POST-TENSIO.

N ING
INSTITUT,E
 Post-Tensioning Institute
Post-Tensioning Manual, 6th Edition ANCHORAGE ZONE DESIGN Chapter VIII

CHAPTER VIII
ANCHORAGE ZONE DESIGN

BY:
GREGOR P. WOLLMANN, PHD, PE
CARIN L. ROBERTS-WOLLMANN, PHD, PE

i
Ii
i

I
.,.I
Fig. VIII-1
Beam with Closely Spaced Monostrand Anchorages

'f
......... j
 Post-Tensioning Institute
Post-Tensioning Manual, 6th Edition ANCHORAGE ZONE DESIGN Chapter VIII

CHAPTER VIII
ANCHORAGE ZONE DESIGN

BY:
GREGOR P. WOLLMANN, PHD, PE
CARIN L. ROBERTS-WOLLMANN, PHD, PE

i
Ii
i

I
.,.I
Fig. VIII-1
Beam with Closely Spaced Monostrand Anchorages

'f
......... j
,----------------------- -- -- -- ----

Post-Tensioning Institute post-Tensioning Institute

Chapter VIII ANCHORAGE ZONE DESIGN Post-Tensioning Manual, 6th Edition Post-Tensioning Manual, 6th Edition ANCHORAGE ZONE DESIGN Chapter VIII

6 ANCHORAGE ZONE DESIGN EXAMPLES ...................................... 27 NOTATIONS FOR CHAPTER VIII

6.1 Basic Bearing Plate ...................................................... 27
6.1.1 Introduction ..................................................... 27 Subscripts: Forces:
6.1.2 Wedge Plate Bearing Pressure ....................................... 27 For P force (general)
Subscripts are used for descriptive purposes, they are omit-
6.1.3 Minimum Bearing Plate Thickness ................................... 27
ted where text clarifies subj ect matter or SUbscript is C compressive force
6.1.4 Concrete Strength ................................................ 28
descriptive. F tendon force
6.1.5 Local Zone Reinforcement ......................................... 28
6.1.6 Check of Reinforcement Arrangement. ................................ 28 b bearing P anchorage force
6.2 Monostrand Tendons in a Thin Slab .......................................... 29 c concrete or compression R reaction force
6.2.1 Introduction ..................................................... 29 o after seating, prior to time dependent losses T tensile force
6.2.2 Vertical Bursting Force ............................................ 29
at time of jacking, initial
6.2.3 Vertical Tensile Stresses ...................................... '.' .... 29
6.3 Monostrand Tendons in a Wide Shallow Beam ................................. 30 p prestressing Stresses:
6.3.1 Introduction ..................................................... 30 s steel f unit stress (general)
6.3.2 Strut-and-Tie Model .............................................. 30 t tension average uniform concrete bearing stress under
6.3.3 Bursting Force ................................................... 30
y yield bearing plate prior to seating
6.3.4 Bursting Reinforcement ............................................ 31
6.4 Cantilever Beam with Multiple Monostrand Tendons ............................. 32 concrete stress
6.4.1 Introduction ..................................................... 32 Area: allowable concrete compressive stress at time of
6.4.2 Bearing Pressure ................................................. 32 jacking
A area (general)
6.4.3 Strut-and-Tie Model .............................................. 33 concrete tensile strength
A gross distribution area for bearing plates
6.4.4 Reinforcement Requirements ........................................ 34 steel stress
(A = ax x ay )
6.5 Precast Beam with Multi-Strand Tendon ........................... : .......... 35
Ab net bearing plate area allowable steel bearing stress under Pjack
6.5.1 Introduction ..................................................... 35
between wedge plate and bearing plate
6.5.2 Strut-and-Tie Model .............................................. 35 Ac concrete area
6.5.3 Reinforcement Requirements ....................................... 35 yield strenght of bearing plate
A ct area of concrete under tension
6.5.4 Bursting Reinforcement in Thin Direction ............................. 35 tensile stress
Ag gross bearing plate area (Ag = bx x by)
6.5.5 Concrete Compressive Stresses ...................................... 36 yield stress
6.5.6 Approximate Check of Compressive Stresses ............................ 37 Ab net bearing plate area
nominal strength (unit stress)
6.6 Box Girder Bridge with Internal Tendons ..................................... 38 Aps nominal prestressing steel area
6.6.1 Introduction ...................................................... 38 concrete cylinder strength at 28 days
As steel area
6.6.2 Vertical Strut-and-Tie Model for Webs ................................. 38 concrete cylinder strength at time of jacking
As reinforcing steel area per unit length
6.6.3 Web Bursting Reinforcement. ....................................... 39 nominal minimum tensile strength of pretress-
6.6.4 Spalling Reinforcement ............................................ 39 ing steel
6.6.5 Top Flange Bursting Force ......................................... 39 Linear Dimensions:
6.6.6 Top Slab Bursting Reinforcement .................................... 40 a dimension of distribution area for bearing plates
6.6.7 Bottom Slab Reinforcement ........................................ 41 (ax or ay ) Misc. Notations:
6.6.8 Reinforcement Arrangement ........................................ 41
b. dimension of bearing plate (b x or by) LF load factor
6.6.9 Compressive Stresses ......... : ................................... 42
6.7 Cantilever Bent with Loop Tendons ......................................... 43 e edge distance of bearing plate (ex or ey ) E modulus of elasticity
6.7.1 Introduction .................................................... 43 e distance centerline bearing plate to member <I> strength reduction factor
6.7.2 Horizontal Load Path at Loop ....................................... 43 edge p reinforcement percentage
6.7.3 Horizontal Load Path at Stressing Anchors ............................. 44
6.7.4 Vertical Load Path at Cantilever ...................................... 45
h member height o metric diameters for bars and strands
n bearing plate overhang # US reinforcing bar sizes
7 REFERENCES . .............................................................. 46
uniform bearing plate thickness
t member width Strut-and-Tie Models:
z internalleverarm compressive strut force (dashed line)
tensile tie force (solid line)

Additional notations are defined in text.

iv v
,----------------------- -- -- -- ----

Post-Tensioning Institute post-Tensioning Institute

Chapter VIII ANCHORAGE ZONE DESIGN Post-Tensioning Manual, 6th Edition Post-Tensioning Manual, 6th Edition ANCHORAGE ZONE DESIGN Chapter VIII

6 ANCHORAGE ZONE DESIGN EXAMPLES ...................................... 27 NOTATIONS FOR CHAPTER VIII

6.1 Basic Bearing Plate ...................................................... 27
6.1.1 Introduction ..................................................... 27 Subscripts: Forces:
6.1.2 Wedge Plate Bearing Pressure ....................................... 27 For P force (general)
Subscripts are used for descriptive purposes, they are omit-
6.1.3 Minimum Bearing Plate Thickness ................................... 27
ted where text clarifies subj ect matter or SUbscript is C compressive force
6.1.4 Concrete Strength ................................................ 28
descriptive. F tendon force
6.1.5 Local Zone Reinforcement ......................................... 28
6.1.6 Check of Reinforcement Arrangement. ................................ 28 b bearing P anchorage force
6.2 Monostrand Tendons in a Thin Slab .......................................... 29 c concrete or compression R reaction force
6.2.1 Introduction ..................................................... 29 o after seating, prior to time dependent losses T tensile force
6.2.2 Vertical Bursting Force ............................................ 29
at time of jacking, initial
6.2.3 Vertical Tensile Stresses ...................................... '.' .... 29
6.3 Monostrand Tendons in a Wide Shallow Beam ................................. 30 p prestressing Stresses:
6.3.1 Introduction ..................................................... 30 s steel f unit stress (general)
6.3.2 Strut-and-Tie Model .............................................. 30 t tension average uniform concrete bearing stress under
6.3.3 Bursting Force ................................................... 30
y yield bearing plate prior to seating
6.3.4 Bursting Reinforcement ............................................ 31
6.4 Cantilever Beam with Multiple Monostrand Tendons ............................. 32 concrete stress
6.4.1 Introduction ..................................................... 32 Area: allowable concrete compressive stress at time of
6.4.2 Bearing Pressure ................................................. 32 jacking
A area (general)
6.4.3 Strut-and-Tie Model .............................................. 33 concrete tensile strength
A gross distribution area for bearing plates
6.4.4 Reinforcement Requirements ........................................ 34 steel stress
(A = ax x ay )
6.5 Precast Beam with Multi-Strand Tendon ........................... : .......... 35
Ab net bearing plate area allowable steel bearing stress under Pjack
6.5.1 Introduction ..................................................... 35
between wedge plate and bearing plate
6.5.2 Strut-and-Tie Model .............................................. 35 Ac concrete area
6.5.3 Reinforcement Requirements ....................................... 35 yield strenght of bearing plate
A ct area of concrete under tension
6.5.4 Bursting Reinforcement in Thin Direction ............................. 35 tensile stress
Ag gross bearing plate area (Ag = bx x by)
6.5.5 Concrete Compressive Stresses ...................................... 36 yield stress
6.5.6 Approximate Check of Compressive Stresses ............................ 37 Ab net bearing plate area
nominal strength (unit stress)
6.6 Box Girder Bridge with Internal Tendons ..................................... 38 Aps nominal prestressing steel area
6.6.1 Introduction ...................................................... 38 concrete cylinder strength at 28 days
As steel area
6.6.2 Vertical Strut-and-Tie Model for Webs ................................. 38 concrete cylinder strength at time of jacking
As reinforcing steel area per unit length
6.6.3 Web Bursting Reinforcement. ....................................... 39 nominal minimum tensile strength of pretress-
6.6.4 Spalling Reinforcement ............................................ 39 ing steel
6.6.5 Top Flange Bursting Force ......................................... 39 Linear Dimensions:
6.6.6 Top Slab Bursting Reinforcement .................................... 40 a dimension of distribution area for bearing plates
6.6.7 Bottom Slab Reinforcement ........................................ 41 (ax or ay ) Misc. Notations:
6.6.8 Reinforcement Arrangement ........................................ 41
b. dimension of bearing plate (b x or by) LF load factor
6.6.9 Compressive Stresses ......... : ................................... 42
6.7 Cantilever Bent with Loop Tendons ......................................... 43 e edge distance of bearing plate (ex or ey ) E modulus of elasticity
6.7.1 Introduction .................................................... 43 e distance centerline bearing plate to member <I> strength reduction factor
6.7.2 Horizontal Load Path at Loop ....................................... 43 edge p reinforcement percentage
6.7.3 Horizontal Load Path at Stressing Anchors ............................. 44
6.7.4 Vertical Load Path at Cantilever ...................................... 45
h member height o metric diameters for bars and strands
n bearing plate overhang # US reinforcing bar sizes
7 REFERENCES . .............................................................. 46
uniform bearing plate thickness
t member width Strut-and-Tie Models:
z internalleverarm compressive strut force (dashed line)
tensile tie force (solid line)

Additional notations are defined in text.

iv v
 Post-Tensioning Institute
Post-Tensioning Manual, 6'" Edition
1 GENERAL INFORMATION ON TENDON ANCHORAGE
1.1 Introduction
Post-tensioning of concrete requires the introduction of
large, concentrated tendon forces into structures. To appre-
ciate the magnihlde of these forces, consider a typical
bridge tendon with 19-15.2mm (0.6 in.) strands. The jack-
ing force for such a tendon may reach close to 4,000 kN
(900 kips). This is equivalent to the weight of twelve HS
20-44 trucks.
Often several long
tendons are anchored in
a closely spaced group
(Fig. VIII-2). A signifi-
cant amount of spring
energy is stored in such
tendon groups which
would be released sud-
denly in case of tendon
anchorage failure. As
an example, the spring
energy stored in four
Page intentionally blank
19-15.2 mm strand ten-
dons of 200 m length is
theoretically sufficient
to launch an HS 20-44
truck over a seven-story
building.
Fig. VIII-2 The above examples
Bridge Girder Tendon Anchorage make it obvious that the
transfer of such large
tendon forces into structures requires careful attention to
the design and testing of anchorage devices and to desigri,
detailing, and construction of tendon anchorage zones.
f tf tf f f f tf t f f f t f f t t t tt
a) stress trajectories b) lateral stresses
Fig. VIII-3
Flow of Stresses in Anchorage Zone
vi
ANCHORAGE ZONE DESIGN Chapter VIII
Throughout this chapter reference will be made to the
AASHTO Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges(l)
and to the PTI Acceptance Standards for Post-Tensioning
Systems(2). They will be referred to as ''AASHTO'' and
"PTI", respectively. Additional information on design and
behavior of tendon anchorage zones and background infor-
mation for the AASHTO tendon anchorage zone specifica-
tions can be found in NCHRP Report 356(3).
1.2 Stresses and Forces in the Anchorage Zone
Figure VIII-3a shows the principal stress trajectories in
a rectangular beam loaded by a concentric tendon anchor-
age force. The concentrated compressive stresses directly
ahead of the bearing plate spread out into the beam and
reach a uniform stress distribution at some distance from
the bearing plate. The region within which the stresses
spread out is called the "anchorage zone". By the Principle
of Saint-Venant the extent of this region is limited. For
practical purposes it can be taken as equal to the largest
cross sectional dimension of the member.
As the compressive stresses disperse, they have to
deviate from the direction parallel to the anchorage force.
These directional changes of stress flow induce lateral
compressive stresses immediately ahead of the bearing
plate and lateral tensile stresses at a larger distance (Fig.
VIII-3b). The interaction of longitudinal and lateral
stresses can be visualized by the idealized load path of the
resultant forces shown in Fig. VIII-3c. The resultant lateral
tensile force T acting at about the middle of the anchorage
zone is usually referred to as "bursting force".
P/2
/ c \
/ \
I T I
I I
-L -L
P/2 t t P/2
c) load path
1
 Post-Tensioning Institute
Post-Tensioning Manual, 6'" Edition
1 GENERAL INFORMATION ON TENDON ANCHORAGE
1.1 Introduction
Post-tensioning of concrete requires the introduction of
large, concentrated tendon forces into structures. To appre-
ciate the magnihlde of these forces, consider a typical
bridge tendon with 19-15.2mm (0.6 in.) strands. The jack-
ing force for such a tendon may reach close to 4,000 kN
(900 kips). This is equivalent to the weight of twelve HS
20-44 trucks.
Often several long
tendons are anchored in
a closely spaced group
(Fig. VIII-2). A signifi-
cant amount of spring
energy is stored in such
tendon groups which
would be released sud-
denly in case of tendon
anchorage failure. As
an example, the spring
energy stored in four
Page intentionally blank
19-15.2 mm strand ten-
dons of 200 m length is
theoretically sufficient
to launch an HS 20-44
truck over a seven-story
building.
Fig. VIII-2 The above examples
Bridge Girder Tendon Anchorage make it obvious that the
transfer of such large
tendon forces into structures requires careful attention to
the design and testing of anchorage devices and to desigri,
detailing, and construction of tendon anchorage zones.
f tf tf f f f tf t f f f t f f t t t tt
a) stress trajectories b) lateral stresses
Fig. VIII-3
Flow of Stresses in Anchorage Zone
vi
ANCHORAGE ZONE DESIGN Chapter VIII
Throughout this chapter reference will be made to the
AASHTO Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges(l)
and to the PTI Acceptance Standards for Post-Tensioning
Systems(2). They will be referred to as ''AASHTO'' and
"PTI", respectively. Additional information on design and
behavior of tendon anchorage zones and background infor-
mation for the AASHTO tendon anchorage zone specifica-
tions can be found in NCHRP Report 356(3).
1.2 Stresses and Forces in the Anchorage Zone
Figure VIII-3a shows the principal stress trajectories in
a rectangular beam loaded by a concentric tendon anchor-
age force. The concentrated compressive stresses directly
ahead of the bearing plate spread out into the beam and
reach a uniform stress distribution at some distance from
the bearing plate. The region within which the stresses
spread out is called the "anchorage zone". By the Principle
of Saint-Venant the extent of this region is limited. For
practical purposes it can be taken as equal to the largest
cross sectional dimension of the member.
As the compressive stresses disperse, they have to
deviate from the direction parallel to the anchorage force.
These directional changes of stress flow induce lateral
compressive stresses immediately ahead of the bearing
plate and lateral tensile stresses at a larger distance (Fig.
VIII-3b). The interaction of longitudinal and lateral
stresses can be visualized by the idealized load path of the
resultant forces shown in Fig. VIII-3c. The resultant lateral
tensile force T acting at about the middle of the anchorage
zone is usually referred to as "bursting force".
P/2
/ c \
/ \
I T I
I I
-L -L
P/2 t t P/2
c) load path
1

Chapter VIII ANCHORAGE ZONE DESIGN
Fig. VIII-4 shows linear-elastic principal tensile and
compressive stress contours for the same anchorage zone
example. Three critical areas can be identified:
I) The region immediately ahead ofthe bearing plate is
subject to large bearing and compressive stresses.
2) The bursting zone extends over some distance ahead
of the bearing plate and is subject to lateral tensile
stresses ("bursting stresses").
3) Very local tensile stress concentrations exist along
the loaded edge of the member. These stresses have
become known as "spalling stresses", although this
is somewhat of a misnomer.
It is helpful to distinguish two regions in the tendon
anchorage zone. The region of very high compressive
stresses immediately ahead of the anchorage device is the
"local zone". The "general zone" is the portion of the
anchorage zone more remote from the anchorage device
and is subject to spalling and bursting stresses.
This distinction allows a clear definition of the respon-
sibilities of engineer of record and of post-tensioning sys-
tem supplier. In a nutshell, the engineer of record is
responsible for design of the general zone. The supplier is
responsible for design of the local zone and for the per-
formance of the tendon anchorage device.
__ -1. __
a) Compression b) Tension
Fig. VIII-4
PrinCiple Stress Contours in Anchorage Zone
1.3 Anchorage Zone Design Objectives
The objectives of anchorage zone design are to assure
the safe introduction of the tendon force into the structure
and to control crack widths under service loads. One of the
most frequent causes of anchorage zone problems is con-
gested reinforcement details which lead to difficulties
placing local confinement reinforcement and to poor con-
crete consolidation(3). Thus an excessive amount of anchor-
age zone reinforcement may be just as detrimental as
insufficient reinforcement.
2 3
Post-Tensioning Institute
Post-Tensioning Manual, 6'" Edition
Another frequently reported observation is concrete
cracking in the anchorage zone, particularly along the ten-
don path. Such cracking does not necessarily imply a
structural deficiency. In fact, due to the presence of trans-
verse tensile stresses in the anchorage zone, some limited
cracking should be expected (Fig.VIII-3 and VIII-4). In
general the objective is to control these cracks rather than
to avoid them. If tendon path cracking must be prevented,
transverse post-tensioning should be provided or tensile
stresses must be minimized by careful selection of tendon
arrangement and stressing sequence.
To avoid unnecessary conservatism and reinforcement
congestion the following should be considered(5):
• Usually the highest tendon force is applied during ten-
don stressing and essentially load tests the ancho~age
zone. The maximum jacking force prior to lock-off is
normally limited to 80% of the minimum yltimate !en-
sile ~trength of the tendon (0.8 MUTS = 0.8 Apsf~).
Immediately thereafter the force is reduced to
O. 7 Apsf~ or less as part of the lock-off procedure. It
decreases further over time due to concrete creep and
shrinkage and due to steel relaxation.
• Jacking forces are monitored during tendon stressing
by measuring both the hydraulic pressure in the stress-
ing jack and the tendon elongation. Therefore signifi-
cant over-stressing is unlikely. Furthermore, if over-
stressing should occur it would be accompanied by
large tendon elongations as the tendon stresses enter
into the yield range. This would give additional
warning.
• Tendon forces are limited by their anchorage effi-
ciency. Typically the breaking strength of a tendon is
lowest at the anchorage and is about 95% of the break-
ing strength of the tendon in its free length.
• The concrete strength is normally verified prior to ten-
don stressing. Also, tendons are frequently stressed at
an early concrete age, typically when the concrete has
reached 80% of its 28-day compressive strength. The
subsequent increase in concrete strength gives addi-
tional safety.
• Bonded tendons have a secondary tendon anchorage
mechanism after the tendon has been grouted.
"'"
While it is important to avoid excessive reinforcement
congestion in the tendon anchorage zone, it must also be
kept in mind that these regions represent a small portion of
the overall structure. The material savings to be gained by
minimizing anchorage zone dimensions and reinforcement
are minute compared to the overall quantities.
Post-Tensioning Institute
Post-Tensioning Manual, 6m Edition
2 TENDON ANCHORAGE SPECIFICATIONS
2.1 Introduction
Beginning with the AASHTO 1994 Interim Revisions
to the Standard Specification for Highway Bridges US
design provisions have significantly expanded their cover-
age of the anchorage of post-tensioning tendons. The fol-
lowing sections give a brief overview of the provisions by
PTI(2), AASHTO(l), and ACI(4).
Common to all three of these specifications is the dis-
tinction between "local zone" and "general zone" (see Sec-
tion 1.2) and the distinction between "basic" and "special
bearing plates" (in PTI terminology) or "anchorage
devices" (in the more general AASHTO and ACI
terminology).
Basic bearing plates are deemed satisfactory if certain
restrictions on bearing pressure and bearing plate strength
and stiffness are satisfied. With special bearing plates
these design criteria need not be satisfied but the perform-
ance of the bearing plate has to be verified by an accept-
ance test. Basic and special bearing plates are discussed
further in Section 3.
2.2 PTI Post-Tensioning System Acceptance
Standards
PTI has published guide specifications for "Accep-
tance Standards for Post-Tensioning Systems"(2). These
specifications include detailed design, performance, and
test requirements for all of the tendon hardware including:
1) Tension element (prestressing strand or bar)
2) Strand-wedge or bar-nut connection
3) Wedges and wedge plate
4) Bearing plate and integral local zone confinement
reinforcement
5) Sheathing (duct)
The PTI acceptance standards cover post-tensioning
system dependent items such as tendon hardware and
design of the local zone. They do not cover general zone
design requirements, because these are independent of the
features of a particular post-tensioning system.
i PTI's requirements for bearing plate and local zone
design and testing are derived from the corresponding
AASHTO requirements and are generally consistent with
them. However, PTI uses an allowable stress format where
AASHTO uses an ultimate strength format and there are
other differences, which are discussed in Section 3.
ANCHORAGE ZONE DESIGN Chapter VIII
2.3 AASHTO Specifications
While there is some overlap between PTI and
AASHTO regarding requirements for the actual tendon
hardware, the PTI acceptance standards tend to be more
detailed than the corresponding AASHTO specifications.
On the other hand, the AASHTO provisions provide exten-
sive guidelines on anchorage zone design for use by bridge
engineers. The AASHTO Standard Specification for High-
way Bridges provide the following particular information:
AASHTO, Division I, Article 9.21:
1) Defines the geometry of the tendon anchorage zone,
introduces the local zone and general zone concept, and
outlines the responsibilities of engineer of record, con-
structor, and post-tensioning system supplier for
anchorage zone design.
2) Presents methods for design of the general zone includ-
ing application of strut-and-tie models.
3) Introduces the distinction between special anchorage
devices (or special bearing plates) for which acceptance
testing is required and basic anchorage devices (basic
bearing plates) whose performance may be verified by
calculation.
AASHTO, Division II, Article 10.3.2:
1) Includes performance and testing requirements for
post-tensioning anchorages and couplers.
2) Provides detailed test procedure and acceptance stan-
dards for special bearing plates.
Similar provisions have been adopted in the AASHTO
LRFD Design and Construction Specifications, respectively.
2.4 ACI 318 Building Code
Sections 18.13 through 18.15 in the 1999 Edition of the
ACI 318 Building Code(4) have been revised to be consis-
tent with the AASHTO specifications on tendon anchorage
zone design. However, in ACI the provisions have been
abbreviated mostly by eliminating some of the extensive
coverage of the use of strut-and-tie models in AASHTO.
Furthermore, the AASHTO acceptance and testing criteria
for basic and special anchorage devices are not included in
the ACI document but have been made part of the code by
reference.
Special provisions have been added to cover the less
critical case of anchorage zones for monostrand tendons or
single 16 mm (5/8 in.) diameter bar tendons in ACI 318-99.

