; mikg;gjw;fhf fopjn ; jhJf;fg;gLk; fhl;Nghl;/ nu[pNghk;/
nghyp];ijuPd; Nghd;wtw;iwg; gad;gLj;jyhk;.
fz;f hl;r pg; gyif mikj;jy;
msTfs;:
1. 1m x 0.75m
2. 1.5m x 1.8m
3. 1.8m x 1.2m
,jw;fhf fhe;jg; gyiffisAk; (Magnetic boards) gad;gLj;jyhk;.
84
gad; f s;
 gq;Fgw;Wif mjpfupj;jy; (Increase participation)
 fw;wy; epue;jukhjy; (Try to make learning permanent)
 nrhw;gpuNahfj;ijf; Fiwj;jy; (Reduce verbalism)
 xd;Wlndhd;iwj; njhlu;GgLj;jpf; fz;fhl;rpr; nra;Kiwapd; fUkq;fisf;;
fl;bnaOg;gpf; nfhs;Sk; jpwd; (Stimulate interaction)
 nkhoprhu;e;j ,lu;g;ghLfisj; jtpu;jj ; y; (Overcome language barriers)
 fz;fhl;rpg; nghUl;fs; njhlu;ghd njspthd tpsf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;Jjy;
(Develop better understanding)
4. Ra Mf;ff; Nfhit
khztu;fs; xt;nthU nraw;wpl;lj;JlDk; RaMf;ff;Nfhitia Kd;itj;jy;
Ntz;Lk;. mtw;Ws; caupa ghz;bj;jpa kl;lj;ijf;fhl;Lfpd;w %d;W (3)
Nrhjidfspd; Gs;spfis Mz;bd; ,Wjpg; Gs;spfisf; fzpg;gjw;Fg;
gad;gLj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. nraw;wpl;lj;ij Muk;gpj;J KbtilAk; tiuapy;
nraw;ghLfspy; <LgLk;NghJ ngWk;> kw;Wk; fz;lwpAk; jfty;fisAk;
Fwpg;Gf;fisAk; Mtzf; Nfhit xd;wpy; jpul;Ltu;. ,f;Nfhit> Ra
Mf;ff;Nfhit vdg;gLk;. ,jidr; nrayilTf; Nfhitapd; tpUj;jpaile;j
xU gbKiwahfTk; Fwpg;gplyhk;. ,jd; %yk; ahNjDk; fUkj;ij
xOq;fhfTk; Neu;jj
; pahfTk; ntw;wpfukhfTk; G+u;jj
; p nra;Ak; jpwd; fpilf;Fk;.
NkYk;> khztuJ capNuhl;lkhd nraw;ghl;ilAk;> nra;Kiw Ntisfspy;
mtu;fsJ <Lghl;ilj; Njbawptjw;Fk; kpfg; nghUj;jkhd xU kjpg;gl P ;Lf;
fUtpahfTk; Ra Mf;ff;Nfhit Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWfpd;wJ. ,J njhlu;ghf
NkYk; tptuq;fs; gpd;du; Kd;itf;fg;gLk;.
85
1. 0 kjpg;gPl ;Lf; fUtp : 9.4.1 tzpfr; nraw;g hL
2. 0 cs; s lf;f g;g Lk; Nju;r ;r p
kl; l q; f s; : 9.8 ntw; w pfukhd tzpfnkhd; w pid
Muk;gpj;J elj;jpr; nry;tjd; kPJ
nry;t hf; F r; nrYj; J k; fhuzpfis
,dq;fz;L Kaw;rpahz;ikapd;
gz;Gf; $Wfs; njhlu;ghfr;
Rafzpg;g P l ;b y; <LgLthu;.
3. 0 cs;s lf;f g;g Lk; tpla
cs; s lf; f k; :  tzpfnkhd;wpd; ntw;wpapy; nry;thf;Fr;
nrYj;Jk; fhuzpfs;.
 Kaw; r pahz; i k ,ay; G fs; %yk;
Kaw;rpahz;ikapd; gz;Gfis
,dq;fhzy;.
 Nkw;gb fhuzpfisAk; Kaw;rpahz;ikg;
gz; G f; $Wfi sA k; ts u; j ; j Yf; F j;
Njitahd gbKiwfisg; gpNuupj;jy;.
 Kaw;rpahz;i kahsuhf Ntz;Lk; vd;w
Fwpf;Nfhs;fSk; Ra fzpg;gPLk;.
4. 0 fUtpapd; jd;i k : nra;K iwr; Nrhjid
“mgptpUj;jp nra;ag;gl Ntz;ba Kaw;rp
ahz;ikapd; milahsq;fis vq;f@
lhfNt NjbawpNthk;” vd;w jiyg;gpd;
fPo;> 15 epkplq;fSf;Fs; tfpghfNkw;W
FOthf Kd;itj;jy;.
5. 0 fUtpapd; Fwpf;N fhs;f s; :  Kaw; r pahz; i kg; gz; G fis ,dq;

fhz;ghu;.
 nra;Kiwg; gpur;rpidfSf;Fj; jPuT
; fhz;
gjd; %yk; Kaw;rpahz;ikg; gz;Gfis
mgptpUj;jp nra;J nfhs;thu;.
 re;ijapy; ];jpuj; jd;ikiaf;
fw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;fhf Kaw;rpahz;ikg;
gz;Gf; $Wfis tpUj;jp nra;Jnfhs;tJ
kpf Kf;fpakhdnjd;gij ,dq;fhz;gu;.
6. 0 fUtpia eilKiwg;g Lj; J tjw;F upa mwpTWj; j y;f s;

6.1 MrpupaUf;F :
 Mrpupau; topfhl;bapy; nraw;wpl;lk; 9.8
Ij; njhlq;f Kd;du;> ,k;kjpg;gPl;Lf;
fUtpia tFg;gpy; mwpKfQ; nra;Aq;fs;.
 jug;gl;Ls;s rk;gtq;fspy; ,Uf;Fk; gpur;rp
idf;Fupa re;ju;g;gq;fs; njhlu;ghf jf
ty;fisr; Nrfupj;Jf; nfhs;tJ> fye;
Jiuahly; %yk; jPuT ; fhZjy; Mfpa
fhuzq;fs; gw;wp khztUf;F mwpTWj;
jy;fis toq;Fq;fs;.
86
 FOf; f spy; cs; N shuhy; ,Wjpapy;
nra;ag;gLfpd;w Ra fzpg;gl P ;Lg;gj;jpuk;>
jdpj;jdpahf G+u;j;jp nra;ag;gly; Ntz;L
nkd;gij mwpTWj;Jq;fs;.
 tfpghfNkw;W ebj;jy; njhlu;ghd rk;gtq;
fs; cs;s gj;jpuj;ij vOe;jkhdjhf
njupT nra;tjw;F> khztu; FOf;fSf;F
re;ju;g;gk; mspAq;fs;.
 tfpghfNkw;W ebj;jy; njhlu;ghf mgp tpUj;jp
nra;ag;gl Ntz;ba Kaw;rpahsu; gz;GfSk;
milahsq;fSk; khztu;f Sf;fpilapy;
cs;sdth vd mwpeJ ; nfhs;sy;.
 tfpghfNkw; W ebj; j ypd; ,Wjpapy; >
midj;J khztu;fSf;Fk; Ra kjpg;gl P ;
Lg; gbtk; xd;W tPjk; fpilf;fr; nra;Aq;
fs;. mjidg; G+u;j;jp nra;tJ fl;lhak;
vd;gjid khztu;fSf;F topfhl;Lq;fs;.
 tpla Cs;slf;fj;jpYs;s tplaq;fis
mbg; g ilahff; nfhz; L khztu;
Rafzpg;gPl; b y; <Lglg; nghUj;jkhd
mtjhdpg;Gg; gj;jpuj;ijj; jahupf;Ff.
6.2 khztu;f ;F :  jug;gl;Ls;s jiyg;gpD}lhf ntspgg ; Lj;

