الدولة المستحيلة - وائل ب حلاق PDF

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The Impossible State:
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York: Columbia University Press, 2005), p. 35 .
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Transformations (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009), pp. 371-499, and An Introduction to
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J ...:...A.1.11_, ~~ ..lill ,~.WI ~_,..LII ..;...!..;~ .:,- ._;:_,5'-s ~ o-4)J
Islamic Law (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009), pp. 85-139, and Sami Zubaida, Law and
Power in the hlamic World, Liberary of Modem Middle East Studies; 34 (London: I. B.Tauris, 2003),
pp. 121-157.
)':1 .c)l J.s- WJ_;..ll <!,.WI J,_; l..J <!,.WI c;_,L_,.;...JI ~ :C).WI ;;J,A;JI oh c;--".f (4)
Elyse Semerdjian, «Off the Straight Path»: Illicit Sex, Law, and Community in Ottoman :~1 ~I
Aleppo, Gender, Culture, and Politics in the Middle East (Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 2008) .
....,L:SJI 1.t. ;;-o ..,...w1 J.-Ull ;;-o .jl!ll , _r,JI _,];.;I <s)
Shennan A. Jackson, J.slamic Law and the State: The Constitutional Jurisprudence of (6)
Shihiibal- Dina 1- Qaraft (Leiden: Brill, 1996), p. 190.
20
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143 __,., ,(1982 ,...;Jl.:ll "','"'Jr.) r)\...~1.) .,...L,-JI rUi..:JI \.s-'_;ll....;,_,..; ;~ ,68 -so__,.,
..,-l:5JI )> :iJ>IAII) J,k:l!J i?AJI :ir"l....ll 4,.o)\...~( :UJ..UI ,,r>-' CY...UI J4 ;152J
Abdulrahman Kurdi, The Islamic State: A Study Based on the IslamicJ r.S ,_,P r.(1992 ·~~\
Holy Constitution, East-West University Islamic Studies (London; New York: Mansell, 1984), p. 53.
:_,J;.;I ,;,,">\,- 632 '-:..... Jly- ..,-p:..ll ,<:.,.WI JJ'--> ~ J.lh, l.. .J~J (:>_;~ ;_,>-
R. B. Serjeant, «The Sunna J.ii.mi 'ah, Pacts with the Yathrib Jews, and the Ta.J:trTm of Yathrib:
Analysis and Translation of the Documents Comprised in the So-Called 'Constitution of Medina',»
Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies (BSOAS), vol.4l, no. 1 (1978), pp.l-42, and Said
Amir Arjomand, «The Constitution of Medina: A Sociolegal Interpretation of Muhammad's Acts of
Foundation of the Umma,» International Journal of Middle East Studies, vol. 41, no. 4 (November 2009) .
. « L..l J..U I J' ._,.,_,\;:]I ..:.> L; ).WI ,.L. ;_,>- e:'W I _,.:)I ~ t?li' ")\) (9)
Mohammad Fadel, «A Tragedy of Politics or an Apolitical Tragedy,>> Journal of the American Oriental
Society, vol.131, no.l (2011).
<IJ..U I '-'""' t.;.. C: ..,...._ L::; .J1~ <.:.,-'-'- c}i l.. «4,.o )\...! !!J, U *" . ,.;
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Roxanne L. Euben and Muhammad Qasim Zaman, eds., Princeton Readings in lslamist Thou[?ht: : _}i;l
Texts and Contexts from al-Bannn to Bin Laden, Princeton Studies in Muslim Politics (Princeton:
Princeton University Press, 2009).
Jackson, p. 190.
Hallaq, Sharf'a, pp. 486-493, and Asghar Schirazi, The Constitution of Iran: : _}ajl ~01.}'!i4..!6J J
Politics and the State in the Islamic Republic, Translated by John O'Kane (London; New York: I. B.
Tauris, 1997), p. 230.
i;A.....)fl J!;...!.;l 4.9~ Failure of Political Islam, ~\::.S' J (Oliver Roy) ~J.J ~Ji ~
Oliver Roy, The Failure of Political/slam, Trans. :_)i;l .~ O_?:Ajl ch ii~.J .;J.JJ..l~ '-:f""l:-JI
Carol Volk (Cambridge. Mass.: Harvard University Press. 1994), p. xi.
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Hallaqo Sha,r'ao pp. 443-499 0 and Zubaidao :}a; I ,( 'ir-="~ )'I» U,._,..::l J) JL,-JII.L. .j ( 1 1)
pp. 158-219.
Ha!laqo Sha,·a, :}>;I ,<..L,-JIJ .J _,;Li.IJ ~J..JI Jl,-JI .j .L..WI c::-"J ""'I_,...::....~ ( 12)
pp. 473-499, and Muhammad Qasim Zaman, The Ulama in Contemporary Islam: Custodians of
Change, Princeton Studies in Muslim Politics (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2002).
ti.rJI ~ ,(.J.rl-JI .JI_,.>-)'1 ~~_,)''!"~)'I r~l .j ;JJ.UIJ <-,_,.!.11» (1 3)

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26
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.:.... ~'J. I '-:"'~1 Ji1 ~ AJ ,L.,._;L...oJ ~_,Ja;J 6;\J :~.r---!ll .,t-1.:5
0~ 0\ ~ ,(Introduction to Islamic Law) 4-"}\....)II ~.r---!ll Jl J>..Lo
•
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u .:. . ;. t") I J..! .~ IJ ,r..W !IL:.... '4;. 4:J I ...)

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27
Giorgio Agamben, The Signature of All Things,
~l>..,..\ J:...-.J ,,·(f.~ J. '~(Humanism) ~W';jl ~_;]I .::.....,J

~~!.:,!~,~WI J! ~~ ·~ ~ .:,~ ~U::&-~1 J!
<.r 0W';jl ~ CJ&' I~ _;5! ;:....J ~! r Lo 'i.L<::l~ ~./'~I
.~WI 04~1 <.r ~~
John Gray, Straw Dogs,
.j ;,__-; ._.ll <PY cf'1 .,;;,l.,ci..JI ~J .;,~~~Premises W5 ..Al_;.JI r~ (1)

,[I"" _r.J I] Cr."" ~>'-"-I
= ~ >' ~pi ,.;,. wl .rf \,,;.WI Jl .r.-JI• Jl Q~ •Nostalgia> W5 !""fl (2)
29
Christopher Lasch, The Culture of Narcissism.
J:...:.... ~..!.>..ll ~ ')L., )II ~ _,..lll r_wi.. .J1 iS; ~I ~ _;JI ~_,1.:;
.~IJ.:-!1 .y ~_,L:.::; .J1 ~ .:,;~ er.JI_;.-.. ~ 91~ ~1.:;:._, Jb..:)l
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,II,_}·~ .:;1 ~.J
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~ ~ \1 I _ ~ ~_,ill oi.,>.:J I .J1 J l ..;:.. _...:.1 .J\ J.:-.......o '_,.>1 rLA.. ci

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.;.,..>J ...li_, ,O>JJ\..i;;..., \II ('-""I ~ ~ L.. t...~~ ...::.Jt; L..~ ~I,·· .. \fl
Jv r-1 ·<41 ~_,4]1 ;_,ill J5l:-> ~) i_jA~ ~; il.,~ ~J..)J1.r .\1~
'J <.jll ...,..,WI 4;.. .q.>., l:....».:....IJ , Lo. t..~ .!ll.lJ \,,.PWI .j ~I <.r u:JI l.i..o <1S:.:..
.[!""'rJil i>J...;:.o .rl.:..J JIS:ilJ i>~ ~.:,I J,.i'J ·~lS >.b...._;.....); _,...a
Wael Hallaq, Sharr'a: Theory, Practice, Transformations (Cambridge: Cambridge University (3)
Press, 2009), pp. 443-499.
Joseph A. Massad, Colonial Effects: The Making of National :_,1:2.;1 ,~1 el,J ~ ~
Identity in Jordan (New York: Columbia University Press, 2001).
30
i ~u -'-:--"WI _,...:jl ,_).>. 4J ..:...4 ~ W\lll ~\...:;;:-~I ..:...~~~
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<<Subjection and <...I"> .j i>y.-_,..ll5 .;.;1)_,.- (/~.WI <,('')..,'JI ,_,.,tJ,;Ji .iJ>- 0! (4)
Etienne Balibar, ((Subjection and Subjectivation,>> in: Joan :)iii.~~ ,_)s- 1__;...:.y ~ Subjectivatiom>
Copjec, ed., Supposing the Subject, Serie «S)) (London; New York: Verso, 1994).
Wael Hallaq, «Can the Shari'a Be Restored?,>) in: Yvonne Yazbeck Haddad and Barbara (5)
Freyer Stowasser, eds., Islamic Law and the Clwllenges of Modernity (Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira
Press, 2004).
31
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.j 4JL..; J.>l.:..:..... ~\J ~·_;--- ~ ~l...,;.....'11 lh i_,;.,-' .;;,..~ .JK.\,5'
~ ')\; .t;_,....o> <J.JJJj q..WI ~J..U\ ~1 .:,1 <f>J '11 ,j..,W\ J-a.All
.jl~\ ~~\ ·~ .j ;;,..JL.......[ .Jfo <Ji ~ ~ ~J..U\ ·-41
~~I ~~ ·~~ ~l...,;..... '11 lh <Ji ~ .<!:..WI ~J..llJ .)_,....JIJ <.S"i.la.:JIJ
., ... M ... ..
~~ _,...:.)\ «JJ..U\» ~ , fy J')L>I J..o:- y,. <JlS ..;\ Y'J '11 ,._.;.:Jt; ~
oh _}[ )0.:.11 0[ -:<!:~\ J:' ;;,..':>\....~\ ~\ Jts::.!.1J ~..w"i J:' 4JJ~\
J[ ~ L>J~4 ,<s>._...,L:-JI •l..i<- ~ J-.i W" ,;;,..':>\....~\ J\L..:.~\
:.r .!Jl!ll , _r.ll )";I ,.,J y ui.I.J)I .f ¥J ~_,.,.)II~ .y.l> CY-fo ~\ .f (6)
Hallaq, Shari' a.
Knut S. Vikor, :(K. Vikor) ~~ .!1 <>;- f J!.- <>;- f <,?>lA::J l:i,.c..:;J <~.:C.L,- '-:'I.:SJI ~ (7)
«The Shari' a and the Nation State: Who Can Codify the Divine Law?,)) in: Bj~rn Olav Utvik and Knut
S. Vik0r, eds., The Middle East in a Globalized World: Papers from the Fourth Nordic Conference on
Middle Eastern Studies, Oslo, 1998, Nordic Research on the Middle East; 6 (Bergen: Nordic Society
for Middle Eastern Studies, 2000), pp. 231-250 esp.
John Hall and G. Ikenberry, The State (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1989), (8)
pp. 23-34.
Graeme Gill, The Nature and Development of the :r_} r.5..u:J\ (Gill) ~ J.::LY Wz:i _,}ajl
Modern State (Houndmills, Hampshire; New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003), pp. 184-191.
32
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.J\L... -r ~ ~~ ..li ·~I ~lb:- •-,?_,All ..!..:.WI '-:"'}JI _,~
.(lo>~_,...a..JI t""~ y:-_, cYIJ. .._.,. IJ..WJ '~Jt; IJ.ili .:,r..ill r.lWI
Christopher Dawson, The Making of Europe; an Introduction to the History of European (9)
Unity, Meridian Books; M35 (New York: Meridian Books, 1956), p. 19.
= John Gray, Enlightenment's Wake: :)"1 •<.S.f"-\ 01j (J' cf-JJ ~l.!..o .lA; ~\ (J' (1 0)
33
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.)s- -.:..,..l>JI t_J~ <;J~I J~';/1 J Wk.. ~ ~ Y- ';/ ..;1 ,.......,...,1
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._;t.....JI 1.5 A .r.-u..J ,._;.r.--o .r.? ur--

r _, ,...,.. ~ -?.ill ~~ ~w1
oi_,....JI_, .?.-}J _,.....;.\ y. t.. !ll.:.A 0~ ';/ l..;JJ .li0L....;;>U ._;4-:JI <.J""L,A..JII>
Politics and Culture at the Close of the Modern Age (London: Routledge, 1995 ), and Samir Amin, The
Liberal Virus: Permanent War and the Americanization of the World, Translated by James H. Membrez
(New York: Monthly Review Press, 2004), p. 32.
. ":' l:SJ I <.r' cS _,:.\ c:-" I_,..J

Joseph E. Stiglitz, Globalization and its Discontents (New York: :JL!..JI ~~~_,b.;! ( 11)
W. W. Norton, 2002).
Anthony Giddens, Modernity and Self-Identity: Self and Society in the Late Modern Age ( 1 2)
(Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1991), pp. 144-208.
'':'~ill.. <.r' ..,..-WI J..o.<ll <.r' J 3\li ._r.JI _);;1 ,<k.i;JI ,.L. ( f o~ !.L:.l (13)
Giddens, pp. 7-9 and 171-174; Christopher Lasch, The Minimal Self: Psychic Survival in Troubled
Ttmes (New York: W. W. Norton, 1984), and Alain Touraine, Critique of Modernity, Trans. David
Macey (Oxford: Blackwell, 1995).
Pierre Bou;dieu.J '":'l:SJI I.L. (/' ..,..-WI J..o.<ll ...} 19 9 vP '18 ._,:..4]1 };;I ( 14)
Practical Reason: On the Theory of Action (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1998), p. 71.
34
_)s. 4 . ,_. ::. \;...; .JI <.r' ~ '1 J .I h .; L....U I U _,...;... (.)"" ..!...;..l.>..l I ~I ,j
Jl , ~ IS.c.... (homo economicus) l..,!'•l..,.a::il ~IS" ~ '1 '~_;\501 ,.1..._,
•<, s)t;;J\.>.1 ~ J _;........... ..;;li _,]>... ~ J. '0:h;..-o .r.? ~ •fl'-"
,_,...pll ,j ~ _,..... <..>.;>-~I .;t,...l.x;J t;_r..ll 1-4) ~J\.>.~I ..::;~1 ~J
t:..:..... t,... J t;;t,:.z J t.:.. P J ~41 r P J l;;L.i.....l.i -P t... .)~ !l _;; 4"1 ~
U_,. .;. . ll ~_,A; _)s. ).r" iJ IJ . J I_;...J I e:! y .US ..!..ll~ ~J ,.u....o; L.. J5J
,.) ~ ~ _,..... ~~ J&.pi ~ ,.)J\.>.IJ d.. I <.Y'L....I c)s- lh <<.;L....UI
• ;..r •
• (1 , ~, _r.5 <-> w
t,..:.l J • .) _,.; 1J .l..,.a::i '11 J ;c.. t,..JI
~_,>:; (.r-S" ...,__._.\.....~1 o•l..a.JI vb.J)>~Ioh 0--" ~~ ~ '1

~J;-JI _)s. •Jl+JI ~I ,j 'r _,A; .JI ~ 4"1 W' ,~J\.>.1 ..;;t;L_,S::5
~ J j--JI J> ~ ~ '1 ,_r.>-~I J.a."ll ,.) <.S;...- W'J ,..!.l.Jjj .~J\>.~I
r-L......II <.r' t...;~ ..!..ll~ W •_r-_,:.:.ll_r=. r-~ ~ ~J\.>.~1 ~L.;iJI
i f 4 '11 · • • ··HJ ~4 '11 ~l..wl ~~ <.Y'L......I c)s-J . .,_.')L.... iJI
.;>t..,s::s" .JL.;iJI '•L.::.....It;•) 1~1....;~ .J~I..l.>JI ~ .JI ~ '1 •.;L....UI U_,...;...J
,.1.,. .J~ •J.#I r')\.....i/1
t:'-)' •.JIJ .r-?l.r= "-! ~ L.. rJ ,,jJ~>.I
,j CS\:::JI ~ (.J_;JI ~ ~.;•Li .)_,5:; JJ J.:s r-l (Agency) ~l..ill
...,.._....WI ....A:_r:ll .J~ «~.;•Li ~ r-lll J_,Jit;IJ .~..l.>JI J:i ~I
.JI ~1.;:? <.r'J •..!.LJ1 ~~ ~~ ~ 4..L..t..... ~ '1 ~J\>.'>U
t_\.:::..'11 Jl- -P o_;..WI r..l&--"" r~~ ~; u•l ;; J.-W w- .~~ ,W;
..!).;~ J. .1~1 ~ (.r' ..w ~ '1 ..!).;~ u-:1 ,L.. ~ ~LS:;_;I_ (/
•
~.J . CS\:::JI ..!.lt ~I~ -.!.L...i:J ~ '1 J ~\;:; ~ ..r.,.JI ~ '1
Murray Bookchin, Defending the Earth: Debate between Murray : _)aj1 ,Jl;.-11 lh .j ( 1 5)
Bookchin and Dave Foreman, Foreword by David Levine (Montreal: Black Rose Books, 1991); Martin
Gorke, The Death of our Planet's Species: A Challenge to Ecology and Ethics, Translated from German
by Patricia Nevers (Washington, DC: Island Press, 2003), and Arne Naess, The Selected Works of Arne
Naes:-.·, Revised and Edited by Harold Glasser; in Cooperation with the Author; and with the Assistance
from Alan Drengson, 10 vols. (Dordrecht: Springer, 2005), vol. 10, pp. 13-55.
Michael Mann, «Has Globalization Ended the Rise and Rise of the Nation- State?,» ( 16)
Review of International Political Economy, vol. 4, no. 3 (Autumn 1997), pp. 489-490.
35
,~..bJI t_Jy!.JI '-)K.![ 'eiJ ~lk; .)>. ~IJ ,_,.,.>\11 U:r:JI l..i.A
<.S_;..-. L.SJ -(>L.. )'I r-l ~ ..,; ~ ,..!.:..c...l I J.:! r-l WI C~ _,...; ~ ..l.i .:J \5J
.. r._,.....-.II <-1• J\.>.\1 I r \1 I .r"i-"'
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yAy:- <.) .:J \5 , ..!Ll~ c)! t..J .:J j WI J ~ L,a;;.;':.li J r-W I :r ~ ~ ~J~
~IJ _;..ill JL-.>! J1 ~ c)!~ ..s~1 t.. Y'J ,..!.:..c...ll t_J~I
-J.s 4J ) y J ~_,..!.:]1 ._s.l;.; Jll ~ ,__,;-}jJ ~I Jt....l.liJ ._.<' ~ '11
..;1 C:: 'C:""IJ r ~ ~~ L; y-~ .:J'iiJ .¥1J i.,?~WI J~ '11 d'
r-"1 d' I~IJ 'Ur.JI 1..\... <.) d:.IJ..l.ll ..::. .... ""1 .u.l :r;;~ c)! cb.: '1
.~\All
~J\.>.1 J~~ <f ~ 01 ~ ~ ,.illl..; t.. J1 ,..!.!J~ ~ t.. I~!