Chapter VIII ANCHORAGE ZONE DESIGN
Fig. VIII-4 shows linear-elastic principal tensile and
compressive stress contours for the same anchorage zone
example. Three critical areas can be identified:
I) The region immediately ahead ofthe bearing plate is
subject to large bearing and compressive stresses.
2) The bursting zone extends over some distance ahead
of the bearing plate and is subject to lateral tensile
stresses ("bursting stresses").
3) Very local tensile stress concentrations exist along
the loaded edge of the member. These stresses have
become known as "spalling stresses", although this
is somewhat of a misnomer.
It is helpful to distinguish two regions in the tendon
anchorage zone. The region of very high compressive
stresses immediately ahead of the anchorage device is the
"local zone". The "general zone" is the portion of the
anchorage zone more remote from the anchorage device
and is subject to spalling and bursting stresses.
This distinction allows a clear definition of the respon-
sibilities of engineer of record and of post-tensioning sys-
tem supplier. In a nutshell, the engineer of record is
responsible for design of the general zone. The supplier is
responsible for design of the local zone and for the per-
formance of the tendon anchorage device.
__ -1. __
a) Compression b) Tension
Fig. VIII-4
PrinCiple Stress Contours in Anchorage Zone
1.3 Anchorage Zone Design Objectives
The objectives of anchorage zone design are to assure
the safe introduction of the tendon force into the structure
and to control crack widths under service loads. One of the
most frequent causes of anchorage zone problems is con-
gested reinforcement details which lead to difficulties
placing local confinement reinforcement and to poor con-
crete consolidation(3). Thus an excessive amount of anchor-
age zone reinforcement may be just as detrimental as
insufficient reinforcement.
2 3
Post-Tensioning Institute
Post-Tensioning Manual, 6'" Edition
Another frequently reported observation is concrete
cracking in the anchorage zone, particularly along the ten-
don path. Such cracking does not necessarily imply a
structural deficiency. In fact, due to the presence of trans-
verse tensile stresses in the anchorage zone, some limited
cracking should be expected (Fig.VIII-3 and VIII-4). In
general the objective is to control these cracks rather than
to avoid them. If tendon path cracking must be prevented,
transverse post-tensioning should be provided or tensile
stresses must be minimized by careful selection of tendon
arrangement and stressing sequence.
To avoid unnecessary conservatism and reinforcement
congestion the following should be considered(5):
• Usually the highest tendon force is applied during ten-
don stressing and essentially load tests the ancho~age
zone. The maximum jacking force prior to lock-off is
normally limited to 80% of the minimum yltimate !en-
sile ~trength of the tendon (0.8 MUTS = 0.8 Apsf~).
Immediately thereafter the force is reduced to
O. 7 Apsf~ or less as part of the lock-off procedure. It
decreases further over time due to concrete creep and
shrinkage and due to steel relaxation.
• Jacking forces are monitored during tendon stressing
by measuring both the hydraulic pressure in the stress-
ing jack and the tendon elongation. Therefore signifi-
cant over-stressing is unlikely. Furthermore, if over-
stressing should occur it would be accompanied by
large tendon elongations as the tendon stresses enter
into the yield range. This would give additional
warning.
• Tendon forces are limited by their anchorage effi-
ciency. Typically the breaking strength of a tendon is
lowest at the anchorage and is about 95% of the break-
ing strength of the tendon in its free length.
• The concrete strength is normally verified prior to ten-
don stressing. Also, tendons are frequently stressed at
an early concrete age, typically when the concrete has
reached 80% of its 28-day compressive strength. The
subsequent increase in concrete strength gives addi-
tional safety.
• Bonded tendons have a secondary tendon anchorage
mechanism after the tendon has been grouted.
"'"
While it is important to avoid excessive reinforcement
congestion in the tendon anchorage zone, it must also be
kept in mind that these regions represent a small portion of
the overall structure. The material savings to be gained by
minimizing anchorage zone dimensions and reinforcement
are minute compared to the overall quantities.
Post-Tensioning Institute
Post-Tensioning Manual, 6m Edition
2 TENDON ANCHORAGE SPECIFICATIONS
2.1 Introduction
Beginning with the AASHTO 1994 Interim Revisions
to the Standard Specification for Highway Bridges US
design provisions have significantly expanded their cover-
age of the anchorage of post-tensioning tendons. The fol-
lowing sections give a brief overview of the provisions by
PTI(2), AASHTO(l), and ACI(4).
Common to all three of these specifications is the dis-
tinction between "local zone" and "general zone" (see Sec-
tion 1.2) and the distinction between "basic" and "special
bearing plates" (in PTI terminology) or "anchorage
devices" (in the more general AASHTO and ACI
terminology).
Basic bearing plates are deemed satisfactory if certain
restrictions on bearing pressure and bearing plate strength
and stiffness are satisfied. With special bearing plates
these design criteria need not be satisfied but the perform-
ance of the bearing plate has to be verified by an accept-
ance test. Basic and special bearing plates are discussed
further in Section 3.
2.2 PTI Post-Tensioning System Acceptance
Standards
PTI has published guide specifications for "Accep-
tance Standards for Post-Tensioning Systems"(2). These
specifications include detailed design, performance, and
test requirements for all of the tendon hardware including:
1) Tension element (prestressing strand or bar)
2) Strand-wedge or bar-nut connection
3) Wedges and wedge plate
4) Bearing plate and integral local zone confinement
reinforcement
5) Sheathing (duct)
The PTI acceptance standards cover post-tensioning
system dependent items such as tendon hardware and
design of the local zone. They do not cover general zone
design requirements, because these are independent of the
features of a particular post-tensioning system.
i PTI's requirements for bearing plate and local zone
design and testing are derived from the corresponding
AASHTO requirements and are generally consistent with
them. However, PTI uses an allowable stress format where
AASHTO uses an ultimate strength format and there are
other differences, which are discussed in Section 3.
ANCHORAGE ZONE DESIGN Chapter VIII
2.3 AASHTO Specifications
While there is some overlap between PTI and
AASHTO regarding requirements for the actual tendon
hardware, the PTI acceptance standards tend to be more
detailed than the corresponding AASHTO specifications.
On the other hand, the AASHTO provisions provide exten-
sive guidelines on anchorage zone design for use by bridge
engineers. The AASHTO Standard Specification for High-
way Bridges provide the following particular information:
AASHTO, Division I, Article 9.21:
1) Defines the geometry of the tendon anchorage zone,
introduces the local zone and general zone concept, and
outlines the responsibilities of engineer of record, con-
structor, and post-tensioning system supplier for
anchorage zone design.
2) Presents methods for design of the general zone includ-
ing application of strut-and-tie models.
3) Introduces the distinction between special anchorage
devices (or special bearing plates) for which acceptance
testing is required and basic anchorage devices (basic
bearing plates) whose performance may be verified by
calculation.
AASHTO, Division II, Article 10.3.2:
1) Includes performance and testing requirements for
post-tensioning anchorages and couplers.
2) Provides detailed test procedure and acceptance stan-
dards for special bearing plates.
Similar provisions have been adopted in the AASHTO
LRFD Design and Construction Specifications, respectively.
2.4 ACI 318 Building Code
Sections 18.13 through 18.15 in the 1999 Edition of the
ACI 318 Building Code(4) have been revised to be consis-
tent with the AASHTO specifications on tendon anchorage
zone design. However, in ACI the provisions have been
abbreviated mostly by eliminating some of the extensive
coverage of the use of strut-and-tie models in AASHTO.
Furthermore, the AASHTO acceptance and testing criteria
for basic and special anchorage devices are not included in
the ACI document but have been made part of the code by
reference.
Special provisions have been added to cover the less
critical case of anchorage zones for monostrand tendons or
single 16 mm (5/8 in.) diameter bar tendons in ACI 318-99.
 Post-Tensioning Institute Post-Tensioning Institute
Chapter VIII ANCHORAGE ZONE DESIGN Post-Tensioning Manual, 6'" Edition Post-Tensioning Manual, 6'"Edition ANCHORAGE ZONE DESIGN Chapter VIII

3 BEARING PLATES
3.1 Introduction
The transfer of the tendon force from the anchorage
device to the concrete is often accomplished by the use of
proprietary special bearing plates. Such bearing plates typ-
ically have complex geometry and rely on local confine-
ment reinforcement to resist higher bearing pressures than
normally accepted for concrete(Fig. VIII-5).
spiral confinement
reinforcement
Fig. VIII-5
Special Bearing Plate
Special bearing plates usually develop very high con-
centrated bearing pressures. It is not uncommon that dur-
ing stressing the bearing stresses exceed 65 MPa
(10,000 psi) on concrete with a cylinder strength of
24 MPa (3,500 psi). The behavior of such special bearing
plates is not readily evaluated analytically. Therefore, their
adequacy must be established by tests.
Tests are not necessary for basic bearing plates, which
meet certain requirements for bearing pressure limits,
5) Distribution area A shall be concentric with the bear- Distribution area A should be concentric with the bear-
ing area Ag of the anchorage device but it may be ing plate area A g . In AASHTO the distribution area is also
Where: distorted within the limits indicated in Fig. VIII-6. required to be geometrically similar to the bearing plate.
6) Local zone confinement reinforcement must be However, tests have shown that some distortion within the
f, = allowable bearing stress on concrete during
cpz placed in that volmne of concrete in which the stresses limits indicated in Fig. VIII-6 is acceptable(6.7).
tendon stressing
exceed acceptable values for unconfined concrete. The maximum upper limit on the allowable bearing
= concrete cylinder strength at time of tendon
This reinforcement shall be distributed uniformly in pressure of 1. 0 f~i in Eq. (3.1) per the PTI acceptance
stressing
x and y directions throughout the local zone. standards is more conservative than the corresponding
A = distribution area (ax x fly) limit in AASHTO. This is a consequence of the restrictions
7) The bending stress in the bearing plate under the
A = gross bearing plate area (b x x by) maximum allowable tendon jacking force of on the distribution area shown in Fig. VIII-6 which limit
g
= volumetric reinforcement ratio in local zone 0.8Apsf~, shall not exceed: the maximmn possible AIAg ratio to 4. AASHTO does not
Ps
explicitly limit this ratio.
2) If minimum local zone reinforcement Ps >2% is pro-
vided, the allowable bearing stress under fs = 3f b {7 Y :s; 0.81.)' (3.4) Eq. (3.2) is an additional PTI provision, which supple-
ments the AASHTO definitions of basic bearing plates. It
Pjack = 0.8Apsf~ is limited to:
Where: applies to basic bearing plates which are used in conjunc-
tion with nominal local confinement reinforcement. This
(3.2) n = largest distance from edge of wedge plate to
local zone reinforcement must provide a total volumetric
edge of bearing plate
reinforcement ratio of at least 2% and has to be provided
= bearing plate thickness in two orthogonal directions perpendicular to the tendon
Eq. (3.1) and (3.2) are valid for normal weight con- ~ = bending stress in bearing plate path throughout the local zone. Section 4.3 discusses how
crete. For lightweight concrete the allowable bearing f sy = yield strength of bearing plate material to determine the dinlensions of the local zone.
stress should be reduced by at least 18%. Eq. (3.2) has been written in the same format as Eq.
8) The thickness of the bearing plate under the maxi- '
3) For Ps between 0% and 2% the allowable bearing (3.1). However, it has been designed to give similar results
mum allowable jacking force of 0.8Apsf~ shall
stress fcpi may be linearly interpolated between the as Eq. 3.7 which is part ofthe PTI Guide Specifications for
satisfy:
values obtained from Eqs. (3.1) and (3.2). Post-Tensioning Materials(S):
~:s; 0.08 JE:
= 0.8f' ci ~ ~ - ~
4) The average bearing stress under (3.5)
Pjack = 0.8Apsf~, is given by: t Vi: fcpi 0.2 1.5f' ci
(3.7)

Where:
strength, and stiffness. .(' _ !jack < .(' (3.3)
Jbi - A -Jcpi E = modulus of elasticity of the bearing plate Bearing plates designed according to Eq. (3.7) have
b s
3.2 Basic Bearing Plates material been used successfully for many years, even without the
Where:
9) The allowable bearing stress between bearing plate and edge plate explicit requirement
3.2.1 PTI Acceptance Standards A net bearing plate area

$
= for a minimum amount
b wedge plate under the maximum tendon jacking force bearing
The design equations for basic bearing plates presented is: plate -.l of reinforcement in the
below follow Section 3 of the PTI Acceptance Standards ---T
local zone.

-r:-;=::~ r-
for Post-Tensioning Systems(2). These equations are based (3.6) n1 Eqs. (3.4) and (3.5)
on the provisions in the AASHTO Standard Specifications
.----+-+-1 are strength and stiff-
for Highway Bridges, but have been modified somewhat.
Where: ness requirements,
Comments on the PTI equations and an explanation of
their differences to the AASHTO equations are included in
Section 3.2.2.
TT
I ey I {A
I
fsbi = bearing stress under wedge plate under the
maximum allowable jacking force of
c
C\I
respectively. The defi-
nition of the bearing
plate overhang n is
0.8Apsf~
Basic bearing plate design provisions:
I lj I illustrated in Fig. VIII-

--I-I++A
r----i-'- ,
1) If no local zone confinement reinforcement is pro- I Fig. VIII-? 7. For the typical A36
3.2.2 Comments and Comparison with AASHTO
vided (Ps = 0%) the allowable bearing stress under the ay by
9 Beraring Plate Overhang steel bearing plates the
maximum allowable tendon jacking force Eq. (3.1) has been obtained by restatingAASHTO Eqs. strength criterion con-
, (9-39) and (9-40) in an allowable stress format. With basic
Pjack = 0.8Apsf~ is limited to: trols for bearing stresses during stressing greater or equal
I I bearing plates the confinement provided by the surround- to 27.5 MPa (4,000 psi). The stiffness criterion controls for
.(' , =0 5f' ~
J Cpl • c:i A <
Ag
_I
. Of' , CI
(3.1 )
I 1- _ _ _
I
...1
ing concrete enhances the local bearing strength and no
special local zone confinement reinforcement is needed.
However, general zone reinforcement as discussed in
Section 5 is still required.
higher strength steel. Normally tlle use of higher strength
materials for bearing plates does not lead to more eco-
nomical designs.

Fig, VIII-6
Bearing Plate Distribution Area

4 5
 Post-Tensioning Institute Post-Tensioning Institute
Chapter VIII ANCHORAGE ZONE DESIGN Post-Tensioning Manual, 6'" Edition Post-Tensioning Manual, 6'"Edition ANCHORAGE ZONE DESIGN Chapter VIII

3 BEARING PLATES
3.1 Introduction
The transfer of the tendon force from the anchorage
device to the concrete is often accomplished by the use of
proprietary special bearing plates. Such bearing plates typ-
ically have complex geometry and rely on local confine-
ment reinforcement to resist higher bearing pressures than
normally accepted for concrete(Fig. VIII-5).
spiral confinement
reinforcement
Fig. VIII-5
Special Bearing Plate
Special bearing plates usually develop very high con-
centrated bearing pressures. It is not uncommon that dur-
ing stressing the bearing stresses exceed 65 MPa
(10,000 psi) on concrete with a cylinder strength of
24 MPa (3,500 psi). The behavior of such special bearing
plates is not readily evaluated analytically. Therefore, their
adequacy must be established by tests.
Tests are not necessary for basic bearing plates, which
meet certain requirements for bearing pressure limits,
5) Distribution area A shall be concentric with the bear- Distribution area A should be concentric with the bear-
ing area Ag of the anchorage device but it may be ing plate area A g . In AASHTO the distribution area is also
Where: distorted within the limits indicated in Fig. VIII-6. required to be geometrically similar to the bearing plate.
6) Local zone confinement reinforcement must be However, tests have shown that some distortion within the
f, = allowable bearing stress on concrete during
cpz placed in that volmne of concrete in which the stresses limits indicated in Fig. VIII-6 is acceptable(6.7).
tendon stressing
exceed acceptable values for unconfined concrete. The maximum upper limit on the allowable bearing
= concrete cylinder strength at time of tendon
This reinforcement shall be distributed uniformly in pressure of 1. 0 f~i in Eq. (3.1) per the PTI acceptance
stressing
x and y directions throughout the local zone. standards is more conservative than the corresponding
A = distribution area (ax x fly) limit in AASHTO. This is a consequence of the restrictions
7) The bending stress in the bearing plate under the
A = gross bearing plate area (b x x by) maximum allowable tendon jacking force of on the distribution area shown in Fig. VIII-6 which limit
g
= volumetric reinforcement ratio in local zone 0.8Apsf~, shall not exceed: the maximmn possible AIAg ratio to 4. AASHTO does not
Ps
explicitly limit this ratio.
2) If minimum local zone reinforcement Ps >2% is pro-
vided, the allowable bearing stress under fs = 3f b {7 Y :s; 0.81.)' (3.4) Eq. (3.2) is an additional PTI provision, which supple-
ments the AASHTO definitions of basic bearing plates. It
Pjack = 0.8Apsf~ is limited to:
Where: applies to basic bearing plates which are used in conjunc-
tion with nominal local confinement reinforcement. This
(3.2) n = largest distance from edge of wedge plate to
local zone reinforcement must provide a total volumetric
edge of bearing plate
reinforcement ratio of at least 2% and has to be provided
= bearing plate thickness in two orthogonal directions perpendicular to the tendon
Eq. (3.1) and (3.2) are valid for normal weight con- ~ = bending stress in bearing plate path throughout the local zone. Section 4.3 discusses how
crete. For lightweight concrete the allowable bearing f sy = yield strength of bearing plate material to determine the dinlensions of the local zone.
stress should be reduced by at least 18%. Eq. (3.2) has been written in the same format as Eq.
8) The thickness of the bearing plate under the maxi- '
3) For Ps between 0% and 2% the allowable bearing (3.1). However, it has been designed to give similar results
mum allowable jacking force of 0.8Apsf~ shall
stress fcpi may be linearly interpolated between the as Eq. 3.7 which is part ofthe PTI Guide Specifications for
satisfy:
values obtained from Eqs. (3.1) and (3.2). Post-Tensioning Materials(S):
~:s; 0.08 JE:
= 0.8f' ci ~ ~ - ~
4) The average bearing stress under (3.5)
Pjack = 0.8Apsf~, is given by: t Vi: fcpi 0.2 1.5f' ci
(3.7)

Where:
strength, and stiffness. .(' _ !jack < .(' (3.3)
Jbi - A -Jcpi E = modulus of elasticity of the bearing plate Bearing plates designed according to Eq. (3.7) have
b s
3.2 Basic Bearing Plates material been used successfully for many years, even without the
Where:
9) The allowable bearing stress between bearing plate and edge plate explicit requirement
3.2.1 PTI Acceptance Standards A net bearing plate area

$
= for a minimum amount
b wedge plate under the maximum tendon jacking force bearing
The design equations for basic bearing plates presented is: plate -.l of reinforcement in the
below follow Section 3 of the PTI Acceptance Standards ---T
local zone.

-r:-;=::~ r-
for Post-Tensioning Systems(2). These equations are based (3.6) n1 Eqs. (3.4) and (3.5)
on the provisions in the AASHTO Standard Specifications
.----+-+-1 are strength and stiff-
for Highway Bridges, but have been modified somewhat.
Where: ness requirements,
Comments on the PTI equations and an explanation of
their differences to the AASHTO equations are included in
Section 3.2.2.
TT
I ey I {A
I
fsbi = bearing stress under wedge plate under the
maximum allowable jacking force of
c
C\I
respectively. The defi-
nition of the bearing
plate overhang n is
0.8Apsf~
Basic bearing plate design provisions:
I lj I illustrated in Fig. VIII-

--I-I++A
r----i-'- ,
1) If no local zone confinement reinforcement is pro- I Fig. VIII-? 7. For the typical A36
3.2.2 Comments and Comparison with AASHTO
vided (Ps = 0%) the allowable bearing stress under the ay by
9 Beraring Plate Overhang steel bearing plates the
maximum allowable tendon jacking force Eq. (3.1) has been obtained by restatingAASHTO Eqs. strength criterion con-
, (9-39) and (9-40) in an allowable stress format. With basic
Pjack = 0.8Apsf~ is limited to: trols for bearing stresses during stressing greater or equal
I I bearing plates the confinement provided by the surround- to 27.5 MPa (4,000 psi). The stiffness criterion controls for
.(' , =0 5f' ~
J Cpl • c:i A <
Ag
_I
. Of' , CI
(3.1 )
I 1- _ _ _
I
...1
ing concrete enhances the local bearing strength and no
special local zone confinement reinforcement is needed.
However, general zone reinforcement as discussed in
Section 5 is still required.
higher strength steel. Normally tlle use of higher strength
materials for bearing plates does not lead to more eco-
nomical designs.

Fig, VIII-6
Bearing Plate Distribution Area

4 5
 Post-Tensioning Institute Post-Tensioning Institute
Chapter VIII ANCHORAGE ZONE DESIGN Post-Tensioning Manual, 6" Edition Post-Tensioning Manual, 6" Edition ANCHORAGE ZONE DESIGN Chapter VIII

Eq. (3.6) limits the bearing pressure between wedge f'ci=24 MPa a load factor of 1.2 and a <jl-factor of 0.85. Since under lab- 3.3.2 Extrapolation of Special Bearing Plate
plate and bearing plate. Such bearing stresses are localized oratory conditions <jl = 1.0, the required strength for the Acceptance Test Results
and the surrounding material confines the highly stressed C acceptance test has been increased accordingly, as shown Typically, special bearing plate test conditions reflect
Ql
regions. Therefore, stresses larger than the yield stress are E below: the most critical case. The tests simulate low concrete
Ql
acceptable. ~ strength at tinle of tendon stressing, minimum edge dis-
Sc
.~ (L.F.= 1.2) x 0.8Aps f; tance in all directions, and stressing to the maximum
3.3 Special Bearing Plates "0
u
Ql
Ql
C ~1 =(<P = 0.85) 1.1 3 Apsf; allowable jacking force.
co f'l
3.3.1 Acceptance Test
The adequacy of anchorage devices, which do not sat- 0
0
0..
CfJ
2:-
Cii
::l
Cii
u
.2 ." {l.l Apsf; for cyclic and sustained loading
In the actual application all these adverse conditions
will not occur simultaneously. The following approximate
isfy the criteria for basic bearing plates, mllst be estab- " 0- analytical method has been found to give reasonably accu-
Ol C 1.2 Aps f; for monotonic loading
lished by acceptance tests. Typically such testing will be • • CfJ Ol
Ol rate predictions for the strength of the local zone(3.1O). It may
~ E E
required only once for initial approval of a particular C')
~ ::l be used to extrapolate the acceptance test results to condi-
lSi sc (5
> For lightweight concrete AASHTO specifies a tions other than those of the acceptance test.
anchorage system. AASHTO requires that acceptance tests .~
>.

be performed by independent testing agencies. • • '" >.