jg;gLfpd;w fUj;Jf;fis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;Fj;
jfty;fisr; Nrfupj;Jf; nfhz;L fye;Jiuahb
jPuT
; f;F tur; nra;Aq;fs;.
 mjd; %yk; gpur;rpidf;Fupa re;ju;gg ; q;
fisf; fz;LgpbAq;fs;.
 mg;gpur;r pidf;F upa fhuzq;f Sf;F j;
jPu ;T fhZk; nghOJ cq;f Sf;F s;
mgptpUj;jp mile;Js;s Kaw;rpahz;ik
apd; ey;y gz;Gfisf; fhl;rpg;
gLj;Jtjw;F FOf;f s; nra;af;$ba
nraw;ghLfis fz;lwpAq;fs;.
1. tfpghfNkw;W ebj;jy;
 tfpghfNkw;W ebj;jy; njhlu;ghf 15
epkplq;fSf;Fs;> FOf;fs; jhk; ngw;Wf;
nfhz;l jiyg;gpypUe;J nghUj;jkhd
fjhghj;jpuq;fisj; (khztu;fs;) njupT
nra;J> midj;J khztu;fSk; gq;F
nfhs; S k; tpjkhf xOq; f ikj; J f;
nfhs;Sq;fs;.
 tfpghfNkw;W ebj;jyhdJ xd;Wgl;Lr;
nra; A k; nraw; g hL vd Kd; i tj; j
gpd;du;> Ra kjpg;glP ;L gbtq;fis vy;yh
khztu;fSk; jdpj;jdpahf G+u;jj ; p nra;J
xg;gilj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. mjd; gpd;du;
FOf;fs; ntt;Ntwhf nra;j nraw;ghL
fisg; gw;wp tFg;giwapy; fye;Jiu
ahly; xd;wpy; <LgLq;fs;.
87
rk;gt ,yf;fk; 01
Nuhrhd;> fl;blk; fl;Ltjw;F gad;gLj;Jfpd;w mupfy;iy> cw;gj;jp nra;gtuhthu;.
mg;gpuNjrj;jpd; nkhj;jj; Njitapy; 50 rjtPjj;ij mtuhy; tpdpNahfpf;f KbAk;.
vdpDk; kzy; mfo;jy;> mjidf; nfhz;L nry;tjw;fhd mDkjpgg ; j;jpuk; ngWjy;>
rPnke;J tpiy mjpfupj;Jr; nry;yy; Nghd;w fhuzq;fspdhy;> vjpu;fhyj;jpy;
ngupastpyhd Xu; ,lUf;F Kfk; nfhLf;f Ntz;ba #o;epiy mtUila
tzpfj;jpw;F Vw;glyhk;. fl;bl Ntiyfspd; tpUj;jpapdhy; xNu cw;gj;jpapy;
njhlu;e;J ,Ug;gJ el;lj;ij Vw;gLj;jf;$Lk; vd epidf;Fk; Nuhrhd; Gjpjhf
vtw;iwNaDk; cUthf;f vz;Zfpwhu;.
Nuhrhd; vjpu;Nehf;fpa re;ju;g;gk; cq;fSila FOTf;F jug;gl;bUe;jhy;>

NuhrhDf;Fg; Gjpa re;ij tha;gi ; gg; ngw;Wf;nfhLg;gjw;F ePq;fs; Kd;itf;Fk;
nghUj;jkhd nraw;ghLfSk; NtW cw;gj;jpfSk; vit?
rk;gt ,yf;fk; 02
rpW guhaj;jpypUe;J r%f Nritapy; tpUg;gKs;s fky; f.ngh.j.(rh.j) guPli
; rf;Fg;
gpwF> r%f Nrit nra;tjpy; jdJ Cupy; gpugy;ak; mile;jhu;. mtu; CupYs;s
gpuNjr $lLwTf;filapy; Nju;r;rpngw;w cjtpahsuhf ,Ue;J> gpwF mg;gpuNjrj;
jpYs;s ntt;NtW $l;LwTr; rq;fq;fspy; jiytuhf njupT nra;ag;gl;lhu;.
,t;thW $l;LwT tzpfj;jpy; jiytuhf Ntiy nra;J nfhz;bUf;Fk; NghJ

mjid elj;jpr; nry;tjw;Fk; mgptpUj;jp nra;tjw;Fk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;ba
nraw;ghLfs; vit vd;gij epuw;gLj;jpf; fhl;Lf.
rk;gt ,yf;fk; 03
Nfhryh tpjtpjkhf cil myq;fhuk; nra;gtu;. mtUf;F efuj;jpy; Milfis
tpw;gid nra;Ak; filnahd;W cs;sJ. mq;Nf ,uz;L ngz; njhopyhsu;fs;
cs;sdu;. Nfhryhtpd; filf;F mUfpy;> Milfis itj;J tpw;gid nra;Ak;
,uz;L Nghl;bahsu;fs; cs;sdu;. fle;j khjj;Jld; xg;gPL nra;Ak;NghJ
Milf;fhd Nfs;tpAk;> Mil tpw;gid nra;J ngw;w ,yhgKk; Fiwtile;
Js;sik NfhryhTf;Fj; njupate;Js;sJ. kf;fSila vz;zq;fs;> tUkhd
kl;lq;fs;> Rit> tpUg;Gf;fs; Nghd;wd khw;wkilAk; fhyj;jpy; ehKk;> vkJ
tzpfq;fSk; mt;NtWghLfSf;Nfw;g khw;wkila Ntz;Lnkd Nfhryh epidj;jhu;.
mk;khw;wk; njhlu;ghf NfhryhTf;Fj; jfty;fs; Njitahf cs;sJ.
,J njhlu;ghf ....
1. mtUf;F ,r;#o;epiy njhlu;ghd khw;wq;fs; gw;wp jfty;fs; ngw;Wf;
nfhs;sj;jf;f jug;gpdu;fs;.
2. mj;jug;GfsplkpUe;J jfty;fs; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; Kiwfs;
3. ntt;NtW jug;gpduplk; ngw;w MNyhridfisj; jpul;b> jkJ tzpfr;
nraw;ghLfspy; Kd;Ndw;wk; miltjw;fhfj; jfty;fisj; NjbawpeJ
; nfhs;sy;.
Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l jfty;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L Nfhryhtpd; nefpo;r;rpahd
khw;wj;Jf;Fupa gz;Gfis tfpghfNkw;W ebj;Jf; fhl;Lq;fs;.
rk;gt ,yf;fk; 04
cNyhfj; njhopw;rhiyapy; Ntiy nra;J nfhz;bUe;j mkPu;> njhopyhsu;fs;
mjpfupj;jikapd; fhuzj;jpdhy; njhopw;rhiyapypUe;J tpyf;fg;gl;lhu;. NtW
rpy njhopw;rhiyfspypUe;J mkPUf;F Ntiyf;F tUk;gb miog;G tpLf;fg;gl;lJ.
vdpDk; njhopw;rhiyapypUe;J fpilj;j el;l <l;Lg; gzj;ijAk;> jdJ njhopy;
El;g mwpitAk; gad;gLj;jp jdp tpahghunkhd;iw Muk;gpg;gjw;F mkPu; vz;zpdhu;.
el;l <l;Lg; gzj;ijtpl NtW gzk; mtuplk; ,y;iy. ,t;thwhd re;ju;g;gj;ij
vjpu;nfhz;l mkPu; nghUj;jkhd jPuk; hdk; xd;iw vt;thW vLg;ghu;.
88
epakq;f Sk; Gs;sp toq;F jYk;
Nju;r ;r p Nju;r ;r p
kl; l j; i j kl; l j; i j
mile;Js;shu; milatpyi ; y
epakq; f s; 4 3 2 1
1. Kd; i tj; j y; > jpl; l j; J f; F mikthf