~~L,a;;.;'JIJ ~~ '11 i.;.;l.rlM .) L;~L..; ~J J~~ ,._s_,.>1 .l,]IZ .)
.jll ~).J~ ~J\.>.1 J~L.,a.. ~ ~I ..r-)J .<.,.;jl.iiiJ ~L,.JiJ
d' 1;~ iiJ..L..ll J.&- ,. 1;, •. ~!~,.~.;~I·~~\.:.... 4>-y:..<:.........
(Charles J_,.l.t; j}.!.;J (Alasdair Macintyre) f..L:::St.. f....L..J1 J!.- 'cr~l
.. .-'ly. ~I ..l.iJ .(Charles Larmore) (1SJJ.J"J'1 )JL....!.;J Taylor)
•
._s..l.l ~\1 y~\..:-1 ( f I~.J ,c"J <..j.JJJ\11 ..!.>I;:JI ._;.:. t.. J.&- 'i ~
d'J (Thomas Aquinas) 0~'11 L. yJ (Aristotle) _,Ia-....... )J (Plato) .)_,1j\j1
<.S ..l.l ~
· •· J .TV' \..;yu . )\11 J ~..l>....ll ;(.;.J.
.::-, r. I Ua..,. • • .r. 1~\JI 01 Y.I l.S) ['""'"""
• , IJI J..o'll.j L.:.L...l (17)
Alasdair C. Macintyre: After Virtue: A Study in Moral Theory, 3'd ed. (Notre Dame, Ind.: ( 1 8)
University of Notre Dame Press, 2007), and Whose Justice? Which Rationality'! (Notre Dame, Ind.:
University of Notre Dame Press, 1988); Charles Taylor: Sources of the Self: The Making of the Modern
Identity (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1989), and The Malaise of Modernity, CBC
Massey Lecture Series (Concord, Ont.: Anansi, 1991), and Charles Lannore: The Autonomy of Morality
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008), and The Morals of Modernity (Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, 1996).
Roxanne L. Euben, Enemy in the Mirror: Islamic Fundamentalism :L~_i _)a;l ~.Jl;-JI l..l.A .j
and the Limits of Modern Rationalism (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1999) .
...;I}J i~'il .j ~4 ~'J ~ J" L.S ,_,J....)y .:>_.!.~! .;,'i ••:.;.:- L.> J_,;) (19)
.,.;,_.~)» 4 _,5 CJ" _;>i •.;,JJJj, o.,S:, rl \f':J\SJI /.j<--lAJI
36
~~ 111~11 ~ r-l<-f'-§'ll 0\) l.SJ ,~..WI ~I J,J L. ~
t:.... ~); J _,......; :_r.:, ~~ ,(~ j 0-' L.r.y>-1 ~ ~j\;J ~.) ,:,r.'l
U""l>JI ~lj C;-.•1 ,II 0\ J! I~ , 120
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4
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Jh:... 0-' t? 4J')\>.~I r-"ll 0\ .J')\.>. 0-' ,/fA.;. <.?jJI <.?..r.PI rationality)
,.j')\.h]l ~I 0\ ~ _r.l:.:Sl.. ..1;,..')\.,..J .(noumenal reason) ....:;I~ r-lL.;
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~.; L.!... J l.l.o. ~ J _r-. ~ ~ y.i> rJ I ..::.. 4-! L.....:..::l I 0 ~ , ..!.ll~ .P a~
0-' r1-) I .P ~ 4:-J I ..) j ~ 0\ 0-' .A; ':1 '..r. L:.:SL. ..._.,l>.;J .; y.; ':1 J .;~ t.;
0 ~ ':1! •._rJ ':1 d.> p
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~I j,; '-!"')\...,.)'I .;., I_,::l I ,j '-:"'I _,::l I ~ ~ if I 4.::-i')\.>.~I .;~ t-..) I
•':1 j.A 4-! i L.; if l5 - ;s~ <_; I ; J ~_.,1;; ..::.. ~_:;.,..; ~ 'j ~..WI
r l.i.o.J ,~1 ,j ~~_,...; ~_,.L..\ ~~ ~ J. '~- .......__.')\..;.)1
!.Sjj I .!>I _,::l I <.5 ~ ~ ..) , <.5 __,:. \ o.; ~ . J l,...-JI
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lh ..) _;S'l I
(::' -~ .J .; _,.a; .PJ) ~J ~_.,1;; r-" \A.. .P ~')\..;.)I •':1 j.A ;Js. ..4::&- I
.!>I _,::ll 0 ~ , 123
l( ~ l,l I ~ ~ ..L.j 1..5 , (( .kJ ..~.>\ .__,.; J--u_ r-l II
J) ~W\J <:.c....ll <,;)o)I.;~IJ ~J~I ~_,::..-1-" J>L...,...ll o.i..> 0' ~ 0l5 (20)
. Q.,:-1> J# """ 0l5 t.
Macintyre, Whose Justice?, p. 7. '
:_)a;I .~ ~ o.4..L.!..:.\\ (21)
t,W-ill.r .r.s.} .r-1;:5\..J )_,];~ ,_.;]\.>.; Jl_r.:lll )j")'i 0\....,..,. 0' ~)l.}s-l.i..> (22)
.\:..> j.olSJ~ ~...; _,::..; t. J"J •4#1.} ~ rl0l
Gray.p.7. (23)
0)» :(Michael Waltzer) J.rJIJ J>:;L.J .r-1;:5\..J J);~ J.- 0:"4 :IZ J! l}..\).} '<?l.f Jyi;
...,I_,;., <,? _r.JI 01.,._JI -:...,.. ,1.; j_,.j <,i -fl.. ~ ._,.,l ._,L:SJI , 'i _;. ':'~ <,?.ill ~I
•._,..cil rlt....il >.>.... .r.'- klS ...<,_,..; J.- ,..J <..,; 'i Jl:.. e""' J. ,.;o~IJ <kUI c_J.,;J i_r...JI
>
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37
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l.+SJ -~ J:_ri:)l..) ~ \j~~l ~ L. .Y'J -~l.!.::... ~ JL.:---
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(Schmitt)
26
< J • .. • J!.o .:_r.fo C>i ..>~\II _j ~IJ 'C.~.,.._:..lJ
\.... ~ ~.WI _,-)I j,; y ":L )'I ;;_.,_r..U .,rP_;>- 0i , ~ ~IJ 0_,>.., 0\ -" '1 ( 2 4)
J:li:ll J )lA L,.;l } Cr.! L::S:l I er...i.. .}&- l;-J .;> '-,-' L::S:l I l..i.. ; L:? ~ .:O...l.WIJ ;;...._r.il .:r.l;S .) d.,..;
;..,_r..U w .r- <A,)> 01 ~~J 0_,>.., 0i ~J ·r JL<, 01 :.r-"" ~ _,. ._.,. ;.rJI 1..i.. ~ :.r
.)&-J . <,;::>\>~ I i> l.:...'1 I <,k l.:.il1 i L. <5;>~ ~ J i ,U _r....J I l..i.. ..,...-l::; L:.. <;,.WI j,; <,. ":L )'I
...!ll.lS .;1.)&- -;,)))';, '1l...,...,.,.J '-!"'":L)'10jl.i.lJ ~..J~ ._,..,l ..,_,L::S:JII-'fj ,...,...L...~II..i..
;ts:;l i f 1_;,.; )5\ (The o,de' of Thing') Y'J ..,_,L::S:JI I-4J c.?_r.lS:;)'I 01_,:....11 J-'-:! (25)
.(Le' Mo" et Ia cham) J-..-~1 ~ _))101_,:....11 ;_r ..,_,L::S:JI
Carl Schmitt, «The Age of Neutralizations and De!X)liticizations,>> in: :.Jla.o ,_j ~~.J ( 2 6)
Carl Schmitt, The Concept of the Political, Translation, Introduction, and Notes by George Schwab;
= with «The Age of Neutralizations and Depoliticizations» (1929) Translated by Matthias Konzen and
38
,<"li ~ ~_,...; ~ .j l:..l .:r-::--L...\ (28J_,s_;.J (Kuhn) (27l(.J_,5.J
.J.l<:Ji ~ . ; \.. .r .)s- r+>";. .:r- l:.>.;. . "'·"--:! jj.J
~ ~')\h.; I ~ ~ J)~ <..I"' WI <1~)5 r-JI Jlk.:.l\11 i ~ ~
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lh c:-" _p_, .<' 0 lll~j5r-JI Jlk.:.ll .;..-~ ~ <.J!l.. ~W, ~~ LJ>.
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4.;~~~ 4.;_r cJ4JI ~l::Ji ..!.ll~ ~.J .ll~~l.a;;;~I.J ~~~I.J ~l:-JI.J
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.::.olj~~I.J <; i·l\ dj-~·, li 4.;~~~ ~I i..L..A::ll C:"'\.J . II~_,.! _,:s::-.11
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i..u::J\» _y. II~\ __,...,.J\11 ,j (;_; ... lj~).J \~_,.Ia; ~ l.. <)~ ,..__,..')\.,.:."11
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~')(;.:."11 cJWI ~ ...;> ~l5 ;J~ ~L.a.,.ll c:)Y.J r:_L::.;~I ~ J>-
John P. McConnick; with Leo Straus's Notes on Schmitt's Essay, Translated by J. Harvey Lomax;
Foreword by Tracy B. Strong, Expanded ed. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007).
Thomas S. Kuhn, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (Chicago: University of Chicago ( 2 7)
Press, 1970).
Michel Foucault, Les Mots et les chases (Paris: Gallimard, 1966), :j!-o ~.)~\ o!,j~l:5 ,j (2 8)
Cited in English as: Michel Foucault, The Order of Things: An Archeology of the Human Sciences,
Trans. R. D. Lang (New York: Pantheon, 1970).
Hallaq, Sharr'a, pp. 6-15, and Giorgio Agamben, The Signature of all Things: On :~i )a;!
Method, Translated by Luca D'Isanto and Kevin Attell (New York: Zone Books, 2009), pp. 9-16.
Agamben, pp. 9·32. : L.i,l,Ja;l (2 9)
\.... _r.s:JI !ll:.A e>i if' ~)1 .).; 'tr" ~I ~ .j c~l..., l.. ~.\A, )'! LA i ~I 4 )'
·C:""IJ Y' 1..5 ..JI...A, 0\ ~
Schmitt, «The Age of Neutralizations,.» pp. 84-87. :0-" 8 6 ~ ,j ~\ 0.JA.ll )a; I (3 0)
.8 5 v" ,.......;; ;4-ll (31)
39
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Schmitt, <<The Age of Neutralizations,» p.86. :..} "<J..!.:ll ( 3 2)

.8 7 <J" ,........;; ~.......WI (3 3)
.C!WIJ d)l ~l.j ;~ .;5\ ~I •..L. ~ (34)
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.[~.r-Jil <<imminent» <fts:ll Ji ..:_.,i>....ll J.Li, .)k.liJ
Gray,p.I23. (36)
40
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t;\ .«-.sj5_rll
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-=--4_,.1_,1 JL.:.: .u ~~ ero iua; )1!.) J.....u ul5 -:.o\.0\k:.JI ..:..Lt
c> r...,... )> i.>l:J <~~ ~ ~~ ..::..:.s% .~ ~4-11 -:.o\.0\k:.JI
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. ..:.....b.....ll '-?~..*1 "-' ~ ..,__\ a. I •~l_y. ~ 4---L..,<..,.:.!.J ~.WI o_,.<JI <.f'.
Gray, p.l24, and Carlton J. H. Hayes, The Historical Evolution of Modern Nationalism ( 3 7)
(New York: Russell and Russell, 1968), pp. 13-14.
«Scottish Jll. J (Gordon Stewart) .;.,)_,;:.. ;,,Jy. c,,k5 l,;. )> i.J!,i ;l.\5:.. (38)
:)2>1 .<i); ip ~1_,)1 Jl).:; ;,\ J! ~-' (<.:)1 ~J) (.;_,..:.]1 ~ j>l,.::, Enlightenment>>
Gordon T. Stewart, «The Scottish Enlightenment Meets the Tibetan Enlightenment,» Journal of World
History, vol. 22, no. 3 (September 2011).
·":'\;SJI U... ;r ~1)1 ~I ;r .jWI,_;,.)1 J ~Ill> l:;:.!.;l:.. _,.10;1 (39)
41
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Michel Foucault, The History of Sexuality, Translated from the French by Robert Hurley, ( 4 0)
3 vols. (New York: Pantheon Books, 1978), vol. 1: An Introduction, pp. 101-102.
42
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George Saliba, Islamic Science and the Making of the European Renaissance, :~\ (42) ..
Transformations (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 2007); Jonathan Lyons, The House of Wisdom: How
the Arabs Transformed Western Civili:;ation (New York: Bloomsbury, 2009); John M. Hobson, The
Eastern Origins of Western Civili:ation (Cambridge, UK; New York: Cambridge University Press,
2004), and Jack Goody, The Theft of History (Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press,
2006).
_...; _..,diJ ~~J i.c,<JIJ ~..c.JIJ 0T,.<JI i _,.1.- J <.;JJI j.:. ( 4 3)

.!...>-l..JI j....:., l.. r J ,.:if_,.;.II iK.-1 .!...>-l,-J ~..c.JI .!l]; J-'- t,;. _,..; J <!!..':II ;5\ (44)
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44
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Encyclopaedia of Islam, vol.3, p. 510
;;J,LJI ....,.,t......o1._;,)> ;r ~IS\ 'ilk:.U <,;)JI ._:,IS~':/1 ,:,1 L:ll> .,5:,::, ,:,1 if' .!;':I (46)
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45
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.("'( L. ..l> .) l j). \; .) )J) _r.I.:::SL. .)1- w _,:.. ..::.,; l5 .:, )J .w u; ~~J -
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Wael Hallaq. The Odgins and Evolution of :)";I .<!.*"" JS' J>l.a..JI J! 4-'<)o J.,.:; .;:,~WI
Islamic Law, Themes in Islamic Law; 1 (Cambridge, UK; New York: Cambridge University Press,
2005). p. 190.
Hallaq' The O'igins, pp.178-193, )";I •(r"_,...lll.i.o ( f ~I ;r -'!y..il ~~0-' (47)

and Sharr'a, pp.146-158 and 197-221; Sherman A. Jackson, Islamic Law and the State: The
Constitutional Jurisprudence of Shihilbal - Dtna l- Qarajf (Leiden: Brill, 1996), and Leslie Peirce,
Morality Tales: Law and Gender in the Ottoman Court of Aintab (Berkeley, CA: University of
California Press, 2003).
....,t:s:JII.i.o ;r d)l ~l;r .jl!ll._r.JI )";I (48)

Macintyre, After Vinue, p.xi, and Susan James, «Internal and External in the Work of (49)
Descartes,» in: James Tully and Daniel M. Weinstock, eds., Philosophy in an Age of Pluralism: The
Philosophy of Charles Taylor in Question (Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994), p. 7.
46
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Formations of the Secular: Christianity, Islam, Modernity, Cultural Memory in the Present (Stanford,
Calif.: Stanford University Press, 2003).
Sami Zubaida, «Islam and Secularization,}> Asian Journal of Social Science, vol. 33, no. 3 (51)
(2005) .
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.._,l:SJI U.. iT' u-'WI J-']1 iT' .jl:ll.pll _);;I (55)
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Nauman Naqvi, ~<The Nostalgic Subject: A Genealogy :_)2.;1 ~«~_,..,.:.WI» cfo ~...J\.j :_r (56)
of the 'Critique of Nostalgia',}> (Working Paper; no. 23, Centro Interuniversitario perle ricerche sulla
Sociologia del Diritto e delle Istituzioni Giuridiche, September 2007).
49
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Gray, pp. 152-153 and 155. (57)

Christopher Lasch, The Culture of Narcissism: American Life in an Age of Diminishing (58)
Expectations (New York: Norton, 1978), pp. xvi-xvii.
Bhikhu Parekh, «Superior People: The Narrowness of :~ ,.;.~! (Parekh) t.;4 ~ ~i ~I
Liberalism from Mill to Rawls,» limes Literary Supplement (25 February 1994).
50
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Benjamin, Reflections: Essays, Aphorisms, Autobiographical Writings, Translated by Edmund Jephcott;
Edited and with an Introd. by Peter Demetz (New York: Schocken Books, 1978), pp. 315-316.
51
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1 1
.(Walter Benjamin)
Js- ,< 64
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~ ...,...U... ~fl<-4 ~ r-1 oh 0-'i~ 0\,0 ,(Adorno) _,_;JJ~\ .J;;..'Y
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."i.,...'~ I rJ ,.;_,~ .U I :/' W. J if' er.: .c....) I 0 _,:.;.!I J
Gray, pp. 64-65, and Parekh, «Superior People>}. ( 6 1)
Auguste Comte, Auguste Comte and Positivism: The Essential Writings, Edited by Gertrud ( 6 2)
Lenzer; with a New Introduction and Postscript by the Editor, History of Ideas Series (New Brunswick,
NJ: Transaction Publishers, 1998), pp. 34-42; Paolo Rossi, «Bacon's Idea of Science,)) in: Markku
Peltonen, ed., The Cambridge Companion to Bacon (Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University
Press, 1996), p. 39, and Hayes, pp. 169-170 .
.[!'"'"_,:..)1] (Auguste Cornie)-::..;§~ Jl Ji <,....; 'if _,s:JI»