.0
,g
0
<jl-factor of 0.7. Consequently the required failure load of The norninalload bearing capacity of the local anchor-
:m
'x
v the acceptance test block should be increased to 1.3 7Apsf~. age zone Pn is expressed in Eqs. 3.8 as the sum of the two
The post-tensioning system supplier must furnish ::l
co However, neither AASHTO nor PTI currently require an confinement effects due to surrounding concrete, Pc and
records of the acceptance test to the engineer of record. • • --
increased failure load for the acceptance of anchorage
The supplier also must provide information on system due to local zone reinforcement, Ps:
devices in light weight concrete.
requirements, such as minimum edge distance, minimum (3.8a)
center-to-center anchor spacing, and concrete strength at ) PTI limits the maximum tendon load at which cracks P" = 17 (p" + p,.) ~ 3f~Ab
013 spiral are measured to 0.8Apsf~. This force represents the maxi-
time of tendon stressing. 0.0. =285mm
mum temporay jacking force, which occurs only for a very ~ = 0.8fc;Ab~ AI Ag 5, 2fc;Ab (3.8b)
The acceptance test for special bearing plates is essen- pitch =55 mm
5'12 turns short time period. Therefore, it was reasoned that crack
tially a test of the isolated local zone of a single anchor. (3.8c)
width limitations need to be set only for that level. The PTI
The test block is a rectangular prism with length at least
limits were set to accommodate testing of representative Where:
equal to twice the larger cross section dimension. The 20 CL (typ) test blocks by stressing oversized tendons as an alternate to
cross section dimensions are selected such that the speci- Pn = nominal local zone strength
using a testing machine. For safety reasons it is then advis-
men can just accommodate the local zone for the particu- Pc = concrete confinement contribution
able not to inspect a test block loaded by a highly stressed
lar anchorage system.
tendon. Stressing a test tendon permits one to perform sys- Ps = reinforcement confinement contribution
Per the PTI acceptance standards the cross section tem acceptance tests were large testing eqilipment is not Ab = net bearing plate area
dimensions of the test block are the smaller of: Fig. VIII-8 readily available. In addition stressing a test tendon also
Typical Test Block for Special Bearing Plate as per AASHTO Acore = effectively confined concrete core area
1) two times the required minimum edge distance to the proof loads the stressing equipment.
center of the anchorage device; fzat = lateral confinement pressure
PTI has an additional crack width requirement at
2) the minimum required center-to-center spacing of The cyclic loading test per AASHTO is designed to 0.4 Apsf~. Thepennissable small crack widths of 11 = calibration factor
the anchorage device plus 75 Imn (3 in.). give results similar to the sustained loading test. The cyclic 0.05 mm (0.002 inch) at this load level aims at achieving
The first requirement is identical in AASHTO. The test requires a minimum of ten load cycles between essentially an uncracked anchorage zone. However, the
second requirement is formulated differently in AASHTO 0.1 Apsf~ and 0.8 Apsf~. For the monotonic test higher requirement recognizes that some hairline cracking cmmot
but typically will give similar results. AASHTO calls for a force levels were introduced to compensate for the lack of be completely avoided as confinement reinforcement elon-
cross section dimension equal to the minimum center-to- sustained loading effects. The cyclic loading test has been gates under stress.
center spaciilg, adjusted to satisfy minimum concrete cover deliberately designed to mirror a similar test procedure by
requirements over any confining reinforcement or supple- FIP(9), commonly used in Europe. This allows the option to
mentary skin reinforcement in the test block. waive additional tests per AASHTO if equivalent tests are AASHTO(l) PTI(2)
available and are acceptable to the engineer of record.
The test block is reinforced with the local zone rein- cyclic loading sustained loading monotonic loading monotonic loading
forcement as specified by the anchorage device supplier. In The PTI test is solely based on a monotonic loading ultimate > 1.1 f/s Aps >1.1 f/s Aps > 1.2 f/s Aps >1.2 f/s Aps
addition nominal supplemental skin reinforcement may be procedure because this is the most practical from the strength
provided throughout the specimen (Fig. VIII-8). Similar standpoint of test equipment, procedure, and time require- service < 0.25 mm (0.01 in.) @ < 0.25 mm (0.01 in.) @ < 0.2511Un (Om in.) < 0.05 nun (0.002 in.)
reinforcement has to be provided in the actual structure. ment. The PTI test is similar to the AASHTO monotonic level 0.8 f's Aps after 0.8 f/s Aps after @ 0.9 f's Aps after 1 hr @ 0.4 f/s Aps after
loading test. Table VIII-l shows .a comparison of the crack completion of cyclic completion of sustained sustained loading 10 min. sustained
AASHTO allows anyone of three test procedures: Sus-
AASHTO and PTI acceptance criteria. width loading loading loading
tained loading, cyclic loading, or monotonic loading. The
Both AASHTO and PTI require a minimum failure damage < 0.40 lIDn (0.016 in.) < 0.40 nUll (0.016 in.) < 0.40 111m (0.016 in.) <0.25 JIDn (0.01 in.) @
sustained loading test is designed to represent the actual
load considerably larger than the nominal breaking level @ 0.9 f's Aps after @ 0.9 f/s Aps after @ 1. 0 f's Aps after 0.8 f/s Aps after 1 hr
load history in the structure. However, it requires load
strength of the tendon. The required strength of the test crack completion of cyclic completion of sustained completion of sustained loading
application for at least 48 hours and is thus inconvenient to
block is based on a maximum jacking force of 0.8 Apsf~, width loading loading· sustained loading
perfonn.
Table VIII-1
Load Test Acceptance Criteria

6 7
 Post-Tensioning Institute Post-Tensioning Institute
Chapter VIII ANCHORAGE ZONE DESIGN Post-Tensioning Manual, 6" Edition Post-Tensioning Manual, 6" Edition ANCHORAGE ZONE DESIGN Chapter VIII

Eq. (3.6) limits the bearing pressure between wedge f'ci=24 MPa a load factor of 1.2 and a <jl-factor of 0.85. Since under lab- 3.3.2 Extrapolation of Special Bearing Plate
plate and bearing plate. Such bearing stresses are localized oratory conditions <jl = 1.0, the required strength for the Acceptance Test Results
and the surrounding material confines the highly stressed C acceptance test has been increased accordingly, as shown Typically, special bearing plate test conditions reflect
Ql
regions. Therefore, stresses larger than the yield stress are E below: the most critical case. The tests simulate low concrete
Ql
acceptable. ~ strength at tinle of tendon stressing, minimum edge dis-
Sc
.~ (L.F.= 1.2) x 0.8Aps f; tance in all directions, and stressing to the maximum
3.3 Special Bearing Plates "0
u
Ql
Ql
C ~1 =(<P = 0.85) 1.1 3 Apsf; allowable jacking force.
co f'l
3.3.1 Acceptance Test
The adequacy of anchorage devices, which do not sat- 0
0
0..
CfJ
2:-
Cii
::l
Cii
u
.2 ." {l.l Apsf; for cyclic and sustained loading
In the actual application all these adverse conditions
will not occur simultaneously. The following approximate
isfy the criteria for basic bearing plates, mllst be estab- " 0- analytical method has been found to give reasonably accu-
Ol C 1.2 Aps f; for monotonic loading
lished by acceptance tests. Typically such testing will be • • CfJ Ol
Ol rate predictions for the strength of the local zone(3.1O). It may
~ E E
required only once for initial approval of a particular C')
~ ::l be used to extrapolate the acceptance test results to condi-
lSi sc (5
> For lightweight concrete AASHTO specifies a tions other than those of the acceptance test.
anchorage system. AASHTO requires that acceptance tests .~
>.

be performed by independent testing agencies. • • '" >.

.0
,g
0
<jl-factor of 0.7. Consequently the required failure load of The norninalload bearing capacity of the local anchor-
:m
'x
v the acceptance test block should be increased to 1.3 7Apsf~. age zone Pn is expressed in Eqs. 3.8 as the sum of the two
The post-tensioning system supplier must furnish ::l
co However, neither AASHTO nor PTI currently require an confinement effects due to surrounding concrete, Pc and
records of the acceptance test to the engineer of record. • • --
increased failure load for the acceptance of anchorage
The supplier also must provide information on system due to local zone reinforcement, Ps:
devices in light weight concrete.
requirements, such as minimum edge distance, minimum (3.8a)
center-to-center anchor spacing, and concrete strength at ) PTI limits the maximum tendon load at which cracks P" = 17 (p" + p,.) ~ 3f~Ab
013 spiral are measured to 0.8Apsf~. This force represents the maxi-
time of tendon stressing. 0.0. =285mm
mum temporay jacking force, which occurs only for a very ~ = 0.8fc;Ab~ AI Ag 5, 2fc;Ab (3.8b)
The acceptance test for special bearing plates is essen- pitch =55 mm
5'12 turns short time period. Therefore, it was reasoned that crack
tially a test of the isolated local zone of a single anchor. (3.8c)
width limitations need to be set only for that level. The PTI
The test block is a rectangular prism with length at least
limits were set to accommodate testing of representative Where:
equal to twice the larger cross section dimension. The 20 CL (typ) test blocks by stressing oversized tendons as an alternate to
cross section dimensions are selected such that the speci- Pn = nominal local zone strength
using a testing machine. For safety reasons it is then advis-
men can just accommodate the local zone for the particu- Pc = concrete confinement contribution
able not to inspect a test block loaded by a highly stressed
lar anchorage system.
tendon. Stressing a test tendon permits one to perform sys- Ps = reinforcement confinement contribution
Per the PTI acceptance standards the cross section tem acceptance tests were large testing eqilipment is not Ab = net bearing plate area
dimensions of the test block are the smaller of: Fig. VIII-8 readily available. In addition stressing a test tendon also
Typical Test Block for Special Bearing Plate as per AASHTO Acore = effectively confined concrete core area
1) two times the required minimum edge distance to the proof loads the stressing equipment.
center of the anchorage device; fzat = lateral confinement pressure
PTI has an additional crack width requirement at
2) the minimum required center-to-center spacing of The cyclic loading test per AASHTO is designed to 0.4 Apsf~. Thepennissable small crack widths of 11 = calibration factor
the anchorage device plus 75 Imn (3 in.). give results similar to the sustained loading test. The cyclic 0.05 mm (0.002 inch) at this load level aims at achieving
The first requirement is identical in AASHTO. The test requires a minimum of ten load cycles between essentially an uncracked anchorage zone. However, the
second requirement is formulated differently in AASHTO 0.1 Apsf~ and 0.8 Apsf~. For the monotonic test higher requirement recognizes that some hairline cracking cmmot
but typically will give similar results. AASHTO calls for a force levels were introduced to compensate for the lack of be completely avoided as confinement reinforcement elon-
cross section dimension equal to the minimum center-to- sustained loading effects. The cyclic loading test has been gates under stress.
center spaciilg, adjusted to satisfy minimum concrete cover deliberately designed to mirror a similar test procedure by
requirements over any confining reinforcement or supple- FIP(9), commonly used in Europe. This allows the option to
mentary skin reinforcement in the test block. waive additional tests per AASHTO if equivalent tests are AASHTO(l) PTI(2)
available and are acceptable to the engineer of record.
The test block is reinforced with the local zone rein- cyclic loading sustained loading monotonic loading monotonic loading
forcement as specified by the anchorage device supplier. In The PTI test is solely based on a monotonic loading ultimate > 1.1 f/s Aps >1.1 f/s Aps > 1.2 f/s Aps >1.2 f/s Aps
addition nominal supplemental skin reinforcement may be procedure because this is the most practical from the strength
provided throughout the specimen (Fig. VIII-8). Similar standpoint of test equipment, procedure, and time require- service < 0.25 mm (0.01 in.) @ < 0.25 mm (0.01 in.) @ < 0.2511Un (Om in.) < 0.05 nun (0.002 in.)
reinforcement has to be provided in the actual structure. ment. The PTI test is similar to the AASHTO monotonic level 0.8 f's Aps after 0.8 f/s Aps after @ 0.9 f's Aps after 1 hr @ 0.4 f/s Aps after
loading test. Table VIII-l shows .a comparison of the crack completion of cyclic completion of sustained sustained loading 10 min. sustained
AASHTO allows anyone of three test procedures: Sus-
AASHTO and PTI acceptance criteria. width loading loading loading
tained loading, cyclic loading, or monotonic loading. The
Both AASHTO and PTI require a minimum failure damage < 0.40 lIDn (0.016 in.) < 0.40 nUll (0.016 in.) < 0.40 111m (0.016 in.) <0.25 JIDn (0.01 in.) @
sustained loading test is designed to represent the actual
load considerably larger than the nominal breaking level @ 0.9 f's Aps after @ 0.9 f/s Aps after @ 1. 0 f's Aps after 0.8 f/s Aps after 1 hr
load history in the structure. However, it requires load
strength of the tendon. The required strength of the test crack completion of cyclic completion of sustained completion of sustained loading
application for at least 48 hours and is thus inconvenient to
block is based on a maximum jacking force of 0.8 Apsf~, width loading loading· sustained loading
perfonn.
Table VIII-1
Load Test Acceptance Criteria

6 7
 Post-Tensioning Institute Post-Tensioning Institute
Chapter VIII ANCHORAGE ZONE DESIGN Post-Tensioning Manual, 6th Edition Post-Tensioning Manual, 6'h Edition
Fig. VIII-9 illustrates the confinement terms used in the factor Y2 in Fig. VIII-9b accounts for the fact that with 4 LOCAL ANCHORAGE ZONE
Eqs. 3.8a to 3.8c. ties confinement is most effective near the corners of the
The maximum effective lateral confinement pressure ties but less effective elsewhere. The calibration factor 11 is 4.1 Introduction
fzat is limited to 8.3 MPa. The factor (l-sID)2 in based on acceptance test results and calculated from Eq.
The local zone may be defined as the volume of con-
Fig. VIII-9a accounts for the reduction in effectively con- (3.8). Typical values for 11 range from 0.85 to 0.95.
crete immediately ahead of and surrounding the anchorage
fined concrete core area due to the spiral pitch. Similarly, device. It encompasses the region in which concrete com-
pressive stresses exceed acceptable values for unconfined
concrete. The main consideration for design and detailing
of this region is the presence of very high compressive
stresses.
The compressive strength of concrete can be enhanced
if lateral confinement is provided. This confinement may
come from closely spaced reinforcement, an effect which
is used in spiral reinforced colmrl1ls. In tendon anchorage
zones compressive stresses spread out rapidly. Therefore,
confinement reinforcement is required only in a small
2 local region ahead of the anchorage.
0 (1-~ J2-Aduct
Acore=-;- If the area of the anchor bearing plate is much smaller
confined spiral
concrete reinforcement than the supporting concrete area, confinement is provided
by the surromlding concrete. In that case, specially
a) Spiral Confinement Reinforcement designed local confinement reinforcement may not be
needed. It should be noted, however, that general zone rein-
forcement requirements, as described in Section 5, must be
satisfied.
4.2 Responsibilities for the Local Anchorage Zone
The post-tensioning system supplier is responsible for
design and testing of the tendon anchorage components.
Included in this responsibility is the proper performance of
the bearing plate and of local zone confinement reinforce-
ment. The local zone confinement reinforcement is system
dependent and an integral part of the anchorage device.
Therefore, this reinforcement must be furnished by the
post-tensioning system supplier.
If special bealing plates are used, it is the responsibil-
1 2
Acore = "2 L - Aduct ity of the post-tensioning system supplier to furnish bear-
ing plates which can pass the load transfer test described in
confined tie
concrete reinforcement Section 3.3. In addition, the supplier has the obligation to
make available to the engineer of record all relevant system
b) Tie Confinement Reinforcement information. Such information includes:
• Confinement and auxiliary reinforcement require-
Fig. VIII-9
ments
Local Anchorage Zone Confinement Reinforcement
• Minimum edge distallCe
• Minimum center-to-center spacing
• Minimum concrete strength at time of tendon sh·ess-
ing
• Jack clearance requirements
• Records of the acceptance test
For basic bearing plates no testing is required. The ade-
quacy of such plates is established by design limits on
bearing pressure, strength, and stiffness. These design
8
ANCHORAGE ZONE DESIGN Chapter VIII
requirements are described in Section 3.2; they will ensure
satisfactory performance of the local anchorage zone, pro-
vided the general anchorage zone has been designed cor-
rectly as well.
4.3 Dimensions of the Local Anchorage Zone
4.3.1 Single or Widely Spaced Anchorages
AASHTO gives detailed definitions of the local zone
dimensions for isolated bearing plates. These definitions
are tied to the specific anchorage device's dimensions and
the supplier's specifications regarding minimum spacing
and edge distance (Fig.VIII-10).
AASHTO, Article 9.21.7, establishes the length of the
local zone for special bearing plates as the greater of
(Fig. VIII-lOc):
1) the maximum width of the local zone;
2) the length ofthe anchorage device confinement rein-
forcement;
3) for anchorages with multiple bearing surfaces, the
distance from the loaded concrete surface to the bot-
tom of each bearing surface plus a length equal to
the maximum dimension of that bearing surface.
In no case shall the length of the local zone be greater
than 1.5 times the width of the local zone. This require-
ment restricts the length of multiplane bearing plates and
their integral confinement reinforcement.
The local zone dimensions described above depend on
the dimensions and specifications provided by the post-
tensioning supplier. However, during the design phase the
supplier typically is not lmown. Eq. (4.1) provides a simple
way to obtain a preliminary estimate for the minimum
local zone area ALZ from which minimmll edge distance
and center-to-center spacing may be derived. This require-
ment is independent of the geometry of the actual anchor-
age device. However, the tendon force must still be known.
1.15 ApJ's
ALZ = axa y = , (4.1)
lei
Eq. (4.1) is based on the observation that the concrete
strength just outside the locally confined region imposes a
lower bOlmd on the local anchorage zone dimensions. Con-
sider the acceptance test requirement to achieve a failure
load of 1.1 or 1.2 Apsf~, respectively (Section 3.3). Since
the portion of the test block outside the local zone is very
lightly reinforced, its capacity will be limited by the
concrete cylinder strength. There is no benefit in reducing
the local zone dimensions beyond the limit indicated by
Equation (4.1).
 Post-Tensioning Institute Post-Tensioning Institute
Chapter VIII ANCHORAGE ZONE DESIGN Post-Tensioning Manual, 6th Edition Post-Tensioning Manual, 6'h Edition
Fig. VIII-9 illustrates the confinement terms used in the factor Y2 in Fig. VIII-9b accounts for the fact that with 4 LOCAL ANCHORAGE ZONE
Eqs. 3.8a to 3.8c. ties confinement is most effective near the corners of the
The maximum effective lateral confinement pressure ties but less effective elsewhere. The calibration factor 11 is 4.1 Introduction
fzat is limited to 8.3 MPa. The factor (l-sID)2 in based on acceptance test results and calculated from Eq.
The local zone may be defined as the volume of con-
Fig. VIII-9a accounts for the reduction in effectively con- (3.8). Typical values for 11 range from 0.85 to 0.95.
crete immediately ahead of and surrounding the anchorage
fined concrete core area due to the spiral pitch. Similarly, device. It encompasses the region in which concrete com-
pressive stresses exceed acceptable values for unconfined
concrete. The main consideration for design and detailing
of this region is the presence of very high compressive
stresses.
The compressive strength of concrete can be enhanced
if lateral confinement is provided. This confinement may
come from closely spaced reinforcement, an effect which
is used in spiral reinforced colmrl1ls. In tendon anchorage
zones compressive stresses spread out rapidly. Therefore,
confinement reinforcement is required only in a small
2 local region ahead of the anchorage.
0 (1-~ J2-Aduct
Acore=-;- If the area of the anchor bearing plate is much smaller
confined spiral
concrete reinforcement than the supporting concrete area, confinement is provided
by the surromlding concrete. In that case, specially
a) Spiral Confinement Reinforcement designed local confinement reinforcement may not be
needed. It should be noted, however, that general zone rein-
forcement requirements, as described in Section 5, must be
satisfied.
4.2 Responsibilities for the Local Anchorage Zone
The post-tensioning system supplier is responsible for
design and testing of the tendon anchorage components.
Included in this responsibility is the proper performance of
the bearing plate and of local zone confinement reinforce-
ment. The local zone confinement reinforcement is system
dependent and an integral part of the anchorage device.
Therefore, this reinforcement must be furnished by the
post-tensioning system supplier.
If special bealing plates are used, it is the responsibil-
1 2
Acore = "2 L - Aduct ity of the post-tensioning system supplier to furnish bear-
ing plates which can pass the load transfer test described in
confined tie
concrete reinforcement Section 3.3. In addition, the supplier has the obligation to
make available to the engineer of record all relevant system
b) Tie Confinement Reinforcement information. Such information includes:
• Confinement and auxiliary reinforcement require-
Fig. VIII-9
ments
Local Anchorage Zone Confinement Reinforcement
• Minimum edge distallCe
• Minimum center-to-center spacing
• Minimum concrete strength at time of tendon sh·ess-
ing
• Jack clearance requirements
• Records of the acceptance test
For basic bearing plates no testing is required. The ade-
quacy of such plates is established by design limits on
bearing pressure, strength, and stiffness. These design
8
ANCHORAGE ZONE DESIGN Chapter VIII
requirements are described in Section 3.2; they will ensure
satisfactory performance of the local anchorage zone, pro-
vided the general anchorage zone has been designed cor-
rectly as well.
4.3 Dimensions of the Local Anchorage Zone
4.3.1 Single or Widely Spaced Anchorages
AASHTO gives detailed definitions of the local zone
dimensions for isolated bearing plates. These definitions
are tied to the specific anchorage device's dimensions and
the supplier's specifications regarding minimum spacing
and edge distance (Fig.VIII-10).
AASHTO, Article 9.21.7, establishes the length of the
local zone for special bearing plates as the greater of
(Fig. VIII-lOc):
1) the maximum width of the local zone;
2) the length ofthe anchorage device confinement rein-
forcement;
3) for anchorages with multiple bearing surfaces, the
distance from the loaded concrete surface to the bot-
tom of each bearing surface plus a length equal to
the maximum dimension of that bearing surface.
In no case shall the length of the local zone be greater
than 1.5 times the width of the local zone. This require-
ment restricts the length of multiplane bearing plates and
their integral confinement reinforcement.
The local zone dimensions described above depend on
the dimensions and specifications provided by the post-
tensioning supplier. However, during the design phase the
supplier typically is not lmown. Eq. (4.1) provides a simple
way to obtain a preliminary estimate for the minimum
local zone area ALZ from which minimmll edge distance
and center-to-center spacing may be derived. This require-
ment is independent of the geometry of the actual anchor-
age device. However, the tendon force must still be known.
1.15 ApJ's
ALZ = axa y = , (4.1)
lei
Eq. (4.1) is based on the observation that the concrete
strength just outside the locally confined region imposes a
lower bOlmd on the local anchorage zone dimensions. Con-
sider the acceptance test requirement to achieve a failure
load of 1.1 or 1.2 Apsf~, respectively (Section 3.3). Since
the portion of the test block outside the local zone is very
lightly reinforced, its capacity will be limited by the
concrete cylinder strength. There is no benefit in reducing
the local zone dimensions beyond the limit indicated by
Equation (4.1).
 Post-Tensioning Institute Post-Tensioning Institute
Chapter VIII ANCHORAGE ZONE DESIGN Post-Tensioning Manual, 6'" Edition Post-Tensioning Manual, 6m Edition ANCHORAGE ZONE DESIGN Chapter VIII

4.4 Local Zone Reinforcement

or 1:2 slope Some of the most frequent causes for anchorage zone
for elb 2': 3 I difficulties are incorrectly placed relluorcement and poor
3
1~ -1 concrete placement and vibration. Both deficiencies are
....--- traced back to reinforcement congestion(3)· Because of high
I reinforcement concentrations in local anchorage zones,
length of
local zone
---1 complete detail drawings, showing all reinforcement and
=length of anchorage hardware, should be prepared.
confin em ent I
Particular attention must be given to developing details
-----I which will facilitate proper installation of local zone rein-
I forcement, anchorage hardware, concrete placement and
compaction. It is essential that local zone reinforcement is
placed accurately as described below in the following
a) Manufacturer's Recommendations
Not Available
sections.