,Uj;jy;> xOq;fikg;G> newpg;gLj;jy;.
2. ntw;wpfukhd tzpfnkhd;wpid Muk;gpj;J

elj;jpr; nry;Yk;NghJ newpg;gLj;JNth
uplj;Nj Kaw;rpahz;ikg; gz;Gf; $Wfs;
ntspg;glj;jf;fthW nray;fisr; nra;J
fhl;ly;.
3. vy;yhr; re;ju;g;gq;fspYk; Gj;jhf;fq;fis

ntspg;gLj;Jk; jpwd;.
4. ghu;g;Nghupd; mwpT+l;lj;ij
Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhf ntt;NtW njhlu;ghly;
Clfq;fisg; gad;gLj;jy;.
5. ,aYkhd vy; y hr; re; j u; g ; g q; f spYk;

gzpfspd; ntw; w pf; F j; Jizahff;
nfhs;sj;jf;f Nahridfis ,dq;fhzy;.
89
1.0 kjpg;gPl;Lf; fUtp ,yf;fk; : 9.3.2 Muk;gj; njhopDl;gk;
2.0 cs;slf;f g;gLk; Nju;r ;r p/

Nju;r ;r p kl;l k; : 7.4 ehshe;jj; Njitfspd;gb
gad;gLj;jj;jf;f gtidg; nghUl;f s; /
mikg;Gf;fisj; jpl;lkpl;L Mf;Fthu;.
3.0 cs;slq;Fk; tpla mlf;fk;:

• ntt;NtW fUkq;fSld; njhlu;Gila Mf;fj;
Njitfis ,dq;fhzy;.
• Mf;fj;jpd; ntw;wpf;fhf mjpy; mlq;fpapUf;f
Ntz;ba ,ay;Gfs;.
4.0 kjpg;gPl;Lg; Ngjk; : Mf;f r; nraw;ghLfs;
“vspikahd fUtpfis cUthf;Ftjw;fhf
njhopDl;g cj;jpfisg; gad;gLj;jy;”
5.0 kjpg;gPl;Lf; Fwpf;N fhs;f s; :
• md;whlk; #oypy; vjpu;gg ; Lk; gpur;rpidfis
,dq;fhz;ghu;.
• gpur;rpidf;fhf vspa njhopDl;gj;juP T ; fisj;
Njbaha;thu;.
• gpur;rpid jPu;g;gjw;fhfg; Gjpa
njhopDl;gj;ijg; gad;gLj;Jthu;.
• f o pj ;n j h Jf ;F k; n gh U l ;f i s k Ps g;
gad;gLj;JtJ FwpjJ ; f; ftdQ; nrYj;Jthu;.
• re;ijf; Nfs;tp cs;s Gj;jhf;fq;fs; /
Nkk;ghLfs; nra;tjpy; Mu;tk; fhl;Lthu;.
6. 0 eilKiwg;g Lj;J tjw;f hd mwpTWj;j y;f s;:

6.1 MrpupaUf;F
• ,e;j kjpg;gl
P ;Lf; fUtp njhlu;ghd tplaq;
fisAk; jfty;fisAk; Kjypy; thrpj;J
ed;F tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjhy;> cq;fshy;
,r;nraiy NkYk; ,yFthfr; nra;ayhk;
vd;gijf; ftdj;jpw; nfhs;Sq;fs;.
• Mrpupau; topfhl;bapy; nraw;wpl;lk; 6.7I
kjpg;gL
P nra;a Kd;du; ,e;j kjpgg
; l
P L
; f;fUtp
gw;wp khztUf;F mwptpAq;fs;.
• khztuJ nraw; ghl; Lf;F j; Njitahd
nghUs;fis Kd;$l;bNa jpul;bf; nfhs;s
Ntz;Lk; vd;gij khztUf;F
tpsf;fkpsf;Ff.
• Njitf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd Gjpa
Mf;fnkhd;Wf;fhd vz;zj;ij cUthf;fpf;
nfhs;s topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
• Mf;fj;jpd; gUkl;lhd glj;ij tiujy;
Ntz;Lk; vd mwptpAq;fs;.
• Jizf;$Wfs; njhlu;ghd jftw;
gj;jpuq;fis toq;Ff.
• nra;Kiwj; jpwd;fSk; njhopDl;gj; jpwd;
90
fSk; ghlk; njhlu;ghf> cq;fsJ Mz;L
/ jtizj; jpl;lj;jpy; Fwpj;Jf; nfhz;ljw;
fpzq;f kjpg;gL P elj;jg;gLk; jpfjpia Kd;
$l;bNa khztUf;F mwptpAq;fs;.
• gpdt
; Uk; mwpTWj;jy;fspdg; b khztiu Mf;fr;
nraw;ghl;bd;ghy; <LgLj;jp kjpgg; pLq;fs;.
• t b t i kg ; G f ; F ( Design) N j i ta h d
gUkl;lhd glj;ij tiuthu;.
6.2 njhlf;f mwpTWj;j y;f Sk; Nfhbfhl;ly;f Sk;
khztu; f ; F :
• gUkl;lhd glj;jpd;gb> Gj;jhf;fnkhd;iw
cUthf;F tjw;F j; Njitahd Jizf;
$Wfis ,dq;fhZq;fs;.
• gad; gLj;J k; Jizf;$ Wfspd; njhopw;
ghl;il ,dq;fhZq;fs;.
• Njitf;Nfw;g> fopj;njhJf;fg;gLk;
nghUs;fisj; Njbg;ngWf.
• nray;fSf;F g; nghUj;jkhd rhjfkhd
nghUs;fisj; njupTnra;J gad;gLj;Jq;fs;.
• nghUj;jkhd cgfuzq;fs;> fUtpfisj;
njupTnra; J mtw; i wg; ghJfhg; g hff;
ifahSq;fs;.
6.3 miw$ty;f Sk; fUg;n ghUs;f Sk;
khztu; f ; F :
• jkJ Mf;fj;ij> mjDld; njhlu;Gila
gy;NtWgl;l njhopDl;g cgfuzq;fSld;
xg;gpLjy;.
• jkJ kdjpw; Njhd;wpa vz;zj;Jf;fikthf
Mf;fj;jpd; Kbthd jpl;lg;glj;ij tiujYk;
khjpupAUf;fis Mf;FjYk;.
• jpupGgLj;jpa (modification) Mf;fj;jpd; jpl;lg;
glj;ij tiujYk; khjpupAUit Mf;FjYk;.
• gad; g Lj; j pa njhopDl; g cj; j piaj;
njspthf tptupff;ff; $bajhf ,Uf;Fk;.
• vjpu; f hy mgptpUj; j pj; jpl; l g; g lj; i jf;
fl;bnaOg;Gthu;.
• jkJ Mf;fk; gw;wpa gz;Gfisf;
nfhz;bUj;jy;.
• eilKiwapy; gad;gLj;j Kbjy;
• rhu;gstpy; nryT Fiwthdjhf ,Uj;jy;
• %yg;nghUs;fis ,yFthfg; ngwj;jf;fjhf
,Uj;jy;
• gFjpfis xUq;FNru;f;Fk; trjp
• caupa KO epiwT fhzg;gLjy;
• re;ijf; Nfs;tpia Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhs;sf;
$bajhf ,Uj;jy;
91
epakq;fSk; Gs;sp toq;FjYk;
epakq;fs; Gs;sp toq;fy;

