Group 4 - EUCLID

Precalculus
STEm-shs
1. Use the Binomial Theorem to expand the following:

(a) (2 x−3 y)8

8

∑ (8k )(2 x)n−k (−3 y)k

k=0

¿ 8 (2 x )8−0 (−3 y)0 + 8 (2 x)8−1 (−3 y )1 + 8 (2 x)8−2 (−3 y )2 + 8 (2 x)8−3 (−3 y )3+ 8 ( 2 x )8−4 (−3 y )4 + 8 (2 x)8−5
() () () () () ()
0 1 2 3 4 5

(87 )(2 x) 8−7 8

(−3 y ) + ( ) (2 x)
8
7 8−8
(−3 y )
7

¿ ( 1 ) (2 x)8 (−3 y )0+ ( 8 ) (2 x)7 (−3 y )1+ ( 28 ) (2 x )6 (−3 y)2 + ( 56 ) ( 2 x )5 (−3 y)3 + ( 70 ) ( 2 x )4 (−3 y)4 + ( 56 ) (2 x )3 (−3 y)5 +(
+ ( 8 )( 2 x )1 (−3 y )7 +(1)(2 x )0 (−3 y )8

¿ ( 1 ) ( 256 x8 ) ( 1 ) + ( 8 ) ( 128 x7 ) (−3 y ) + ( 28 ) ( 64 x 6 ) ( 9 y 2 ) + ( 56 ) ( 32 x5 ) (−27 y 3 ) + (70 ) ( 16 x 4 ) ( 81 y 4 )+ ( 56 ) ( 8 x3 ) (−243 y 5 ) + (

¿ 256 x 8−3072 x7 y +16128 x6 y 2−48384 x 5 y 3 +90720 x 4 y 4 −108864 x3 y 5 +81648 x2 y 6−34992 xy 7 +6561 y 8

7
√x − 2
(b) ( 3 x
2 )
7 n−k k
7 √x −2
∑(
k=0 k )( 3 ) ( ) x2
7−0 7−1 7−2 7−3 7−4 7−5
√x −2 0 7 √x −2 1 7 √x −2 2 7 √x −2 3 7 √x −2 4 7 √x
¿ 7
0 ( )( 3 ) ( ) ( )( 3 ) ( ) ( )( 3 ) ( ) ( )( 3 ) ( ) ( )( 3 ) ( ) ( )( 3 ) ( −x
x2
+
1 x2
+
2 x2
+
3 x2
+
4 x2
+
5

7 6 5 4 3 2 1
√ x ( 1 ) +( 7 ) √ x −2 1 x 2 2 x −2 3 x 2 4 −2 5
¿ ( 1) (3) ( 3 )( ) x 2
+ ( 21 ) √
( )( )
3 x 2
+ ( 35 ) √
( )( )
3 x 2
+ (35 ) √
( )( )
3 x 2 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( x2
+ ( 21 ) √
3
x
x 2
+( 7 ) √
3
x

x2 √ x x 2 −2
¿ ( 1)
243
(1)+(5)
81 x 2
+(10)
x√x
( )( )
27 ( )( x4 )+(10)( 9x )( −8x )+( 5) ( √3x )( 16x )+( 1) ( 1) (−32
4 6 8
x ) 10

x 2 √ x 10 40 x √ x 80 x 80 √ x 32
¿ − + − 6+ − 10
243 81 27 x 4 9x 3 x8 x

7 /2
84 −5 −15
1 7 −4 560 224 −9 7 −25 −14
¿ x − x+ x 2 −8 x + x 2 − x + x 2 −128 x
2187 729 243 27 3 3
Group 4 - EUCLID

7
(c) ( 1+ √ x )
7

∑ (7k ) ( 1 )7−k ( √ x )
k

k=0

¿ 7 ( 1 )7−0 ( √ x ) + 7 (1 )7 −1 ( √ x ) + 7 ( 1 )7−2 ( √ x ) + 7 ( 1 )7−3 ( √ x ) + 7 ( 1 )7−4 ( √ x ) + 7 ( 1 )7−5 ( √ x ) + 7 ( 1 )7−6 ( √ x ) + 7