Fig. VIII-11 4.4.1 Basic Bearing Plate Local Zone Reinforcement

Stress.Dispersal Ahead of Bearing Plates
,-----,...--- specified edge For basic bearing plates conforming to Eq. (3.1) no
distance or
e
.. ,
spacing
plate 1
4.3.2 Closely Spaced Anchorages
Sometimes it is necessary to space tendon anchorage
special local zone confinement reinforcement is required.
However, even with such bearing plates nominal reinforce-
, devices more closely, such that individual local zones over- ment should be provided to tie individual local zones

:::~~:,
together and to control surface cracks. General zone rein-

"!
~
Q)
lap. In this case an enlarged local zone encompassing the
-
oc individual anchorages must be considered (Fig. VlII-12). forcement may be counted towards this requirement (see
2e
0
.r: N
"Cleo
pl,\, "
,
I~ for plate 1 The cross-sectional area of this enlarged local zone is Section 5) .
c '-'
..Q1.Q Basic bearing plates conforming to Eq. (3.2) require
equal to the sum of the local zone cross-sectional areas for
b2 L cl~ length of _
the individual anchorages. The length of the enlarged local 2% local zone confinement reinforcement. This reinforce-
-'--\-_ _ _'---_ ,~Iocal zone

----1----
b) Manufacturer's Recommendations
Available
Fig. VIII-10
AASHTO Local Zone Definitions for Special Bearing Plates
The length of the local zone can be determined from
the condition that the stresses at the end of the local zone
be within allowable limits. Under service loads an allow-
able concrete stress of 0.5 f~i is recommended. This is con-
sistent with the AASHTO anchorage zone design specifi-
cations which specifY a design concrete strength of ~vf~i
with v = 0.7 and ~ = 0.85. This gives a design strength of
0.6 f~i and with a load factor of 1.2 corresponds to an
allowable sh'ess of 0.5 f~i'
The concrete compressive stresses at the end of the
local zone may be calculated by dividing the tendon force
by an effective concrete area. The size of this effective area
depends on the rate of dispersal ofthe compressive stresses
which in turn depends on the edge distance and spacing
between anchorage devices.
For typical applications a rate of dispersal of 1:3 may
be assumed as shown in Fig. VIII-II. This assumption will
result in a calculated compressive stress which is close to
the peak compressive stress of the linear-elastic sh'ess dis-
I b I for plate 2
_ _ _ ~0
controls
c) Length of Local Zone for
Multiple Bearing Surfaces
tribution(3). If the edge distance is more than three times the
bearing plate width (elb ;:: 3) a more rapid rate of dispersal
of 1:2 may be assumed.
For special bearing plates with multiple bearing sur-
faces an assumption must be made regarding the distribu-
tion of the anchorage force to the various bearing surfaces.
A simple approximation is to assume a fictitious single
bearing surface at half the length of the device.
Basic bearing plates conforming to Eq. (3.2) require a
minimum of 2% local zone confinement reinforcement.
Per Section 3 of the PTI Acceptance Standards this rein-
forcement is required in the concrete volume in which
stresses exceed allowable values for unconfined concrete
(0.5 f~ recOlmnended under jacking load). PTI allows that
the length of the region where this reinforcement is
required may be determined based on the assumption that
compressive stresses spread at a 1:2 slope to the centroid
of the tendon, independent of the edge distance to the cen-
ter of the bearlllg plate.
zone will be greater than the length of the individual local ment normally consists of olihogonal ties rather than spi-
zones, because the stresses from the individual bearing rals. The reason is that the bearing stresses for such basic
plates cannot disperse as rapidly. beiU'ing plates are relatively small and that the more effi-
cient confinement provided by spirals is not necessary.
r - - T - -.., combined
The minimum required local zone confinement rein-
I I I Vlocal zone forcement must be uniformly distributed in x and y direc-
I DID (
f---+---1
tions, i.e. 1% in each of two orthogonal directions perpen-
dicular to the tendon path. The center-to-center spacing of
the ties should preferably not exceed 100 mm (4 in.). the
I DID I
IL _ _ ...LI _ _ ...JI
bars should extend beyond the local zone as required for
their full development. General zone reinforcement over-
lapping the local zone may be counted towards the 2%
reinforcement requirement.
4.4.2 Special Bearing Plate Local Zone Reinforcement
r-e---i Special bearing plates normally develop large and con-
r-b----j I cenh'ated compressive stresses for which spirals provide
the most efficient confinement. However, it is stillneces-
sary to tie the local zone into the general zone and to pro-
(or 1:2 slope
for elb 2': 3) vide surface crack control reinforcement. Such orthogonal
reinforcement may be counted towards the local zone rein-
forcement requirement and normally is part of the accept-
ance test block. For this reason a combination of spirals
I I I ! I fit I ! I fca$ ~v f'c
and orthogonal ties is frequently used,
Spiral and orthogonal conflllement reinforcement
Fig.VIII-12 should be at least Grade 420 (Gr 60) steel. Spirals should
Local Zone for Closely Spaced Bearing Plates
have a diameter as large as possible to encompass the

10
 Post-Tensioning Institute Post-Tensioning Institute
Chapter VIII ANCHORAGE ZONE DESIGN Post-Tensioning Manual, 6'" Edition Post-Tensioning Manual, 6m Edition ANCHORAGE ZONE DESIGN Chapter VIII

4.4 Local Zone Reinforcement

or 1:2 slope Some of the most frequent causes for anchorage zone
for elb 2': 3 I difficulties are incorrectly placed relluorcement and poor
3
1~ -1 concrete placement and vibration. Both deficiencies are
....--- traced back to reinforcement congestion(3)· Because of high
I reinforcement concentrations in local anchorage zones,
length of
local zone
---1 complete detail drawings, showing all reinforcement and
=length of anchorage hardware, should be prepared.
confin em ent I
Particular attention must be given to developing details
-----I which will facilitate proper installation of local zone rein-
I forcement, anchorage hardware, concrete placement and
compaction. It is essential that local zone reinforcement is
placed accurately as described below in the following
a) Manufacturer's Recommendations
Not Available
sections.

Fig. VIII-11 4.4.1 Basic Bearing Plate Local Zone Reinforcement

Stress.Dispersal Ahead of Bearing Plates
,-----,...--- specified edge For basic bearing plates conforming to Eq. (3.1) no
distance or
e
.. ,
spacing
plate 1
4.3.2 Closely Spaced Anchorages
Sometimes it is necessary to space tendon anchorage
special local zone confinement reinforcement is required.
However, even with such bearing plates nominal reinforce-
, devices more closely, such that individual local zones over- ment should be provided to tie individual local zones

:::~~:,
together and to control surface cracks. General zone rein-

"!
~
Q)
lap. In this case an enlarged local zone encompassing the
-
oc individual anchorages must be considered (Fig. VlII-12). forcement may be counted towards this requirement (see
2e
0
.r: N
"Cleo
pl,\, "
,
I~ for plate 1 The cross-sectional area of this enlarged local zone is Section 5) .
c '-'
..Q1.Q Basic bearing plates conforming to Eq. (3.2) require
equal to the sum of the local zone cross-sectional areas for
b2 L cl~ length of _
the individual anchorages. The length of the enlarged local 2% local zone confinement reinforcement. This reinforce-
-'--\-_ _ _'---_ ,~Iocal zone

----1----
b) Manufacturer's Recommendations
Available
Fig. VIII-10
AASHTO Local Zone Definitions for Special Bearing Plates
The length of the local zone can be determined from
the condition that the stresses at the end of the local zone
be within allowable limits. Under service loads an allow-
able concrete stress of 0.5 f~i is recommended. This is con-
sistent with the AASHTO anchorage zone design specifi-
cations which specifY a design concrete strength of ~vf~i
with v = 0.7 and ~ = 0.85. This gives a design strength of
0.6 f~i and with a load factor of 1.2 corresponds to an
allowable sh'ess of 0.5 f~i'
The concrete compressive stresses at the end of the
local zone may be calculated by dividing the tendon force
by an effective concrete area. The size of this effective area
depends on the rate of dispersal ofthe compressive stresses
which in turn depends on the edge distance and spacing
between anchorage devices.
For typical applications a rate of dispersal of 1:3 may
be assumed as shown in Fig. VIII-II. This assumption will
result in a calculated compressive stress which is close to
the peak compressive stress of the linear-elastic sh'ess dis-
I b I for plate 2
_ _ _ ~0
controls
c) Length of Local Zone for
Multiple Bearing Surfaces
tribution(3). If the edge distance is more than three times the
bearing plate width (elb ;:: 3) a more rapid rate of dispersal
of 1:2 may be assumed.
For special bearing plates with multiple bearing sur-
faces an assumption must be made regarding the distribu-
tion of the anchorage force to the various bearing surfaces.
A simple approximation is to assume a fictitious single
bearing surface at half the length of the device.
Basic bearing plates conforming to Eq. (3.2) require a
minimum of 2% local zone confinement reinforcement.
Per Section 3 of the PTI Acceptance Standards this rein-
forcement is required in the concrete volume in which
stresses exceed allowable values for unconfined concrete
(0.5 f~ recOlmnended under jacking load). PTI allows that
the length of the region where this reinforcement is
required may be determined based on the assumption that
compressive stresses spread at a 1:2 slope to the centroid
of the tendon, independent of the edge distance to the cen-
ter of the bearlllg plate.
zone will be greater than the length of the individual local ment normally consists of olihogonal ties rather than spi-
zones, because the stresses from the individual bearing rals. The reason is that the bearing stresses for such basic
plates cannot disperse as rapidly. beiU'ing plates are relatively small and that the more effi-
cient confinement provided by spirals is not necessary.
r - - T - -.., combined
The minimum required local zone confinement rein-
I I I Vlocal zone forcement must be uniformly distributed in x and y direc-
I DID (
f---+---1
tions, i.e. 1% in each of two orthogonal directions perpen-
dicular to the tendon path. The center-to-center spacing of
the ties should preferably not exceed 100 mm (4 in.). the
I DID I
IL _ _ ...LI _ _ ...JI
bars should extend beyond the local zone as required for
their full development. General zone reinforcement over-
lapping the local zone may be counted towards the 2%
reinforcement requirement.
4.4.2 Special Bearing Plate Local Zone Reinforcement
r-e---i Special bearing plates normally develop large and con-
r-b----j I cenh'ated compressive stresses for which spirals provide
the most efficient confinement. However, it is stillneces-
sary to tie the local zone into the general zone and to pro-
(or 1:2 slope
for elb 2': 3) vide surface crack control reinforcement. Such orthogonal
reinforcement may be counted towards the local zone rein-
forcement requirement and normally is part of the accept-
ance test block. For this reason a combination of spirals
I I I ! I fit I ! I fca$ ~v f'c
and orthogonal ties is frequently used,
Spiral and orthogonal conflllement reinforcement
Fig.VIII-12 should be at least Grade 420 (Gr 60) steel. Spirals should
Local Zone for Closely Spaced Bearing Plates
have a diameter as large as possible to encompass the

10

Chapter VIII ANCHORAGE ZONE DESIGN
entire local anchorage zone. The spiral pitch should be not
more than 75 mm (3 in.) and not less than 45 mm (1% in.).
Spirals must be placed concentric with the anchors and as
close to the bearing plates as possible. The first turn of a
spiral should not be further than 25 mm (l in.) from the
bearing surface of the anchorage device.
Ties should be placed at not more than 150 mm (6 in.)
center to center. The first orthogonal tie preferably is
placed not more than 25 mm (l in.) ahead of the bearing
plate.
bursting in thin
direction / confinement
acceptance test
Fig. VIII-i3
Local Zone Reinforcement
12
Post-Tensioning Institute Post-Tensioning Institute
Post-Tensioning Manual. 6'" Edition Post-Tensioning Manual. 6'" Edition ANCHORAGE ZONE DESIGN Chapter VIII
For special anchorage devices the local zone reinforce- 5 GENERALANCHORAGEZONE
ment should be similar and equivalent to the reinforcement
recommended by the anchorage device supplier. The ade- 5.1 Definition and Dimensions of General Zone the case for the specific post-tensioning details submitted
quacy of this reinforcement is verified by the acceptance The general anchorage zone is the region of the struc- by the contractor.
test. The fact, that an anchorage device has passed the ture ahead of and behind the tendon anchorage device
acceptance test in a certain configuration should not dis- where the linear stress distribution of ordinary beam the-
courage reasonable modifications, reflecting the condi- ory is disturbed by the introduction of the concentrated anchorage
tions in the actual structure. For example, it is acceptable zone
tendon force. The general anchorage zone overlaps with
and desirable to modifY the auxiliary Skill reinforcement in the local zone.
the acceptance test block to extend over the full depth of For beam type members the general zone dimensions
the general zone (Fig. VIII -13). may be taken as: h
tendon
• Length equal to the largest cross-sectional dimen-
sion of the member.
• Depth and width equal to those of the member.
Fig. VIII-14 shows typical general anchorage zone I 1.0 h - 1.5 h I
n'' '
.. .. anchorage
geometries for end anchorages in a rectangular beam, in a
slab with multiple anchors, and for an intermediate
bursting in
anchorage, respectively. For intermediate anchorages the L~~
general zone extends not only over the portion ofthe struc-
wide direction a) Anchorage Zone at
ture ahead of the bearing plate but also for a similar length
End of Member
behind the bearing plate.
5.2 Responsibility for General Zone Design
The behavior of the general zone depends primarily on
tendon forces and tendon arrangement, stressing sequence,
geometry of the structure, and other loads in the tendon
anchorage zone (for example reaction forces). All of these s
design elements are solely controlled by the engineer. w -.l
structure The post-tensioning system supplier is responsible for
the design of the anchorage device including any integral
confinelnent reinforcement but has no control over the
design of the general zone. Therefore, the designer must
accept the responsibility for the adequacy of the general 6rng,ro,~
anchorage zone design.
Lf:0 0: t
6
General zone reinforcement, which includes bursting
and spalling reinforcement, should be included with the
bid item for all other reinforcement steel. It is not part of b) Anchorage Zones for
Multiple Slab Anchors
the post-tensioning system.
The engineer's responsibility also includes the integra-
tion of local zone confinement reinforcement into the behind anchor .....o - - - t - -..
_ ahead of anchor
overall anchorage zone design. The shop drawing review
process enables the engineer to assure that this integration
is properly performed.
i h
This division of design responsibilities between engi-
.J.
neer of record and post-tensioning system supplier is also
valid if the contract drawings show only the total prestress
force and the centroid of the tendon profile. In such cases anchorage -1.0 h
the supplier selects tendon sizes, number of tendons, and zone ~------+.-----~~
arrangement of tendon anchorages to meet the design
c) Intermediate Anchor
requirements. Typically, the forces and stresses in the gen-
eral zone will not be significantly different from the origi-
nal design assumptions made by the engineer. However, it
Fig. VIII-14
is the engineer's responsibility to verifY that this is indeed Examples of General Zone Dimensions
13

Chapter VIII ANCHORAGE ZONE DESIGN
entire local anchorage zone. The spiral pitch should be not
more than 75 mm (3 in.) and not less than 45 mm (1% in.).
Spirals must be placed concentric with the anchors and as
close to the bearing plates as possible. The first turn of a
spiral should not be further than 25 mm (l in.) from the
bearing surface of the anchorage device.
Ties should be placed at not more than 150 mm (6 in.)
center to center. The first orthogonal tie preferably is
placed not more than 25 mm (l in.) ahead of the bearing
plate.
bursting in thin
direction / confinement
acceptance test
Fig. VIII-i3
Local Zone Reinforcement
12
Post-Tensioning Institute Post-Tensioning Institute
Post-Tensioning Manual. 6'" Edition Post-Tensioning Manual. 6'" Edition ANCHORAGE ZONE DESIGN Chapter VIII
For special anchorage devices the local zone reinforce- 5 GENERALANCHORAGEZONE
ment should be similar and equivalent to the reinforcement
recommended by the anchorage device supplier. The ade- 5.1 Definition and Dimensions of General Zone the case for the specific post-tensioning details submitted
quacy of this reinforcement is verified by the acceptance The general anchorage zone is the region of the struc- by the contractor.
test. The fact, that an anchorage device has passed the ture ahead of and behind the tendon anchorage device
acceptance test in a certain configuration should not dis- where the linear stress distribution of ordinary beam the-
courage reasonable modifications, reflecting the condi- ory is disturbed by the introduction of the concentrated anchorage
tions in the actual structure. For example, it is acceptable zone
tendon force. The general anchorage zone overlaps with
and desirable to modifY the auxiliary Skill reinforcement in the local zone.
the acceptance test block to extend over the full depth of For beam type members the general zone dimensions
the general zone (Fig. VIII -13). may be taken as: h
tendon
• Length equal to the largest cross-sectional dimen-
sion of the member.
• Depth and width equal to those of the member.
Fig. VIII-14 shows typical general anchorage zone I 1.0 h - 1.5 h I
n'' '
.. .. anchorage
geometries for end anchorages in a rectangular beam, in a
slab with multiple anchors, and for an intermediate
bursting in
anchorage, respectively. For intermediate anchorages the L~~
general zone extends not only over the portion ofthe struc-
wide direction a) Anchorage Zone at
ture ahead of the bearing plate but also for a similar length
End of Member
behind the bearing plate.
5.2 Responsibility for General Zone Design
The behavior of the general zone depends primarily on
tendon forces and tendon arrangement, stressing sequence,
geometry of the structure, and other loads in the tendon
anchorage zone (for example reaction forces). All of these s
design elements are solely controlled by the engineer. w -.l
structure The post-tensioning system supplier is responsible for
the design of the anchorage device including any integral
confinelnent reinforcement but has no control over the
design of the general zone. Therefore, the designer must
accept the responsibility for the adequacy of the general 6rng,ro,~
anchorage zone design.
Lf:0 0: t
6
General zone reinforcement, which includes bursting
and spalling reinforcement, should be included with the
bid item for all other reinforcement steel. It is not part of b) Anchorage Zones for
Multiple Slab Anchors
the post-tensioning system.
The engineer's responsibility also includes the integra-
tion of local zone confinement reinforcement into the behind anchor .....o - - - t - -..
_ ahead of anchor
overall anchorage zone design. The shop drawing review
process enables the engineer to assure that this integration
is properly performed.
i h
This division of design responsibilities between engi-
.J.
neer of record and post-tensioning system supplier is also
valid if the contract drawings show only the total prestress
force and the centroid of the tendon profile. In such cases anchorage -1.0 h
the supplier selects tendon sizes, number of tendons, and zone ~------+.-----~~
arrangement of tendon anchorages to meet the design
c) Intermediate Anchor
requirements. Typically, the forces and stresses in the gen-
eral zone will not be significantly different from the origi-
nal design assumptions made by the engineer. However, it
Fig. VIII-14
is the engineer's responsibility to verifY that this is indeed Examples of General Zone Dimensions
13
 Post-Tensioning Institute Post-Tensioning Institute
Chapter VIII ANCHORAGE ZONE DESIGN Post-Tensioning Manual, 6'" Edition Post-Tensioning Manual, 6'" Edition ANCHORAGE ZONE DESIGN Chapter VIII

5.3 General Zone Design Considerations The stresses in the bursting reinforcement after con- 5.4 Linear-Elastic Analysis

The main consideration in general zone design is to
determine and provide for the flow of stresses and forces
as the concentrated tendon force spreads out into the struc-
ture. This includes the design of adequate reinforcement to
resist tensile forces in the anchorage zone and to control
cracking, as well as the check of compressive stresses at
the interface with the local zone and at loading or geome-
try discontinuities.
While the state of stress in the anchorage zone is com-
plex, simple but conservative design models are frequently
adequate for anchorage zone design. Little can be gained
by a very refined analysis since anchorage zone reinforce-
ment represents only a negligible portion of the total rein-
forcement in most structures. The design approaches,
which are discussed in the following sections, are inher-
ently conservative for two reasons:
1) The concrete tensile strength is ignored, although
(unlike in flexural members) the contribution of
uncracked concrete to resisting tension in the
anchorage zone is considerable.
2) Stress redistributions due to concrete cracking are
normally neglected.
Fig. VIII-15 illustrates these sources of conservatism.
The strength of the uncracked concrete ahead of the burst-
ing crack contributes significantly to the strength of the
anchorage zone. As the crack extends, the compression
struts become steeper and a smaller tensile force is
required to redirect the compression forces. Consequently,
j .----:~::::~:::=:= ~h]1
crete cracking are difficult to calculate since they depend Frequently anchorage zones are designed on the basis
on stiffness and bond characteristics of this reinforcement. of linear-elastic analysis by integrating transverse tensile 0.5 P
However, even after some bursting reinforcing bars have stresses along the tendon path and along other critical
C1l
reached their yield strength, further increase of the applied sections. While this procedure generally is safe, it ignores ~
force is possible(ll). This again causes the compression ~
the fact that cracking of the structure induces significant ~ 0.2 P If-++-+-I-I-
struts to become progressively steeper until a compressive stress redistributions. g
failure occurs (Fig.VIII-15b).
Linear-elastic analysis is appropriate for modeling the
While the effect of bursting cracks in the anchorage behavior of un cracked concrete. This procedure gives rea-
zone is to reduce the transverse bursting force, it also sonable estimates for first cracking loads. Proper consider- distance from bearing plate
causes a reduction of the rate of dispersal of the bearing ation must be given to the fact that the presence of high a) Transverse Tensile Stresses
stresses. In the process, the region of high compressive compressive stresses in the direction parallel to the tendon
stresses ahead of the bearing plate becomes larger. There- reduces the concrete tensile strength in the orthogonal 0.3 P
fore, it is critical that local zone and adjacent regions are
designed and detailed carefully.
direction. A typical value for the effective concrete tensile ~~ ~
MOOorscIh
strength in tendon anchorage zones is approximately(3): 0.2 P
~
--;::. ::::d-1:--
The general zone design procedures presented herein
are based on the ultimate strength format used by AASHTO
andACI for structural design purposes. For anchorage zone
(~ 4ft[psiJ) 0.1 P
Guyon-/
I
- ..::::::...: :::::...:::::
r--.
-
design AASHTO(l) and ACI (4) use a load factor of 1.2 for the 0.0 0.2 004 0.6 0.8 1.0
b/h
tendon jacking force (limited to 0.8 Apsf~) and a resistance 5.4.1 Guyon's Method
b) Resulting Bursting Force
factor of ~ = 0.85. At the unfactored.Ioad level this will lead In 1951 Guyon presented a classic solution to the prob-
to a calculated reinforcement stress of (0.85/1.2)1;, = 0.7/y lem of determining the bursting force in a concentrically maxft/p
during tendon stressing and about 0.6/y after seating at loaded rectangular member. This solution is based on the 0.5
0.7 Apsf~. Such stresses in the anchorage zone reinforce- 0042
theory of elasticity for a homogeneous material. It is very 004 ~
ment are higher than normally allowed in reinforced con- easy to apply and, therefore, still widely used today. ..............
crete design. However, they are acceptable because of the
~4
0.3
conservative design assumptions outlined above.
Fig. VIII-16a shows Guyon's solution for the bursting . y~ .2,-22
Equallon 5.2
stress distribution for various ratios of bearing plate width 0.2
The situation is different for conditions where stress
redistribution cannot occur and where the bursting crack is
b to member depth h. In Fig. VIII-16b the bursting stresses ~ 1"-...0.11
have been integrated to find the resultant bursting force. 0.1

the force driving the growth of the bursting crack becomes

smaller as the crack propagates and the crack will arrest
not self-arresting. Most notably this applies to the anchor-
age of external tendons. For such cases the reinforcement
Fig. VIII-16c shows the peak bursting stresses from Fig.
VIII-16a as a function of the load concentration ration b/h. 0.0 0.2 004 0.6
0
0.8
~
1.0
must be designed more conservatively, using reinforce- b/h
itself eventually (Fig. VIII-15a). The graphs for peak bursting stresses and resultant
ment stress levels which are more typical for reinforced c) Peak Tensile Stresses
bursting forces can be approximated by straight lines and
concrete design.
expressed by Eqs. (5.1) and (5.2), respectively. It is also
Fig. VIII-16
useful to express the maximum bursting stress in terms of Guyon's Bursting Stresses and Forces
the resultant bursting force, which yields Equation (5.3).
Guyon extended the application of his solution to