Walter Benjamin, «Theses on the Philosophy of History,>) in: Walter Benjamin, ( 6 3)
Illuminations, Edited and with an Introduction by Hannah Arendt; Translated by Harry (New York:
Schocken Books, 1968), p. 260.
.........;;)~1(64)
= Theodor W. Adorno. History and Freedom: Lectures, 1964-1965, Edited by Rolf (6 5)
53
-~f. &;.).:.!\ .Jl <..!"J ~I .WI ;_,5:.4] __.,.:-i I~ .!.ll:..o. .:,\ ..~.:-!
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-s. _,5:.4] IJ c). Y\.>- ~I _,_,k:J IJ 4"l ~ o,L45:J IJ 4"l ~ ¥~I ...:.SJ::.. I «o ) ..,.2>. II
t...,_, c.ri I L....r.J- J\ 4.,.i l.4!J I ¥ I ...:.:, l5 4--J . .;I~
, ..:..>! ) •.a..J I ..!.lt lpJ:..I
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cr '-:"'J.J+ll ..:..>I_,W>JI ..!.lt rt..\ ..L,>)I J:.,.-liJ . 4J jJ~IJ ..:..>i_,l.,a;.JI
r
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,j -:.>~I <.f> ~I (Condorcet) "-::----' .)J.;:,~ .:J! J. , " ~_,.;JI ~~I
1 1
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1'-")1 ~) "":"-'J.;:,~ •P ...~ L.S ,..,;~ ts).ill r..~....:>: ~.rJI
..:..>~ J5 ;)\ L...~L<.. .;JI (,\.>- )'IJ iiJW~ ~ W c:;.lk.JI <J')J cr
~J_,J1 ~~ cr ..:..>)..J:,IJ ~~ 'C.r' )IJ L,.il.r.JI ( f )2:JI ~ ,~WI
~~ cJ! (Meinecke) ......S:::.,.L. ~J .<'' 14] ~I _,L.1) ,jJ ~.WI
Tiedemann; Translated by Rodney Livingstone (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2006), pp. 3-9 and 138-141,
and Brian O'Connor, «Philosophy of History,>> in: Deborah Cook, ed., Theodor Adorno: Key Concepts
(Stocks field: Acumen, 2008), p. 181.
Comte, pp. 33-34 and 496-497, and J. R. Staude, Max Scheler (New York: Free Press, ( 6 6)
1967), pp. 167-178.
.••A~II.i.. C!' C:'l)l ~I C!' JJ~I ,_r.JI J _;.;~;.; I..S (67)

Keith Michael Baker, «On Condorcet's «Sketch»,>> Daedalus, vol. 133, no. 3: On Progress ( 6 8)
(Summer 2004), pp. 56~ 64.
J _r:;.-::..- <,J...JI 0L IJ,\ ~~-.;\.!., ,~ '1 ~ r..IA:ll 0~ ..,._JJ,;_,s ~~

,.i,.
.JJ~I rlWI J :c,....;) <,_,l.pJ <,_,y ._,......\ ~.}. '"'J.JJ1._,......1 ~~I
Jean-Antoine-Nicolas de Caritat Condorcet, Sketch for a Historical Picture of the Progress ( 6 9)
54
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i ~ ~ ~ ..i.J.J .<' 01 ((_r.y.:ll ;(....l>- ~~if r-1WI 6J\; JSII .r.:.. -I
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(71)11 1
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d.:JJ t...J.J~ ~ '1 w 4/'.J ,~ ~..b..ll WJI <~:..a ...! W'.1 ,~! -A
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<-T - - r .r- . Y .J - - - - ..J ~_,
.< 73 111~J-""'J ~}JI ~~.J J\S:.i\11 CJ" o...L:-I.JII ~\J ,II~}JI o)..;..:.JI
_;s\
~-"'" ) J L.!.; ..).<-! , d.:)2:J I ..!.lJ.; J y ~I (Bury) ~-"'" '7" 1.:5:1 ..:...U.. .).J
;(..WI u'l~l ..:.d... ...;JI Jts:.i\11 d' •P ..A.o:- y '111 ..;\(Charles Beard)
i ~ d' _r.t't:ll ,)s- JJ.Jl .JI ~~;51 ,~WI.<:........... ..;:.JI .j <..,..\;JI.J
of the Human Mind, Translated by June Barraclough; with an Introd. by Stuart Hampshire, Library of
Ideas (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, [1955]), pp. 8-14.
:_,1;;1 ,:u..:JI o..L. J _,:] y<l .&,L.I"'_,.<; ,)s- (?\1:>\JJ ·":"l;SJI Cr" ;,~ -sr=-i t""'Y' .jJ
Werner Stark, The Sociology of Knowledge; an Essay in Aid of a Deeper Understanding of the History
of Ideas, International Library of Sociology and Social Reconstruction (London: Routledge and Paul,
[1958]), p. 133.
Stark, p. 133. (7 0)
O'Connor, p. 181 ( 7 1)
Marc Ferro, Coloniz.atiunc :_);;I 'J~>'l Jl,..- J r.Li:JI if <,;lk,_)l J~'YI ,js- (?\1:>\J
A Global History (London: Routledge, 1997), pp. 20-32.
Geocges Sorel, The Illusions of Progras, :j.>_;_,...... ~l.:5::J (Stanley) ~l:..... ;i.....U..., ~I (7 2)
Translated by John and Charlotte Stanley with a Foreword by Robert A. Nisbet and an Introd. by John
Stanley (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1969), p. xiii.
Robert A. Nisbet, History of the Idea of Progress (New York: Basic Books, 1980), pp. 4 (7 3)
and 7.
55
.(;.] ,~;_,...; ~J~J ,J\) '1 1 ,~WI .:_r.; _,<]I J
..:..l!.. ..ill Y'>«rilil
r.5J~)
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~1 01~.1 ,«J.U... '-:-'1_,...., ~ r+\ 0y.. j;.>> .L,;1 1~L:>1 J.1>.; ~~
y '> «J.lk.. tk,:. ~ t+1 __r.;...; cr._,.:.\ ~I_,.. J ~I~
u~~ :.r 01 ~ p... 0'11 J..ol_,.; 'J~':II.; J.:--..- L.. J>.1 e
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.i;.x:.....l J!.- ~1 _r..J11 4.J_,A.....] I 0" .......;; J.t.QJI ~ r
'-!' JL ~I ~I
J~l.; I· I• • , L.. r ,i;.J.::........,':/1 1.1>1 . .k;l5) '-;us'':/1 1 _,1.-...)
.ti.:-WI
John Bagnell Bury, The Idea of Progress: An Inquiry into its Origin and Growth, (7 4)
Introduction by Charles A. Beard (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1982), p. xi.
·J_,l.,t; )}.:.:; ._,..1.:5 <) <,)2:!1 o-4J ~I ~\:;)1 ~ 1,;.; _;.. ..c,.; C>i ~ .(_) ..c,J..!.::ll)
~l...WI ;~I Cr' uJ ~ ~ 'cr._r...ll C>.,.iJIJ <:1-l>JI ~ .Uirl Cr' ~)1 ..,W
Quentin Skinner, :.j J},t; ._,..1.:5 ~ (Quentin Skinner) .r?--- ~~ wl!ll ~I _};;I .<,.,All
«Modernity and Disenchantment: Some Historical Reflections,,, in: Tully and Weinstock, eds.,
pp. 42-43.
Zygmunt Bauman,lntimations of Postmodernity (London·, New York: Routledge, 1992), (7 5)
p. xiv, and Hayes, pp. 13-14.
I
.;JI .:.>L;I_,...;'JIJ .:.>~.!:.::.. '11 Cr' ~ )1 ~ i..l.i::JI <,)2:! '-fC;_,..:.JI e::-"}I ~ 1.:.> _rPI
0\ J.:..- L.S -~.IZ t;_,s:, r.l C>l.ilJI i-""J _j..J'" !.p:..i 0-'J ,;,.c.:..JI _,._p)l .:.>~_,...,) .j t.._.c,.;
. .:.>L;I_,...;'ll dl; Jl.; (.;1...:.11 ;r- l::,_,t; 0~ ,l:....,4J)
Christian Meier, The Greek Discovery of Politics, Translated by David McLintock ( 7 6)
(Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1990), p. 190, and Lasch, The Culture of Narcissism,
p. xvii.
56
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J~ ..!11.15 ,«t.;\ ~l:JI .J.li <)~ '..f-' ~~ .;PJ"JI .).; ~»

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Nietzsche, Thus Spoke Zarathustra.
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.
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9u W '-"" t.,:; I ._.AJ ~~ ,...,.._.,_,.;.:J I ~I ...L>J I 4:,> · • ~C. ._.:)I :U 6J I
-~~\ ,j '-:1"~ Y' .;PJ"l\.).; t;;b\ ~~~ <.S?-1
John Gray, Enlightenment's Wake.
Carl Schmitt, Political Romanticism, Translated by Guy Oakes; with a New Introduction by ( 1)
Graham McAleer (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 201 l), p. lll.
57
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0.1_,..... ...\.> ~ •.~):JIJ ~..WI .,_.l,.JI ;:,..r.-:JI ..) ~.._r:.:ll :i.b\11 .)1
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Michael Marinetto, Social Theory, the State, and Modern Society (Buckingham: Open (2)
University Press, 2006), pp. 3-5.
Brian R. Nelson, The Making of the Modern State: A Theoretical Evolution (New York: (3)
Palgrave Macmillan, 2006), pp. 5 and 129.
~~ 1;;e- ~J, c:.,;lS Wlkl ~ r&o <,.-~1 :i,)a:.ll .;,\ ("'.r.J d.l. if' .c.,\ .:,-15 ._,..;t.. ..,_..;
Hans Kelsen, General Theory of Law and State, Translated by Anders :4..1.J..ill ~) ~~ \11 ~\fl -:_ro
Wedberg, 201h Century Legal Philosophy Series~ vol.l (New York: Russell and Russell, 1961),
pp. 185-186.
58
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Karen Barkey and Sunita Parikh, «Comparative Perspectives on the State.>} Annual Review ( 4)
of Sociology, vol. 17, no. 1 (August 1991), pp. 524-525.
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59
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- - -
Hendrik Spruyt, The Sovereign State and its Competitors: An Analysis of Systems Change, (6)
Princeton Studies in International History and Politics (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press,
1994), pp. 61-76, and Andre Gunder Frank, ReOrient: Global Economy in the Asian Age (Berkeley:
University of California Press, 1998), pp. 80 and 206.
. ..,A:sJI d' c>?i c:Pir J J

and Anthony Giddens, Capitalism and Modern Social Theory; an Analysis of the Writings of Marx,
Durkheim and Max Weber (Cambridge, (Eng.]: Cambridge University Press, 1971), p. 179 esp.
61
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:U......,.... <) :UJ..lll J~ ._;II ':}>JI 0~ '(David Held)~ ~b
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J"'L:...JI ~ ~_;:!1 <) JL:.I~ j.!.ci ,11;;.,.....l.,-JI .<kL...1J ..,........rJI ~~
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L?JJI crl <r ~~ t;. )1 y>i ';'\.:5 '-'::Jt; ~Y. ~JJ ~I <) _,-J2:JI
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David Held, Political Theory and the Modern State: Essays on State, Power, and Democracy ( 8)
(Cambridge: Polity Press, 1989), p. 208.
62
~ L. J t.;, ~ _ ~~ ~;:..;] .:.>l5 L.S_, 'r _,__..)I JWI r L.5
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Martin Van Creveld, The Rise and Decline of the State (Cambridge, [England]; New York: ( 9)
Cambridge University Press, 1999), p. 209.
Gianfranco \<-.i; ;~I :_);;I ,~.WI :i.,J;J':/1 :;JJ..UI ( f :c,;......;~ ;.;_,; .P- t?lk)ll (1 0)
Poggi, The Development of the Modern State: A Sociological Introduction (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford
University Press, 1978), and Graeme Gill, The Nature and Development of the Modern State
(Houndmills. Hampshire; New York: Palgrave Macmillan. 2003).
63
l:J) _, 0 ~~_,....:J I U _,..01 ~ i _,.]I ~ l5'.J""''"'\ _ ~-'.J_,\ J I_,;; 'l_,
(11)
~ .;>~ ..s_,::-... .Js. 3::-'~ 3i~ c'. '' r <<~~ ...L,>-_,JI ~I»
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(J" V""-'.J..lll ~ ..:-.l..; ~~--- o'll j_,..lll ,J\ -i ...!L...!. ')\j 0~
.t;;\ ~Lk:_,.ll LP __,_,.:. ,.;:_,~.)'._.- ,l\ ,j ~_,;WI_, ~L::-11 4-u~
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4>bl...a::91 ,j ~____...)I .._:.,JU;.ll 4-.,k ....::.> )\ .;JI ....::.>'l ~I ..!..Ll..; ,~
.;.,..l.z-ll ~t.:.,_, (..syA]I_, o~l_, o_r.:S:JI<J..WI ,_)) 4>1· ,·::-v_, 4>1_-;;;_,
o""<~ ~ts:_:.\ o_r.>- ~I ~I o..L. .}) ~ 0\ ~.J < 13 >~__,.,...JI_, ~ o
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j~T 4J ...:....,.;l5 .;JI ~LS:.ll ~fll _,...__,.:;:)1 45_;:- .)j i>W[ (;,;I..UI <r
l!.:..J1 ,.,.w_,t •_r._,:.::ll r+""t ..u_, .a.L!. <,)~ ~.J_,...a.t ;J_,..lll ._)s. ~
il,i .) .._,...::l ,<••>..,_.')\...., ~I i .,.WI .~ ~ ~Y-..l..o IJ" .J L. C: I~~
Paul W. Kahn, Putting Liberalism in its Place (Princeton: Princeton University Press, ( 11)
2005)0 p. 280.
_.,_; _,...:JI .,_._,.ill <JJ.lll lA~ll_;,:... i.c...:..ll ""~~)I .}>- -"" .Jl5 ~_; .:,\ i.1" ~ )!.}>-
Bernard S. Cohn, Colonialism and its Forms of Knowledge: The British in India, :)a.; I ( 1 2)
Princeton Studies in Culture/Power/History (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1996); Nicholas
B. Dirks, The Scandal of Empire: India and the Creation of Imperial Britain (Cambridge, Mass.:
Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2006); Peter van der Veer, Imperial Encounters: Religion
and Modernity in India and Britain (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2001), and Barbara
Fuchs, Mimesis and Empire: The New World, Islam, and European Identities, Cambridge Studies in
Renaissance Literature and Culture; 40 (Cambridge, UK; New York, NY: Cambridge University Press,
2001).
il5t....ll J)l,:. i.1" <,)....: ... ~I <,_,.JI '-"~ Mim<>i' and Empire -,.;l5 JJC.:, ~
.(Mimesis)
_,);;I ·"-'L...IJ.ill ~ j-Ai\'1 ..f' l.i_,....JI JK..\\ <) _,;.::)1 ;.r ~_; "-'L...\Jo j1; ~J (13)
.._,.,l::SJII.L. <) ·~1_,...)1 Wl,;
George Saliba, Islamic Science and the Making of the European Renaissance, :_)a; I ( 14)
Transformations (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 2007), and Jonathan Lyons, The House of Wisdom:
64
_r._r.:ll ~ y ._; ,~1; ~\I~J ~~ J--: ,, . .....; ~..b..ll UJ..UI
- -,r' \..,-ll J . ;\..,-ll ri.Ja;JI 0-' ~~I ~I ~-4-J '-:"'_,.l.k...J I if") Y- ~ \1 I
• \;.....; 1:. \.::; ~..b..ll ;c_. ~~~ ;J ..Uill ~I J :q <)L; ..!.UJJ . '\A!JI
.;• if"'-J •r C - ..r- J • .r . ...;
~J" y:- ;c....., o~...L:>.;; .)! i;t.,.;) r-L
~..Jt; ~J y ,(1sliiJ_,\fl ilWI
. ~..b..] I ~ _;..JI o..L. ..;:.,\.-.... (.7'
t;;?. ~ y; '-:-'~\!_, ,~t..,...JI pl...! I ..;:.,~\.k.,:. 0-' Jj5 J ;JJ..UI p

