Definitions of Boundary Layer Thickness , Due. to the unsditisfactory vagueness of the boundagy leer hoes dephition ( where w= 0:99Ue ), severd more precise clefiitions of boundory-jayer Huckness are developed . Edge of boundary layer ‘Typical steam tube in ‘oncoming steam Effective positon of siface: of surface ‘produces same displacement ‘of mainstream flow (n the absenco ofthe boundary layer) @ | lo = pu (Uap Velocity profile at station x Mass flow profile at station x e © FIGURE 3.8 ‘Measures of boundary-layer thickness, Displacowent thickness §* Due to the boundary layer, $42 mainstveam is as tf the solicl surfoue had been displaced a small dictance tie He St¥eam .as flow efit Seu Ue- a“ = CUcS* pupearee.= purple aren Yellow nea = Yellow aren ass flowrare —— pUe 6 [i ROH [emo [Ppa (ue u>) oly = Pus Oo” [ a Jo Bel ea] oy ] bane tes FacFrchm P89) local skin (or suce ) fron coeffici ie total skin frredion dvag a 5, S , i a tudx ee Jpuss on both Surfaces S— planform area of HE plateLomitar Boundary Layer Thickness along a flat Plate . OP dy Litany = 2 PE (PCa) = red = PbS ©5208 6 = HG Ray = 2664s a(t oY = bot te yee ened HW) ~ 9.664 CrO* eos * “See drag on one side of the plate (length L ont spanwice brendth B) De? 664 LB UoJR,. pd | De __ Oe= — ~ SpuaBLoundacy ~Layer Separation . FIGURE 3.11 Boundary ayer seperation, boundary layer Wa positive pressure gradient (advers pressure Gradieat, pressure Increasing with distane Cownsiveam ) the. retardng effects (pressure gradient + viscous effects ) will Slow down +e neacwadl flow, and separation (where 3H 2°) occurs . Owing 4 he greater exteet of lawor-eneryy fluid near the surface in the (gurinar boundary Layer, the effect of a pasihive pressure Gradient causes separechion wuch more vapiclly thar if the flow were durbuleat. A purbulemt boundary layer shit to twe surface beter than a [amrar one.Flow Past Gylinders and Spheres . (Rest (4) 400< Re <3 x 105 Fi sepeston Narrower turoulot wake Turbulent separation —_-* (DRe>3 10% FIGURE 3.13 {asration of flows over circular cylinders. (Note: The Reynolds number lls ae ‘aperoximate, depending appreciably on the free-stream turbulence level,) Wher dealing with nor-streamlined pr bluf€ bodies, becawe. = = adverse pressure grodiest on the boundary Layer, the flow ws ‘ ly sCparntes Somenmere near poms at He wayjmum cross-section An form a, broad wake. The skon-frction oreg is small, 0rd -totod . drag now consists mostly of form dra (reduwed pressive mtre wake rej) ~ creepiny flout ( Ftrkes; flew). ~ no boundary layer, purely viscous effet Ree) = low Ro Flow pattern is symuelvic, viglous effects exterd a considermble clistance from the Sucface =lwcRe< v0, flow becomes uuu tendy . vortex street develops fom oom plified dhigherbantes im He wake .Von Karman vortex street (or trail), The woke consists of a proce seitm 0 f equel-strengrh vort'tes, 4 ually spaced but atternating vn Sgn Sprouhak wumber S= nD, Usa, where n is the vortex shedding frequeacy . FIGURE 3.14 ‘Wake ofa circular evinder at Rep = 5000, Voricas are formed wien flow passes over Circular cylinders fora wide range of Reynolds numbers. The fow i from ltt o rit. ‘laminar boundary lay Is formed on the upstzeam surface ofthe cyfinder. It separates just ahead of the maximum thickness and breaks up into a turbulent wake, which is, ‘dominated by large-scale vortices, Flow visualization obtained by using aluminum particle tracers on water flow. Source: Photograph by 0.J. Buckingham, School of Engineering, University of Exeter, Unites Kingdom.Now vortox bogining to form CCrelaton about cylinder farts tached voron iF, giving skteways force (pU.T) Hope lal ‘strengths ‘Stagnation point offset from poston of symmoty Equal vortex separation distances Flow pattern and sideways force reverse whon vortex detaches and new vortex bbogins to form on opposite side @ 022 i 020 0.18 & 0.16 one 02 10 5 10 S10 5 tO" OS Re (U-DWv.) Approximate relation between Stouhal number and Reynolds number for cular eyinder © FIOURE 3.15 Periodic vortex sheoding and Strouhal number versus Reynolds number for flaw around crcular eyinders, cymae NA rapper unt span jeuto = FIOURE 3.17 x(@) Rep= 15,000 (©) Rag=30,000 FIGURE 3.16 Flow pasta sphere, in both cases from lefito right. Rep = 15,000 fo (a, which uses Gye Ta water to show 2 laminar boundary layer separeting aiead of the equator and remaining, laminar for almost one radius before Becoming turbulent. Alr bubbles in water provide the flow visualization in (b). Fortis case Rep = 30,000 and a wire hoop on the downstream surface trips the boundary layer to ensure that ansition aceurs in the seperation bubble leading to reattachment and a final turbulent separation much futher rearward. Tha much reduced wake in (b) es compared with (a) leads to dramatically reduced drag. The use of a Wire hoop to promote transition artifically produces the drag reduction at a much lower Reynolds number than for the smooth sphere, Source: Photographs by H. Werle, ONERA, France,