~l/I'st = :(1-~) (5.1)

eccenh"ically loaded anchorage zones by introducing the
"symmetrical prism" approach (Fig. VIII-I 7). With this
method the stress conditions in the corner of the general
C1
, \ = 0.45P(I_k) zone of a rectangular member may be approximated.
,"
C2t--L.4 max/, (5.2)
-
bursting
c~ack H ...,
I hxt h
I Asfy I i
L
ASfY1:
~)lIrst
symmetrical
nlax /, = (5.3)
I I I I II
-?~l
I 0.55hxt
I . I I'I
.ll.l _I..ll_
Where:
b = width of bearing plate
.1
b----+ 2e-~
1

t
III 1IIIIItlili
~ h = member height Te I I I
-I h/41 h/41- <h/4J I r-< h/4
= member width
I
P = tendon force
a) Tensile Stresses b) Additional Load Capacity After
in Concrete Yielding of Bursting Reinforcement Tburst = bursting force

Fig. VIII-15 max J; = maximum bursting stress Fig.vIII-17

Stress Redistribution in Tendon Anchorage Zone Guyon' Symmetrical Prism

. 14 15
i,
 Post-Tensioning Institute Post-Tensioning Institute
Chapter VIII ANCHORAGE ZONE DESIGN Post-Tensioning Manual, 6'" Edition Post-Tensioning Manual, 6'" Edition ANCHORAGE ZONE DESIGN Chapter VIII

5.3 General Zone Design Considerations The stresses in the bursting reinforcement after con- 5.4 Linear-Elastic Analysis

The main consideration in general zone design is to
determine and provide for the flow of stresses and forces
as the concentrated tendon force spreads out into the struc-
ture. This includes the design of adequate reinforcement to
resist tensile forces in the anchorage zone and to control
cracking, as well as the check of compressive stresses at
the interface with the local zone and at loading or geome-
try discontinuities.
While the state of stress in the anchorage zone is com-
plex, simple but conservative design models are frequently
adequate for anchorage zone design. Little can be gained
by a very refined analysis since anchorage zone reinforce-
ment represents only a negligible portion of the total rein-
forcement in most structures. The design approaches,
which are discussed in the following sections, are inher-
ently conservative for two reasons:
1) The concrete tensile strength is ignored, although
(unlike in flexural members) the contribution of
uncracked concrete to resisting tension in the
anchorage zone is considerable.
2) Stress redistributions due to concrete cracking are
normally neglected.
Fig. VIII-15 illustrates these sources of conservatism.
The strength of the uncracked concrete ahead of the burst-
ing crack contributes significantly to the strength of the
anchorage zone. As the crack extends, the compression
struts become steeper and a smaller tensile force is
required to redirect the compression forces. Consequently,
j .----:~::::~:::=:= ~h]1
crete cracking are difficult to calculate since they depend Frequently anchorage zones are designed on the basis
on stiffness and bond characteristics of this reinforcement. of linear-elastic analysis by integrating transverse tensile 0.5 P
However, even after some bursting reinforcing bars have stresses along the tendon path and along other critical
C1l
reached their yield strength, further increase of the applied sections. While this procedure generally is safe, it ignores ~
force is possible(ll). This again causes the compression ~
the fact that cracking of the structure induces significant ~ 0.2 P If-++-+-I-I-
struts to become progressively steeper until a compressive stress redistributions. g
failure occurs (Fig.VIII-15b).
Linear-elastic analysis is appropriate for modeling the
While the effect of bursting cracks in the anchorage behavior of un cracked concrete. This procedure gives rea-
zone is to reduce the transverse bursting force, it also sonable estimates for first cracking loads. Proper consider- distance from bearing plate
causes a reduction of the rate of dispersal of the bearing ation must be given to the fact that the presence of high a) Transverse Tensile Stresses
stresses. In the process, the region of high compressive compressive stresses in the direction parallel to the tendon
stresses ahead of the bearing plate becomes larger. There- reduces the concrete tensile strength in the orthogonal 0.3 P
fore, it is critical that local zone and adjacent regions are
designed and detailed carefully.
direction. A typical value for the effective concrete tensile ~~ ~
MOOorscIh
strength in tendon anchorage zones is approximately(3): 0.2 P
~
--;::. ::::d-1:--
The general zone design procedures presented herein
are based on the ultimate strength format used by AASHTO
andACI for structural design purposes. For anchorage zone
(~ 4ft[psiJ) 0.1 P
Guyon-/
I
- ..::::::...: :::::...:::::
r--.
-
design AASHTO(l) and ACI (4) use a load factor of 1.2 for the 0.0 0.2 004 0.6 0.8 1.0
b/h
tendon jacking force (limited to 0.8 Apsf~) and a resistance 5.4.1 Guyon's Method
b) Resulting Bursting Force
factor of ~ = 0.85. At the unfactored.Ioad level this will lead In 1951 Guyon presented a classic solution to the prob-
to a calculated reinforcement stress of (0.85/1.2)1;, = 0.7/y lem of determining the bursting force in a concentrically maxft/p
during tendon stressing and about 0.6/y after seating at loaded rectangular member. This solution is based on the 0.5
0.7 Apsf~. Such stresses in the anchorage zone reinforce- 0042
theory of elasticity for a homogeneous material. It is very 004 ~
ment are higher than normally allowed in reinforced con- easy to apply and, therefore, still widely used today. ..............
crete design. However, they are acceptable because of the
~4
0.3
conservative design assumptions outlined above.
Fig. VIII-16a shows Guyon's solution for the bursting . y~ .2,-22
Equallon 5.2
stress distribution for various ratios of bearing plate width 0.2
The situation is different for conditions where stress
redistribution cannot occur and where the bursting crack is
b to member depth h. In Fig. VIII-16b the bursting stresses ~ 1"-...0.11
have been integrated to find the resultant bursting force. 0.1

the force driving the growth of the bursting crack becomes

smaller as the crack propagates and the crack will arrest
not self-arresting. Most notably this applies to the anchor-
age of external tendons. For such cases the reinforcement
Fig. VIII-16c shows the peak bursting stresses from Fig.
VIII-16a as a function of the load concentration ration b/h. 0.0 0.2 004 0.6
0
0.8
~
1.0
must be designed more conservatively, using reinforce- b/h
itself eventually (Fig. VIII-15a). The graphs for peak bursting stresses and resultant
ment stress levels which are more typical for reinforced c) Peak Tensile Stresses
bursting forces can be approximated by straight lines and
concrete design.
expressed by Eqs. (5.1) and (5.2), respectively. It is also
Fig. VIII-16
useful to express the maximum bursting stress in terms of Guyon's Bursting Stresses and Forces
the resultant bursting force, which yields Equation (5.3).
Guyon extended the application of his solution to

~l/I'st = :(1-~) (5.1)

eccenh"ically loaded anchorage zones by introducing the
"symmetrical prism" approach (Fig. VIII-I 7). With this
method the stress conditions in the corner of the general
C1
, \ = 0.45P(I_k) zone of a rectangular member may be approximated.
,"
C2t--L.4 max/, (5.2)
-
bursting
c~ack H ...,
I hxt h
I Asfy I i
L
ASfY1:
~)lIrst
symmetrical
nlax /, = (5.3)
I I I I II
-?~l
I 0.55hxt
I . I I'I
.ll.l _I..ll_
Where:
b = width of bearing plate
.1
b----+ 2e-~
1

t
III 1IIIIItlili
~ h = member height Te I I I
-I h/41 h/41- <h/4J I r-< h/4
= member width
I
P = tendon force
a) Tensile Stresses b) Additional Load Capacity After
in Concrete Yielding of Bursting Reinforcement Tburst = bursting force

Fig. VIII-15 max J; = maximum bursting stress Fig.vIII-17

Stress Redistribution in Tendon Anchorage Zone Guyon' Symmetrical Prism

. 14 15
i,

Chapter VIII ANCHORAGE ZONE DESIGN
Applying Eq. (5.1) to the symmetrical prism by substitut-
ing 2e for h results in reasonable bursting forces in the
local region enclosed by that prism. However, it does not
provide guidance for the design of the remaining regions of
the general zone.
It is important to note that Guyon's solution is valid
only for members with rectangular cross section. This lim-
itation is demonstrated in Section 5.5.3, where a flanged
girder is examined. Therefore, for more complex anchor-
age zone situations the force path methods presented in
Section 5.5 should be used.
5.4.2 Spalling Stresses
Linear-elastic analysis indicates the existence of con-
centrated tensile stresses along the loaded edge of a beam
- (Fig. VIIT-4). For single bearing
plates located within the kern of
the section these so called
spalling stresses are induced by
compatibility requirements for
the deformations immediately
ahead of the bearing plate and
outside this region (Fig. VIII-IS).
These spalling stresses become
-
very large. However, they are also
very concentrated and the result-
ing integrated spalling force is
Fig. VIII-18
small. Often the depth of the
Compatibility
Spalling Stresses
region subj ect to spalling stresses
is less than the required reinforce-
ment concrete cover, which makes it impossible to place
reinforcement in the tensile region.
Because this type of spalling stress is compatibility-
induced it will disappear when minor surface cracking
occurs. AASHTO, Article 9.21.3.4.S, requires for such
conditions a nominal amount of reinforcement. According
to AASHTO, sufficient reinforcement must be provided to
resist 2% of the factored tendon force. This 2% require-
ment is based on the largest tendon in the anchorage zone
and does not need to be based on the sum of all tendon
forces.
The term spalling stress is best reserved for the
strain-induced surface stresses discussed above. However,
sometimes the term '~spalling stress" is also used to
describe equilibrium induced stresses at the loaded edges
of members with eccentric anchorages, or widely spaced
multiple anchorages. Such stresses are not self-relieving.
Equilibrium requirements demand that the forces due to
such stresses be resisted by properly designed reinforce-
ment (see Sections 5.6.5 and 5.6.6).
16
Post-Tensioning Institute
Post-Tensioning Manual, 6" Edition
5.5 Force Path Methods
Linear-elastic finite element computer programs are
widely available today. However, the translation of the
analysis results into reinforcement requirements is not
straightforward. Furthermore, the relatively small amount
of reinforcement and concrete quantities involved in ten-
don anchorage zone design does not justify the effort spent
on very refined analyses. For these reasons simple equilib-
rium based methods are generally more appropriate for
tendon anchorage zone design.
The force path methods described below satisfy equi-
librium conditions. However, they do not consider the
strain compatibility requirements oflinear-elastic analysis.
Thus force path methods are more suitable to visualize the
flow of forces in a non-homogeneous material such as
cracked concrete, where substantial deviations form linear-
elastic solutions may occur.
As concrete cracks, stresses redistribute in such a man-
ner that they follow the stiffest load patl1. It should be
noted that typically the stiffest load path is not unique but·
is controlled by the amount and arrangement of reinforce-
ment. Force path methods, therefore,_ provide the designer
with a very practical design tool to establish equilibrium
conditions in anchorage zones. The method requires a feel
for the flow of forces. It also requires engineering judge-
ment to arrive at the most suitable of several possible load
paths and reinforcement arrangements.
The following sections and the examples in Section 6
provide guidelines for developing suitable strut-and-tie
models and determining critical strut and tie forces.
5.5.1 Morsch's Model
In 1924 Morsch introduced an equilibrium-based
model, which visualizes the force path in a concentrically
loaded member (Fig. VIIT-19). He approximated the flow of
compressive stresses by two straight compressive forces
and used equilibrium conditions to estimate the magnitude
of the transverse tensile force.
Morsch's model leads to Eq. (5.1). Fig. VIIT-l6b shows
the remarkably good agreement of the Morsch equation
with Guyon's linear elastic solution.
5.5.2 Strut-and-Tie Model
Morsch's force path model described above is an early
application of the strut-and-tie modeling concept. Strut-
and-tie models approximate the flow of forces in a struc-
ture by a system of compression members (struts) and ten-
sion members (ties), which are cOlU1ected at nodes(12). The
forces in the members are determined from equilibrium
conditions. They can then be used to proportion the rein-
forcement and to evaluate compressive stresses in the
concrete.
Post-Tensioning Institute
Post-Tensioning Manual, 6" Edition ANCHORAGE ZONE DESIGN· Chapter VIII
5) Determine the cross-sectional area of the tension
reinforcement to resist the tie forces obtained from
the strut-and-tie model. This reinforcement must be
arranged such that its centroid coincides with the
corresponding tension tie in the model.
6) Check compressive stresses by assigning a width to
-, //, I. ' the compression struts. The strut widths are con-
trolled by the dimensions of the bearing plates. All
//;' '1
/// /1, struts must fit within the boundaries of the overall
/ ~ /I ' P/2 structure.
//+~FII, ""0 Fig. VIII-20 shows an example of a strut-and-tie model
...L-h;-I II £ for an eccentrically loaded anchorage zone. For this partic-
T ular example the stress diagram at the end of the general
I , I I I I I,'
1
zone has been determined for ultimate load conditions,
I I I I ~/21 I assuming a cracked section and a rectangular compressive
f
I I II I I I'
LJ
f f
1-1-1-1 _ _ _ _
f 1f f f f f fft
stress block. For lower force levels a triangular stress dia-
gram may be more appropriate. The stress block provides
the magnitude and location of the reacting compressive
force C. The sh·ess diagram also establishes the magnitUde
I P/2 ~~4_j--J and location of the tension reaction force T. The internal
reaction forces C and Tbalance the external tendon force P.
The reinforcement in the idealized model of Fig. VIII-
Fig.VIII-19 20 is assumed to be anchored by bearing plates. In actual
Morsch's Force Path Model structures the reinforcement must be fully developed at the
face of the nodes. The reinforcement must be detailed with
Strut-and-tie modeling for tendon anchorage zone sufficient development length or hooks to meet this design
design typically involves the following steps: requirement.
1) Establish the extent ofthe region in which the tendon Strut widths have been selected such that all struts are
forces spread out into the structure. This region is the stressed equally. This causes a hydrostatic state of stress in
general zone. the nodes and is characterized by the node boundaries
2) Detennine the forces acting on the general zone being perpendicular to the struts. The state of stress in the
struts is uniaxial and uniform over the strut width.
boundaries. The external forces are primarily the
tendon anchorage forces. Significant reaction forces With the magnitudes and locations of P, C, and T
due to gravity loads and other forces also may have known, the tension tie force parallel to the loaded face can
to be considered. The external forces are balanced by be calculated by taking moments about center node a. This
the internal forces, which are obtained from the node has been arbih-arily located at a distance hl2 from the
stress diagram at the boundary of the general zone. tie at the loaded face.
The stresses are calculated using simple beam theory.
3) Select a system of struts and ties, which establishes
a path between the external and internal forces act-
ing on the general zone. The resulting strut and tie
model, which resembles a truss must satisfy equilib-
rium conditions. The designer is free to choose the
c
geometry of this truss. However, in general, it is rec-
ommended to select a strut-and-tie model geometry,
which approximates the linear-elastic stress distribu-
tion (12).
4) Determine the forces in the struts and ties by truss
analysis, either analytically, graphically, or a combi-
nation of both.
Fig. VIII-20
Strut-and-Tie Model for Eccentric
Tendon Force
17

Chapter VIII ANCHORAGE ZONE DESIGN
Applying Eq. (5.1) to the symmetrical prism by substitut-
ing 2e for h results in reasonable bursting forces in the
local region enclosed by that prism. However, it does not
provide guidance for the design of the remaining regions of
the general zone.
It is important to note that Guyon's solution is valid
only for members with rectangular cross section. This lim-
itation is demonstrated in Section 5.5.3, where a flanged
girder is examined. Therefore, for more complex anchor-
age zone situations the force path methods presented in
Section 5.5 should be used.
5.4.2 Spalling Stresses
Linear-elastic analysis indicates the existence of con-
centrated tensile stresses along the loaded edge of a beam
- (Fig. VIIT-4). For single bearing
plates located within the kern of
the section these so called
spalling stresses are induced by
compatibility requirements for
the deformations immediately
ahead of the bearing plate and
outside this region (Fig. VIII-IS).
These spalling stresses become
-
very large. However, they are also
very concentrated and the result-
ing integrated spalling force is
Fig. VIII-18
small. Often the depth of the
Compatibility
Spalling Stresses
region subj ect to spalling stresses
is less than the required reinforce-
ment concrete cover, which makes it impossible to place
reinforcement in the tensile region.
Because this type of spalling stress is compatibility-
induced it will disappear when minor surface cracking
occurs. AASHTO, Article 9.21.3.4.S, requires for such
conditions a nominal amount of reinforcement. According
to AASHTO, sufficient reinforcement must be provided to
resist 2% of the factored tendon force. This 2% require-
ment is based on the largest tendon in the anchorage zone
and does not need to be based on the sum of all tendon
forces.
The term spalling stress is best reserved for the
strain-induced surface stresses discussed above. However,
sometimes the term '~spalling stress" is also used to
describe equilibrium induced stresses at the loaded edges
of members with eccentric anchorages, or widely spaced
multiple anchorages. Such stresses are not self-relieving.
Equilibrium requirements demand that the forces due to
such stresses be resisted by properly designed reinforce-
ment (see Sections 5.6.5 and 5.6.6).
16
Post-Tensioning Institute
Post-Tensioning Manual, 6" Edition
5.5 Force Path Methods
Linear-elastic finite element computer programs are
widely available today. However, the translation of the
analysis results into reinforcement requirements is not
straightforward. Furthermore, the relatively small amount
of reinforcement and concrete quantities involved in ten-
don anchorage zone design does not justify the effort spent
on very refined analyses. For these reasons simple equilib-
rium based methods are generally more appropriate for
tendon anchorage zone design.
The force path methods described below satisfy equi-
librium conditions. However, they do not consider the
strain compatibility requirements oflinear-elastic analysis.
Thus force path methods are more suitable to visualize the
flow of forces in a non-homogeneous material such as
cracked concrete, where substantial deviations form linear-
elastic solutions may occur.
As concrete cracks, stresses redistribute in such a man-
ner that they follow the stiffest load patl1. It should be
noted that typically the stiffest load path is not unique but·
is controlled by the amount and arrangement of reinforce-
ment. Force path methods, therefore,_ provide the designer
with a very practical design tool to establish equilibrium
conditions in anchorage zones. The method requires a feel
for the flow of forces. It also requires engineering judge-
ment to arrive at the most suitable of several possible load
paths and reinforcement arrangements.
The following sections and the examples in Section 6
provide guidelines for developing suitable strut-and-tie
models and determining critical strut and tie forces.
5.5.1 Morsch's Model
In 1924 Morsch introduced an equilibrium-based
model, which visualizes the force path in a concentrically
loaded member (Fig. VIIT-19). He approximated the flow of
compressive stresses by two straight compressive forces
and used equilibrium conditions to estimate the magnitude
of the transverse tensile force.
Morsch's model leads to Eq. (5.1). Fig. VIIT-l6b shows
the remarkably good agreement of the Morsch equation
with Guyon's linear elastic solution.
5.5.2 Strut-and-Tie Model
Morsch's force path model described above is an early
application of the strut-and-tie modeling concept. Strut-
and-tie models approximate the flow of forces in a struc-
ture by a system of compression members (struts) and ten-
sion members (ties), which are cOlU1ected at nodes(12). The
forces in the members are determined from equilibrium
conditions. They can then be used to proportion the rein-
forcement and to evaluate compressive stresses in the
concrete.
Post-Tensioning Institute
Post-Tensioning Manual, 6" Edition ANCHORAGE ZONE DESIGN· Chapter VIII
5) Determine the cross-sectional area of the tension
reinforcement to resist the tie forces obtained from
the strut-and-tie model. This reinforcement must be
arranged such that its centroid coincides with the
corresponding tension tie in the model.
6) Check compressive stresses by assigning a width to
-, //, I. ' the compression struts. The strut widths are con-
trolled by the dimensions of the bearing plates. All
//;' '1
/// /1, struts must fit within the boundaries of the overall
/ ~ /I ' P/2 structure.
//+~FII, ""0 Fig. VIII-20 shows an example of a strut-and-tie model
...L-h;-I II £ for an eccentrically loaded anchorage zone. For this partic-
T ular example the stress diagram at the end of the general
I , I I I I I,'
1
zone has been determined for ultimate load conditions,
I I I I ~/21 I assuming a cracked section and a rectangular compressive
f
I I II I I I'
LJ
f f
1-1-1-1 _ _ _ _
f 1f f f f f fft
stress block. For lower force levels a triangular stress dia-
gram may be more appropriate. The stress block provides
the magnitude and location of the reacting compressive
force C. The sh·ess diagram also establishes the magnitUde
I P/2 ~~4_j--J and location of the tension reaction force T. The internal
reaction forces C and Tbalance the external tendon force P.
The reinforcement in the idealized model of Fig. VIII-
Fig.VIII-19 20 is assumed to be anchored by bearing plates. In actual
Morsch's Force Path Model structures the reinforcement must be fully developed at the
face of the nodes. The reinforcement must be detailed with
Strut-and-tie modeling for tendon anchorage zone sufficient development length or hooks to meet this design
design typically involves the following steps: requirement.
1) Establish the extent ofthe region in which the tendon Strut widths have been selected such that all struts are
forces spread out into the structure. This region is the stressed equally. This causes a hydrostatic state of stress in
general zone. the nodes and is characterized by the node boundaries
2) Detennine the forces acting on the general zone being perpendicular to the struts. The state of stress in the
struts is uniaxial and uniform over the strut width.
boundaries. The external forces are primarily the
tendon anchorage forces. Significant reaction forces With the magnitudes and locations of P, C, and T
due to gravity loads and other forces also may have known, the tension tie force parallel to the loaded face can
to be considered. The external forces are balanced by be calculated by taking moments about center node a. This
the internal forces, which are obtained from the node has been arbih-arily located at a distance hl2 from the
stress diagram at the boundary of the general zone. tie at the loaded face.
The stresses are calculated using simple beam theory.
3) Select a system of struts and ties, which establishes
a path between the external and internal forces act-
ing on the general zone. The resulting strut and tie
model, which resembles a truss must satisfy equilib-
rium conditions. The designer is free to choose the
c
geometry of this truss. However, in general, it is rec-
ommended to select a strut-and-tie model geometry,
which approximates the linear-elastic stress distribu-
tion (12).
4) Determine the forces in the struts and ties by truss
analysis, either analytically, graphically, or a combi-
nation of both.
Fig. VIII-20
Strut-and-Tie Model for Eccentric
Tendon Force
17
 Post-Tensioning Institute Post-Tensioning Institute
Chapter VIII ANCHORAGE ZONE DESIGN Post-Tensioning Manual, 6th Edition Post-Tensioning Manual, 6'" Edition ANCHORAGE ZONE DESIGN Chapter VIII

5.5.3 Deep Beam Analogy
Another approach for general anchorage zone design is
based on the similarity of an anchorage zone to a deep
beam. In this analogy the tendon forces are viewed as reac-
tion forces and the stresses at the end of the general
anchorage zone as the applied load. Fig. VIII-21 illustrates
this concept for the example of a flanged girder with a con-
centric axial load.
The deep beam analogy requires that first the bending
moment diagram for the tendon anchorage zone be deter-
mined. The bursting force is then obtained by dividing the
maximum moment by the internal lever arm z. The internal
lever arm is the distance between the transverse tensile
The equations given in the figure are valid only for the
specific geometry of this example.
The length of internal lever arm z is not fixed. Rather,
it must be selected by the designer using engineering
judgement. Linear-elastic analysis results may be used as a
guide. If the length of the lever ann z is chosen to be equal
for deep beam analogy and strut-and-tie model, the result-
ing bursting force is identical for both cases (Fig. VIII-21).
It is interesting to note, that the bursting force for the
flanged section (calculated by either method) is signifi-
cantly larger then the bursting force one would obtain from
Eq. (5.1) for a rectangular section. The reason is that the
flow of compressive stresses into the flanges causes larger
5.6 Special Cases
5.6.1 Influence of Reaction Force
Fig. VIII-22 shows the results of a linear-elastic finite
element study on the effects of a reaction force in the
anchorage zone(3). In Fig. VIII-22b the bursting stress dis-
tributions are shown for various ratios of reaction force V
to tendon force P. The figure also shows the magnitude of
the resulting bursting force T. It can be seen that the pres-
~ _~pT
ence of a reaction force has a beneficial but relatively
small effect on the maximum bursting stress and resulting
transverse tensile force. Similar results have been found
earlier in a photo-elastic investigation by Sargious(l3).
A schematic strut-and-tie model for a tendon anchor-
age zone with a reaction force is shown in Fig. VIIl-22c.
In general, the effect of a reaction force in the tendon
anchorage zone on the web bursting force may be ignored,
if all of the following conditions are satisfied:
• The lmfactored reaction force does not exceed 15%
of the unfactored tendon force.
• The inclination of the resultant of all tendon forces is

~--:
less than 5 degrees.
stress and compressive stress resultants (Fig. VIIl-21c).
Fig. VIII-21 also shows the corresponding strut-and-tie
vertical bursting forces. This comparison illustrates the
limitations ofEq. (5.1). It also should be noted that addi- 1 • The resultant of the tendon forces falls within the
model. Compression members are shown as dashed lines
and tension members are shown as solid lines. This con-
vention will be used throughout the following sections.
tional bursting forces exist in the horizontal planes of the
flanges, which are not shown in the example.