..liJ ·i.S~\J J,S •.f. Jt ·~r. ~~ .?- ·~ _rJ.J <.?-") Y-~\ -~! .)!
\..~ :~- :rl!li-C>_;JI,.} I~ ~§JIJ ~~\11 • jj......ll ~_,::.11\~
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c.>l5J .(16), ) • .a,.JIJ L,.;'J\.WIJ r..lA::.il :=-'~~ ~r ;uJ..u1 r-*'-' c.>l5
~J~ J 0~ ~I if'l5 ~I~~ ~JJJ\ J t:""IJ ~l.k.i .?- ~
<)~ ljl5 <)\ J~l.,.oJ) ~J.b..JI oh J <)~ ~ 0-' ~~J ;JJ..UI ~
'->~ ~ ~K...;» ..;~tll•):iJJ S'l ·.:::v .)! '->~ l...;) (~J)Jt (_JL__,;.
<.S~W <.SJJI ~I ~I 4:-- ,;~ -J~\ ~\A;;~IIh .l.;.;IJ .<"l11~A
- -
9 ')(..:..\ ~} 4-----o ~ !J ;uJJ.J I .?- -,?J ~~ ~ 1.1 •~! :r '-:-' _r:j I ._;:>
L....t,...JI .w.,J ~ ')\..0)1 0-' W.. ~ JL:?.-1 ~ J _;.~! _,.,. J , <"!')\..~
.,_.)I
-
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.
~L>...» ~ ~ ;JJJ.JI ~~ ,<" 1 11~\>JI ~I 4-<'\.i:..»J ;JJ.ill
How the Arabs Transformed Western Civilization (New York: Bloomsbury, 2009).
John M. Hobson, The Eastern Origins of Western Civilization (Cambridge, :)a;! 't:") ~_,.la;...J
UK; New York: Cambridge University Press, 2004), and Jack Goody, The Theft of History (Cambridge;
New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006).
Nelson, p. 6. :_,I;; I ·.) .t,..c:.::ll ( 1 5)
Charles Larmore, The :pi '_r__,:.:)l fo .j j.WIJ <.,;~ .j->..;I.:JI Jl,-]1 >~ ( 1 6)
Autonomy of Morality (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008), pp. 1~7.
Van Creveld, p. 185; John Stuart Mill, On Liberty, Edited by David Bromwich and George ( 1 7)
Kateb; with Essays by Jean Bethke Elshtain [eta\.] (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2003), p. 81,
and Marc Ferro, Colonization: A Global History (London: Routledge, 1997), p. 22.
Andrew Vincent, Theories of the State (Oxford, UK; New York, NY: B. Blackwell, 1987), (18)
pp. 119-146.
Poggi, p. 90. ( 19)
65
:.r t;JI lh ·~ ,:.JsJ .G~ ~~ ~1; ~ r_,.A: d ~_f;1 ,111:._;
~.rP . . . '~J..UI ~1 L..~lA.. cjll AA~I i~l c,("~l ~)I
'1 "-;§ ~ ts~~ ~ ,11~111 &...lJ Jl::l4J \,.~_r..::.il .)l,;:>')U
. ........<.; JWI ,:,l:. ~l:. <,~1 •4-A:_rU ~ ,.Jfo ,:,1 <f ~
~ .J'J ~~~.WI ~J.ill c?-)Y.~'JI...,..,S_;.lllh ~ ~

.j J Y\1 )II ~ ~ ~ '1 J l::J~ J..L0:J ,120 l JL.:.l I V""' I_,.,.:. <f j _....., \.>.
~_,; ij l.:;._,.:::... , (..) _;>-'J I JL.:.l I '-'""'I_,.,.:. j>:S" 'j.1i: ...; ~ '~ 4 3) J~ '-?1 ~ y:- J
j _,.,; L..5 ~ l>J I ,.Lo, W j ~ '~..b..::l4 d.;..,J . ~...J l::JI J l,-11 J .J_,.b::lJ
~-*- ,:,1 ~ L. ~J..UI.j ~Y- 'l.Gp) '~J..Uiy. ~J..UI C:"...;l::> .~
.Y'J '11 ,,~ ......... ?\.4: '-?~ ~..L..>.... e_,.. -i ~...)!.; ~ ~ .~)1 .r
L.SJ .t.,...T J1L,A:)1 J1 ~_p.JI 15_,.-1 ~J ,~'JIJ Ja.-._,)1 •4J.JJ1
lh J!..-o..J _1'1l«~.;JI J '1) ~ ~ r-l ~J..Uill 0~ ,~ J.J\5 ..15_;:
~ \.>. 0-::-' W... V""' ~ '1 i iJJl>... , ..:.. r+' ~ <) ,~l....::SJI
.• h~l
,•_.:....)~.; ~~w '1! t: :t 8-_;;;j,i\::.-.., •~l,-11- 2

~J..UI ~y:- J ~L,..;:...,I
,:,1 t.;~) I~)...,..S.1"' 0L,5 0..1 ~~ ,Jl,..--)1 ~..b... J.->1 <f ..!.ll-4 .J_,_s:;.l
.-1._,..!.1 J1 ;~ <f ...,..s_;:; ,:,1 ~ '1 ~1 ..!.U-4 ~1J ·~ L..5 ~ .;..,..l>.;:;
~ •1" 1<:_;...) r1 <:.;~1 ·<:P r1 <:~t.. .;(,.ll,>- r1 ~ ..:..;\5 .1J--"'
~ ~ .)s- L.i,i .J..:.., ,..">\...)'1 ~I 0) ~ ,~.:..,_,....;;c)! Ci;...; 'i L.. rJ (20)

.<!,.WI ;JJ.tll.j ~_,J_,.t,~l <;>y W U:t....ljiJ>i c?>y ..:ol.ci;....
Eckard Bolsinger, The Autonomy of the :J (._J__r;.... r lS ~ JJ\.5 t?i; \..i..A..J (21)
Political: Carl Schmitt's and Lenin's Political Realism, Contributions in Political Science; 390
(Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 200l), p. 124, and Colin Hay, Michael Lister and David Marsh, eds.,
The State: Theorie.s and Issues, Political Analysis (Houndmills, Hampshire; New York: Palgrave
Macmillan, 2006), pp. 4-7.
Bened;ct Rkh.,.d :_,l>;l ,;JJ.tl~ vl>JI ..:o~ _,...;_,..)1 ,.L. i/' ~ o_);l:.. .)s- (?'Jo~ (22)
O'Gorman Anderson, lmngined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism,
Rev. ed. (London; New York; Verso, 2006); Philip. Abrams, «Notes on the Difficulty of Studying the
State (1977),» Journal of Historical Sociology, vol. 1, no. I (March 1988); Timothy Mitchell, «Society,
Economy, and the State Effect,}} in: George Steinmetz, ed., State/Culture: State-Formation after the
66
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Cultural Turn, Wilder House Series in Politics, History, and Culture (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University
Press, 1999); Marinetto, pp. 107-109, and Alan Finlayson and J. Martin, «Post-Structuralism,)) in: Hay,
Lister and Marsh, eds., pp. 162-163.
Gill, pp.4-5. (2 3)
Van Creveld, p. 127. (2 4)
Nelson. p. 127. (2 5)
.<~ <JJ.U\ ;y- J~ ..:.>J} .;,ts::.. Jl ~ 4J ~· <,.-:J! i>l,-)1 "l.JAlS J_,A, (26)
Kahn, p. 266.
Hay, Lister and Marsh, eds., pp.4-6, and Montserrat Guibemau, <<Globalization and the (27)
Nation-State,» in: Montserrat Guibemau and John Hutchinson, eds., Understanding Nationalism
Bolsinger, p. 29. (28)
67
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Thomas Nagel, «Ruthlessness in Public Life,» in: Stuart Hampshire, ed., Public and ( 2 9)
Private Morality (Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press, 1978), p. 87.
Poggi, p. 90. (30)
Kahn, pp. 268-269. (31)
.;..,..,_) l..J.:.o ~ -~1 I.L. c)s- ljt::.... '}t;_. cfr.'-11 JJ\;:,.'>'I .:;.....:; Jl_rJI .c., (3 2)
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Gill, pp. 4-5, and Poggi, pp. 88-89. (3 3)

Geoffrey Marshall, Constitutional Theory, Clarendon Law Series (Oxford: Clarendon (3 4)
Pre5'. 1971). p. 207.
Poggi, p. 90. (35)
Anderson, Imagined Communities . (36)
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Finlayson and Martin, p. 164. :_,Ja;l .•4J~ (J"J 4.,i JoN <JJ.UI ~~.,?,;:A; .;JI
Kahn, p. 267. (3 7)
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70
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Steven Grosby, «Nationality and Religion,>) in: Guibemau and Hutchinson,:~\ pi (39)
eds., pp. 97-104.
Carl Schmitt, Political Theology: Four Chapters on the Concept of Sovereignty, Translated (40)
by George Schwab (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1985), p. 36, and Samir Amin, The Liberal
Virus: Permanent War and the Americanization of the World, Translated by James H. Membrez (New
York: Monthly Review Press, 2004), p. 54.
Tala! Asad, Formations of the Secular: Christianity, Islam, : ~~ ,4.kA.:J\ o-4-J ~~ ~

Modernity, Cultural Memory in the Present (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 2003) .
...:;.; .:r- ~ '! ~ c> .

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Kahn, p. 276. ( 42)
Carl Schmitt, The Concept of the Political, Translation,:~ .,.,l::SJ tJi--' ~ _)0;1 (43)
71
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Introduction, and Notes by George Schwab; with «The Age of Neutralizations and Depoliticizations»
(1929) Translated by Matthias Konzen and John P. McCormick; with Leo Straus's Notes on Schmitt's
Essay, Translated by J. Harvey Lomax; Foreword by Tracy B. Strong, Expanded ed. (Chicago:
University of Chicago Press, 2007), p. xiv.
<bJ <,?i .. l:.::w."~l Jfi (J> y> i>\,-JI-.,.....L.., 0i <S_r. C..,....: 0i Jl i}•.:)'l ~I (J> (44)
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Schmitt, Political :_)2.;1 .Political Theology ~L:5 ~ .JA U""'L...\'1 ,_j y lhJ ·'-?~1 J)14 .4JJ..Jl
Theology, pp. 5-15 and 36-52.
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Subject, Serie «S)) (London; New York: Verso, 1994).
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73
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Michel Foucault: The History of Sexuality, Translated from the French by Robert Hurley, 3 vols. (New
York: Pantheon Books, 1978), vol. I: An Introduction, p. 144, and The Foucault Reader, Edited by Paul
Rabinow (New York: Pantheon Books, 1984), p. 266 .
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Foucault, The History of Sexuality, 266.
Nelson, p.IO?; Bolsinger, p. 18; Kahn, p. 277, and Hall and Ikenberry, p. 1. (50)
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Guenther Roth and Claus Wittich; Translators Ephraim Fischoff let al.}, 2 vols. (Berkeley: University of
California Press. 1978), vol. 1. p. 56.
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Nikolas Rose and Peter Miller, «Political Power Beyond the State: Problematic of (53)
Government,» British Journal of Sociology, vol. 43, no. 2 (1992), pp. 183-186.
Giddens, p. 237, and Rodney G. Peffer, Marxi.sm, Morality, and Social Justice, Studies in (54)
Moral, Political, and Legal Philosophy (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1990), pp. 12 and 153.
Roxanne :)a; I .<.ib:... ..,-l...'J .J\5 C>)J ,;.>.:., <,hi)J_,jl .!.i::., .:...,.c.JI ~I ...;;> (55)
L. Euben and Muhammad Qasim Zaman, eds., Princeton Readings in lslamist Thought: Texts and
Contexts from al·Banna to Bin Laden, Princeton Studies in Muslim Politics (Princeton: Princeton
University Press, 2009), p. 176.
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Michel Foucault, «Govemmentality ,>> in: Michel Foucault, The Essential Works of ( 5 9)
Foucault, 1954-1984, Translated by Robert Hurley [et al.l, 3 vols. (New York; New Press, 1973),
vol. 3: Power, Edited by James D. Faubion, pp. 219-222; Rose and Miller, p. 174, and Finlayson and
Martin, pp. 166-170.
78
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Steinmetz, ed., pp. 28-29. (6 0)
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Kelsen, p. 183. :)"I •J .>,~1 (62)
John Langshaw Austin: How to Do Things with Words, :_)2.;1 •(Performativity) ~\;. \f1 (..:? ( 6 3)
William James Lectures; 1955 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1962), and «Performative
Utterances,» in: John Langshaw Austin, Philosophical Papers (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1961), and
Judith Butler, Excitable Speech: A Politics of the Performative (New York: Routledge, 1997).
79
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of the State: Indian thought on the Role of the State in the Narrative of Modernity,>) European Journal
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Century Legal Philosophy Series; vol. 1 (New York: Russell and Russell, 1961), p. 191.
86
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ed. (Houndmills, Hampshire; New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005), pp. 241-247; George W. Carey,
«Separation of Powers and the Madisonian Model: A Reply to the Critics,» American Political Science
Review, vol. 72, no. 1 (March 1978), pp. 151-153, and M. J. C. Vile, Constitutionalism and the
Separation of Powers, 2"d ed. (Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 1998).
Geotirey Marshall, Constitutional Theory, Clarendon Law Series, (Oxford: Clarendon Press, ( 9)
1971), p. 100.
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Regulation and American Democracy,» New York University Law Review, vol. 86, no. l (April 2011).
Kelsen, p. 269, and Steven G. Calabresi and Saikrishna B. Prakash, «President's Power to ( 12)
Execute the Law,» Yale Law Journal, no. 104 (December 1994), p. 544 .
. ..,..,_,....;Jill.. .j :Ut> J..a.<lll.l.. J) .j ~I .!.!,\..- •h- ( 1 3)

Man;hall, p. 97. ( 14)
Mogens H. Hansen, (<The Mixed Constitution Versus the Separation of Powers: (15)
Monarchical and Aristocratic Aspects of Modem Democracy,;> History of Political Thought, vol. 31,
no. 3 (2010), p. 509.
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Cheryl Saunders, «Separation of Powers and the Judicial Branch,» Judicial Review, vol. 11 ( 1 6)
(December 2006), p. 338.
Marshall, p. 124. ( 17)
M. Elizabeth Magill, «Beyond Powers and Branches in Separation of Powers Law,» (18)
University of Pennsylvania Law Review, vol. 150, no. 2 (December 2001), p. 605.
Gary Lawson, «The Rise and Rise of the Administrative State,); Harvard Law Review, ( 1 9)
vol.l07, no. 6 (April 1994), p. 1231.
Mansfield, p. 15. (20)
Arthur T. Vanderbilt, The Doctrine of the Separation of Powers and its Present-Day (2 1)
Significance, Roscoe Pound Lectureship Series; 2 ([Lincoln]: University of Nebraska Press, 1953), p. 3.
M. Elizabeth Magill, «The Real Separation in Separation of Powers Law,» Virginia Law (22)
Review, vol. 86, no. 6 (September 2(M)()), pp. 1129-1197.
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Bruce A. Ackerman, The Decline and Fall of the American Republic, Tanner Lectures on :_)a; I
Human Values (Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2010), p. 3.
Hansen. p. 514. (24)
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p. 8.
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Wilson, «The Separation of Powers under Democracy and Fascism,» Political Science Quarterly,
vol. 52, no. 4 (December 1937) .
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Marshall, pp. 113-114, and Ackerman, The Decline and Fall. (3 4)
Kelsen, p. 114; Marshall, pp. 113-114, and Vanderbilt, p. 95. ( 3 5)
(Mistretta v. United States) i..c..::..ll "-'4~_,)1 J...P 1:,._,::....,.. (;.,...;.;)
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Morton J. Horwitz, The Transfurnw.tion of American Law, 1870-1960: The Crisis of Legal ( 3 8)
Orthodoxy (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992), p. 214.
Calabresi and Prakash, pp.559-560 and 563, and Lawson, pp.l242-1243. (39)
Harold H. Bruff, «On the Constitutional Status of the Administrative :~1 dh i_r" J.:~ (40)
Agencies,>~ American University Law Review, vol. 36, no. 2 (Winter 1987), and Lawson, ~<The Rise and Rise)>.
Calabresi and Prakash, p. 664. (41)
Louis Fisher, «Review of Bruce Ackennen: The Decline and Fall of the American ( 4 2)
Republic;) Federal Lawyer, no. 58 (June 2011), p. 58.
'"'1; <.S_,>i 4L.,;;J ~I o.l.. JJC.:, c,?.lJI J'4JI .,..,,lS~I ...:AkJI J__. c,lS:J ~)J (43)
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Daryl J. Levinson and Richard H. Pildes, <<Separation of Parties, Not Powers;, Harvard (45)
Law Review, vol. ll9, no. 8 (June 2006), p. 2313.
LA)~~ ;,s,..~l <...ll)l ~~J .2315-2314 ~ ,<.....i; )~' :.; ;;__,:.;.. (46)
Ackerman, The Decline and Fall. :~i ~I.«\~~)»
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Pildes, pp. 2315 and 2329 .
.:,.-.!!,C..~ lS ,J_,AJI.;f...! .234\J 2331-2330 ,2322..r" ,..._;;;~I (48)
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Friedrich A. von Hayek, Law, Legislation, and Liberty: :)a,;I .«'¥~:/I .i.I\..LJ\'-! ..,1 ~~~JJ4
A New Statement of the Liberal Principles of Justice and Political Economy, 3 vols., new pbk. ed.
(London; Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1982), vol. 3: The Political Order of a Free People, p. 31.
97
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Robert A. Dahl, «On Removing Certain Impediments to Democracy in the United States,)) (50)
in: Robert H. Horwitz [et al.], eds., The Moral Foundations of the American Republic, 3m ed.
(Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1986), p. 249.
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Ackerman, p. 15. :_)a; I
Kelsen, pp. 257 and 270. ( 5 1)
Saunders, «Separation of Powers», and Wilson, «The Separation of PowerS,)) pp. 481-486. (52)
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lain M. Stewart, «From 'Rule of Law' to 'Legal State': A Time of Reincarnation?,» (54)
(Macquarie Law Working Paper; no. 2007-12, Australian National University, Canberra, 9-10 November
2007). p. 10.
Kelsen, p. 269. (55)
Marshall. pp. 103-104. (56)
Kelsen, p. 281. (57)
Hansen, p. 509. :</ ,;.,':/i>-)'1 _)a;l (58)
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!•.': "->W-..ll ,L..;l) JWI c:" _,.II c?JW .)1 ;,I_;;JI ..!ll; 'C;JI:)J <,:l.t>.ll ioi_;;JI J .!K.!..:ll
:_,];.;1 '""~_,.p_,..JI •.i.o ;_,; -'<_;...!J ._r>Wiy ._,..;WI J ....,_r.ll J ~.l"Y. ~ <,:_,;li
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.0~~1 ~} _,.<; ~I ...,:;~~I ~I -4~ J
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1
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• • ~I diu <..u._r- • • W!.. l::L.; "I_,.. .c.. ._..-
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«,,•.:)v\JJI OJ_,.....» :26 ~'\11 «•rlr'jl 0,;_,......» :10-8 ..:..o4'.11 K,rL.:J\ OJ_,......8 :273-217.J 215
~~'JI «,~\OJ_,.....» .J "2 5-24 ~l::'JI K,c_JL-....JI OJ_,......» :5 ~'\II «,-4J.:o.JI iiJ_,......» ~ 19- 15 ..:..o4'\11
.._,.,I:SJII.L. ;y t:Ui ~IJ _,.;UI ~I ;y .jl:ll , pll _.li-;1 ,.om J~ ;,;~~4 .1o- 9
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..::.;lS I;!J -~~WI •~IJ~IJ •~WI '-;-'>"L,.. o...L>J Y'J ,-'::>-)I t,>L.!..ll
.u\1 i~IJ) ..!LJ~ '0yi.A.ll J ll:.... L!:..WI ;JJ...U\ J ~~l,.-]1 ;~IJ;/1
:i....:_r..IIJ -:i....:_r..ll y. .u\1 0yli 0~ 'C.._,_;.)IJ :U.L...,JI ~J -~~l:-JI
J J )r I J&- L.!J\ </' cjl I ~')I.>\1 I .....:;~\ J 'j j _' ,; ,;___,:; ')\;;.)r I ~_.;--!.)I </'
:r ~\ •_r:jl ..!LJ~ J L..; ,j,..>L..i; ~ ft'-' ..!LJ~ \~ l.. J5J -~)i\J
-?I ,:i....:.rJI 01·-?-""...u1 .,....-'l:-JI ~~ :r ~ -?I....:... r.--rJ 0_,;W1
~ ~~ J!S:.......!.I :r ~ J5J ~ -?I J.:-.....J ,.u~IJ!J .u\1 0yli
, , _<s•> .I_,..
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(:: ·>;->5 4-\1 I ~ , ......_;,; ~\J '-f!") >::-"_,_II ~ <.)~\ ;,:;~i \.h.\'
:.:u. 0! ~ .~')!.>\ <.,.;_,s 3:JJ J (:!> ~ 0! Jl / ,11 ~J '-?)"'}~
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cjJ \~).> Jl ~~ ~~t.,.... 0J~ :r _;')\;;.)!\ilk:.\\ i.J.... J!.o :w 0..,S:.. 01
Gibb, p. 3, and Jackson, pp. 217-224. (8 4)