Nju;rr
; p kl;lj;ij Nju;rr
; p kl;lj;ij
4 3 2 1
1. md;whlk; vjpu;g;gLk; gpur;rpidnahd;Wf;Fj;
jPuT
; fhzy;.
2. ntt;NtW gbKiwfspd; topNa tpUj;jpnra;j
vspa> Gjpa njhopDl; g j; j P u ; T fisg;
gad;gLj;jy;.
3. re;ij Mw;wy;
4. kypthd cs;sPLfisg; gad;gLj;jy;
5. KOepiwT cau;thdjhf ,Uj;jy;.
92
1.0 kjpg;gPl;Lf; fUtp ,yf;fk; : 9(1-4) 3

Nju;r ;r p kl;l k; : Mf;ff; fz;fhl;rp xd;wpidj; jpl;lkpLjy;>
xOq;fikj;jy;> newpg;gLj;jy; Nju;r;rp
3.0 tpla cs;slf;fk; : rfy Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fspy; mlq;Fk; tpla

cs;slf;fk;
4.0 kjpg;gPl;Lg; Ngjk; : Mf;f f; fz;f hl;r p

 FwpfN ; fhs;fs; milag;gLk; tifapy; Mf;ff;
fz; f hl; r pnahd; w pid xOq; F nra; A k;
jpwidg; ngWthu;.
 gy; N tW Mf; f q; f is mikf; F k; N ghJ
gy;NtW jpwd;fisg; ngWthu;.
 Mf;fq;fisr; rupahff; fhl;rpgg ; Lj;Jtjw;fhf
Kd;itf;Fk; jpwidg; ngWthu;.
 Gj; jhf;f q;f isAk; GJikg; g hLfisAk;
Njhw;Wtpf;f Kidthu;.
 Mf; f q; f isf; ftu; r ; r pahd tifapy;
xOq; f hf ,lg; g Lj; j pf; fz; f hl; r pia
elj;Jthu;.
 tpw;gid nra;aj;jf;f Mf;fq;fs; kw;Wk;
Nritfs; %yk; Kaw;rpahz;ikj;
jpwd; f is cs; s lf; f p tpUj; j p nra; J
nfhs;thu;.