0 1 2 3 4 5 6
()
0 1 () 2 () 3 ()
4 5 () 6 () 7 () ()
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
¿ ( 1 ) (1 )7 ( 1 ) + ( 7 ) ( 1 )6 ( √ x ) + ( 21 )( 1 )5 ( √ x ) + ( 35 ) ( 1 )4 ( √ x ) + ( 35 ) ( 1 )3 ( √ x ) + ( 21 ) ( 1 )2 ( √ x ) + ( 7 ) ( 1 )1 ( √ x ) + ( 1 )( 1 )0 ( √ x )

¿ ( 1 ) (1 ) ( 1 ) + ( 7 ) ( 1 ) ( √ x )+ ( 21 )( 1 ) ( x )+ (35 )( 1 ) ( x √ x )+ ( 35 )( 1 ) ( x 2 ) + ( 21 )( 1 ) ( x 2 √ x ) + ( 7 ) ( 1 ) ( x 3 ) + ( 1 ) ( 1 ) ( x 3 √ x )

¿ 1+7 √ x+21 x+ 35 x √ x+35 x 2+ 21 x 2 √ x +7 x 3 √ x+ x3 √ x

2. Without expanding completely, find the indicated value(s) in the expansion of the
following:

(a)( 2+ x )12 , two middle terms

( n2 +1)=( 122 +1)

At k= 6
12

∑ (12
k ) ( 2)
12−k
(x )
k

k=0

= (126)2 x6 6

= 924 (64) x 6

= 59136 x 6

At k=7
12

∑ (12
k ) ( 2)
12−k
(x )
k

k=0

= (127 )2 x
7 7

= 792 (128) x 7

= 101376 x 7

13
p 2
(b) ( +
2 q ) , 3 rd term
Group 4 - EUCLID

At k=2
13 13−k k
13 p 2
∑(
k=0 k )( ) ( )
2 q
11 2
13 p 2
=
2 ( )( ) ( )2 q

p11
= 78 ( )( q4 )
2048 2

312 p11
=
2048 q2

39 p 11
=
256 q2

24
(c) ( x 2 + y 4 ) , last two terms

k =24

k =23

At k=24

¿ ( nk) a n−k
b
k

¿ 24 ( x2 )
24−24 24

24( ) ( y4 )

¿ ( 2424 )( x ) ( y )
2 0 4 24

¿ ( 1 ) (1 ) ( y 96 )

¿ y 96

at k=¿ 23

¿ ( nk) a n−k
b
k

¿ 24 ( x2 )
24−23 23

23( ) ( y4)

24 2 1 4 23
¿ ( )
23
(x ) (y )

¿ ( 24 ) ( x 2 ) ( y 92 )

¿ 24 x 2 y 92
Group 4 - EUCLID

13
2 y 4 x5
(e) ( +
x3 4 y ) , term not involving y

4 18−k k
18 2 y x5
= ( )( ) ( )
k x3 4y

4 18−k k
18 2 y x5
= ( )( ) ( )
k x3 4y

18−k 72−4 k ❑ ❑
18 2 y x5 k
= ( )(
k x 54−3 k )( ) 4k y k

= (18k ) (2 18−3 k ❑ ❑
) ( y 72−4 k−k ) ( x 5 k−(54−3 k) )

18 18−3 k ❑ 7 2−5 k ❑ 8 k−54

= ( )k
(2 ) (y ) (x )

The term will not involve y if 72-5k=0 or k=72/5. The term not involving y could not be
determined because k must be an integer greater than 0 but not greater than 18.
16
1
(f) ( 2x 2
−x 2 ) term involving x 2

16−k
16 1 k
= ( )( )
k 2 x2
(−x 2 )

❑
16 1
( )( ) ❑
= ( −x 2k )
k 216−k x 30−2 k

❑
16 1
=- ( )(
k 2 16−k 30−2 k
x ) (x 2k ❑
)

❑
16 216−k
( )( ) ❑
=- ( x2k )
k x 30−2 k

=- (16k ) 2 k−16❑
( x 4 k−30 )
❑

(168 ) 2 8−16❑ ❑
=- ( x 4 (8)−30 )