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Max Weber, Economy and Society: An Outline of interpretive Sociology, Edited by (8 7)

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~ )i .)s- .jl_,:ll l.i.. .)s- ~ _,lJ i.l>-IJ U,... J '1[ ~ I.:> _,k; .J l.WI cr c> _,.,:.) ~I J" J
Abou El-Fadl, «Islam and the Challenge of Democratic :~i p1 ·LS.?i Jj\__,k ~y:-J ,:.r
Commitment,» and Oliver Roy, The Failure of Political Islam, Trans. Carol Yolk (Cambridge, Mass.:
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Wael Hallaq: The Origin' and:.; ,4-:,~J i_,.l'l,JI <..,_,.:.11 il!.J W.r ts).<Ji _..,.,. (90)
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1 12
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Hallaq.Autho,ity,J ,~1 ..,,\ 'C")\....,]1 cr.l :_);;I ,~1 uU.L.:.:.l .w.:..ll J-?1_,.<11 ;r (95)
Continuity, and Change.
cr...UI Ji y :_);;I .<,.....aJI JlL..II J ._;WI i).:.:..-1 -?WI ~IJ 0' 015 ,~1}1 J (96)
\400-395 .r", l l C ,([.u .>] ,~1--,.:s::.ll )> :uJ_,) C 14 ,~1 ,<..IJ.i cr. .t...-i cr. ..UI ~
vPY'-'J J>~ Js' ~ 'ti_,..:JI ~j J tl:..,..ll tl~ 'JL..lSJI ,_,.....,cr. _f.; JJ c.e..UI .~
cf.r" cr.0l..:.J .127-126.7' ,9C ,(1997 ,~1 --,.:s::.ll )> :uJr.) C9 ,,_,._,..JI-¥
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.464 .;" ,(2000
Hallaq, Authority, Continuity, and Change, pp. 174-208. (9 7)
Wael Hallaq: «lftiia and Ijtihadin Sunni Legal Theory: A Developmental Account,)) _)i;l ( 9 8)
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Brinkley Messick, The Calligraphic State: Textual Domination and History in a Muslim ( 9 9)
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Hallaq, Authority, Continuity, and Change, pp. 194-208. :_);;I •<,l....JI ,J.. :y ( 1 0 1)
Waei Hallaq. :_);;1 ...:A,.>.WIJ .ri_,..JIJ [.J.>·!JI <;~ cr>WI .:..lrJI ;J'J, :y ( 1 0 2)
«Usul al-Fiqh: Beyond Tradition,}> Journal of Islamic Studies, vol. 3, no. 2 (1992), pp. 172 - 202.
Hallaq, «From Fatwas to FurO.». ( 1 0 3)
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Kelsen. pp. 182 and 207. :};;1 . «~ cl""l>JI .j jlA.II rlWI .....;,; yo ';JJJ.il', yo; -,?.ill ~I.)~
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i y_ J G, ~ <.?A .:,i ,l::....JI _,.,;. cr ~ rl .c:..i}I ..!.IJ; J W~ :Uro ..:..;IS ~1 J-'-:<
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..:ot;~ '11 l'"'.i" J:>\> 0-' """ ~L... J\ !-il-> J r-JL,a.. ~ <.?lJI ..,._..WI !II; ~ ;r
Nelly Hanna, «The Administration of Courts in Ottoman Cairo,» in: :}a.; I . «~U.-o..!\ ~ 4...,.::. ~I
Nelly Hanna, ed., The State and its Servants: Administration in Egypt from Ottoman Times to the
Present (Cairo: American University in Cairo Press, 1995), p. 53.
1 18
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Rebecca Kourlis and Dirk Olin, Rebuilding Justice (Denver, Colo: Fulcrum, 2011). :.jl::-)1
Muhammad Qasim Zaman, Religion and Politics under the Early 'Abbas ids: The ( 1 0 7)
Emergence of the Proto-Sunnr Elite, Islamic History and Civilization. Studies and Texts; v. 16 (Leiden;
New York: Brill, 1997); Jackson, Islamic Law and the State; Peirce, Morality Tales, and Hallaq: The
Origins and Evolution, pp.178-193. and Sharf'a, pp.146-158 and 197-221.
1 19
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i,>K. JS c,i? e-l:ll 0_;.11 <,1-'eJ <,;WJI 'u_.l.lr.)'l c,i? C:'U\ 0 _;.II _;>- ( 1 08)
4.,; ~ .;JI W.lWI J\ <.ih:..JI Jl •cr4 ~I j..>'YI.::....,.. :._,.. ,.:,_,..;;., ;l.,aAJI .)IS ,c.,_;.; _,;.1
..;11, t.. tito .:r..lll .r->WI ~L.!JI il.,aAJI ~ .JIS •? C:'UI 0_;.11 .4; _;>- J ·r+-'L....
'u_.l.l_,.)'l .G.;\ c,i j..JI .JY.Jl:.:, ljfo. r-!J '(+"JJJ .6A.... c,i C>y.G., •-,-I_,:JI r-'1 ~
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<....,_,..; ;~\ e::-"' 0~ J ~ <.Si'-" ~ <,; jliliJ ..,..WI ~I .:o~ y ~IS ( 1 0 9)
Hallaq, Authority, Continuity, and Change, pp. 173-174. :_)2;1 . .WJ
.!!]; c,i!..., ,._,..;liS -i.y. .Jfo. _;>-~.:,\.,.WI~~ .;JI .:oLi..,ll i f (11 O)
_r.,-}I •.jljJI ~ .J. ~ .c.\... Y.\ \9 3 u-" ,9 C ,._;L-ts:JI :_.,1;1 •<,i¥'YI ...:..li:...IJ dl~
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. .jWI :._,.. 42 9-42 8 '-"' :)';I ,(._,...;l>JI <.,L>-J ,w:....JI p _,..)'!"'WI
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cr.:l ~ '-"' ~~J '-"' fi\ Jl "=:-~ 1_,;~ ~ r#
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.j .:r..b:.i ..::.. ~ j WI J._.,.. I_,J _, t;.. l.. Ql$._, , L:,...i> LA::....ll ..J 1_).\11 ~
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c!IJ .); U;LA.,.. ..::.. I.; ')WI J~l 1_,.....,..:.... C> I ,~I L..!:>-J ,~..u.~
~~ LP_,..a.> 'i\jY. G...~<)\ ~LA::....li..JI_).~ .Y J.....; ~~I
J..-JI I..Lo. ~ r---1_, .<'">4->1~ o..~.>l_,.ll ~~I cr ._;\:; ..:.Jl5 L. Ql$.
Hallaq, Sharr'a, pp. 401-404; Adam Sabra, Poverty and Charity in Medieval Islam: ( 1 1 2)
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. 3 1 9- 3 18 '-"' , 1 1 c ,;c.1.u .:r.IJ .3 1 4- 3 1 3 '-"' , 8 c ·r~~ .:r.l <11 3)

Wael Hallaq, «The Qa.QI's Diwan (sijill) before the : _)a;1 'r-5'1.:..-J1 .;:...~ ~ J y-- ( 11 4)
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.:r.>-j l:::..J I ~ (..;... Y\.....J 1_,) uli ')WI C:.J ~ U..,.,....
- ~ lA.l I .J_,>.., .J'I ..JW I
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.:.r- ·~~ LS .I_;A.ill1~ iy-Jy ,;~~A ~l:.. ~I
\.. Q~ u=JI <lul).'~ltl _,\) .:,.•• ""'. ,11_, ~J+.:l.l_, J. ,1t..:-.;J 1118 !.:,....1 ,II
• .1"'l(4_f,li 4-SI.:>.... ~ ._,.Y\.....)'1 ~I~ c.;LS
tJ~ [.\;:;~WI~ .Jl5 ':?.ill .:,_,_.;WI.:,\~.:,\ ~I Cr-'

~1)\ :_r..}S 'r 8 o;\ .4A.<JI ~~I .J3_,.;.ll r, ..1::.....o ~I.} .j:_,'l;
.:,_,;WI .j ~ e"l.:... 13 .;_,_..k ..ill .1"')•1_,...-JI ~ :\..~1 .j .~ts_,
~ ~ .j ~ ':?P ~ <./'-' ,<<....ull J_,.....\n~ ..::.J; ,~_,
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·'-7i;;SJII.L. .r 78 r'~ ._,:...t.. J ;~_,>.WI ~,L...,..JI
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4--PJ WJI_, i~l ~-' Jk,:.JI J!.. ,L.....L<::..JI p.WI cr ~~
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.4-UJI •'lj.» ..w. ,~..l.i u=JI t,pt.,...ll_, ~_).:.ll oh Jji;L:..:.....I_, .1' 21 'iy::!S'
Jl ,(~ J5 ~ ,~.u:..: ..::.-;\5_,) L.;~l y:::lA...ll ~~ l_,_w.. .:r..lll
cr c/;:; ~ _,;u s--~ ~ _,1.> Jl J_,..., _,1] ..:..KWI .h il,.;..- ..1
J!.. ~1_, ~;:.II .) 4J 3:JL....... Jr1 J) ~)_,..JI_, cc..:..b~l» \.;1..,2;
~J- i·li ~_,WI eiWI oh ..;...1!.. :.._, .).r"\ll~.r ~_,..=.li_, ~ _,.....w1
~11~1,.· ; .;JI ifi . .L)Ii J'l..J.;;....'ll ..::..~ -""-' ,cc~~'li»J ..::..1_,~1
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d..K.. -~~~ ~\;:; .J\5 .JjWI cr 0 l.. .J)j ,;~..~>.,._, ;;....,.:.1_, i~i
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Wael Hallaq, A History of Islamic Legal Theories: An Introduction to Sunnr u~al al-fiqh ( 121)
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123
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,.,L. ..::--$.s. .ill d_;,:,..1J .<' m ~~ L.a;:.;'! IJ 4 ~'!I i \..:>J I .j i~-1>:
'-!"l:.;,.')UI ~I .:>K._..liJ .:>I..)I r. <.,.;_,;WI .1_;'11 ~;~I ~~.AA:JI
~~'!I ill2:J~ 4:... ~ 1.. L..;:. _,..,=:. ,;;_. ,·~,JI e:JL.a...liJ ..:..>L.t...::...')U
Wael Hallaq, «From Regional to Personal Schools of Law? A Reevaluation,» Islamic ( 1 2 4)

Law and Society, val. 8, no. 1 (2001).
James McClellan, Uberty, Order, and Justice: An Introduction to the Constitutional ( 1 2 5)
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'""'}JI ~jli.lJ c.rl Lo= r+"ll r~ ._;;> J\ i_,.JI <,...L;JI ,,;_. ~ Lo i,~ (126)
<.!.;.WI ~jlill c)....; _,Ji.. ~ (y_wl d.r")'I ,.c.:;.},;.~ cS.lJI).} jlill >..u..::ll i.t,. iJ\.!l);
. . .
Ha!laq, Autho,ity, Continuity, and Change, :)a;I '~I_,JI .) .!l); J,k; l.,4:S J y- J ...;lk..JIJ ..\.>rJI
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Hayyim J. Cohen, «The Economic Background and the Secular Occupations of Muslim ( 13 7)
Jurisprudents and Traditionists in the Classical Period of Islam: (Until the Middle of the Eleventh
Century),>) Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, vol. 13, no. 1 (January 1970).
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Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche, Thus spoke Zarathustra, :~1 .G:.....L,.j jji ~-./' 4 ~ww; O_)a;J
Trans. R. J. Hollingdale (Baltimore, Md: Penguin, 1975), p. 75 .
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Baber Johansen, The Islamic Law on Land Tax and Rent: The :J\4)1 ~ ~ ,~\ ( 14 3)
Peasants' Loss of Property Rights as Interpreted in the Hanafite Legal Literature of the Mamluk and
Ottoman Periods, Exeter Arabic and Islamic Series (London; New York: Croom Helm; New Yorlc
Methuen, 1988); El-Nahal, pp.51-64, and Dina Rizk Khoury, State and Provincial Society in the
Ottoman Empire: Mosul, 1540-1834, Cambridge Studies in Islamic Civilization (Cambridge; New York:
Cambridge University Press, 1997), pp. 178-187.
Khoury,p.l79. (144)
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Politics under the Early 'Abbiisids.
.1 89 '-"" •>JI> }...::>-1 ,,:,J,lli:. .:r-1 (155)

Baber Johansen: «Territorial Concepts in Islamic Law,>) in: Stanley N. Katz, ed., The ( 1 56)
Oxford International Encyclopedia of Legal History, 6 vols. (Oxford, [UK]; New York: Oxford
University Press, 2009), vol. 5: Prussian Allgemeines Landrecht-torture, pp. 452-453, and «Der isma-
Begriff in hanafitischen Recht,» in: Baber Johansen, Contingency in a Sacred Law: Legal and Ethical
Norms in the Mu.~lim Fiqh, Studies in Islamic Law and Society; v. 7 (Leiden; Boston: Brill, 1999).
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of a Sociology of Knowledge, Translated by Manfred S. Frings; Edited and with an Introd. by Kenneth W.
Stikkers, International Library of Sociology (London; Boston: Routledge and K. Paul, 1980), p. 28.
John Gray, Enlightenment's Wake: Politics and Culture at the :~(Gray) '-:?1~ ~ ~i _)2.;1
Close of the Modern Age (London: Routledge, 1995), pp. 160-163.
Werner Stark, The Sociology of Knowledge; an Essay in Aid of a Deeper Understanding of the ( 3)
History of Ideas, International Library of Sociology and Social Reconstruction (London: Routledge and Paul,
l1958]), p. 33; Scheler, pp. 129-130, and J. R. Staude, Max Scheler (New York: Free Press, 1967), p.197.
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Schelec, p. 127. :_,la;l ,«~ .!.>.Sy <,>l,-)1 IJ! _;,....; .;JI .::..~WIJ ~if .,.P _,.JI
Immanuel Kant, «An Answer to the Question: What Is Enlightenment?.~~ in: Immanuel ( 4)
Kant, Practical Philosophy, Translated and Edited by Mary J. Gregor; General Introduction by Allen
Wood, Cambridge Edition of the Works of Immanuel Kant (Cambridge; New York: Cambridge
149
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Paul Guyer, Kant on Freedom, Law, and Happiness (Cambridge, UK; New York: Cambridge ( 5)
University Press, 2000), pp. 2-7, and Charles Larmore, The Autonomy of Morality (Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 2008), p. 105.
Scheler. p. 77. (6)