6.1 MrpupaUf; F :
 fz;fhl;rpj;jpd epfo;r;rp epuiy khztUld;
Nru;e;J jahupj;J> mjpgupd; mDkjpiag;
ngw;Wf; nfhs;f.
 ePq;fs; fw;gpf;Fk; juj;Jf;Fupa fz;fhl;rpf;
fhf khztu;fs; Kd;itf;Fk; fz;fhl;rpg;
nghUl;fisAk; mtu;fspd; ngau;fisAk;
gl;baw;gLj;Jf.
 mf;fz;;fhl;rpg; nghUl;fis vz; ,l;Lg;
ghJfhg;ghff; fsQ;rpag;gLj;Jf.
 nraw;FOit epakpj;Jg; nghWg;Gf;fis
xg;gilf;Ff.
 fz;fhl;rpia elj;Jtjw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd
Xu; ,lj;i j Kd;$l;b Na jahu;g;gLj;jp
khztuJ nraw;ghLfSf;Fj; Njitahd
kpd;rhu trjp Nghd;wtw;iwAk; Maj;jg;
gLj;Jq;f.
93
 eLtu; rigia Maj;jg;gLj;jpf; fz;fhl;rpg;
nghUl;fis kjpg;gpLtjw;Fupa>
epakq; f isAk; mwpTWj; j y; f isAk;
toq;Fq;fs;.
 gq;Fgw;Wk; khztiu kjpg;gL P nra;tjw;Fg;
gupRfs; kw;Wk; rhd;wpjo;fis Maj;jk;
nra;J nfhs;f.
 xU kz;lgj;jpy; my;yJ tFg;giwapy;
fhl;rpg; nghUs;fis xOq;fhf ,lg;gLj;Jf.
 fz; f hl; r pf; $lj; j py; ghu; i tapLNthu;
nry;tjw;fhd topia mk;Gf;Fwp %yk;
fhl;Lf.
 Mf; f f; fz; f hl; r pf; f hfg; Gj; j hf; f k;
gilg;Nghu; Gj;jhf;Feu; Mizf;FOtpd;
cjtpiag; ngWq;fs;. fz;fhl;rpapd; gpd;du;>
mf;fhl;rpg; nghUl;fisj; Njrpa kw;Wk;
ru; t Njr kl; l k; tiu Kd; i tg; g jw; F
khztu; f Sf; F r; re; j u; g ; g k; toq; F f.
fhzg;gLk; trjpfSld; Njitahd
eltbf;i ffis xOq;F nra;a Mtd
nra;Aq;fs;.
 f z; f h l; r p ap d ; K b t py ; gp d ; D } l ; ly ;
toq;Ftjw;fhfg; G+uzkhd xU kjpg;gl P ;il
elj;Jq;fs;.
khztu; f ; F :
 Mf;ff; fz;fhl;rp elj;jg;gLk; jpfjpfis>
fhy tiuaiwia Mrpupau;fSld; Nru;e;J
jPuk
; hdpf;Ff.
 Fwpf;Nfhs;fSf;F mikthfr; nraw;gL
jpl;lnkhd;iwj; jahupAq;fs;.
 Kd;itf;Fk; xt;Nthu; Mf;fj;JlDk; mjw;Fupa
nrad; K iwiaf; fhl; L k; gUkl; l hd
glq;fisAk; FwpgG ; f;fisAk; Kd;itAq;fs;.
 ,ad; w sTf; F r; rpf; f dkhd cj; j pfs; >
%yg;nghUl;fs;> cgfuzq;fisg;
gad;gLj;Jq;fs;.
 fz;fl;rpg; nghUl;fis KOepiwTilajh
fTk; ftu;r;rpfukhdjhfTk; Kd;itAq;fs;.
 fhl;rpg;nghUs;fspd; nraw;gL jd;ikiag;
guprPypj;J cWjpg;gLj;jpf; nfhz;ljd; gpdd ; u;
fhl;rpg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
 fhl;rpg; nghUs;fisf; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jifapy;
rupahfTk; (fhl; r pg; gLj;j y; Ve; j dq; f s;
(Racks)> fhl; r pg; g Lj; j w; gyiffSld; )
ghu;g;NghUf;F mnrsfupaq;fs; Vw;glhj
tifapYk; Kd;itAq;fs;.
94
 FOthf Kd;itf;ifapy; FOTzu;Tld;
nraw;gLq;fs;
 Mf ; f j;Jf ; f hd n ryT kjpg;gPl;ilj;
jahupAq;fs;
 Njitf;Nfw;g Mrpupau;fsJk; ngw;NwhuJk;
NtW tsthsu;fsJk; cjtpiag; ngw;W
mJ njhlu;ghd Fwpg;Gfisg; gjpT nra;J
itj;jpUq;fs;.
 fhl;rpg; nghUl;fs; njhlu;ghd nghWg;G
tfpjj; y;> xOq;fikg;G> newpgg
; Lj;jy; Nghd;w
nghWg;Gf;fisf; FO cWg;gpdu; fspilNa
gfpu;e;J nfhs;Sq;fs;.
6.3 rthy;f Sk; fUg;n ghUl;f Sk;
khztu; f ; F :
 vjpu; f hyj; j py; vjpu; N ehf; f j; j f; f rpy
rthy;fSk; gpur;rpidfSk; fPNo
jug;gl;Ls;sd.
,it njhlu;ghf MrpupaUk; khztu;fSk;
mwpT+l;lk; ngw;W mtw;Wf;Fj; Njitahd
Maj; j q; f isr; nra; J nfhs; t J kpf
Kf;fpakhdJ.
 fz;fhl;rp elj;Jk; ,lj;ij> ftu;rr ; pfukhfj;
jahu;gg; Lj;jYk; fz;fhl;rpiag; ghu;itapL
tjw;Fupa ghij xOq;if (Ground Plan)
mk;Gf;Fwpfs; %yk; ,l;Lf; fhl;rpg;gLj;jYk;
 fz;fhl;rpf; $lj;Js; gpuNtrpf;Fk; ,lk;>
fz; f hl; r piag; ghu; i tapLk; xOq; F >
ntspNaWk; ,lk; Mfpatw;iw mk;Gf;Fwpfs;
%yk; fhl;Ljy;.
 fhl;rpg;nghUs;fis itf;Fk; ,lq;fspy;
Njitahd rfy trjpfisAk; Vw;gLj;jpf;
nfhLj;jy;.
 tpw; g id nra; a j; j f; f fhl; r pg; n ghUs;
fSf; f hd nghUj; j khd Xu; ,lj; i j
Maj;jg;gLj;jp itj;jy;.
 fz;fhl;rpg; nghUl;fis Kd;itf;ifapy;>
cupa gyiffspy; tpsf; f g; g lq; f s; >
tiuGfs; Nghd;wtw;iwAk; Kd;itj;jy;>
Njitf;Nfw;gf; fzpdp cjtpiag; ngWjy;.
 fzpdp trjp cs; s jhapd; mjidj;
Jizahff; nfhz;L tpsf;fkspg;gjw;F
Mtd nra;jy;.
 mjpguJk;/ Mrpupau; Fohj;jpdJk; cjtpiag;
ngWjy;.
 me;je;jf; FOTf;fhfg; nghUj;jkhNdhiuj;
njupT nra;jy;
95
 nraw;gLj;jy; jpl;lj;ijj; jahupj;jy;
 Mf;fj;Jiw mwpTs;s xUtiuj; njupT
nra;J> mjpjpahff; fye;J nfhs;s miog;G
tpLj;jy;
 rKjhaj; j pdUf; F mwpT+l; l k; nra; A k;
Ntiyj; j pl; l k; (nghJrdj; njhlu; G +lf
mDruiziag; ngWjy;.)
 fz; f hl; r p mq; F uhu; g ; g z epfo; i tj;
jpl;lkply;
epakq; f s; Gs;sp toq;f y;

Nju;rr
; p kl;lj;ij Nju;rr
; p kl;lj;ij
4 3 2 1
1. Kd;dhaj;jKk; xOq;fikj;jYk; elj;JjYk;
2. Mf; f j; j pd; GJikg; g hL> Gj; j hf; f q; f s;
cs;slf;fpa gad;kpf;f KbTg;n;ghUl;fis
Kd;itj;jy;.
3. fz;fhl;rpg; nghUl;fisAk; NritfisAk;
Kiwahf> ftu;rr ; pfukhdthW ,lg;gLj;Jjy;.
4. ghu;g;Nghupd; mwpT+l;lj;ij Nkk;gLj;jj;jf;f
thW> gy;NtW njhlu;ghly; Clfq;fisg;
gad;gLj;Jjy;.
5. tpw;gid nra;aj;jf;f gz;lq;fs;> Nritfs;
%yk; Kaw;rpahz;ikj; jpwd;fis ntspf;
fhl;ly;
96
1.0 kjpg;gPl;Lf; fUtp ,yf;fk; : 9(1-4) 4

Nju;r ;r p kl;l k; : nr aw; w pl; l j;ijj; jpl; l kply ; kw; W k;
eilKiwg; g Lj; J ifapy; Ra Mf; f f;
Nfhitiaj; jahupf;Fk; Nju;r ; ;rp
3.0 tpla cs;slf;fk; : nraw;wpl;lj;Jf;Fupa tpla cs;slf;fk;
4.0 kjpg;gPl;Lg; Ngjk; : Ra Mf;ff; Nfhit