. Ii t
J kern of the section.
• The reaction force is introduced at the bottom of the
girder.
If these four conditions are met only the larger of the
YLO.25h shear or web bursting reinforcement must be provided.
Otherwise the effect of a reaction force in the tendon
a) Geometry and Tensile Stress Contours
anchorage zone should be considered (see Section 5.6.5).

P/b 5.6.2 Inclined Tendons

! P/2:g 0.30
~
-V/P=O Tburst /P =0.17
-V/P=0.08 Tburst/P = 0.16
__ .V/P=0.15 Tburst /P =0.17 The vertical component due to tendon inclination will
~-B
.~

0.20
I 1('
~,
increase the transverse tensile force in the tendon anchor-

ITb~",
/ '\ age zone. This is illustrated in Fig.VIII-23. For conven-

0.10
/. I~, , ience, it was assumed in this particular example that the
maxM= Ph(~_~) II ~. ~ -- bottom fiber stress is zero and that the tendon intersects the
8 3 h
o
!' r..:::::r:::::.-f:;:. end of the general zone at the upper kern point (h/6 from
T= Ph(~_~)
8z 3 h
o 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.5 the centroid of the section). Similar models can be con-
xlh structed for other eccentricities and tendon inclinations.
b) Bursting Stress Distribution The presence of shear at the end of tendon anchorage
c) Deep Beam
a) Cross Section b) Strut-and-Tie Model Bending Moment zones complicates the development of strut-and-tie mod-

/1=-- -
Fig VIII-21 els. In such cases the flexural stresses and also the shear
Deep Beam Analogy stresses have to be integrated over their respective stress
blocks to find location, 'magnitude, and direction of the
/ resultant forces at the end of the anchorage zone.
'y'
t- ,""- _ _ -
Fig. VIII-23 shows horizontal and vertical forces acting
at the end of the general zone. They were obtained by inte-
grating the stress and shear diagrams for the areas below
and above the tendon intersection point. These internal
stress resultants are located at the centroids of the respec-
c) Strut-and-Tie Model tive portions of the axial stress diagram. The ratio of the
applicable vertical and horizontal forces determines the
Fig. VIII-22 inclination angle for struts C3 and Cj .
Influence of Reaction Force

18 19
 Post-Tensioning Institute Post-Tensioning Institute
Chapter VIII ANCHORAGE ZONE DESIGN Post-Tensioning Manual, 6th Edition Post-Tensioning Manual, 6'" Edition ANCHORAGE ZONE DESIGN Chapter VIII

5.5.3 Deep Beam Analogy
Another approach for general anchorage zone design is
based on the similarity of an anchorage zone to a deep
beam. In this analogy the tendon forces are viewed as reac-
tion forces and the stresses at the end of the general
anchorage zone as the applied load. Fig. VIII-21 illustrates
this concept for the example of a flanged girder with a con-
centric axial load.
The deep beam analogy requires that first the bending
moment diagram for the tendon anchorage zone be deter-
mined. The bursting force is then obtained by dividing the
maximum moment by the internal lever arm z. The internal
lever arm is the distance between the transverse tensile
The equations given in the figure are valid only for the
specific geometry of this example.
The length of internal lever arm z is not fixed. Rather,
it must be selected by the designer using engineering
judgement. Linear-elastic analysis results may be used as a
guide. If the length of the lever ann z is chosen to be equal
for deep beam analogy and strut-and-tie model, the result-
ing bursting force is identical for both cases (Fig. VIII-21).
It is interesting to note, that the bursting force for the
flanged section (calculated by either method) is signifi-
cantly larger then the bursting force one would obtain from
Eq. (5.1) for a rectangular section. The reason is that the
flow of compressive stresses into the flanges causes larger
5.6 Special Cases
5.6.1 Influence of Reaction Force
Fig. VIII-22 shows the results of a linear-elastic finite
element study on the effects of a reaction force in the
anchorage zone(3). In Fig. VIII-22b the bursting stress dis-
tributions are shown for various ratios of reaction force V
to tendon force P. The figure also shows the magnitude of
the resulting bursting force T. It can be seen that the pres-
~ _~pT
ence of a reaction force has a beneficial but relatively
small effect on the maximum bursting stress and resulting
transverse tensile force. Similar results have been found
earlier in a photo-elastic investigation by Sargious(l3).
A schematic strut-and-tie model for a tendon anchor-
age zone with a reaction force is shown in Fig. VIIl-22c.
In general, the effect of a reaction force in the tendon
anchorage zone on the web bursting force may be ignored,
if all of the following conditions are satisfied:
• The lmfactored reaction force does not exceed 15%
of the unfactored tendon force.
• The inclination of the resultant of all tendon forces is

~--:
less than 5 degrees.
stress and compressive stress resultants (Fig. VIIl-21c).
Fig. VIII-21 also shows the corresponding strut-and-tie
vertical bursting forces. This comparison illustrates the
limitations ofEq. (5.1). It also should be noted that addi- 1 • The resultant of the tendon forces falls within the
model. Compression members are shown as dashed lines
and tension members are shown as solid lines. This con-
vention will be used throughout the following sections.
tional bursting forces exist in the horizontal planes of the
flanges, which are not shown in the example.

. Ii t
J kern of the section.
• The reaction force is introduced at the bottom of the
girder.
If these four conditions are met only the larger of the
YLO.25h shear or web bursting reinforcement must be provided.
Otherwise the effect of a reaction force in the tendon
a) Geometry and Tensile Stress Contours
anchorage zone should be considered (see Section 5.6.5).

P/b 5.6.2 Inclined Tendons

! P/2:g 0.30
~
-V/P=O Tburst /P =0.17
-V/P=0.08 Tburst/P = 0.16
__ .V/P=0.15 Tburst /P =0.17 The vertical component due to tendon inclination will
~-B
.~

0.20
I 1('
~,
increase the transverse tensile force in the tendon anchor-

ITb~",
/ '\ age zone. This is illustrated in Fig.VIII-23. For conven-

0.10
/. I~, , ience, it was assumed in this particular example that the
maxM= Ph(~_~) II ~. ~ -- bottom fiber stress is zero and that the tendon intersects the
8 3 h
o
!' r..:::::r:::::.-f:;:. end of the general zone at the upper kern point (h/6 from
T= Ph(~_~)
8z 3 h
o 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.5 the centroid of the section). Similar models can be con-
xlh structed for other eccentricities and tendon inclinations.
b) Bursting Stress Distribution The presence of shear at the end of tendon anchorage
c) Deep Beam
a) Cross Section b) Strut-and-Tie Model Bending Moment zones complicates the development of strut-and-tie mod-

/1=-- -
Fig VIII-21 els. In such cases the flexural stresses and also the shear
Deep Beam Analogy stresses have to be integrated over their respective stress
blocks to find location, 'magnitude, and direction of the
/ resultant forces at the end of the anchorage zone.
'y'
t- ,""- _ _ -
Fig. VIII-23 shows horizontal and vertical forces acting
at the end of the general zone. They were obtained by inte-
grating the stress and shear diagrams for the areas below
and above the tendon intersection point. These internal
stress resultants are located at the centroids of the respec-
c) Strut-and-Tie Model tive portions of the axial stress diagram. The ratio of the
applicable vertical and horizontal forces determines the
Fig. VIII-22 inclination angle for struts C3 and Cj .
Influence of Reaction Force

18 19
 Post-Tensioning Institute Post-Tensioning Institute
Chapter VIII ANCHORAGE ZONE DESIGN Post-Tensioning Manual, 6~ Edition Post-Tensioning Manual, 6~ Edition ANCHORAGE ZONE DESIGN Chapter VIII

c... h/2 - - - - I r - - - - h / 2 i
h/2i C') c...
'<t C 1 =4/9P
a ac:i
c... c:i 5/9 P
I C2
J
r(:7
C')
'<t II
C3 a
~
_0.05 II
a
---I c:i .r::
~
..c
I-C\J

Cy /"

t
o C ~
~ ~
node b
4
/"
/ ----1 II
l-
..c

.D
II

T
c...
1 node a

-
4/9 P C')

--I
C\J
~

c:i J
~
_~",OA6? 1
~
.r:: ~
C3 =5/9 P

~~"
C\J .r::
.£:! C\J

U
.r:: c...
1 C\J
": C1
....
C\J
:i¥ '<t
C')

I
a c:i
j 1
C
2
II
I-
c:i
II C4
t-'"'
axial shear node b
node a
stresses
axial
stresses

Fig. VIII-23 Fig. VIII-24

Inclined Tendon Curved Tendon

With the location of the bursting force assruned at h/2
the locations of nodes a and b are defined and the complete
strut-and-tie model can be constructed. The bursting force
T can then be obtained graphically by drawing the vector
force polygon for node a or b (Fig. VIII-23). Alternatively,
the bursting force can also be calculated from the require-
ment that moments about node c be in equilibrirun:
T == 0.46P x 0.26h == 0.24P
0.5h
As a further simplification, it is conservative to simply
add to the normal bursting reinforcement that reinforce-
ment amount which is required to resist a portion of the
vertical tendon force component. Similar to AASHTO Eq.
(9-37) this may be expressed as:
P ( b) +"2P.sma
T.burs/ ==4"X 1-J;
The first term on the right hand side of Eq. (5.5) rep-
resents Guyon's solution for a concentrically loaded
anchorage zone [see Eq. (5.1)]. The second term represents
the part of the resultant shear force at the end of the
anchorage zone, which falls below the level of the tendon
anchorage. This force must be tied up into the portion of
the end block above the tendon. For the example presented
in Fig. VI1I-23 , Eq. (5.5) yields:
Tburs/ == : x (1- ~)+ ~ x ~ == 0.28 P
5.6.3 Curved Tendons The distributed deviation force is represented by its Loop anchors require that about 25% of the anchored
Curved tendons have the tendency to straighten out resultant with a magnitude of P/3. The horizontal tendon force is tied into the structure behind the loop, as described
under the effect of the tendon force. This induces a devia- force component is balanced at the end of the general zone in the previous section. Furthermore, large splitting forces
tion force along the inside of the curvature, which is by the stress resultants above and below the tendon path. are induced perpendicular to the plane of the loop and
directed perpendicular to the tendon axis. The deviation The transverse tensile force above the tendon axis is rela- must be resisted by reinforcement. These load paths are
force per unit length is given by: tively large because of superposition of tendon curvature illustrated in Figs.VIII-25 and VIII-26.
effect and bursting force, in this example TI = 0.34 P. On To control the splitting forces, it is essential to oversize
P the other hand, below the tendon axis bursting force and
q==- (5.7) the duct sufficiently or to use a special half-circular duct
(5.4) R compression on the inside of the curvature nearly cancel (Fig. VllI-25b). The total splitting force perpendicular to the
each other, resulting in T2 = 0.01 P.
Where: plane of the hoop can be determined from Eq. 5.8. The
The vertical reinforcement should be designed to resist equation requires that strands do not occupy more than
q = deviation force per unit length
the force TI . The reinforcement should extend over the full one-third of a round duct; in a half-circular duct strands
P = tendon force depth of the member to tie the regions above and below the should occupy no more than two layers.
R = radius of tendon curvature tendon together.
In general, at least 25% of the deviation force should (5.8)
5.6.4 Loop Anchors
(5.5)
be tied back by reinforcement into the portion of the struc-
ture outside the tendon curvature. A loop anchor is a special form of curved tendon. It is For relatively thin members, t ::;; 4d, a suitable rein-
The effect of tendon curvature on the transverse rein- typically a 1800 curved section of oversized duct or pipe forcement arrangement is shown in Fig. VIII-25d(S). For
forcement requirements' is demonstrated by the example with a very small radius of curvature (Figs. VIII-25a and thicker members the splitting reinforcement should be
shown in Fig. VID-24. For this particular example the ten- VIII-25b). Looped tendons preferably should be stressed arranged to coincide with the load path shown in
don geometry has been chosen such that the tendon exits simultaneously at both ends to minimize strand slip within Fig. VIII-26. In that case the splitting force consists oftwo
the general zone horizontally and the resultant deviation the loop. components, TI and T2 . Forces TI exist throughout the
force from curvature coincides with the location of the
bursting force. 1 Loop anchors are used when there is no access to the
anchorage for installation and stressing. For instance,
looped tendons are used as vertical tendons in bridge piers
loop region and the reinforcement for them is similar to the
one shown for thin members in Fig. VIII-25d. HOlizontal
compression forces CI balance each other inside the loop.
where the loop is placed in the foundation. Looped anchors Splitting forces T2 are induced by the dispersal of com-
are also used to reduce the number of anchorages, for pressive forces C2 =P/2 and their location depends on the
(5.6) example with relatively Sh01i tendons in pier caps
(Fig. VllI-60).
thiclmess of the member.

20 21
 Post-Tensioning Institute Post-Tensioning Institute
Chapter VIII ANCHORAGE ZONE DESIGN Post-Tensioning Manual, 6~ Edition Post-Tensioning Manual, 6~ Edition ANCHORAGE ZONE DESIGN Chapter VIII

c... h/2 - - - - I r - - - - h / 2 i
h/2i C') c...
'<t C 1 =4/9P
a ac:i
c... c:i 5/9 P
I C2
J
r(:7
C')
'<t II
C3 a
~
_0.05 II
a
---I c:i .r::
~
..c
I-C\J

Cy /"

t
o C ~
~ ~
node b
4
/"
/ ----1 II
l-
..c

.D
II

T
c...
1 node a

-
4/9 P C')

--I
C\J
~

c:i J
~
_~",OA6? 1
~
.r:: ~
C3 =5/9 P

~~"
C\J .r::
.£:! C\J

U
.r:: c...
1 C\J
": C1
....
C\J
:i¥ '<t
C')

I
a c:i
j 1
C
2
II
I-
c:i
II C4
t-'"'
axial shear node b
node a
stresses
axial
stresses

Fig. VIII-23 Fig. VIII-24

Inclined Tendon Curved Tendon

With the location of the bursting force assruned at h/2
the locations of nodes a and b are defined and the complete
strut-and-tie model can be constructed. The bursting force
T can then be obtained graphically by drawing the vector
force polygon for node a or b (Fig. VIII-23). Alternatively,
the bursting force can also be calculated from the require-
ment that moments about node c be in equilibrirun:
T == 0.46P x 0.26h == 0.24P
0.5h
As a further simplification, it is conservative to simply
add to the normal bursting reinforcement that reinforce-
ment amount which is required to resist a portion of the
vertical tendon force component. Similar to AASHTO Eq.
(9-37) this may be expressed as:
P ( b) +"2P.sma
T.burs/ ==4"X 1-J;
The first term on the right hand side of Eq. (5.5) rep-
resents Guyon's solution for a concentrically loaded
anchorage zone [see Eq. (5.1)]. The second term represents
the part of the resultant shear force at the end of the
anchorage zone, which falls below the level of the tendon
anchorage. This force must be tied up into the portion of
the end block above the tendon. For the example presented
in Fig. VI1I-23 , Eq. (5.5) yields:
Tburs/ == : x (1- ~)+ ~ x ~ == 0.28 P
5.6.3 Curved Tendons The distributed deviation force is represented by its Loop anchors require that about 25% of the anchored
Curved tendons have the tendency to straighten out resultant with a magnitude of P/3. The horizontal tendon force is tied into the structure behind the loop, as described
under the effect of the tendon force. This induces a devia- force component is balanced at the end of the general zone in the previous section. Furthermore, large splitting forces
tion force along the inside of the curvature, which is by the stress resultants above and below the tendon path. are induced perpendicular to the plane of the loop and
directed perpendicular to the tendon axis. The deviation The transverse tensile force above the tendon axis is rela- must be resisted by reinforcement. These load paths are
force per unit length is given by: tively large because of superposition of tendon curvature illustrated in Figs.VIII-25 and VIII-26.
effect and bursting force, in this example TI = 0.34 P. On To control the splitting forces, it is essential to oversize
P the other hand, below the tendon axis bursting force and
q==- (5.7) the duct sufficiently or to use a special half-circular duct
(5.4) R compression on the inside of the curvature nearly cancel (Fig. VllI-25b). The total splitting force perpendicular to the
each other, resulting in T2 = 0.01 P.
Where: plane of the hoop can be determined from Eq. 5.8. The
The vertical reinforcement should be designed to resist equation requires that strands do not occupy more than
q = deviation force per unit length
the force TI . The reinforcement should extend over the full one-third of a round duct; in a half-circular duct strands
P = tendon force depth of the member to tie the regions above and below the should occupy no more than two layers.
R = radius of tendon curvature tendon together.
In general, at least 25% of the deviation force should (5.8)
5.6.4 Loop Anchors
(5.5)
be tied back by reinforcement into the portion of the struc-
ture outside the tendon curvature. A loop anchor is a special form of curved tendon. It is For relatively thin members, t ::;; 4d, a suitable rein-
The effect of tendon curvature on the transverse rein- typically a 1800 curved section of oversized duct or pipe forcement arrangement is shown in Fig. VIII-25d(S). For
forcement requirements' is demonstrated by the example with a very small radius of curvature (Figs. VIII-25a and thicker members the splitting reinforcement should be
shown in Fig. VID-24. For this particular example the ten- VIII-25b). Looped tendons preferably should be stressed arranged to coincide with the load path shown in
don geometry has been chosen such that the tendon exits simultaneously at both ends to minimize strand slip within Fig. VIII-26. In that case the splitting force consists oftwo
the general zone horizontally and the resultant deviation the loop. components, TI and T2 . Forces TI exist throughout the
force from curvature coincides with the location of the
bursting force. 1 Loop anchors are used when there is no access to the
anchorage for installation and stressing. For instance,
looped tendons are used as vertical tendons in bridge piers
loop region and the reinforcement for them is similar to the
one shown for thin members in Fig. VIII-25d. HOlizontal
compression forces CI balance each other inside the loop.
where the loop is placed in the foundation. Looped anchors Splitting forces T2 are induced by the dispersal of com-
are also used to reduce the number of anchorages, for pressive forces C2 =P/2 and their location depends on the
(5.6) example with relatively Sh01i tendons in pier caps
(Fig. VllI-60).
thiclmess of the member.

20 21

Chapter VIII ANCHORAGE ZONE DESIGN
5.6.7 Intermediate Tendon Anchorages
Often tendons have to be anchored at intermediate
locations of structures. Intermediate anchorages normally
require recess pockets or blisters to make them accessible
for tendon installation and stressing (Fig. VIIl-30). For pre-
installed tendons fixed end intermediate anchorages may
be embedded.
a) Anchorage Rib b) Anchorage Blister
Fig. VIII-30
Intermediate Tendon Anchorages
At intermediate anchorages compatibility ofthe defor-
mations ahead of and behind the anchorage generate large
tensile stresses in the concrete. Fig.VIII-31 shows the lon-
gitudinal stresses at the section immediately behind the
back face of an embedded bearing plate. These stresses
have been calculated by linear-elastic analysis for the ide-
alized condition that tensile stresses can be transferred
from the back of the bearing plate to the concrete behind.
This is not the case in reality and, therefore, large tensile
stress concentrations occur near the edges of the embedded
bearing plate. At anchorage blisters similar concentrated
tensile stresses occur at the reentrant corner behind the
anchor (Fig. VIII-32).
Fig. VIII-31
Stresses Behind Intermediate Tendon Anchorage
Linear-elastic analysis for uncracked material shows,
that for ratios of hlb larger than five; 40% to SO% of the
tendon force is transmitted by tensile sh'esses to the area
behind the bearing plate. However, the associated tensile
24
Post-Tensioning Institute
Post-Tensioning Manual, 6th Edition
stresses are self-relieving as the concrete cracks. Such
cracks are not necessarily detrimental to the strength ofthe
structure and may be locally unavoidable at points of high
stress concentrations. However, nominal reinforcement for
crack control should be provided. AASHTO specifies that
such reinforcement be dimensioned to carry 2S% of the
unfactored tendon jacking force at a stress of not more
than 0.61;, or 2S0 MPa (36 ksi). Permanent compression
may be accounted for to reduce the amount of reinforce-
ment required (AASHTO Eq. 9-32).
tension behind blister lateral
anchor and
corbel action
bursting bending
~ y
local tendon
bending deviation
Fig. VIII-32
Principle Tensile Stress Contours at Intermediate Anchorage
As shown in Figs. VIII-31 and VIII-32, tensile stresses
behind the anchor are concentrated within the width of the
blister or bearing plate. Therefore, reinforcement should be
provided within this region and close to the bearing plate.
The purpose oftllls reinforcement is to control crack width
and to arrest the crack, but it cannot delay cracking behind
the anchor.
Another critical region exists at the toe of the blister. At
that location the tendon turns into the blister and exerts
deviation forces on the concrete above the tendon
(Fig. VIII-32). The deviation force per length may be cal-
culated from Eq. (S.7) assuming a constant radius R. How-
ever, the uniform curvature envisioned in the design may
be difficult to achieve on site. Therefore the required tie-
back reinforcement in this region should be designed con-
servatively. It also should be extended into the theoretically
straight portions of the tendon.
For anchorages in blisters and ribs, reinforcement
should be provided immediately ahead of the bearing plate
to tie the blister into the web or slab. This requirement is
frequently based on the analogy of the behavior of a ten-
don anchorage blister to that of a corbel. Such analogy is
valid for the design of blisters anchoring external tendons.
However, for internal tendons the conditions are different.
As shown in Fig. VIII-33, no stable load path exists in
a corbel unless corbel reinforcement is provided. On the
other hand, for an internal tendon anchored in a blister the
internal and external forces acting on the blister are in
Post-Tensioning Institute
Post-Tensioning Manual, 6th Edition ANCHORAGE ZONE DESIGN Chapter VIII
equilibrium without corbel reinforcement (Fig. VIII-34). It is important to note that the above considerations are
The tendon forces and the stresses in the surrounding con- valid on1y for blisters anchoring internal tendons. Blisters
crete balance in a similar manner as in a slender curved for external tendons need to be designed much more care-
member, which is axially prestressed by internal tendons, fully, since for them the corbel analogy applies.
such as a circular tan1e wall.
5.6.8 Unstressed Corners
At the boundaries of highly stressed and lightly
stressed portions of a structure high local tensile stresses
are induced by strain compatibility. An example is shown
in Fig. VIII-27b. Proper arrangement of tendon anchorages
\ / can minimize the occurrence of unstressed corners, but
often they cmmot be avoided. It is then necessary to pro-
\ / vide a minimum amOlmt of reinforcement to tie the
unstressed area into the highly stressed area and to control
crack widths.
Crack control reinforcement must be sized such that
the steel will not yield at the onset of concrete cracking.
T C
Eqs. (S.ll) and (S.12) may be used to determine the mini-
Fig. VIII-33 mum reinforcement requirement. The equation leads to a
Corbel Action reinforcement ratio between 0.5 and 0.8%:
(S.11 )
(S.12)
Where:
As = reinforcement area
Fig.vIlI-34
Strut-and-Tie Model for Intermediate Tendon Anchorage Act = area of concrete in tension
let = concrete tensile strength at time of tendon
Even though corbel reinforcement is not needed to pro- stressing
vide equilibrium for internal tendons, transverse reinforce-
ment should be provided ahead of the bearing plate. The
fy = nominal yield stress of reinforcement
corbel action model may be used as a conservative design
tool. Fig. VIII-3S shows a typical blister reinforcement
arrangement. 5.7 General Zone Reinforcement
General zone reinforcement resists bursting and edge
tension forces, ties local and general zones together, and
controls crack .widths. General zone reinforcement nor-
mally consists of stirrups, ties, straight bars, or a combina-
local zone confinement and tion thereof. Local anchorage zone spirals are normally not
corbel action reinforcement
100 mm max spacing tendon deviation force effective as general zone reinforcement.
I tie-back reinforcement
I
Arrangement of the general anchorage zone reinforce-
c:--t spiral 150 mm max spacing
ment should follow the guidelines below (Fig. VIII-36):
~
• In general, bursting reinforcement is best dish'ibuted
uniformly over a length equal to the depth h of the
section. For very eccentric anchorages the bursting
reinforcement should be distributed over a length
reinforcement for crack control
equal to twice the edge distance 2e ofthe anchorage
(see symmetrical prism approach in Section 5.4.1).
Fig. VIII-35
Typical Reinforcement at Intermediate Tendon Anchorage
25