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Manfred S. Frings, The Mind of Max Scheler: The First Comprehensive Guide Based on the Complete
Works, Marquette Studies in Philosophy; no. 14, 2"~ ed. (Milwaukee, WI: Marquette University Press,
2001). p. 176 and 244-247.
Stark, p. 114. (g)
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Schele1. p. 98. ( 1 0)
Peter Singer. :_,]a; I .<.,k)l ..}>- <,_.,;JI i A,-lJ ~I - <,; _w.ll :C,..~I J .r"\11 if
Practical Ethics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993), pp. 265-269.
Scheler, p. 118. :J .t,.l..!.;;]l (11)
Staude, p. 191, and Stark, pp. 19-21. ( 1 2)
Max Horkheimer and Theodor W. Adorno, Dialectic of Enlightenment: :~":il ._}.Y _)a.; I ( 1 3)
Philosophical Fragments, Edited by Gunzelin Schmid Noerr; Translated by Edmund Jephcott, Cultural
Memory in the Present (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1987), and Theodor W. Adorno,
Negative Dialectics.
Helmut Peukert, «The :,j d..:.~ ~Jl:..JI 4L.aAJI J,.t>- ~L...IJ.U I~ tsJLa.l\ ~
Philosophical Critique of Modernity,>) in: Claude Geffre and Jean-Pierre Jossua, eds., The Debate on
modernity, Concilium; 1992/6 (London: SCM Press, 1992).
c_:;, r-l ...;~ ...; _,:. .; .:,1 ~ c,?.ill y5 _,; <,)a; "' ~L..;i _,:51 a..., Y. » <,)'; .c.; ( 14)
Wael Hallaq, Sharl'a: Theory, Practice, Tramformations :_}a.;l .'-/_;.11 ,..r..J;- r-1WI .y- ~~I
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009), p. 8.
Schelec. pp. 78 and ll9. :_,J.,.:.l .t,.l..!.;;]l ( 15)
. ~I l.i.o .j Li,. '! ,/':-' Lo )a;I , «i.y.,l I» J «<..!..- _,::...1 I» i> WI if .t,_;...U ( 16 )
Richa1d Drinnon. :_,k;l ,~_,.\fi_<,-4JI '":'_,...:.ll i;~l Jl,.- .j •(r"_,..lll.i.o Jy (17)
Facing West: The Metaphysics of Indian-Hating and Empire-Building (New York: Schocken Books,
1990), p. xxvii.
Marr Ferro. :}';1 •<o>_,.,.!IJ ~I ;'L.>..ll ifJ ·'":'l:SJI 0-" cS.f"\ t""ly .jJ
Colonization: A Global History (London: Koutledge, 1997), pp.\25·127.
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Michel Foucault, «Technologies of the Self,» in: :&..:.,\.U\ .,:...~» yS} ~ J.l,bi L. (1 8)
Michel Foucault, Ethics: Subjectivity and Truth, Edited by Paul Rabinow; Translated by Robert Hurley
and others, Essential Works of Foucault, 1954-1984; v. I (New York: New Press, 1997), pp. 223-251.
Stark, p. 118. :.j ._,...,:.;;. ( 1 9 )
Scheler, pp.l29-l30. :L..i.,\ _);;I
Thomas A. Spragens, The Irony of Liberal Reason (Chicago: :~I ·~ _,JI ~ .....r' ~
University of Chicago Press, 1981), pp. 196-310.
Antonio Perez-Ramos, «Bacon's Forms and the Maker's Knowledge Tradition,» in: (20)
Markku Peltonen, ed., The Cambridge Companion to Bacon (Cambridge; New York: Cambridge
University Press, 1996), pp. ll0-113.
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Bernd Magnus and Kathleen M. Higgins, eds., The Cambridge :,:ro _r!.WlJ C::""L:ll ~~ _)i;l
Companion to Niet:sche (Cambridge, [England]; New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996).
Perez-Ramos, «Bacon's FormS}}, and Paolo Rossi, «Bacon's Idea of Science,)) in: Peltonen, (21)
ed., pp. 37-42.
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Newton, and the Enlightenment,» in: Ibrahim A. Karawan, Wayne McCormack and Stephen E.
Reynolds, Values and Violence: Intangible Aspects of Terrorism, Studies in Global Justice; 4 (New
York: Springer, 2008), pp. 15-29.
Margaret C. Jacob, The Radical Enlightenment: Pantheists, Freemasons, and Republicans, ( 2 3)
2M rev. ed. (Lafayette, LA: Cornerstone Book, 2006), pp. xi, 3-4, 6 and 64-67 .
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~~ <J~G _r)il ~\.Q.;l..P- O.J..l<JI..!J 1-,; .... ~ ~ '11 ~~

~J"-1. ..!.Ll~ 0 l9 '.f.Y' ...15): l.S , \.. ~_,.; \.i _r..l5:;'j I ow.Al I t5--- '· I~ l9 ..:_,;I~ I
i.S..U ;~I •~I.Jl ~~_,.;WI ~ul-:.::51_, ~~L:::..:........I 0\ ~ Jl
:_);.;1 ,.:....Jj t:J-P_,..5 (Weltanschauung) r-!Wl <,KII i)":JI} r-!WI ~J cr'~ (27)
Karl Mannheim, Essays on the Sociology of Knowledge, Edited by Paul Kecskemeti, International
Library of Sociology and Social Reconstruction (London: Routledge and K. Paul, 1968), pp. 33~83.
J;_,...;J t.W..:.l~ L. A'";) ~4 ~ ~ .}>- i).,..JI ~ ._rJI """r-l (28)

*L...
,.!)); (.;" ..,.....\ ;s'JI ~~;.,; . Qk. .j':J.>.'J1 "<~J <,;LC.IIJ '-_,;I....;)' I ..:..,_;._;!;..;'-?.ill f- 'JI
J .lll..JI Jt,:;il ~~ '"; cr-.ill t.L.:,- ';I .[.,.1, J >.c,.ll ~JWI) '-""'[..:,.';I .WWI ~ .t>\ L.S
"l ~ ,uy':J.>.l .....;,....;.• ~I (.;" ..,.WI I <.?.?-AJI ~I , .r:-< '-?.ill ~I ~~ r ,(~L,...
r-'WI c!' }lr..tZ J) ~J ,..JW\..,._..L..o; ~~ ~ ..,:JI ;;_,.[..:,.'";ll.,JJ.;-.11 (.;" wl_rJI ~·
.L..,)I I.L. (:lW '"; Wl-0 l;.l.i 4 .lji....:..J t;:,.. crlJ ''-'r'-~) ~~ ~J ~ ..;\.};
Charles A. Presslec and Fabio B. Dru;ilva, :_);.;1 'J "'.L!..:ll .<,;':J.>.'JI l.,IJ.;-.11 J., ,.j':J.>.'-11
Sociology and Interpretation: From Weber to Habermas (Albany: State University of New York Press,
1996). pp. 102-103.
John Austin, The Province of Jurisprudence Determined, Edited by Wilfrid E. Rumble, ( 2 9)
Cambridge Texts in the History of Political Thought (Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University
Press, 1995).
Hannah Arendt. :_);.;1 ,..J J_,....ll WyJ _r..- e::-l:ll ~_,.<11 Jl <,-:JL .:r.r ..,._.1 yo (30)
The Origins of Totalitarianism, Harvest Book; HB244 (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1976),
pp.139-157, esp. 146 and 156.
155
,..1]; Js. ~_,')\&. -~WI r5'WI ;~l.)l ;p ~~~ ~.lE <J\5_, Y 0 r-SWI
~ ~-' 0L...;)'I _;;~ ~ c! ~Y\.>."'11 i~"'11 .r.:!L.... 0\ :r.y. r l
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0L...;)'I ~ c:f-' ~I~ .J;lb.Ji ~\_, e·-:--..ll ~IJ.J d.J~I
~_);.; ~~ i _,.)I <) I.JI J.L..._,"'11 .) d...L...ll cr ~\_, Y'\:r.? 'll ...L...>
~ ~ ~ _,.,. .:_r.:;l_; ~ JYI.>-\'1 ~'[; '-:""' _,:-:-J rJ" ~ - j>..J"
cr ~..c.J I .!_,.,..:.ll .;:...-4--> J.i - ~~ rJ" _,...,:, __,\. _,\ ..!.> lrJ I ~ ',I , J.WI
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,JY\.>-"'11_, 0yWI Jy J...G:JI i)J....o.) r-5"b.JI 0_,;t.; cr----_,1 t!'-'
1 1
0l5_, .(Bentham) " i~-' (Hume) i J-:1" ~ J. •j>.Y. ..!.lJ:,.) lj_,~
(Sir William 0 _,::...5~ il,J_, _.r.:-ll c)- ~ ,-b ·~~ J> yl J.i .:_r...._,\
.y..,k]l_, ~)'I .:_r.:;l_,.a.JI (::' J>)-~ ~A 0y\.; ~~ ~! JlWI Blackstone)
I> I> .. I> ..,.
_,1 •41_;.._, ·~ 0yWI ~_,:-:-_,11 01 cr----_,1 ~1_, -~_r..U ~ 0_,;t.; y.

~ .;yS_, ·~ ~ ~ y. l.. _,\ 0_,;W1 ~ y. W ._,A~~ "-;Y.'
y. ,~~ ~_,:-:- _,..JI ,0_,;WIJ ,_,A·~ .!~ (::' \'""""!"' ·, .;--)- _,\
J>fo
I> I> .. (
:01 ,_;.-.: 0l5 ~.) 0_,::...5~ 0! .:_r...._,l J_,.<..__, . 341 tt0y\.;
Carl J. Friedrich, The Philosophy of Law in Historical Perspective (Chicago: University of ( 31)
Chicago Press, 1963), pp. 84 and 89-90.
Alasdai' C. Macintyre, A Sho" HL"ory of :_};;1 ,J)6:.~1 Jl,- .j tr"_,...lll.i.. ;_r (32)
Ethics (London: Routledge and K. Paul, 1998), pp. 127-135.
:)';I •Y,Y' _?J .j i>l,-11 ~l., <l.LJ J)6:.)('\')JIJ ....i:.JI ~ :U~ jl:.... J.,J>.; <..;J
Arendt, pp.l39-147.
J .,.l,-11_;::.al .,r-_;.11 .!..1_,:]1 J__. .j ;_;;,....JI .JeY' ~ ii.WI» :<.,;~ lJ_-. .;:_,_,;) ._;.W
_,1_,5:; ir ~)I J.. .)---1> .,..~....t .ki i A r-1 <,?lll >I~ 'l'l_r._r" <.Sy,.r. r-1 ...:! u_,s.J; I;!~..>;
Arendt, p. 144. :•.,r-_;.11 t;..):JI .j .;J--'>-
Friedrich, pp. 93-100, and Jeremy Bentham, An Introduction to :)a;! ~c.rf ':1! ~)1\ ;_r- ( 3 3)
the Principles of Morals and Legislation (Mineola, NY: Dover Publications, 2007), chap. 4, pp. 309-330.
Austin, p. 157. (34)
156
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I.:;:..., I ,,. (.r'J . ..,;-.ill J.Li r.S' JW4 .Y'J ,~\k.. c)all> 111~11
w.;si_, w._?.i ~-' ,-JL..::>-1 41-ii_, .:r.y---!.11 0yi )~.;:;.; ,:,i
..h. ';1_, 44>)> ~ J.il_,i \;\> 0_,::...5~ ..l..,a.i Y' \h ,)l5 1)\> -~
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<
t: '-""" ~ ~ J ~ j Li c?i ,:,i Y' 0_,::....5~ ,..L,a.j \... 0i ~ _,i LS .r..

~ 0_,::-S~ ..L,a.i >"' lh 0l5 I)! ~i ..l5Y..J .Ujli ..,..:1 ~;II ,:,_,_;WI
t:' ~)....; ~ ~\j\ .:r.'i_,Aj\ 0i ~~ ~Ji ~..J .II~ •\J"II
_1' 6 )11..5b.....]\ . • "\ . :< • 1-' J\ ·• ") -=...;\511 : .I')\ · "\ :q
1 <./c.r.'~~ J'-' "'*· ...:r.'r
,:,_,;WI_, ~WI 0jli ~~WI 4,?"'_,..;....ll ~_,i J;}J ~
·<.,?'"" ·(_ Jl!..i '-"' 0~ )\,:,_,.,;_,;WI 4>- )> cjll ts~L:-JI \'""i J'Y.>-'11
<.;~\ LSJ). 0-" .:r..r'-TJ (Justice Holmes) rJ >"' ._...;.WI_,
. (J. C. Gray) LSI.}-
.
Cf" _,k:JI ~ Wl,... ~ '-?Jl.J\ 0jlill ~ 0jlill ,:,i ,:,_,.u:...., .:r..lJI
~)I _f..: '-? .1J I '-"' \.....'J I ...)r---l I ~ lhJ I 0fo. . !.lLiu .137 )4 'Y.>-i r..~s
.Y" L..5 0_,;WI ~ ~J~ ~ LSi . _,i ~ . . '-""" J >"' ~ jlill
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Austin, p. 158. (35)
. [("'"_,:..)I] c.i-- }! 4l:iJ J ~ «~ • <kAl ""'"' -'l.L!.::l I

. ........;; J.t...o..ll ( 3 6)
Nicholas Unwin, «Morality, Law and the Evaluation of Values,>; Mind, vol. 94, no. 376 (3 7)
(October 1985), pp. 538-549, Quoted in: Anton Donoso, «Jurisprudence Today: Naturalism vs.
Positivism,» in: Harold J. Spaeth, ed., The Predicament of Modern Politics ([Detroit]: University of
Detroit Press, 1969), pp. 55-79.
Austin, p.xviii, and Spragens, :rJi ~L:s::J (W. Rumble) J:..o.J J.:)JJ ~...li4 _)U1 (38)
pp. 196-310.
157
0! ~ L.n J <<.Jl5 .J---A L.11 ~ ~I ..;...)::11 14, :.r-----) ~_A r-l
_;5~ 4!;..WI <:t')(>.)i\ u....l.<JI ~ ,_) o~l ,J.., ,. l~loo ..ili .<<0~
~ J.aAll» •P ~~ ,~ _;}:t; )_;~ ..15\ L.SJ .1:i;.; ..;;l)all
.. ~»J t.;L..l..;.,JS. ,(([· •-IJ] t:.; • . li L. ·~I ~I
('"'J-4' J I*' J d.._r-";' .;' <-I .r::- . J •
t_J~ ,_) 4:JI)I f.<>" j!..J ~_rll i.J)rJ .<'' <<.:..\_,s::JJJ ~_rll.:r-<..!.:~
1
0 jj 1J , • ..!...; • J 1• '\.J , !40l4.Ja;ts:J\ J~ )1\ 0 C: _; 1•. , \' ··IJ

_; <.S'' .r.:-' I ~' . Y" '-' - .r."-" .r...r--
o_;jj i f 1;•.•; ..:.LE <.r 1..!.: ..;.,J.S;.J ..,.l:.::..JI ..r-:f;- ••:_ • 'J 4.4.l.h.Ji ....U\
,0'JIJ 4JI ,_) ,jW\ J..\A.; I~ .JWI rll.._. .,\ ._.k ~I 0L......;)Ii
..;.,L,.lk;.. <.,I'J ,.,;~ ~l..a.>-!J r.lWI ·~ t_J~ ,j ..~.,.>-)1 ~I
L.... r.sJ ~\J -~~\ •i_;J ~I ~J .JJ)11 il.WI ,_) L..,.;l~i
J_,.a,.JI <.r ,<_.a> •JJ ~I ~l...>J ot,..JI._.k .J;J.bJJ J!.- ,~ 0~~
~ ~_,.._.....,;. ~ Jl_;: )IJ ?I\.. ~I ilh:JI <.r o.t,· ,I\ ~I
J J l1,J .x:..\J d;,.. 0'1 I jW I \JS. , J-W I ~ if") I 0l5 I.....L..;J ._,.k;J I
.
1411
..J uWI ~.LWI ~I 4kL ~
'-'"' _;Ji _;~l..,a.. ~l::J~J) JWI _;~L..,a.. 01 <../' \:A <..I"'L..)'J ~I