 nraw;wpl;lj;jpd; Muk;gj;jpypUe;J ,Wjp
tiuapy; capNuhl;lkhf <Lgl;l nraw;ghL
fs; njhlu;ghd gy;NtW jfty;fisAk;
Fwpg;Gf;fisAk; Nfhitg;gLj;Jthu;.
 KbTg; nghUs; rhu; e ; j nraw; w pl; l f;
fUkq; f spy; <LgLtjd; %yk; ngw; w
mtjhdpg;Gf;fs;> Ma;Tfs;> Neu;fhzy;fs;
kw; W k; Vida fw; i ffs; njhlu; g hd
jfty;fis vjpu;f hyg; gad;ghl;Lf;f hf
mwpf;ifg;gLj;jp itg;ghu;.
 vjpuf
; hyj;jpy; ey;y jPuT ; fis toq;Ftjw;Fg;
gad;gLj;jj;jf;f jhk; vjpu;nfhs;s Neu;e;j
gpur; r pid rhu; e ; j re; j u; g ; g q; f isAk;
jlq;fy;fisAk; vOjp itg;ghu;.
 jhk; G+u;j;jp nra;j nraw;wpl;lk; njhlu;ghf>
kP z ; L k; kP z ; L k; rpe; j pj; J mjidr;
Rakjpg; g P l ; b yP L glj; j f; f gad; k pf; f Xu;
Mf;fkhf kjpg;ghu;.
 nraw;wpl;lf; fUkq;fspy; <Lgl;Lg; ngw;w
Gjpa fz;lwpiffs; njhlu;ghd tpguq;fis
vjpu; fhyj; j py; Gjpa Mf;f q;f Sf; f hf
mwpf;ifg; gLj;jp itg;ghu;.

6.1 MrpupaUf; F :
 ,e;j kjpg; g Pl; L f ; fU tp njhlu;ghd
tplaq;fisAk; mwpTWj;jy;fisAk; Kjypy;
ftdkhf thrpj;J tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjhy;
,f;fUkj;ij khztiuf; nfhz;L
,yFthfr; nra; t pf; f yhk; vd; g ijf;
ftdj;jpw; nfhs;Sq;fs;.
 nraw;wpl;lf; fUkq;fis Muk;gpg;gjw;fhf
khztu;fF ; mwpTWj;jy; toq;Fk; KjyhtJ
jpdj;jpy; Ra Mf;ff;Nfhit jahupj;jy;
njhlu;ghd mwpTWj;jy;fis toq;Fq;fs;.
97
 nraw;wpl;lj;jpd; Kbtpy; jkJ Ra Mf;ff;
Nfh i ti a khztu; xt;nthU tUk;
Kd;itf;f Maj;jkhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;
vd khztu;f;F mwptpAq;fs;.
 Ra Mf; f f; Nfhitf; F mbg; g ilahf
mika Ntz; b a epakq; f s; kw; W k;
me;epakq;fisr; rupahf ,dq;fhz;gjw;fhf
mtw;Wld; njhlu;Gilaitahd nghJg;
gz;GfisAk; mtu;fSf;F toq;Fq;fs;.
 nraw;wpl;lj;ij eilKiwg;gLj;Jk; NghJ
jpll
; kpl;l rpy re;ju;g;gq;fspy; ,ilapilNa
Ra Mf ; f f; N fhitf isg; guprPypj; J
mwpTWj;jy; toq;fpathW khztu;f ;Fj;
ijupa%l;Lq;fs;.
 jfty; Nrfupg;gjw;fhf Mrpupau; topfhl;b>
ife;E}ypy; jug;gl;Ls;s gbt khjpupia
khztu;f;F toq;Fq;fs;.
 kjpg;gPl;Lf;F cl;gLj;Jtjw;fhfg;
gad; g Lj; j g; g Lk; kjpg; g P l ; L epakq; f s;
Fwpj;Jj; njhlf;f j;jpNyNa khztu;f ;F
mwpT+l;lk; nra;Aq;fs;.
khztu; f ; F :
 khztu; xt;nthUtUk; jdpj;jdpNa ,r;Ra
Mf;ff; Nfhitiaj; jahupj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
 nraw;wpll ; j;Jf;Fupa ehshe;jj; jfty;fisj;
jpul; L tjw; f hff; fsg; g jpNtnlhd; i wg;
gad;gLj;Jq;fs;.
 mg;gjpNtl;by; jfty; ngw;w jpfjp> ,lk;>
re; j pj; j jdpahl; f s; > nraw; w pl; l k;
njhlu;ghfj; cq;fsJ kdg;ghq;Ffs;
kw;Wk; czu;Tfisf; Fwpg;gpLq;fs;.
 fsg; gjpNtl;il thuj;Jf;F xU jlit
MrpupaUf;Fr; rku;g;gpj;J mwpTWj;jy;fisg;
ngWq;fs;.
 Mtzf;Nfhit xd;wpidg; ngw;W> jkJ
Mf;fr; nraw;wpll ; j;jpd; rfy gFjpfSk; rfy
gbKiwfSk; gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;jg;gLk;
tifapy; Fwpg;Gf;fisAk; gjpTfisAk;
gpd;tUkhW cs;slf;Fq;fs;.
 gpur;r pidr; re;ju;g;gj;jpd; Kf;fpakhd
tplaq;fs;
 gpur;rpidr; re;ju;gg ; j;jpd; Muk;gj;jpypUe;J
KbTg;nghUs; (,Wjpg;nghUis
kjpg;gpLjy;) tiuapyhd rfy
tplaq;fSlDk; njhlu;Gila
tptuq;fSk; jfty;fSk;
98
 gpur;rpidfisj; jPu;g;gjw;fhfg;
gpNuupf;fg;gl;l gy;NtW toptiffSk;
njupT nra;J> nfhz;l kpfg;
nghUj;jkhd toptifAk;.
 jfty;fisg; gjpT nra;Ak; NghJ vOj;J
%yf; $w;Wf;fs;> glq;fs;> gUkl;lhd
glq; f s; > nghwpKiw tiujy; f s; >
xspg;glq;fs;> mr;R kw;Wk; ,yj;jpudpay;
Clfq;fspypUe;J Nrfupj;j tplaq;fs;>
Fwpg;Gf;fs; cl;gl gy;NtW jfty;fs;
 rhyg; nghUj;jkhd toptifiaj; njupT
nra;Ak; NghJ mJ njhlu;ghd
cz;ikahd jfty;fSk; gpdd ; zpahff;
nfhz; l Nfhl; g hl; L j; jfty; f Sk;
(tpsf;fq;fSld;)
 ,jw; f hf vOj; J %yj; jfty; f is
khj;jpukd;wp tpNrlkhd re;ju;g;gq;fspy;
gad; g Lj; j pa cgfuzq; f s; my; y J
mtw; w pd; gFjpfs; > khjpupAUf; f s; >
khjpupfs; Nghd; w nghUs; rhu; e ; j
jfty;fisAk; cs;slf;fyhk; vd;gijf;
ftdj;jpw; nfhs;Sq;fs;.
 Mtzf; Nfhitapy; fsg;gjpNtl;ilAk;
,Lq;fs;.
 Nkw;gb jfty;fis cs;slf;fpa Mtzf;
Nfhitiaj; jahupf;ifapy; Kiwikahd
Xu; xOq;fpd;gb tptuq;fisf; Nfhitg;
gLj;Jq;fs;.
 Ra Mf;ff; Nfhitiag; G+u;j;jp nra;j
gpd; d u; > tFg; g py; Kd; i tj; J > ghlg;
nghWg;ghrpupaupd; guprPyidf;fhf
xg;gilAq;fs;.
6.3 rthy;f Sk; fUg;n ghUs;f Sk;
khztu; f ; F :
 Ra Mf;fkhf ,Uj;jy;
 nraw;wpl;lj;Jf;Fupa jfty;fs; mlq;fpa
fhj;jpukhd Xu; Mtzkhf ,Uj;jy;
 jfty;fspd; gy;tifik ntspf;fhl;lg;gLk;
Xu; Mf;fkhf ,Uj;jy;.
 gpur;rpidfs;> jilfs;> Gjpa fz;lwpiffs;>
Gjpa mDgtq;fis cs;slf;fpa gaDs;s
jftw; Nfhitahf ,Uj;jy;.
99
epakq; f s; Gs;sp toq;f y;