Chapter VIII ANCHORAGE ZONE DESIGN
5.6.7 Intermediate Tendon Anchorages
Often tendons have to be anchored at intermediate
locations of structures. Intermediate anchorages normally
require recess pockets or blisters to make them accessible
for tendon installation and stressing (Fig. VIIl-30). For pre-
installed tendons fixed end intermediate anchorages may
be embedded.
a) Anchorage Rib b) Anchorage Blister
Fig. VIII-30
Intermediate Tendon Anchorages
At intermediate anchorages compatibility ofthe defor-
mations ahead of and behind the anchorage generate large
tensile stresses in the concrete. Fig.VIII-31 shows the lon-
gitudinal stresses at the section immediately behind the
back face of an embedded bearing plate. These stresses
have been calculated by linear-elastic analysis for the ide-
alized condition that tensile stresses can be transferred
from the back of the bearing plate to the concrete behind.
This is not the case in reality and, therefore, large tensile
stress concentrations occur near the edges of the embedded
bearing plate. At anchorage blisters similar concentrated
tensile stresses occur at the reentrant corner behind the
anchor (Fig. VIII-32).
Fig. VIII-31
Stresses Behind Intermediate Tendon Anchorage
Linear-elastic analysis for uncracked material shows,
that for ratios of hlb larger than five; 40% to SO% of the
tendon force is transmitted by tensile sh'esses to the area
behind the bearing plate. However, the associated tensile
24
Post-Tensioning Institute
Post-Tensioning Manual, 6th Edition
stresses are self-relieving as the concrete cracks. Such
cracks are not necessarily detrimental to the strength ofthe
structure and may be locally unavoidable at points of high
stress concentrations. However, nominal reinforcement for
crack control should be provided. AASHTO specifies that
such reinforcement be dimensioned to carry 2S% of the
unfactored tendon jacking force at a stress of not more
than 0.61;, or 2S0 MPa (36 ksi). Permanent compression
may be accounted for to reduce the amount of reinforce-
ment required (AASHTO Eq. 9-32).
tension behind blister lateral
anchor and
corbel action
bursting bending
~ y
local tendon
bending deviation
Fig. VIII-32
Principle Tensile Stress Contours at Intermediate Anchorage
As shown in Figs. VIII-31 and VIII-32, tensile stresses
behind the anchor are concentrated within the width of the
blister or bearing plate. Therefore, reinforcement should be
provided within this region and close to the bearing plate.
The purpose oftllls reinforcement is to control crack width
and to arrest the crack, but it cannot delay cracking behind
the anchor.
Another critical region exists at the toe of the blister. At
that location the tendon turns into the blister and exerts
deviation forces on the concrete above the tendon
(Fig. VIII-32). The deviation force per length may be cal-
culated from Eq. (S.7) assuming a constant radius R. How-
ever, the uniform curvature envisioned in the design may
be difficult to achieve on site. Therefore the required tie-
back reinforcement in this region should be designed con-
servatively. It also should be extended into the theoretically
straight portions of the tendon.
For anchorages in blisters and ribs, reinforcement
should be provided immediately ahead of the bearing plate
to tie the blister into the web or slab. This requirement is
frequently based on the analogy of the behavior of a ten-
don anchorage blister to that of a corbel. Such analogy is
valid for the design of blisters anchoring external tendons.
However, for internal tendons the conditions are different.
As shown in Fig. VIII-33, no stable load path exists in
a corbel unless corbel reinforcement is provided. On the
other hand, for an internal tendon anchored in a blister the
internal and external forces acting on the blister are in
Post-Tensioning Institute
Post-Tensioning Manual, 6th Edition ANCHORAGE ZONE DESIGN Chapter VIII
equilibrium without corbel reinforcement (Fig. VIII-34). It is important to note that the above considerations are
The tendon forces and the stresses in the surrounding con- valid on1y for blisters anchoring internal tendons. Blisters
crete balance in a similar manner as in a slender curved for external tendons need to be designed much more care-
member, which is axially prestressed by internal tendons, fully, since for them the corbel analogy applies.
such as a circular tan1e wall.
5.6.8 Unstressed Corners
At the boundaries of highly stressed and lightly
stressed portions of a structure high local tensile stresses
are induced by strain compatibility. An example is shown
in Fig. VIII-27b. Proper arrangement of tendon anchorages
\ / can minimize the occurrence of unstressed corners, but
often they cmmot be avoided. It is then necessary to pro-
\ / vide a minimum amOlmt of reinforcement to tie the
unstressed area into the highly stressed area and to control
crack widths.
Crack control reinforcement must be sized such that
the steel will not yield at the onset of concrete cracking.
T C
Eqs. (S.ll) and (S.12) may be used to determine the mini-
Fig. VIII-33 mum reinforcement requirement. The equation leads to a
Corbel Action reinforcement ratio between 0.5 and 0.8%:
(S.11 )
(S.12)
Where:
As = reinforcement area
Fig.vIlI-34
Strut-and-Tie Model for Intermediate Tendon Anchorage Act = area of concrete in tension
let = concrete tensile strength at time of tendon
Even though corbel reinforcement is not needed to pro- stressing
vide equilibrium for internal tendons, transverse reinforce-
ment should be provided ahead of the bearing plate. The
fy = nominal yield stress of reinforcement
corbel action model may be used as a conservative design
tool. Fig. VIII-3S shows a typical blister reinforcement
arrangement. 5.7 General Zone Reinforcement
General zone reinforcement resists bursting and edge
tension forces, ties local and general zones together, and
controls crack .widths. General zone reinforcement nor-
mally consists of stirrups, ties, straight bars, or a combina-
local zone confinement and tion thereof. Local anchorage zone spirals are normally not
corbel action reinforcement
100 mm max spacing tendon deviation force effective as general zone reinforcement.
I tie-back reinforcement
I
Arrangement of the general anchorage zone reinforce-
c:--t spiral 150 mm max spacing
ment should follow the guidelines below (Fig. VIII-36):
~
• In general, bursting reinforcement is best dish'ibuted
uniformly over a length equal to the depth h of the
section. For very eccentric anchorages the bursting
reinforcement should be distributed over a length
reinforcement for crack control
equal to twice the edge distance 2e ofthe anchorage
(see symmetrical prism approach in Section 5.4.1).
Fig. VIII-35
Typical Reinforcement at Intermediate Tendon Anchorage
25
 Post-Tensioning Institute Post-Tensioning Institute
Chapter VIII ANCHORAGE ZONE DESIGN Post-Tensioning Manual, 6'" Edition Post-Tensioning Manual, 6'"Edition ANCHORAGE ZONE DESIGN Chapter VIII

• The first bar of the bursting reinforcement should be 6 ANCHORAGE ZONE DESIGN EXAMPLES
placed at about O.lh ahead of the bearing plate (Fig.
VIII-36b). 6.1 Basic Bearing Plate 6.1.3 Minimum Bearing Plate Thickness

-1----.,..-
• The centroid of the bursting reinforcement should From Fig .. VIII-37b the bearing plate overhang 11 is
coincide with the location of the corresponding ten- 1 6.1.1 Introduction 105mm. The bearing pressure on the concrete during
sion tie in the strut-and-tie design model. A ring beam in a nuclear power plant is post-tensioned stressing is [Eq. (3.3)]:
• Bar spacing should not exceed the smaller of 300 with three 55-12.7 mm strand tendons (Fig. VIII-37). The
-- T ", :. 0.8x 10,098 x 10 3 N
mm (12 in.) or 24 bar diameters. bu tendons are stressed to 0.8Apsf~. The bearing plate is made
fbi = (5002 -230 2 )n/4 mm2 38.8 MPa
of A36 steel (is), = 248 MPa). In this example the follow-
With the reinforcement arrangement recommended --_ . I
----~ ing will be determined: Minimum plate thickness based on the yield criterion
above, the bursting tie is located at a distance equal to
0.60 h ahead of the bearing plate. This leads to an internal 1 1) Berm'ing stress between wedge plate and bearing is [Eq. (3.4)]:
lever arm of z = 0.55 h (Fig. VIII-36a). A slightly more con- plate.
servative arrangement would place bursting reinforcement
between 0.1 hand 1.0 h , which results in z = 0.50 h. The
resulting bursting force is then slightly larger and equal to
Eq. (5.1), which is closer to the linear-elastic solution for
a) Design Model
2) Bearing plate thickness.
3) Required concrete strength at time of tendon
stressing.
t?n
I
.
0.8fs)'
- - =105
3fbi
/ 0.8 x 248
---=
3 x38.8

Minimum plate thickness based on the stiffuess crite-

80 mm

some alh ratios. However, the larger lever arm is quite

0.1 h1 1.0hi
4) Local zone reinforcement.
rion is [Eq. (3.5)]:

r .------
acceptable and gives results closer to the actual behavior
6.1.2 Wedge Plate Bearing Pressure
after concrete cracking(l4).
While the examples given in the preceding sections
The bearing pressure between wedge plate and bearing t ?I/[ 0.08 x * )
have focussed on the dispersal of the tendon force in the
long direction of the cross section, equal attention must be
==-'1--': plate should not exceed 1.5 times the yield strength of the
bearing plate or wedge plate material [Eq. (3.6)]:
= 105 /[0.08 x 200,000) = 76 mm
paid to the dispersal in the thin direction. I" . = 0.8 x 10,098 x 10' N = 330A1Pa = 1.32 I" 7 3
38.8
____I j sbl (290' _ 230')n /4mm' j s)'

Yield criterion controls, use t = 80 mm.

1
:. Wedge plate bearing pressure O.K.
1

local zone bursting reinforcement

r-- - ,- ---, tendons:
3019C @ 150 1
55-12.7mm strands
confinement
reinforcement "'" "", 3j9C
I
@ 150 typ
Gr 1860MPa
Apsfs =10,098kN
b) Reinforcement Arrangement
l
----, I-- - -
I

I
Fig. VIII-36
Typical Arrangement of Anchorage Zone Reinforcement I J ·1
ffi 1

I
1

I
I I
ffi I I

ffi
I

1
I

i
om:
0lC'l
C\JC\J
·1 --0
~

~J-t'
I I
·1

1- --I--1000 min Id~ ~450-l

local zone

J~
Section A

a) Bearing Plate Arrangement b) Reinforcement Arrangement

Fig. VIII-37
Basic Bearing Plate and Local Zone Design Example

26 27
 Post-Tensioning Institute Post-Tensioning Institute
Chapter VIII ANCHORAGE ZONE DESIGN Post-Tensioning Manual, 6'" Edition Post-Tensioning Manual, 6'"Edition ANCHORAGE ZONE DESIGN Chapter VIII

• The first bar of the bursting reinforcement should be 6 ANCHORAGE ZONE DESIGN EXAMPLES
placed at about O.lh ahead of the bearing plate (Fig.
VIII-36b). 6.1 Basic Bearing Plate 6.1.3 Minimum Bearing Plate Thickness

-1----.,..-
• The centroid of the bursting reinforcement should From Fig .. VIII-37b the bearing plate overhang 11 is
coincide with the location of the corresponding ten- 1 6.1.1 Introduction 105mm. The bearing pressure on the concrete during
sion tie in the strut-and-tie design model. A ring beam in a nuclear power plant is post-tensioned stressing is [Eq. (3.3)]:
• Bar spacing should not exceed the smaller of 300 with three 55-12.7 mm strand tendons (Fig. VIII-37). The
-- T ", :. 0.8x 10,098 x 10 3 N
mm (12 in.) or 24 bar diameters. bu tendons are stressed to 0.8Apsf~. The bearing plate is made
fbi = (5002 -230 2 )n/4 mm2 38.8 MPa
of A36 steel (is), = 248 MPa). In this example the follow-
With the reinforcement arrangement recommended --_ . I
----~ ing will be determined: Minimum plate thickness based on the yield criterion
above, the bursting tie is located at a distance equal to
0.60 h ahead of the bearing plate. This leads to an internal 1 1) Berm'ing stress between wedge plate and bearing is [Eq. (3.4)]:
lever arm of z = 0.55 h (Fig. VIII-36a). A slightly more con- plate.
servative arrangement would place bursting reinforcement
between 0.1 hand 1.0 h , which results in z = 0.50 h. The
resulting bursting force is then slightly larger and equal to
Eq. (5.1), which is closer to the linear-elastic solution for
a) Design Model
2) Bearing plate thickness.
3) Required concrete strength at time of tendon
stressing.
t?n
I
.
0.8fs)'
- - =105
3fbi
/ 0.8 x 248
---=
3 x38.8

Minimum plate thickness based on the stiffuess crite-

80 mm

some alh ratios. However, the larger lever arm is quite

0.1 h1 1.0hi
4) Local zone reinforcement.
rion is [Eq. (3.5)]:

r .------
acceptable and gives results closer to the actual behavior
6.1.2 Wedge Plate Bearing Pressure
after concrete cracking(l4).
While the examples given in the preceding sections
The bearing pressure between wedge plate and bearing t ?I/[ 0.08 x * )
have focussed on the dispersal of the tendon force in the
long direction of the cross section, equal attention must be
==-'1--': plate should not exceed 1.5 times the yield strength of the
bearing plate or wedge plate material [Eq. (3.6)]:
= 105 /[0.08 x 200,000) = 76 mm
paid to the dispersal in the thin direction. I" . = 0.8 x 10,098 x 10' N = 330A1Pa = 1.32 I" 7 3
38.8
____I j sbl (290' _ 230')n /4mm' j s)'

Yield criterion controls, use t = 80 mm.

1
:. Wedge plate bearing pressure O.K.
1

local zone bursting reinforcement

r-- - ,- ---, tendons:
3019C @ 150 1
55-12.7mm strands
confinement
reinforcement "'" "", 3j9C
I
@ 150 typ
Gr 1860MPa
Apsfs =10,098kN
b) Reinforcement Arrangement
l
----, I-- - -
I

I
Fig. VIII-36
Typical Arrangement of Anchorage Zone Reinforcement I J ·1
ffi 1

I
1

I
I I
ffi I I

ffi
I

1
I

i
om:
0lC'l
C\JC\J
·1 --0
~

~J-t'
I I
·1

1- --I--1000 min Id~ ~450-l

local zone

J~
Section A

a) Bearing Plate Arrangement b) Reinforcement Arrangement

Fig. VIII-37
Basic Bearing Plate and Local Zone Design Example

26 27
 Post-Tensioning Institute Post-Tensioning Institute
Chapter VIII ANCHORAGE ZONE DESIGN Post-Tensioning Manual, e'mEdition Post-Tensioning Manual, 6'" Edition ANCHORAGE ZONE DESIGN Chapter VIII

6.1.4 Concrete Strength With 1% minimum reinforcement in two orthogonal 6.2 Monostrand Tendons in a Thin Slab
The required concrete strength at time of tendon stress- directions and assuming 0 19 bars the minimum center-to-
ing may be determined from Eq. (3.2). The group of three center spacing of the reinforcement bars is: 6.2.1 Introduction
bearing plates is treated as a single plate:
~ Abal'
s = -- =
284 mm 2
A group of tlu'ee closely spaced mono strand tendons

= 0.75 f'ci X W. ~ fbi

= 169 mm are anchored in a 180 mm thick slab. Figure VIII-38 shows
fcPi 1% 0.01
geometry, tendon arrangement, and stressing data.
Use 3 layers 0 19 @ 150nun.
= 075f'
..X 2,000 X 1,000
. ~
38 .8 MFa
I'- I'-
CI 1,500 X 500 6.1.6 Check of Reinforcement Arrangement i o
C\I
<0
C\I

f'ci~31.7 MFa Length of the confined region:

75 + 2 x 150+75 = 450 > 380 mm

~
'
Reinforcement ratio in the long direction:

6.1.5 Local Zone Reinforcement 6x284mm 2 h/3=

'"11" "
- - - - - - , x 100 = 1.1 % 60 2 '-..
Eq. (3.2) is applicable only if at least 2% confinement 1,000 x 150 mm-
reinforcement is provided throughout the local anchorage Reinforcement ratio in the short direction:
zone. Per the PTI acceptance standards the cross sectional
area of the local zone for such anchorages is determined 10x284 mm 2 Fig. VIII-39
- - - - - - , xlOO=0.94%==1% Lateral Stress Distribution
from the condition that compressive stresses must not 2,000 x 150 mm- Pjack= 0.8 f's Aps = 148 kN
Po = 0.7 f's Aps = 130 kN
exceed acceptable values for unconfined concrete. For this The latter assumption can be confirmed by examining
Local zone reinforcement O.K. f'ci = 20 MPa
example an allowable stress of 0.5 f~i is used. The required Fig. VIII-16a, which shows that the maximum bursting
combined support area for the three tendons is: Fig. VIII-37b shows the local zone reinforcement
stress typically occurs at h/4 to h/3 ahead of the bearing
arrangement. This reinforcement may consist of either
plate. With the above assumptions, the effective width at
A 3xP.Jac'k closed stirrups, hairpins, L-bars, or a combination of dif-
~ Fig. VIII-38 the critical section is 2 x 75 + 57 + 60 = 267 mm and the
O.51'ci ferent bar types. It must be fully developed outside the Monostrand Slab Anchorage
maximum bursting tensile stress is:
local anchorage zone.
3 x 0.8 x 10,089 x 10 3 N 3 x 10.9 x 10 3 N
0.5x32 MPa 6.2.2 Vertical Bursting Force max f, = ~lIl'st - - - - - - - 2 = 1.2 MPa
0.55 h w 0.55x180x267 mm
For members with rectangular cross section it is con-
The length of the local zone may be calculated assum- The above calculation conservatively assumes that all
venient to determine the bursting force per tendon by Eq.
ing a 1:2 rate of stress dispersal in the x and y directions. three tendons are stressed simultaneously, which typically
(5.1):
By trial and error the length of the local zone has been is not the case. Even with this assmnption the maximum
determined to be 380 mm. With that the effective concrete
area at the end oftpe local zone is: Thlll'st = :(1-%)= 1~8(1_ ~~~)=10.91dY vertical bursting stress is well below the effective concrete
tensile strength of (Section 5.4).

3~0 x2)X(1,500+ 3~0 x2 )-3hOles

The vertical component of the slightly inclined tendon
Aexist = (500+ and the vertical reaction force at the spandrel beam will 1/3 .,fiO = 1.5 MPa (220 psi for fci = 3000 psi)
typically nearly offset each other and are neglected.
230 2 xn Because the tensile bursting stresses are small, it is
= 880 x 1,880 - 3x = 1,530 X 10 3 mm
2

4 6.2.3 Vertical Tensile Stresses
>1,515x10 3 mm 2 :.O.K. A good approximation to Guyon's elastic solution can
be obtained by using Eq. (5.3). In order to apply this equa-
tion an estimate for the effective width resisting the verti-
cal tensile stress is required. In Fig. VIII-39 the following
assumptions are made:
• Stresses disperse at a 1:2 rate.
• The critical section is located at h/3 ahead of the
bearing plate, where h is the thickness of the slab.
conunon practice .for typical mono strand installations not
to provide vertical bursting reinforcement. The typical
reinforcement detail for mono strand anchorages consists
of two horizontal back-up bars parallel to the edge of the
slab and itmllediately ahead ofthe bearing plates, as shown
in Fig. VIII -38. The two bars tie the member together trans-
versely and resist edge tensile stresses from post-tension-
ing and other ·sources. The. bars also help distribute the
bearing stresses. They do not function as vertical bursting
reinforcement
The reinforcement detail described above has been
used successfully throughout the industry and has been
proven to be adequate. However, the engineer should be
aware of the existence of vertical bursting stresses. Slab
splitting failures have been reported where anchorage zone
bursting stresses and tensile stresses from other load cases
occurred simultaneously(l5).