~ ..::..;~ 1' ' 1~ts:.ll Jlk...ll i ~ ..s?)'J ('"!"'LWI ~J ~I)IJ
.jy5 i ua; <.r ~.}J ..!..> t...,; l5 '1 '< 431 ;___,.!.>. b 4,; L......; l o_,.45 ,..;:.., Ill I ,_) 0'J I
if-) Y.J_;;l ~1y5 '1J <..!.ll~ .r-;:i;- ri G.,kJUi ii Qa.-..) 0l5 ·'.r-->
Charles Taylor, «Justice after Virtue,>> in: John Horton and Susan Mendus, eds., After (39)
Macintyre: Critical Perspectives on the Work of Alasdair Macintyre (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1994),
p. 18.
Kant, «An Answer to the Question,}> pp. 17-22 . ;.h;l5 .0~))';1 (40)
. '-:-' L;S:J I U... .:r" C! U I j..<UJI )';I , tr' _,..J I l.i.. ;r- ..~;_;..] (4 1)
Immanuel Kant, The Moral Law: Grounflwork of the Metaphysics of Morals, Trans. H. J. ( 4 2)
Paton, 2"" ed. (London: Routledge, 2005), pp. 14-15.
;r c>_r'l (::"IY' .jJ ( 7 8 • 6 3 U"') <;_r.JS:;)'I .}1 kl5 ':-'\.:S" !"""_,::. (::"J ,J" <.,.~I o.i..)
J. B. Schneewind, «Autonomy, :)';I ,.h;lS::, ....,l>JI ~1./1'1 i~Lil j~ C!r' V"'.rJ ·':-'l;S:JI
Obligation and Virtue: An Overview of Kant's Moral Philosophy,» in: Paul Guyer, ed., The Cambridge
Companion to Kant (Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press, 1992), pp. 309-333.
Arendt, pp. 290-291. (43)
158
\ ..s~ Jl>- ~~ t: ~\,;~ ,J.WI L.S ,<:_rJI .J'J\.>.. 0" ~ <
441
-,?J~t.;J_r.
...:I_,S:JI..;_;~J .L..AJ\1) J Q5 J..--.'J tf ~1..::.>\.lll 0" l;_r:- ~
':lj 41:,; ~ ':1 ~ ,o~l:---JI ....,...,..lp J.W11~ ~1 JL.::; ;_,;L-.;)11
~~~ J..L,a..o r I..L. 01 ~1J ._All .JJ_;..:. - y.-~ J o~l:---JI o..L. ~
' r--- -
J. ~ .r..i- ~~ .:... _,...::...I ~~~ if' . J ,.1.;15 c5..U Jlh...ll
'
r \11 i J+'..o
.:..b. JJ.1 ..::....P-~ ,.:;I~ c:...i _,JI cj ,ti.....LJI oh .J1 t: ,.,._~ ~y>.)l ti....l.JI
4J ._,...L........1 ':IJ .:..':I WI J-.2>1 J .u~ ~1.:... ~~J ,.y....; ~J~ .k;\5
.. .(45)L..l J"""l <-i
;_,;b\11 .:...~1 ~ t_r:JI ''-'fo.. .J1 ~ \.. /.;15 J"" \.. :i.?~ ~
--...........JI ..!.;...L>..:.l~ r lh .~... - ,II JWIJ J'J\.>..\11 ..!.JI_; ~~J J.Wl
~y Jj * JL<.. J (G. E. M. Anscombe) '-:-" ~~ ~J.} .r..S- ~~ -,?.lll
~J ,(c,.......,.___.. ~b.!j 4A--o Y. ,.k;\5 ~ ~I_,JI o_,.Q (~) -,?~ i~l
<.?"WI J.WI . . ,. , y ~ .).- oJ~ ~ .J1 4J ~ <-:..... .li 4JJJ! <J'
'-:-" ~~ ~ )> t..J .< 46 l~ts::JI Jlh...ll ..r'\11 ofo J>-b JU.) cj .r.P4
G. B. Kerferd, The Sophistic Movement (Cambridge; New York: :~I '-..r"IJ,.r:-IUJ .)"! .y- ( 4 4)
Cambridge University Press, 1999), pp. 84-93 and 139-148; Richard Taylor, Good and Evil, rev. ed.
(Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books, 2000), pp. 56-67, and Joseph Margolis, The Truth about Relativism
(Oxford, UK; Cambridge: B. Blackwell, 1991).
_ ·r-J u-"L;.JI e>.Jll .. '-'"IJ_,.t;J.r. ..;lh....;_,....ll Jc_,li.....;_,_J.,AJI J! <,......; 'c?JY.t;J.r.•l

. [[~_;:..]I] , -r- J5 '-'"~ Y' :J
0 L.; I c,\ ;_,s:.; .)>- ci....l; .::..... \j c,?jj I
Schneewind, pp.314-325; G. C. Field, «A :_,];;1 ,.k;\5 = Jlk...ll _,.':11 i.I<>U ill (45)
Criticism of Kant,)) in: Readings in Ethical Theory, Selected and Edited by Wilfrid Sellars and John
Hospers (New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, L1952]), pp.487-491; David E. Cartwright,
«Schopenhauer's Narrower Sense of Morality,)) in: Christopher Janaway, ed., The Cambridge
Companion to Schopenhauer (Cambridge, UK; New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999),
pp. 254-263; Tara Smith, Viable Values: A Study of Life as the Root and Reward of Morality (Lanham,
Md.: Rowman and Littlefield, 2000), pp. 38 ff, and Henry E. Allison, «Kant,H in: Ted Honderich, ed.,
The Oxford Companion to Philosophy (Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 1995), p. 437.
Alan Gewirth, Reason and Morality (Chicago: University of Chicago : _)U1 ~..k.;lSJ ~~,) ~ __,.:JJ
Press, 1978).
.._, \::5J I I.C. ;_,.. t' WI J...oAll _,];;I , tJ--" _,..J I I.C. ;_r ..c,j<ll
G. E. M. Anscombc, ~~Modem Moral Philosophy,)) Philosophy, vol. 33, no. 12 (January ( 46)
159
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~ .....u; '1 •4!:-'>..ll JJ\.>. ":11 .1JJ t.. c.r- •?. <./' ._;ll ¥1 1~1
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cr ~WI o..L. ~W ~ '1J .<'' 11t..!K<:ll.)[ WWI
•~_r:-_,...11 ..::...i_r.-.::)1
(.)\ ~IJ ~~I cr ~1 J. ,~ WWI 4} IQJI ..:..>~~~~ ~J
;u.J~I ~I :r ,r.l:::Sl..J J};_t; cr ~ c!b .jjJ .!;W ~lj I.J§.J
:r ~ l.l1» ~ ,jJ\.>.1 Jla:... c.r- t.. ~~ '1~1...:-J 'iw.;~ ~l:-JIJ
~ ...;;:-u ,-!.ll; ...-J! ~L.,.;).<'''«il-.<.;":JILA t·: ; ~I cr .J.L...;\
(.)\ ~ l..»J 11.)\5 y. l..» ~ J.l.k...ll ~ .r.:,...:)l I.J~ I.J~I 4AAJI )IJ..UI
~ylill ~)O:JI ~s-ot..)~~- L._,;).~..UI ~l:.!.ll :Y' c->l:JI_ «l.lfo.
.153\t~..~.>
·" c.r- ~ I' •
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..,., ,
1958), pp. 1-2 and 5, and Alasdair C. Macintyre, After Virtue: A Study in Moral Theory, 3ro ed. (Notre
Dame, Ind.: University of Notre Dame Press, 2007), p. 55.
·'-:'l::SJI :_r .s_.>-1 e"IY'J Jl::ll •.r.JI _}.;1 (47)

'-'"'"Y- ~ ·~.? _,. f'\'t 0ts .k;ts = "-rl' r-*" 01 '-:ll..o !.~-'""'< .r..Y. ..\5Y- <4 8 >
Guyer, Kant on Freedom, pp. 5, 8, 39-42. :_}.;1 .<,J...; !J.>"'< ~ ....-'k.J J~\tiJ JWI ;,r 'JLS::il
5\-59 and 129-138.
Raymond Geuss, Morality, Culture, and History: Essays on German Philosophy (49)
(Cambridge, UK; New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999), p. 170.
Taylor, «Justice after Virtue,» p. 20, and Macintyre: After Virtue, pp. 56-61, and 79-87, (50)
and A Short History of Ethics, pp. 130-131, 166-171 and 189-191.
Taylor, «Justice after Virtue,)) p. 20. (51)
.21 -20._,.., ,.....;;J..t...a...]\ (52)
Donoso, pp. 55 and 66. (53)
160
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Toshihiko Izutsu, Ethicu-Religious Concepts in the Qur'iin (Montreal: McGill- : ~i _)a.; I ( 8 2)
Queen's University Press, 1966), p. 106.
Marmaduke William Pickthall, The Meaning of the Glorious Koran (New York: Mentor ( 8 3)
Classics, [n. d.]), pp. 289-290.
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Century Legal Philosophy Series; vol. I (New York: Russell and Russell, 1961), p.189.
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William E. Scheuerman, «Carl Schmitt and the Road to Abu Ghraib,)) Constellations, ( 1 0 2)
val. 13, no. 1 (March 2006), p. 108.
Carl Schmitt, The Concept of the Political, :~ "-:-"'\.:5J (Schwab) "-:"'\_,....:. .:i,..,,.W ~~ _)2;\
Translation, Introduction, and Notes by George Schwab; with «The Age of Neutralizations and
Depoliticizations)) (1929) Translated by Matthias Konzen and John P. McConnick; with Leo Straus's
Notes on Schmitt's Essay, Translated by J. Harvey Lomax; Foreword by Tracy B. Strong, Expanded ed.
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007), p. 5.
G. L. Ulmen, «The Sociology of the State: Carl Schmitt and Max Weber,» State, Culture, ( 1 0 3)
and Society, vol. l, no. 2 (Winter 1985), p. 38.
Eckard Bolsinger, The Autonomy of the Political: Carl Schmitt's and Lenin's Political ( 1 0 4)
Realism, Contributions in Political Science; 390 (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2001), p. 29.
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Schmitt. p. xvi. :~ ._,I.::SJ (Strong) f:Jr l'"'.c<; ja;l ( 10 7)

vP _r.i...JI ._,_,.,.ll c,;l_,i ..;:>- ."-'".c;J c)_,;WI ~ ..}<- c,<"'~l ; y.U I.L. J.-!., ( 10 8)
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Normand, «The Legitimation of Violence: A Critical History of the Laws of War,>> Harvard
International Law Journal, vaL 35, no. 1 (Winter 1994), p. 50.
Bolsinger, pp. 178-179. ( 1 0 9)
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Alan Finlayson, «Psychology, Psychoanalysis and Theories of Nationalism,)> Nations and ( 1 1 7)
Nationalism, vol. 4, no. 2 (April 1998), p. 159.
John Breuilly, Nationalism and the State, znd ed. (Manchester: Manchester University (118)
Press, 1993), pp. 366-401 and Gray, p. 13.
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The Sea of Precious Virtues: A Medievaly "1 0 9 ,._;P ·~I'-??. -:r.l ~ 12 7 ,_r' •4 C ,( 19 7 9 "~\
Islamic Mirror fur Princes = Bahr al-favilid, Translated from the Persian; Edited, and Annotated by
Julie Scott Meisami (Salt Lake City; University of Utah Press, 1991), p. 29.
185
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Andrew Gamble, Politics and Fate, Themes for the 21" Century (Cambridge, UK; (1 46)
Malden, MA: Polity, 2000), esp. pp. 6-8.
Kelsen,p.l86. (147)
Frnnk Tallett, War and Society in :_);;I ,~.t.JI <Iy.UI :,r.§:;J -,.'_,.)I "" <;')\..)1 :/ ( 14 8)
Early Modern Europe, 1495-1715 (London: Routledge, 1992)~ Charles Tilly, Coercion, Capital, and
European States: AD.990-J990 (Cambridge: Blackwell, 1990); Michael Mann, States, War, and
Capitalism (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1988), and Jeremy Black: European Warfare, 1494-1660 (London;
New York: Routledge, 2002), and European Warfare, 1660-1815 (New Haven; London: Yale University
Press, 1994).
186
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j\p.- <f.~ c)! '-l_,..lll 'JJ..\: e~ \. . ,~4-JI :i.;_r2>JI ..:;_,1-,·~JI_, ~WI
<,jly._r.l] <S_,;:..:...ll J)""~l i)>:> ~ c>r ~.WI ;JJ.UI J <,~1 <k.Lil c:.-.)» (1)
Karl Marx, (<Manifesto of the Communist Party,>) in: Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, :_}a;\ .«4J..ol.5:.;
Basic Writings on Politics and Philosophy, Edited by Lewis S. Feuer, Anchor Books; Al85 (Garden
City. NY: Doubleday. 1959). p. 9.
19 1
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.(3);; a a~JI ..:...\}'· .IIJ :i...WI ~l..::>l-...y ~ ('""~IJ
Martin Van Creveld, The Rise and Decline of the State (Cambridge, [England); New York: ( 2)
Cambridge University Press, 1999), pp. 168-169 and 417-418.
Gary Teeple, Globalization and the Decline :~\ ,..!,.o,.\.>-~~ 0_;:AJl ~ (J~I ~Y .)4.:.jl .y
of Social Reform: Into the Twenty-First Century (Aurora, Ontario: Garamond Press; Amherst, NY:
Humanity Books, 2000), p. 122-126.
= Van Creveld, pp. 205-224.
192
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Christopher Lasch, The Culture of Narcissism: American Life in an Age of :~i _)a.;\
Diminishing Expectations (New York: Norton, 1978), pp. 125-153 .
. The Order of Things ""l:;S .j ~ j ~.I;~ I .}P.r."~I i~L.:.)'I o.l.o. ~ (4)

Frank Tallett, War and Society in Early Modern Europe, 1495-1715 (London: Routledge, (5)
1992). pp. 39-44.
Michel Foucault, Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the prison, Translated from the French ( 6)
by Alan Sheridan, 2"d Vintage Books ed. (New York: Vintage Books, 1995), p. 138.
193
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Jacques Donzelot, The Policing of Families, :I..:.A i )!.JI .blQ.:J\ ~ y .;J! JL.s.)'I ;_;.- ( 1 3)
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of Action (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1998), p. 71.
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Self and Society in the Late Modern Age (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1991),
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.xi'-"",......;; J.L.a...ll :.,.; .::..JZ _)a;l (25)
Pauline Johnson, «Social:~\ •YJJ.)\ 1.)""\.;JI .;_,1a:.... _>A •f-T ~~ ,:y
ULA!.ll 4.&-l:..,e. (26)
Philosophy,>> in: Deborah Cook, ed., Theodor Adorno: Key Concepts (Stocks Field: Acumen, 2008), p.l21 .
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Philip Corrigan and Derek Sayer, The Great Arch: English State Formation as Cultural :~_,JJI ~
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Gerard DeGre, The Social Compulsions of Ideas: Toward a Sociological Analysis of ( 3 1)

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202
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Pressler and Dasilva, pp.108-109. :pi •JI,-JII.l..> <) (Gadame.) J'b~ ;r
Max Weber, The Protestant Ethic and the <<Spirit>) of Capitalism and Other Writings, (38)
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Foucault, «Technologies of the Self,)) in: Michel Foucault, Ethics: Subjectivity and Truth, Edited by
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Foucault, «Technologies of the Self,ff p. 228. (41)
Max Weber, From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology, Translated, Edited, and with an (42)
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Horkheimer, Max and Theodor W. Adorno. Dialectic of Enlightenment: ..r-:45J~ 1..;-"'l:$" p1
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Marcuse, p. 1.
Ellen M. Wood, The Origins of Capitalism: A Longer View : p1 d.ia. if -4_;......U ( 4 5)
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.i>l,-JI if ._,.,~;SJii.i.o <f Jl!ll J-"1 <f .jl!ll ~ _;JI,pll _)a;l (46)
Scaff, p.103. (47)
. <4;1_;.)1 <f J.r:JI» ) 'I""}I <f J_r:JI» -!' «Disenchantment» ,;,.J,S::J <,;.r-JI 4 _,:;)1 ( 4 8)
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Theodor W. Adorno, The Culture Industry: Selected Essays on Mass Culture, Edited and (50)
with an Introduction by J. M. Bernstein, Routledge Classics (London; New York: Routledge, 2001),
pp. 132-157, and Finlayson, p. 151.
Lasch, p. 232. (51)
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Zygmunt Bauman, Modernity and the Holocaust (Ithaca, NY: Cornell :JL:-JI \h J )a;\ (52)
University Press, 1989).
Finlayson, p. 153. :J .~t.L!.::JI (5 J)
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Talal Asad, Genealogies of Religion: Discipline and Reasons of Power in Christianity and Islam
(Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1993).
_..b':/1 i f I~ J., r-l ,;\ i:') -:_.,.WI J,; <.,<'":>L)'I ~;,...)I_,< ~I i f (56)
Jonathan Berkey, The Transmission of Knowledge in Medieval Cairo: A Social History :_)a; I ,(~ )1
of Islamic Education (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1992).
208
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Hallaq, S/u,r'a, pp.l35-152. (57)
A. L Tibawi, «Origin and :_)Z;I ,;;,.c.,~ -:...,.WI J,.i <.,('"j...'JI ~I C;"J ~ll.i.. C;"
Character of Al-Madrasa,» Bulletion of the School of Oriental and African Studies, vol. 25, no. 2
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209
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H. A. Prichard, «Does Moral Philosophy Rest on a Mistake?,» Mind, vol. 21, no. 81 (59)
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Bobbs-Merrill, 1982), pp. ll4-122, and «The Objectivist Ethics,~~ in: Ayn Rand, The Virtue of
Selfishness: A New Concept of Egoism, With Additional Articles by Nathaniel Branden, Signet Book;
P2602 (New York: New American Library, 1964), pp. 13-35.
J,_- J_;. ,_.Ja;l .~ j.._. ..:.,.WI J:.i ~I'-'....:><.; 4>- )o .)1 <L)\J ~lS (60)
Scott MacDonald, «Ultimate Ends in Practical Reasoning: Aquinas's Aristotelian Moral :Jl!.J\
Psychology and Anscombe's Fallacy,>) Philosophical Review, vol. 100, no. I (January 1991).
Charles Larmore, The Autonomy of Morality (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ( 6 1)
2008). p. 87.
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the Qur'an and the Genesis of Shari'a,» Islamic Law and Society, val. 16, nos. 3-4 (November 2009).
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Studies in Islamic Law and Society; v. 25 (Leiden; Boston: Brill, 2006), pp. 32-33 and 49-50, and
Brinkley Messick, «Indexing the Self: Intent and Expression in IsJamic Legal ActS,>> Islamic Law and
Society, vol. 8, no. 2 (200l).
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Holy Fast: The Religious Significance of Food to Medieval Women, New Historicism: Studies in
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History of Philanthropic Foundations: The Islamic World from the Seventh Century to the Present
(Istanbul: Bogazijfi University Press, 2000).
Hallaq, Shari'a, pp. 271-272. ( 11 2)
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ibn 'Abd al-Malik Ibn Tufayl, Ibn Tufayl's Hayy ibn Yaqziin: a Philosophical Tale, Translated with an
Introduction and Notes by Lenn Evan Goodman (Chicago; London: The University of Chicago Press,
2003), pp. 17-18.
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Ebrahim Moosa, Ghazali and the Poetics of Imagination, Islamic Civilization and Muslim ~( 19 2 0
Networks (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2005), and Introduction of Buchman in: The
Sea of Precious Virtues: A Medieval Islamic Mirror for Princes = Bahr al-faviiid, Translated from the
Persian; Edited, and Annotated by Julie Scott Meisami (Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1991),
introduction, pp. xiv-xv, and Al-Ghazali, The Niche of Lights = }.,;":JI it.S::..!...J a Parallel English-Arabic
Text Translated, Introduced, and Annotated by David Buchman, Islamic Translation Series (Provo, UT:
Brigham Young Univen;ity Press. 1998). introduction. p. xxvi.