Nju;rr
; p kl;lj;ij Nju;rr
; p kl;lj;ij
4 3 2 1
1. njhopDl;gr; nrad;K iw
fUkj;jpd; gpujhd $Wfis gbKiwfis
,dq;f hzy; > nrad; K iw xOq;F fis
mDrupj;jy;> nra;Kiwj; jpwd;fs; tpUj;jpf;
fUkj;jpdN
; ghJ ftdQ; nrYj;jYk; kjpgg
; L
P k;
2. jfty;f Sk; njhlu;ghlYk;
jfty; f isAk; juTfisAk; Nfhitg;
gLj;jy;> fsg;gjpNtl;ilg; Ngzp tUjy;>
njhopDl; g g; gjq; f isg; gad; g Lj; j y; >
fUj;Jf;fisAk; Mf;fq;fisAk;
njhlu;gLtjw;fhfg; glq;fisg; gad;gLj;jy;
ngw;w fw;wiyj; njspthfj; njhlu;GgLj;jy;.
3. gpur;r pid jPu;j;jy;
jpl;lkply;> gUkl;lhd glq;fs;> rpj;jpupg;G>
gpur;rpid jPu;j;jy; topfs;> khw;W topfisj;
njupT nra;Jnfhs;sy;> jpl;lq;fis eil
Kiwg;gLj;jy;.
4. KbTg; nghUs;
KbTg; nghUisAk; tptuf; $w;i wAk;
xg;gpLjy;> typTfisAk; FiwghLfisAk;
,dq;fhzy;> Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhd gpNuuiz
fis Kd;itj;jYk; fhuzq;fhl;LjYk;
5. ,Wjpg;NgW
njspTk; nrk;ikAk;> xOq;Fk; J}a;ikAk;>
Kaw;rpAk; Mu;tKk;> Mf;fG+u;tj;jd;ikAk;
100
6.0 Mz;bWjpg; Gs;sp toq;Fjy;
Mz;bDs; ghlk;rhu;e;j ghlrhiy kl;lf; fzpg;gl P ;Lf; fUtpfs; %yk; ngw;w
Gs;spfspd; 50% rjtPjj;ijAk; Mz;bWjpapy; khfhz/ tya kl;lj;jpy; jahupff ; g;gl;l
vOj;J %y tpdhg;gj;jpuj;Jf;fhffg; ngw;w Gs;spfspd; 50% rjtPjj;jpidAk;
ngw;W ,Wjpg; Gs;spiaf; fzpj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
,q;F jug;gl;Ls;s ghlrhiy kl;l kjpg;gl P ;Lf; fUtpfis eilKiwg;gLj;j
Ntz;ba tpjk; fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sJ.
xU jtizf;F = 03
xU tUlj;Jf;F = 09
kjpg;gPl;Lf; fUtpfis eilKiwg;gLj;Jifapy; epakq;fis mbg;gilahff;
nfhz;Nl Gs;sp toq;fg;gLk;.
i. xt;nthU kjpg;glP ;Lg; Ngjj;Jf;fhfTk; Ie;J epakq;fisg; gad;gLj;jy;
ii. xU epakj;Jf;fhf cr;r msthf 4 Gs;spfs; toq;Fq;fs;.
,jw;fika ve;jnthU kjpg;gl P ;Lg; Ngjj;Jf;fhfTk; khztnuhUtu; ngwj;jf;f

cr;rg;Gs;sp 20 MFk;. vdNt xU tUlfhyj;Js; ngwj;jf;f cr;rg;Gs;sp (20x9=180)
MFk;. cq;fsJ tFg;gpy; fkyhapdp vd;Dk; khztp xU tUlj;Js; vy;yh
kjpg;gPLfisAk; G+u;j;jp nra;J ngw;w nkhj;jg;Gs;sp 160 vdf; fUJq;fs;.
mjw;fika mk;khztuJ ghlrhiy kl;l kjpg;gPl;L Mz;bWjpg; Gs;spiag;
gpd;tUkhW fzpf;fyhk;.
,Wjpg; Gs;spiaj; jPu;khdpj;jy; (Mz;bWjpapy; ghlrhiy kl;lf; fzpg;gPl;Lg;
Gs;s piaj; jPu ; k hdpj;j y;)
xU kjpg;glP ;Lf;fhfg; ngwj;jf;f cr;rg; Gs;sp = 20
xU tUlj;jpy; G+u;j;jp nra;a Ntz;ba kjpg;gL P fs; = 09
/ ngwj;jf;f cr;rg; Gs;spfs; = 20 x 9 = 180
fkyhapdp ngw;w nkhj;jg; Gs;sp = 160

Mz;bWjpapy; ghlrhiy kl;l kjpg;gl
P ;Lg;
Gs;spiaf; fzpj;jy; = 160 x 100
180
fkyhapdpapd; ,Wjpg; Gs;sp = 1600 = 88.88

18
fkyhapdp ngw;w ,Wjpg; Gs;sp
(fpl;ba KOj;jhdj;jpy;) = 89
jtizf;F upa ghlrhiy kl;lf; fzpg;gPl;Lg; Gs;spiaj; jPu ;khdpj;jy;

Kjyhe; jtizf;fhff; fkyhapdp ngw;w nkhj;jg; Gs;spfs; 48 Mapd;> mtuJ
Kjyhe; jtizf;fhd ghlrhiy kl;l kjpg;gPl;Lg; Gs;spiag; gpd;tUkhW
fzpf;fyhk;.
jtizapy; g+u;j;jp nra;a Ntz;ba

3 kjpg;gL
P fSf;Fupa cr;r nkhj;jg; Gs;spfs; = 20 x 3 = 60
fkyhapdp ngw;w Gs;spfs; = 48
jtizf;Fupa ,Wjpg; Gs;spiaf; fzpj;jy; = 48 x 100
60
fkyhapdpapd; jtizf;Fupa ,Wjpg; Gs;sp = 4800 = 80

60
Kjyhe; jtizf;Fupa ,Wjpg; Gs;sp = 80
101

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nrad;Kiwj;jpwd;fSk;

njhopDl;gf; fy;tpj; Jiw

Kjyhk; gjpg;G - 2017

© Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

njhopDl;gf; fy;tpj; Jiw

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

2007 Mk; Mz;L eilKiwapypUe;j cs;slf;fj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l

gy;NtWgl;l fy;tpahsu;fshy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l Ma;TfspdJk;> fUj;Jf; fspdJk;