=- (168 ) 2 −8❑
( x2 )
❑

(g) (1−2 x ¿ ¿9 , coefficient of x 3

= ( 9k) ( 1 ) 9−k
(−2 x )k
Group 4 - EUCLID

= To get x 3, let set k=3, yielding −23 (93 ) x 3

9 x3
=−23
3 ()
= (-8)(36)x3

= -288x3

1
(h) (2y7/3 - 5 )33 coefficient 1/y2
3
2y

setting a=2y7/3

1
b= 5
3
2y
7 33−k ❑
1
( )( )
33 2 y 3
k ( ) 2 y3
5 k

5 ❑

( ) (
33 ( 2 y )7 /3 (33−k ) 2 y 3 k )
k

(323 )(33-k) + (−53 k ¿ ¿ =-2 ❑

231 7 5
- k - k =-2
3 3 3

237
= 4k
3

79=4k

79
k=
4

1
k must be integer k>0=0 thus we can’t get coefficient of from the given
32
expansion

(i) (√ x -3), coefficient of x 7/ 2

= (11k ) ( √ x) 11−k
(−3 )k

= (11k ) 11−k
2
(−3 ) k

= To get x 7/ 2, let set k=4, yielding −3 4 (114)x 11−4

2
Group 4 - EUCLID

=3
4
(114) x 7 /2

9
(j) ( √ x+ 2 ) , coefficient of x 3/ 2

= ( 9k) ( √ x ) 9−k
( 2 )k

= ( 9k) x 9−k
2
( 2) k

= To get x 3/ 2, let set k=6, yielding 26 (96 )x 9−6

2

6 9
=2
6 ()
x 3/ 2

3.) Approximate ( 2.1 )10 by using the first 5 terms in the expansion of ( 2+0.1 )10.Compare
your answer with the calculator result.

4
( 2.1 ) =∑ 4 ( 2 )
10 10−k k

k=0 k
() ( 0.1 )
=
10 ( 2 )10−0 + 10 ( 2 )10−1 ( 0.1 ) + 10 ( 2 )10−2 ( 0.1 )2 + 10 ( 2 )10−3 ( 0.1 )3 + 10 ( 2 )10−4 ( 0.1 )4
[ ( ) ] [( )
0 1 ] [( ) 2 ] [( ) 3 ] [( ) 4 ]
=[ ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ] + [ ( 10 )( 2 ) ( 0.1 ) ] + [ ( 45 )( 2 ) ( 0.1 ) ]+ [ ( 120 )( 2 ) ( 0.1 ) ] + [ ( 210 ) ( 2 ) ( 0.1 ) 4 ]
10−0 9 8 2 7 3 6

=[ 1024 ] + [ ( 10 ) (512) ( 0.1 ) ]+ [ ( 45 ) (256) ( 0.01 ) ] + [ ( 120 ) (128) ( 0.001 ) ] + [ ( 210 ) (64) ( 0.0001 ) ]
=1024+512+115.2+ 15.36+1.344
=1667.904

The calculator result is 1667.988098, which has an approximate error of -0.084098.

4.) In the expansion of ( 4 x+3 )43 the kth value and the (k+1)st terms have coefficient.
What is the value of k?
34
( 4 x+3 ) =∑ 34 4 x 3 4−k 3k
34

k=0 k
( )
(34k ) ( 4 ) ( 3) =(k3+41) ( 4 )
3 4−k k 3 4− ( k +1)
( 3)
k+1

(3k4 )( 4 ) =(34k ) ( 3 )
34
4
=
( k)
3
(k3+14 )
Group 4 - EUCLID

34 !
4 ( 34−k ) ! k !
=
3 34 !
[ 34−( k +1 ) ] ! ( k +1 ) !
4 ( 34−k )( 33−k ) ! k !
=
3 ( k +1 ) ( 33−k ) ! k !

4 34−k
=
3 k +1
4 k + 4=102−3 k
k =1 4

5.) Determine the value of (190)−(191)3+(192)3 −(193 ) 3 +…+(1918)3 −(1919)3

2 3 18 19

= (190 )−(191)3+(192)3 −(193 ) 3 +(194 ) 3 −(195)3 +(196 ) 3 −(197) 3 +(198 )3 −(199) 3 +

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

(1910 ) 3 −(1911) 3 +(1912 )3 −(1913 )3 +(1914)3 −( 1915) 3 +(1916) 3 −(1917 )3 +(1918 )3 −(1919 ) 3
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

19 19−k
=∑ ❑ 19 ( ) −3k
k=0 k

= (1-3)19

= (-2)19

= -524288