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Conception of Adab and the Nature of Religious Fulfillment in Islam,» in: Barbara Daly Metcalf, ed.,
Moral Conduct and Authority: The Place of Adab in South A.~ian Islam (Berkeley: University of
California Press, 1984), pp. 53-54.
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«Biographies and Mild Asceticism: A Study of Islamic Moral Imagination,f> Studia /Slamica, no. 85
(1997).
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Charles Taylor: Sources of the Self: The Making of the Modern Identity (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard
University Press, 1989), and The Malaise of Modernity, CBC Massey Lecture Series (Concord, Ont.:
Anansi, 1991).
Alasdair C. Macintyre: After Virtue: A Study in Moral Theory, 3ro ed. :_}UI ~_;l!JI .)1 ~~
(Notre Dame, Ind.: University of Notre Dame Press, 2007), and Whose Justice? Which Rationality?
(Notre Dame, Ind.: University of Notre Dame Press, 1988) .
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1993), p. 369.
David Held [eta!.], :_,Ja;l ,;_,.WI J,i L.J ;_,.WI W_,.JI JK:,\ Cr.! .:_,l;)(:,:.'\'1 0" (5)
Global Transformations: Politics, Economics and Culture (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press,
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Montserrat Guibemau, «Globalization and the Nation-State,)) in: Montserrat Guibemau and ( 6)
John Hutchinson, eds., Understanding Nationalism (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2001), p. 246, and Georg
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Joseph E. Stiglitz, Globalization and its :_}a;l -~~L...\11 0~1 l;-'> ~...b-IJ J\.:.JI ~ C~\
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Paul W. Kahn, Putting Liberalism in its Place (Princeton: J '5- 1 ~ ,~ JJ....a...Jl ( 9)

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Bob Je,op, The Future of the :};;I ,;.t,.c,JI <,Ji.n:lJIJ <,JI.n:l)l Jy-ll ~ .t,i- ~J
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252
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·rlWI Jy
David Mae<h, Nicola J. :_);;I ,_y.. ~ ·u-).WIJ .;,C..J)o'JI 0-" _,!SJI !ll:.. (1 1)
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253
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Paul Q. Hirst and Grahame Thompson, Globalization in Question: :J 4::.-.J.):>\rl o..i.A ~ ( 14)
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Hirst and Thompson, p. 98. ( 1 5)
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University Press, 2006), p. 125, Quoted in: Henri Lefebvre, De L'Etat: Dans le monde modern, vol. 1
254
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..;_,r ;JJJ.il '-'4 1J ·IJ ..;_,.;...,...Jl; ~ 4-4....:>Y. '-l3.ill .Jl,....-.L...i ~IJ
Stiglitz, Globalization and i" :_)a; I •r-IWI ._s_,:..... .}s- pi i>\.0 J W _,.JI JJ> ;r ( 1 7)
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'1:J-" _,..]I I.L. ;;>- . e'_,...,:ll I.L. i.J>. :y .l_,.ii.U ...,-:.11 :U J..lll Jw! ~ .:,\ ~ ( 18)
Douglas E. Ashford, «Constitution of Poverty,>> in: Rolf Torstendahl, State Theory and State :_)a;\
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:UJ..lll ,;:A,..")\.p! .:,\,~WI twl C_,kll ~~ ..;J>. :y ~ .:,\..,...,.., ,.!1]; J! oW.)'L,
Teeple, pp. 51-80. :_);;1 .W_,.JI ~ ~ ~ L.. J ..::...ali:; '\,>W-.,1
S~rensen, pp. 190-208. ( 1 9)
Martin Shaw, «The State of Globalization: Towards a Theory of State Transformation,>> (20)
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1997).
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Stiglitz, :)>;1 ,W_,..JI c) ~L...1 ;r.:s-'% .;r.::lJ.lll ..!l:.,JIJ .Li:.JI JJ.c.,., (.;>' (26)
Globalization and ils Dlsconrenrs, and Held [et al.], pp. 149-188.
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S0rensen, p. 30. (2 8)
Kahn, pp. 235-236, and Teeple, pp. 1-5. (2 9)
Strange,p.l98. (30)
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Held [et al.], pp. 242-259. (32)
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Chibli Mallat, The Renewal of Islamic Law: Muhammad Baqer as-Sadr, Najaf, and the :)2.;1 ~ J...l.,411
Shi'i International, Cambridge Middle East Library; 29 (Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University
Press, 1993), pp. 115-119, and Sayyid Qutb, Social Justice in Islam, Trans. John Hardie (Oneonta, NY:
Islamic Publications Inti., 2000), pp. 127 ext.
l,.J.;; ._r ...,s,..JI r-f"ll I.\.. ;,J-*"< '} ..:..,.WI _,.-)I .) ~I '-:"1.:5JI <,!~ ;,1 ""'
Charles Tripp, Islam and the Moral Economy: The :_)a;\ ,\.U, i f .l.AIJ~TJ ~L~.•J)\ j_,....;J~
Challenge of Capitalism (Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006).
~ 20 ,..._._r.JI JL... ~ Jl ;,.,..:JI JL..J ,._;.WI _rll .:_,.-11 '-" ~ (48)

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(Cambridge; New Yort: Cambridge University ~ss. 2009), pp. 29-30. '
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Sharr'a, pp. 243-244, and Frank E. Vogel and Samuel L. Hayes, Islamic Law and Finance: Religion,
Risk, and Return, Arab and Islamic Laws Series; 16 (Boston, Mass.: Kluwer Law International, 1998).
Tcipp,pp.56-57 and 124-126. :_,!;;1 ,<:,J.>JI.::-I)'WI J il5)1 ;r (57)
,<,...LJI ...,.:5Ji )> :.::- J-"") (_ 1 4 •.j4ll ,<.,\..Li ,:r.l .c.>i ,:r. ill! .y> ,:r..UI ._;; y (58)
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Ibn Batuta, The Travels of Ibn Ba,t,Ulfa, Trans. H. A. R. Gibb (New Delhi: :pi ~if")L...)I1 ~WI
Goodword Books, 2003).
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. 1 3 0- 1 21 </ ,( 1 9 8 0 •'i:-"J ~ :o_,..WI) :UJ.UIJ .;r..lll ·~I .1...>...o :J~I
Al-Ghazali, Al-Ghaztilr's Path to Sufism and his Deliverance from :Jl!.JI.._b- ..}s- ·~I (60)
Error: An Annotated Translation of al-Munqidh min al-dal-al, Translated by R. J. McCarthy; with a
Preface by David Burrell and an Introduction by William A. Graham (Louisville, KY: Fons Vitae,
2006), p. 35.
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Mahmoud A. EI-Gamal, Islamic Finance: Law, Economic.~. and :...::.,..')\.....2......\ ..!.U; ~ ~.Ul Finance
Practice (Cambridge, [UK]; New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006).
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Law,}> (Working Paper; 16, Law and Economics Working Paper Series, University of Southern
California Law School, 2004).
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the State in Capitalist Societies,)) in: Torstendahl, p. 50.
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AbdAllah Al)mad Na'im. hlam and th' :}>;\ .:UJ.U\ <,'\,>- ;r V ~\;,~I i.l.l; (1)
= Secular State: Negotiating the Future of Shari'a (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2008), p. l.
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Euben and Muhammad Qasim Zaman, eds., Princeton Readings in /slamist Thought: Texts and Contexts
from al-Banna to Bin Laden, Princeton Studies in Muslim Politics (Princeton: Princeton University
Pre"· 2009). pp. 213-215.
Ibn Taymiyya :_,1;1 •4-# r_,A; .jll .:-L,JSJI <,Ji"J ._,..L,W ;,<,_r.;i.::,..JI ;r.l.a...ll i f (2)
against the Greek Logicians, Translated with an Introduction and Notes by Wael B. Hallaq (Oxford:
Clarendon Press; New York: Oxford University Press, 1993).
AJ-Ghazali, The Incoherence of the Philosophers :_}ij\ ~~}JI LA:__r.;~ ~'YS ~J

44.....')UJ\ ci~J = a Parallel English-Arabic Text, Translated, Introduced, and Annotated by Michael
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l'IJ:J ,_,; ;;JJJ.ll ~ Ji.,.- J _«;;JJJ.ll« J;AJJ (Kahn) ~\5 ;l.l.>..:..l ~~ ~"JI ~I_,JI .y)
T. M. Scanlon, NRights, Goals, and Fairness,» in: :~\)a.;\ .(~j~ OJ~~ ji ~ _~~
Stuart Hampshire, ed., Public and Private Morality (Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University
Press, 1978), p. 93 .
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Abou El-Fadl, «Islam and the Challenge of Democratic Commitment,~} Fordham International Law,
vol. 27, no. l (December 2003), p. 69.
M. Eli>abeth Magill, ;':"\::SJI l.i.. .y cji.:ll ~I .y J/~1 ._r.JI J \.:;,!.il;,. _,la;l (5)
«Beyond Powers and Branches in Separation of Powers Law,» University of Pennsylvania Law Review,
vol. 150, no. 2 (December 2001), p. 605; Mogens H. Hansen, «The Mixed Constitution Versus the
Separation of Powers: Monarchical and Aristocratic Aspects of Modem Democracy,» History of
Political Thought, vol. 31, no. 3 (2010), p. 509, and Geoffrey Marshall, Constitutional Theory,
Clarendon Law Series (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1971), pp. 97 and 124.
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of Islamic Legal Theories: An Introduction to Sunnr u~al al-fiqh (Cambridge; New York: Cambridge
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Discipline and Reasons of Power in Christianity and Islam (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press,
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Iris Murdoch, Metaphysics aJ u Guide to Morals (London: Random :tJ~-.rJ ~ ..l.!.:~.!\ (7) .
House, 2003), p. 350.
Leo Strauss, «On the Spirit of Hobbes's Political Philosophy,~~ in: Leo Strauss [et :~i }:u1
al.], Hobbes: Studie.~. Edited by K. C. Brown (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1965), p.13.
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Anthony Giddens, Capitalism and Modern Social Theory; an Analysis of the Writings of (9)
Marx, Durkheim and Max Weber (Cambridge, [Eng.]: Cambridge University Press, 1971), pp. 99~100;
W. Watts Miller, Durkheim, Morals and Modernity (Montreal: McGill - Queens University Press,
1996), and Robert A. Nisbet, The Sociology of Emile Durkheim (New York: Oxford University Press,
1974), pp. 187-208.
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H. A. Prichard, «Does Moral Philosophy Rest on a Mistake?,); Mind, vol.2l, no.81 (12)
(1912), and Charles Larmore: The Autonomy of Morality (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
2008), and The Morals of Modernity (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996) .
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Tara Smith, Viable Values: A Study of Life as the Root and Reward of:~ ~ ..u.; .}a;l •J-4.JI
Morality (Lanham, Md.: Rowman and Littlefield, 2000}, pp. 38-53.
Wael Hallaq, «Groundwork of the Moral Law: A New Look at the Qur'an :J ..l5ji LS ( 15)
and the Genesis of Shari'a,)) Islamic Law and Society: val. 16, nos. 3-4 (November 2009), p. 253 .
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~I c).; ; )..;,..JI .j .:JL...;)'I ~ .}. - ~4 ..!.LI.iS r../"-' - ~1.;•.1\_,
J. B. Schneewind, <<Autonomy, Obligation and Virtue: An Overview of :)ail ~4-::k ~U\...9 ii_;AJI oh
Kant's Moral Philosophy,>) in: Paul Guyer, ed., The Cambridge Companion to Kant (Cambridge; New
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Theory, Selected and Edited by Wilfrid Sellars and John Hospers (New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts,
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Philosophy, vol. 33, no. 12 (January 1958), and John Gray, Enlightenment's Wake: Politics and Culture
at the Close of the Modern Age (London: Routledge, 1995).
Larmore, The Autonomy of Morality, pp. 111-112. ( 16)
Oswald Spengler, The Decline of the West, Authorized Translation with Notes by Charles ( 1 7)
Francis Atkinson, 2 vols. (New York: A. A. Knopf, 1926-1928), p. 120.
Charles Taylor, «Justice after Virtue,)> in: John Horton and Susan Mendus, eds., After ( 1 8)
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Paul Guyer, Kant on F"edom. Law. ;""'\.:SJI l.iA (J' C:'\)1 J.#ll (J' JJ \11 '.r.)l };;I ( 1 9)
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Autonomy of Morality, p. 105.
Prichard, p. 36. (20)
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Christine M. Korsgaard [et al.l, The Sources of Normativity, Edited by Onora O'Neill (2 1)
(Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996), p. 5, Adapted and Critic in: Lannore, The
Autonomy of Morality, p. 112
Larmore, The Autonomy of Momlity, p. 109, and Smith, :)2;1 ,U) _;...II c!' J (J' .rl}~l (22)
pp. 40-53.
Larmore, The Autonomy of Morality, pp. 109 and 112. (2 3)
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Wael Hallaq, The Origins and Evolution of Islamic : )i.i1 ~~ _rJI 1-4J J...a.io ~ rJ (2 8)
Law, Themes in Islamic Law; 1 (Cambridge, UK; New York: Cambridge UniversitY Press, 2005).
Wael Hallaq, Sharr'a: :~\ _)a;l .(«Great SynthesiS)) 01_,.:.&- ...:;...:....; ~t.:s:JI ..!l},; If"~J)
Theory, Practice, Transformations (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009), pp. 55-60 and 72.
0}.•' J\ ~~.r" o}.,A :C,.')l.,)'l .:.>1..-I"J.JI Jc,....) 11> ...;;.., 1.. Q~ (29)
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Hallaq, Sharr'a, pp. 72-142. :}"1 ,._;i.,-JIIJ.. J (30)
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Wael Hallaq, Authority, Continuity, :.j ~4 ~ .Jr:-o c~W! c-4-\ ~~ .,:.J~\ (32)
and Change in Islamic Law (Cambridge, UK; New York: Cambridge University Press, 2001).
Wael Hallaq, «Can the Shari'a Be Restored?,>) in: Yvonne Yazbeck Haddad and :~\ (3 3)
Barbara Freyer Stowasser, eds., Islamic Law and the Challenges of Modernity (Walnut Creek, CA:
AltaMira Press, 2004).
I.L. Lo_r., .,;JI '-"~IJ '-"4~ J_,.l..JI cfll Jl,..- J r.s:.tt J_,.; cf'JL Jv., (34)
.ll.o ;y J_,J.i _f( '-:'1;5 J~ [b.; Jj>JI o-4] ~I U., _,JI 0\ "" ''-:'l:;$]1
293
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•
·~ ~ JYI.> ,~L,-JI_, ~~I~-' u-.J ,U ~ ,QU
~_,..,.; I'"'..IZ-' ~_,..:..!1 ~1_,.; ~~ •~is-! ~ ojll o..!.;~l .;:...L......_;...ll
D"iring ~I -.,1:5 .j Ul.;;.... ~L,.- .j ~J ~ l....,., (Ma'5ad) .C..... J.ll.\ (3 5)

Joseph A. Massad, Desiring Arabs (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007). :_)a; I .Arabs
294
~jJI ~1_);.; t: l_,.ls.~ CJ\ ~.J d_,.ls.~ .:>\ ''!""'l:-]1 e-·~. II -4..1.>:-
(f ~ l..i..o.J ·-,?j-S_,..ll j\.k;JI .j"j.:;.."-11 ~ OJJyoP ~ l.. ~
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d~_,:.; ·~ OJJyoP Jl,..-...- J j_,A>jl i ~ ~ l.. :.r-P ~ ..;:.,b_,4..
.JJ • I • 1\ .J fo_ .)\ ~ , LA . ~ J5 '-:--" l:J ~ "j.:;-"1 I i L...h:lJ
-,?~1 ('""..\p.- ..SJL..a.i l)l:-! .)\J ~ 4 )• .IJ oh J .)_,5~~
~WI 4.&- _;:JI .:>\ - .:r.:Jiy:::lll .:.r.• I .li ..!..ll~ J ~ -( 36
) cr.?'II L\.;j~
.J.!-4ll ~~ 4J _r.l2-' ~ ~~ ~ ..;:.,\~ J~ "-!)'.; -,?\J (universalism)
WI.J S'~ ·~ <,JJ'-11 4 _1 •• 1\ oh .8\..) ~ •.,s_r>-\ ~)~

..) 1~ ._?on.~ .Ji .:.r.•l .It~-~ _r.5 ~ ,J"j.:;.."-11 ~
jL:..JI ~J-I)fr.o c_)a.il lh J--4 ..1i .~.WI d,i"j.:;.-"11 ~ -~~~
iJ-""" ~ cf.jJI JI_.,!JI rl];JI c.i

<./'C;~ J_,...; -,?\ c,\ 0-' ~)I .)so 1.1.. (36)
<,.-')\.... )' I <,)I _.,lJ l; . .J. _,Ll I ;;,. J..U ~J 1::""}J I .)so <,jJ IJ <,.-')\.... )' I <,)I _.,lJ I <5 _,.J I <,l W;
_J.r.'JI cf.JJJ'JI JI_.,!JI (l];JI 0-' ;s\ JW! (~J ;_,.!' y. -;-Wl\:.:; 0-' Jl.., ~!,; <.,(' <,}JIJ
Toula Nicolacopoulos, The Radical Critique of Liberalism: In :)Zj\ •J1..r.;-l\1 i1..l2;JJ its. ~ -~
Merrwry of a Vision, Anamnesis (Melbourne: Re.Press, 2008); Carl Schmitt, The Crisis of Parliamentary
Democracy, Translated by Ellen Kennedy, Studies in Contemporary German Social thought (Cambridge,
Mass.: MIT Press, 1988); Michael J. Sandel, eds., Liberalism and its Critics, Readings in Social and
Political Theory (New York: New York University Press, 1984); Samir Amin, The Liberal Virus:
Permanent War and the Americanization of the World, Translated by James H. Membrez (New York:
Monthly Review Press, 2004); Daniel A. Bell, «A Communitarian Critique of Liberalism,)) AnaQ!se and
Kritik, no. 27 (2005); Douglas MacLean and Claudia Mills, eds., Liberalism Reconsidered, Maryland
Studies in Public Philosophy (Totowa, NJ: Rowman and Allanheld, 1983); Kahn, Putting Liberalism;
Thomas A. Spragens, The Irony of Liberal Reason (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981);
Samira Haj, Recon.figuring Islamic Tradition: Reform, Rationality, and Modernity (Stanford, Calif.:
Alasdair C. Macintyre: After Virtue: A '(-F":).....pl...,.'":J.-1 ~)l:...o ~)Stanford University Press, 2009)
Study in Moral Theory, 3ro ed. (Notre Dame, Ind.: University of Notre Dame Press, 2007), and Whose
Justice? Which Rationality? (Notre Dame, Ind.: University of Notre Dame Press, 1988), and John Gray:
Enlightenment's Wake; Straw Dogs: Thoughts on Humans and other Animals (New York: Farrar, Straus,
and Giroux, 2002), and Liberalism, Concepts in Social Thought (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota
Press, 1986).
.i_r-5 c>.f"l ""L...IJ> J! <;LP)'~

·c:-1_,.]1 W\; ).:1 .Jl!...ll j.,.. ..}>- 'ir>' }I J.,; ..W ¥1 LIJJ.JI J :;_ r l.5 (37)
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