,e;jg; gFj;jwpTthj eilKiwapd; fil epiyapy; ,Ue;J cau; epiy tiu

Mrpupau;fspw;F> mtu;fsJ tFg;giwf; fw;gpj;jy;fis topg;gLj;Jtjw;F

,g;Gjpa gFj;jwpTthj ghltpjhdj;jpdJk;> Gjpa Mrpupa topfhl;b E}y;fs;>

fyhepjp. jpUkjp. [ae;jp FzNrfu

,t;thwhd Gjpa topfhl;ly; MNyhridia cq;fSf;Fg; ngw;Wf; nfhLg;gjd; Nehf;fk;

,t;thwhd Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;bahdJ tFg;giwf; fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jw;

cq;fSf;F toq;fg;gLk; ,t;thrpupau; topfhl;biar; rpwe;j Kiwapy; tpsq;fp kpfr;

,t;thrpupau; topfhl;bahdJ ,g;ghlj;JiwAld; njhlu;Gila Mrpupau;fs;> tsthsu;fs;

fy;tpj; Jiwapd; mgptpUj;jpf;fhf ,f;fUj;ij kpf cau;e;jjhff; fUjp mu;gg

vk;. vg;. v];. gp. [atu;jd>

• gzpg;ghsu; ehafj;jpd; nra;jp iii

• gpujpg;gzpg;ghsu; ehafj;jpd; nra;jp v

• Mrpupau; topfhl;biag; gad;gLj;Jjy; njhlu;ghd mwpTWj;jy;fs; vii

• fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jw; nrad;Kiwf;Fupa mwpTWj;jy;fs;

fy;tpapD}lhf tpUj;jp nra;ag;gLk; gpd;tUk; mbg;gilj; Nju;r;rpfs; Nkw;Fwpj;j Njrpa

I. njhlu; g hly; Nju; r ;r pfs;

njhlu;ghly; gw;wpa Nju;r;rpfs; ehd;F Jizj; njhFjpfis mbg;gilahff;

vOj;jwpT: ftdkhfr; nrtpkLj;j y;> njspthfg; NgRjy;>

vz;zwpT: nghUs;> ,lk;> fhyk; vd;gtw;Wf;F vz;fisg;

rpj;jpu mwpT: NfhL> cUtk; vd;gtw;wpd; fUj;ij mwpjy;.

jfty; njhopDl;gj; jifik: fzpdp mwpT - fw;wypy;> njhopw; Rw;whlypy;> nrhe;j

II. MSik tpUj; j p njhlu; g hd Nju; r ; r pfs;

- Mf;fk;> tpupe;j rpe;jid> jw;WzpG> jPu;khdk; vLj;jy;> gpur;rpid tpLtpj;jy;>

- Neu;ik> rfpg;Gj; jd;ik> kdpj nfsutj;ijf; fz;zpag;gLj;jy; Mfpa tpOkpaq;fs;.

III. #oy; njhlu;ghd Nju;r ;r pfs;

,j;Nju;r;rpfs; #oNyhL njhlu;GWfpd;wd - r%fk;> capupay;> ngsjpfk;

r%fr; #oy;: Njrpa ghuk;gupak; gw;wpa tpopg;Gzu;T> gd;ikr; r%fj;jpd;

ngsjpfr; #oy;: ,lk;> rf;jp> vupnghUs;> rlg;nghUl;fs; gw;wpAk; mit kdpj

IV. Ntiy cyfj; j pw; F j; jahu; nra; j y; njhlu; g hd Nju; r ; r pfs; .

khztu;fsJ rf;jpia cr;r epiyf;Ff; nfhz;L tUtjw;Fk; mtu;fsJ Mw;wiyg;

- nghUshjhu tpUj;jpf;Fg; gq;fspj;jy;.

- mtu;fsJ njhopy; tpUg;Gf;fisAk; csr;rhu;GfisAk; fz;lwpjy;.

- mtu;fsJ Mw;wy;fSf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd Ntiyiaj; njupT nra;jy;.

- gadspf;ff; $baJk; epiyNgWilaJkhd [PtNdhghaj;jpy; <Lgly;.

V. rkaKk; xOfyhWk; njhlu; g hd Nju;r ; r pfs;.

md;whl tho;f ;ifapy; kpfg; nghUj;jkhdtw;iwj; njupT nra; aTk; ehshe;j

mofpaw; fiyfs;> ,yf;fpak;> tpisahl;L> nka;ty;Yeu; Nghl;bfs;> Xa;T Neug;

VII. “fw; w Yf; F f; fw; w y; ” njhlHghd Nju; r ; r pfs; .

tpiuthf khWfpd;w> rpf;fyhd> xUtupy; xUtu; jq;fp epw;fpd;w cynfhd;wpy;

(Njrpa fy;tp Mizf;FO mwpf;if - 2003 bnrk;gu;)

2.0 capu;r; #oiyg; 2.4 # o y ; N e a j ; - • R + o y ; k h w ; w q ; f s p d ; g h j f k h d • #oYf;Fk; tptrha

02. czT 5.0 c z i t 5 . 2 c z i t m b g ; - •czit mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l re;ij • czTld; njhlu;Gila

ifj;njhopy; lu;ghd cw;gj;jpr; • RNjr czT Nkk;ghL fhuzpfis tprhuiz

5.3 czTf; ifj; • Ntiyfis ,yFgLj; J tjw; f hd • czT cw;gj;jpf;Fj; Njitahd

•Nkyjpf KjyPl;L re;ju;g;gq;fs;

(i) ,g;ghlj;Jf;fhfg;; ghlrhiy Neu#rpapy; xU juj;Jf;F thuj;Jf;F 3 ghlNtisfs; tPjk;

(iii) ghlrhiyapy; fhzg;gLk; ,ltrjpfs; Fwpj;Jf; ftdkhf mtjhdpj;Jr; nraw;wp;l;lq;fisj;

(iv) ghlj;ij eilKiwg;gLj;Jk;NghJ jw;NghJ ghlrhiyapy; fhzg;gLk; cgfuzq;fs;> fUtpfis

(v) 6 Mk; 7 Me; juq;fspy; 5 njhopDl;gg; gug;Gf;fs; gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;jg;gl;ld. 8 Me;

(vi) 9 Me;juj;jpy; Mz;Lf;fhfj; njupTnra;J nfhs;sNtz;ba 4 nraw;wpl;lq;fisAk; ,dq;fz;L>

(vii) nrad;Kiwj; jpwd;fSk; njhopDl;gj; jpwd;fSk; ghlj;Jld; njhlu;Gila tifapy;

(viii) ngsjpf> kdpj> njhopDl;g mwpTrhu;e;j tsg; gw;whf;Fiw fhzg;gLk; ghlrhiyfspy;

5. fzpg;g PLk; kjpg;g PLk;

• gpd;n jhlu; Ma;T

2.2.2 fw;wy; - fw;g pj;jw; nrad;Kiwapd; NghJ nraw;wpl;lq;fisg; gad;gLj;Jtjd;