28 29
 Post-Tensioning Institute Post-Tensioning Institute
Chapter VIII ANCHORAGE ZONE DESIGN Post-Tensioning Manual, e'mEdition Post-Tensioning Manual, 6'" Edition ANCHORAGE ZONE DESIGN Chapter VIII

6.1.4 Concrete Strength With 1% minimum reinforcement in two orthogonal 6.2 Monostrand Tendons in a Thin Slab
The required concrete strength at time of tendon stress- directions and assuming 0 19 bars the minimum center-to-
ing may be determined from Eq. (3.2). The group of three center spacing of the reinforcement bars is: 6.2.1 Introduction
bearing plates is treated as a single plate:
~ Abal'
s = -- =
284 mm 2
A group of tlu'ee closely spaced mono strand tendons

= 0.75 f'ci X W. ~ fbi

= 169 mm are anchored in a 180 mm thick slab. Figure VIII-38 shows
fcPi 1% 0.01
geometry, tendon arrangement, and stressing data.
Use 3 layers 0 19 @ 150nun.
= 075f'
..X 2,000 X 1,000
. ~
38 .8 MFa
I'- I'-
CI 1,500 X 500 6.1.6 Check of Reinforcement Arrangement i o
C\I
<0
C\I

f'ci~31.7 MFa Length of the confined region:

75 + 2 x 150+75 = 450 > 380 mm

~
'
Reinforcement ratio in the long direction:

6.1.5 Local Zone Reinforcement 6x284mm 2 h/3=

'"11" "
- - - - - - , x 100 = 1.1 % 60 2 '-..
Eq. (3.2) is applicable only if at least 2% confinement 1,000 x 150 mm-
reinforcement is provided throughout the local anchorage Reinforcement ratio in the short direction:
zone. Per the PTI acceptance standards the cross sectional
area of the local zone for such anchorages is determined 10x284 mm 2 Fig. VIII-39
- - - - - - , xlOO=0.94%==1% Lateral Stress Distribution
from the condition that compressive stresses must not 2,000 x 150 mm- Pjack= 0.8 f's Aps = 148 kN
Po = 0.7 f's Aps = 130 kN
exceed acceptable values for unconfined concrete. For this The latter assumption can be confirmed by examining
Local zone reinforcement O.K. f'ci = 20 MPa
example an allowable stress of 0.5 f~i is used. The required Fig. VIII-16a, which shows that the maximum bursting
combined support area for the three tendons is: Fig. VIII-37b shows the local zone reinforcement
stress typically occurs at h/4 to h/3 ahead of the bearing
arrangement. This reinforcement may consist of either
plate. With the above assumptions, the effective width at
A 3xP.Jac'k closed stirrups, hairpins, L-bars, or a combination of dif-
~ Fig. VIII-38 the critical section is 2 x 75 + 57 + 60 = 267 mm and the
O.51'ci ferent bar types. It must be fully developed outside the Monostrand Slab Anchorage
maximum bursting tensile stress is:
local anchorage zone.
3 x 0.8 x 10,089 x 10 3 N 3 x 10.9 x 10 3 N
0.5x32 MPa 6.2.2 Vertical Bursting Force max f, = ~lIl'st - - - - - - - 2 = 1.2 MPa
0.55 h w 0.55x180x267 mm
For members with rectangular cross section it is con-
The length of the local zone may be calculated assum- The above calculation conservatively assumes that all
venient to determine the bursting force per tendon by Eq.
ing a 1:2 rate of stress dispersal in the x and y directions. three tendons are stressed simultaneously, which typically
(5.1):
By trial and error the length of the local zone has been is not the case. Even with this assmnption the maximum
determined to be 380 mm. With that the effective concrete
area at the end oftpe local zone is: Thlll'st = :(1-%)= 1~8(1_ ~~~)=10.91dY vertical bursting stress is well below the effective concrete
tensile strength of (Section 5.4).

3~0 x2)X(1,500+ 3~0 x2 )-3hOles

The vertical component of the slightly inclined tendon
Aexist = (500+ and the vertical reaction force at the spandrel beam will 1/3 .,fiO = 1.5 MPa (220 psi for fci = 3000 psi)
typically nearly offset each other and are neglected.
230 2 xn Because the tensile bursting stresses are small, it is
= 880 x 1,880 - 3x = 1,530 X 10 3 mm
2

4 6.2.3 Vertical Tensile Stresses
>1,515x10 3 mm 2 :.O.K. A good approximation to Guyon's elastic solution can
be obtained by using Eq. (5.3). In order to apply this equa-
tion an estimate for the effective width resisting the verti-
cal tensile stress is required. In Fig. VIII-39 the following
assumptions are made:
• Stresses disperse at a 1:2 rate.
• The critical section is located at h/3 ahead of the
bearing plate, where h is the thickness of the slab.
conunon practice .for typical mono strand installations not
to provide vertical bursting reinforcement. The typical
reinforcement detail for mono strand anchorages consists
of two horizontal back-up bars parallel to the edge of the
slab and itmllediately ahead ofthe bearing plates, as shown
in Fig. VIII -38. The two bars tie the member together trans-
versely and resist edge tensile stresses from post-tension-
ing and other ·sources. The. bars also help distribute the
bearing stresses. They do not function as vertical bursting
reinforcement
The reinforcement detail described above has been
used successfully throughout the industry and has been
proven to be adequate. However, the engineer should be
aware of the existence of vertical bursting stresses. Slab
splitting failures have been reported where anchorage zone
bursting stresses and tensile stresses from other load cases
occurred simultaneously(l5).

28 29
 Post-Tensioning Institute Post-Tensioning Institute
Chapter VIII ANCHORAGE ZONE DESIGN Post-Tensioning Manual, 6'" Edition Post-Tensioning Manual, 6'" Edition ANCHORAGE ZONE DESIGN Chapter VIII

6.3 Monostrand Tendons in a Wide Shallow Beam 6.3.4 Bursting Reinforcement o 10 @ 150mm
3600 (effective flange width) With a load factor of 1.2 and a resistance factor of 0.85,
the required bursting reinforcement is:
o 1.2x0.136xI30x10 3 N ?
LO A ~ ? = 59 111111- / tendon
s 0.85 x 420 N /111111-
o
o
C\J
:. Provide 0 IOU bars between every other tendon,
Strands - 12.7mm GR 1860 As = 71 mm2 1 tendon.
57 x 127 Anchor (typ.)
Pjack = 148 kN
The recOlmnended reinforcement arrange~ent is
Po =130kN shown in Fig. VIII-42(5). An alternative, but roughly
f'ci = 20 MPa equivalent reinforcement detail using hairpin bars
Fig. VIII-40 (minimum 0 10) between each anchorage is described in
Section 5.4 of Reference 8. o 13 continuous
Shallow Beam Post-Tl?nsioned with Monostrands

6.3.1 Introduction 175 Fig. VII 1-42

Bursting Reinforcement of Monostrand Shallow Beam
A group of monostrand tendons is anchored at the cen-
troid of a wide shallow bemn. Geometry and stressing data
0)

:_~ 1=-T- ~ 069P

are shown in Fig. VIII-40. Much greater vertical bursting o

stresses are induced for this application than in the thin

slab example in Section 6.2. o

"! - - -lI~P-E3---r
LO
C'l
With groups of six or more closely spaced mono strand
anchorages reinforcement should always be provided to
resist the vertical bursting force(4). The following steps
illustrate the determination of this reinforcement.

6.3.2 Strut-and-Tie Model Fig.VIII-41

Since in this exmuple the tendon forces are applied at
the centroid of the section, the stress distribution at the end
of the tendon anchorage zone is uniform.
The strut-and-tie model construction follows the fol-
lowing steps (Fig.VIII-41):
• Determine the stress resultants in slab and stem.
These internal forces calculate to 0.69 P and 0.31 P,
respectively.
• Split tendon force P into two smaller forces, each
corresponding to their respective internal force. The
location of these forces is based on an assumed uni-
form bearing pressure distribution. By spitting ten-
don force P into two smaller forces a more realistic
and less conservative bursting force is obtained.
• Assume lever arm z = /1/2 = 175 rnm.
Strut-and Tie Model for Shallow T-Beam
It should be noted that the model shown in Fig. VIII-41
represents an unstable truss and satisfies equilibrium con-
ditions only for the particular geometry and loading condi-
tions shown. For computer analysis such models must be
stabilized by adding a sufficient number of members or
supports (see EX3ll1ple 6.4).
6.3.3 Bursting Force
From moment equilibrium about node a (Fig. VIII-41)
the bursting force is calculated as:
T. . = 0.69Px(l09-75) =0.136P
blllsl 175
The exmnple demonstrates how the stut-and-tie
method can be used to determine the busting forces with-
out actually drawing the model.

30 31
 Post-Tensioning Institute Post-Tensioning Institute
Chapter VIII ANCHORAGE ZONE DESIGN Post-Tensioning Manual, 6'" Edition Post-Tensioning Manual, 6'" Edition ANCHORAGE ZONE DESIGN Chapter VIII

6.3 Monostrand Tendons in a Wide Shallow Beam 6.3.4 Bursting Reinforcement o 10 @ 150mm
3600 (effective flange width) With a load factor of 1.2 and a resistance factor of 0.85,
the required bursting reinforcement is:
o 1.2x0.136xI30x10 3 N ?
LO A ~ ? = 59 111111- / tendon
s 0.85 x 420 N /111111-
o
o
C\J
:. Provide 0 IOU bars between every other tendon,
Strands - 12.7mm GR 1860 As = 71 mm2 1 tendon.
57 x 127 Anchor (typ.)
Pjack = 148 kN
The recOlmnended reinforcement arrange~ent is
Po =130kN shown in Fig. VIII-42(5). An alternative, but roughly
f'ci = 20 MPa equivalent reinforcement detail using hairpin bars
Fig. VIII-40 (minimum 0 10) between each anchorage is described in
Section 5.4 of Reference 8. o 13 continuous
Shallow Beam Post-Tl?nsioned with Monostrands

6.3.1 Introduction 175 Fig. VII 1-42

Bursting Reinforcement of Monostrand Shallow Beam
A group of monostrand tendons is anchored at the cen-
troid of a wide shallow bemn. Geometry and stressing data
0)

:_~ 1=-T- ~ 069P

are shown in Fig. VIII-40. Much greater vertical bursting o

stresses are induced for this application than in the thin

slab example in Section 6.2. o

"! - - -lI~P-E3---r
LO
C'l
With groups of six or more closely spaced mono strand
anchorages reinforcement should always be provided to
resist the vertical bursting force(4). The following steps
illustrate the determination of this reinforcement.

6.3.2 Strut-and-Tie Model Fig.VIII-41

Since in this exmuple the tendon forces are applied at
the centroid of the section, the stress distribution at the end
of the tendon anchorage zone is uniform.
The strut-and-tie model construction follows the fol-
lowing steps (Fig.VIII-41):
• Determine the stress resultants in slab and stem.
These internal forces calculate to 0.69 P and 0.31 P,
respectively.
• Split tendon force P into two smaller forces, each
corresponding to their respective internal force. The
location of these forces is based on an assumed uni-
form bearing pressure distribution. By spitting ten-
don force P into two smaller forces a more realistic
and less conservative bursting force is obtained.
• Assume lever arm z = /1/2 = 175 rnm.
Strut-and Tie Model for Shallow T-Beam
It should be noted that the model shown in Fig. VIII-41
represents an unstable truss and satisfies equilibrium con-
ditions only for the particular geometry and loading condi-
tions shown. For computer analysis such models must be
stabilized by adding a sufficient number of members or
supports (see EX3ll1ple 6.4).
6.3.3 Bursting Force
From moment equilibrium about node a (Fig. VIII-41)
the bursting force is calculated as:
T. . = 0.69Px(l09-75) =0.136P
blllsl 175
The exmnple demonstrates how the stut-and-tie
method can be used to determine the busting forces with-
out actually drawing the model.

30 31
 Post-Tensioning Institute post-Tensioning Institute
Chapter VIII ANCHORAGE ZONE DESIGN Post-Tensioning Manual, 6'" Edition post-Tensioning Manual, 6'" Edition ANCHORAGE ZONE DESIGN Chapter VIII

6.4 Cantilever Beam with Multiple Monostrand Tendons 6.4.3 Strut-and-Tie Model • Twenty-five percent of the deviation force (64 kN)
Construction of the strut-and-tie model shown in Fig. is tied into the portion of the structure above the
2807 VIII-45 requires the following steps: curved tendons (see Section 5.6.3). The remainder
406
(192 kN) acts as compressive force on the inside of
I 305 457 457 • Determine the stress distribution at the end of the
I I ~I
I
general zone. The self weight of the beam in the
the curvature.
• Determine magnitude and direction of struts C] and
~1-' I
I
I I+- P.1. anchorage zone is only 15 kN and has been ignored
6
. ......-:~ .. in the model. C3 from equilibrium requirements at nodes a and c.
0; .~
C') 1 c::=- , • Select the location of the local zone nodes at 0.05 h
3 • Calculate the stress resultants at the end of the
I--
"<t
0; L!l 1~ '" anchorage zone above and below the tendons. These (= 45 mm) ahead of the bearing plates. Select the
~
I'--
I'--
resultants are located at the centroids of the corre- location ofthe bursting force tie at 0.50 h (=457 mm)
sponding portions of the stress diagram. For this ahead of the local zone nodes.
A - 0.686 m 2 example the location of the tendons coincides with • Nodes band d are located where struts C1 and C3 ,
I = 0.05053 m 4 the bottom of the slab at the end of the anchorage respectively, intersect the bursting force tie. With the
Pjack = 147 kN / tendon location of all nodes known the strut-and-tie model
zone.
Po = 128 kN / tendon
• The distributed deviation stresses in the region of can be completed.
Strands - 12.7mm dia. GR 1860 • Determine the magnitude of the bursting force from
tendon curvature are represented by a single concen-
Anchors - 64 x 127 mm equilibrium conditions at node b.
trated force:
Fig. VIII-43
Cantilever Beam with Monostrand Tendons D= 12x128 kN = 256 kN
6
6.4.1 Introduction The required minimum concrete strength at time of
A cantilever beam in a building is post-tensioned with stressing may be obtained from Eq. (3.1):
716
a group of twelve mono strand tendons. Fig. VIII-43 shows
geometry and tendon stressing data. fcp; = 0.50 f'c;x IT ~ 15.9 MPa
~ Ag 0.05h 'I 0.5h =457 mm
-3.28 MPa
~------------+-------~--~
6.4.2 Bearing Pressure c
f' .= 15.9 x 254 x 381 = 21.9 MPa d C3 364 kN
_ -/~ 164 kNi
-;6-;;;2i=.
~v
Monostrand tendons typically develop relatively small 0.5 38lx534
Cl
-- /
bearing stresses. Therefore it is normally not necessary to I /./ .~tdn -2.74 MPa
check compressive stresses in front of individual mono- :. Minimum concrete strength at time of stressing y~.::==. I~ I
strand anchorages. However, for a group of closely spaced f~i= 22 MPa. I ./~
/~
z
-"
C\I
I~ I 364 kN
anchorages compressive stresses should be checked. For ,...Le-'" - -a; ~ -
this purpose the group of individual anchors is treated as a I' 381 'I -_

C2 _
C\I

/C1
/ a I
I o
"<t
to
single, larger bearing plate.
Since the monostrands are stressed individually, the C 1
I -?-I'--
to
.b I

+
C\I
tendon force after seating, Po, will be used instead of Pjack. C1
Bearing stress after seating:
"<t
C')
L!l
I z
-"
"<t
I'--
to
I L!l
"<t
Cl)
C\I

Po "" Po = l2x128xl0 ~ =15.9MPa

<t
3 C\I 4kN I'-- II
to l-
ignore
1--- L-____________________________-J 4kN I'--
Ab Ag 254x38lmm to C2
L!l
0.26 MPa "<t
The small difference between net bearing plate area Ab node b
and gross bearing plate area Ag has been neglected.
Fig. VIII-44 illustrates the geomehy of bearing areaAg and
1173 k N
supporting area A.
Fig. VIII-44
Support Area C3

node c

Fig. VIII-45
Strut-and-Tie Model for Cantilever Beam

32 33
 Post-Tensioning Institute post-Tensioning Institute
Chapter VIII ANCHORAGE ZONE DESIGN Post-Tensioning Manual, 6'" Edition post-Tensioning Manual, 6'" Edition ANCHORAGE ZONE DESIGN Chapter VIII

6.4 Cantilever Beam with Multiple Monostrand Tendons 6.4.3 Strut-and-Tie Model • Twenty-five percent of the deviation force (64 kN)
Construction of the strut-and-tie model shown in Fig. is tied into the portion of the structure above the
2807 VIII-45 requires the following steps: curved tendons (see Section 5.6.3). The remainder
406
(192 kN) acts as compressive force on the inside of
I 305 457 457 • Determine the stress distribution at the end of the
I I ~I
I
general zone. The self weight of the beam in the
the curvature.
• Determine magnitude and direction of struts C] and
~1-' I
I
I I+- P.1. anchorage zone is only 15 kN and has been ignored
6
. ......-:~ .. in the model. C3 from equilibrium requirements at nodes a and c.
0; .~
C') 1 c::=- , • Select the location of the local zone nodes at 0.05 h
3 • Calculate the stress resultants at the end of the
I--
"<t
0; L!l 1~ '" anchorage zone above and below the tendons. These (= 45 mm) ahead of the bearing plates. Select the
~
I'--
I'--
resultants are located at the centroids of the corre- location ofthe bursting force tie at 0.50 h (=457 mm)
sponding portions of the stress diagram. For this ahead of the local zone nodes.
A - 0.686 m 2 example the location of the tendons coincides with • Nodes band d are located where struts C1 and C3 ,
I = 0.05053 m 4 the bottom of the slab at the end of the anchorage respectively, intersect the bursting force tie. With the
Pjack = 147 kN / tendon location of all nodes known the strut-and-tie model
zone.
Po = 128 kN / tendon
• The distributed deviation stresses in the region of can be completed.
Strands - 12.7mm dia. GR 1860 • Determine the magnitude of the bursting force from
tendon curvature are represented by a single concen-
Anchors - 64 x 127 mm equilibrium conditions at node b.
trated force:
Fig. VIII-43
Cantilever Beam with Monostrand Tendons D= 12x128 kN = 256 kN
6
6.4.1 Introduction The required minimum concrete strength at time of
A cantilever beam in a building is post-tensioned with stressing may be obtained from Eq. (3.1):
716
a group of twelve mono strand tendons. Fig. VIII-43 shows
geometry and tendon stressing data. fcp; = 0.50 f'c;x IT ~ 15.9 MPa
~ Ag 0.05h 'I 0.5h =457 mm
-3.28 MPa
~------------+-------~--~
6.4.2 Bearing Pressure c
f' .= 15.9 x 254 x 381 = 21.9 MPa d C3 364 kN
_ -/~ 164 kNi
-;6-;;;2i=.
~v
Monostrand tendons typically develop relatively small 0.5 38lx534
Cl
-- /
bearing stresses. Therefore it is normally not necessary to I /./ .~tdn -2.74 MPa
check compressive stresses in front of individual mono- :. Minimum concrete strength at time of stressing y~.::==. I~ I
strand anchorages. However, for a group of closely spaced f~i= 22 MPa. I ./~
/~
z
-"
C\I
I~ I 364 kN
anchorages compressive stresses should be checked. For ,...Le-'" - -a; ~ -
this purpose the group of individual anchors is treated as a I' 381 'I -_

C2 _
C\I

/C1
/ a I
I o
"<t
to
single, larger bearing plate.
Since the monostrands are stressed individually, the C 1
I -?-I'--
to
.b I

+
C\I
tendon force after seating, Po, will be used instead of Pjack. C1
Bearing stress after seating:
"<t
C')
L!l
I z
-"
"<t
I'--
to
I L!l
"<t
Cl)
C\I

Po "" Po = l2x128xl0 ~ =15.9MPa

<t
3 C\I 4kN I'-- II
to l-
ignore
1--- L-____________________________-J 4kN I'--
Ab Ag 254x38lmm to C2
L!l
0.26 MPa "<t
The small difference between net bearing plate area Ab node b
and gross bearing plate area Ag has been neglected.
Fig. VIII-44 illustrates the geomehy of bearing areaAg and
1173 k N
supporting area A.
Fig. VIII-44
Support Area C3

node c

Fig. VIII-45
Strut-and-Tie Model for Cantilever Beam

32 33
 Post-Tensioning Institute post-Tensioning Institute
Chapter VIII ANCHORAGE ZONE DESIGN Post-Tensioning Manual, 6'" Edition Post-Tensioning Manual, 6'" Edition ANCHORAGE ZONE DESIGN Chapter VIII

6.4.4 Reinforcement Requirements Additional spalling remforcement is required to resist 6.5 Precast Beam with Multi-Strand Tendon The construction of the strut-and-tie model shown in
Reinforcement is required for both bursting force and 2% of the factored tendon force at the loaded face (see Fig. VIII-48a follows, as applicable, the steps outlined for
tendon curvature. With a load factor of 1.2 and a <jJ-factor Section 5.4.2): 6.5.1 Introduction the examples in Sections 6.3.2 and 6.4.3.
of 0.85 the reinforcement requirement is: A precast beam is prestressed with one 12-12.7 mm Fig. VIII-48b shows the system used for computer
0.02Xl.2X12X128X~03 N =10311171,2
,.~)r----·~(294+64)Xl03 N 2
A,pall =
0.85 x 420 N I mm- ' multi-strand tendon. Fig. VIII-47 shows beam geometry
and post-tensioning data. The anchorage device is classi-
analysis. Diagonal member "4" has been added to make
the system stable. However, the truss geometry has been
A = 2 = 1,203111111
s 0.85x420N Imm Add 1 013 stirrup at loaded face (=258 mm2). fied as a special anchorage device and the supplier has fur- selected such that this member carries (almost) no force.
Provide 5 013 stirrups @220mm (=1,290 mm2). The reinforcement arrangement IS shown 111 nished technical information including acceptance test
Fig. (VIII-46). data (Sections 3.3 and 4.2, Fig. VIII-8). 6.5.3 Reinforcement Requirements
This reinforcement must be arranged such that its cen-
troid coincides with the corresponding tensile force in the bearing plate The maximum bursting force under factored load is
strut-and-tie model. The resultant tensile force due to 225 x 225 312 kN. The required bursting reinforcement is:
bursting and tendon curvature is located ahead of the local 3
zone nodes (Fig. VIII-45) at: A = 3l2xl0 N = 874111m 2
s 0.85 x 420 N Imm 2
294 kN x 457 mm + 64 kN x 716 111m 503
z=
294kN+64leN
= mm ------ o
o
co
Use 4013 stirrups (1,032 mm2 )
Required additional spalling reinforcement to resist

n
2% of the largest factored tendon force:

A = 0.02x2,009xlo;N =113111m 2
s 0.85x420Nlmm2
350 .1
100 5 - 013 stirrups @ 220 If tendon: 12-12.7 mm strands Gr 1860 MPa
Add 1 013 stirrup at loaded face (=l42mm2 )
jacking force: 1,674 kN (0.76 fs)
I 1 •
• 1
anchorage force: 1,542 kN (0.70 fs) 6.5.4 Bursting Reinforcement in Thin Direction
concrete: fci=24 MPa
~ - - - -- The bursting force in the thin direction of the member
~ f::::=' : =- is obtained from Eq. (5.l):
1--- ~ ::.--

~
Fig. VIII-47
V--- Precast Beam
P" x (l-~) = 1.2 x 1,674 x (1- 225) = 179 leN
4 h 4 350
013 ...............
--.... 6.5.2 Strut-and-Tie Model
Where h is now the width of the bean1 and b is the
For this example it has been assumed that reaction

\
width of the bearing plate in the corresponding direction.
force and vertical tendon force component essentially can-
cel each other and can be neglected. With a load factor of
1.2 the factored tendon force is:
\ f--- P u =1.2 x 1,674 = 2,009 kN.

L 013 back-up

-
bar (typ)
40++--400-
-12.0 MPa
Fig. VIII-46 I
Cantilever Beam Anchorage Zone Reinforcement J
~--/-;/

E
I LO
co
p-/--- -,
~ ........ Ol member
. . . . . . . . __ J Ol
number force [kNJ

o
908 kN
1 312
I 2
3
-313
-1,145
I 4 3
I 5 -963
-2.3 MPa tension positive

b) System for Computer Analysis

a) Strut-and-Tie Model

Fig. VIII-48
Precast Beam Strut-and-Tie Model

34 35
 Post-Tensioning Institute post-Tensioning Institute
Chapter VIII ANCHORAGE ZONE DESIGN Post-Tensioning Manual, 6'" Edition Post-Tensioning Manual, 6'" Edition ANCHORAGE ZONE DESIGN Chapter VIII

6.4.4 Reinforcement Requirements Additional spalling remforcement is required to resist 6.5 Precast Beam with Multi-Strand Tendon The construction of the strut-and-tie model shown in
Reinforcement is required for both bursting force and 2% of the factored tendon force at the loaded face (see Fig. VIII-48a follows, as applicable, the steps outlined for
tendon curvature. With a load factor of 1.2 and a <jJ-factor Section 5.4.2): 6.5.1 Introduction the examples in Sections 6.3.2 and 6.4.3.
of 0.85 the reinforcement requirement is: A precast beam is prestressed with one 12-12.7 mm Fig. VIII-48b shows the system used for computer
0.02Xl.2X12X128X~03 N =10311171,2
,.~)r----·~(294+64)Xl03 N 2
A,pall =
0.85 x 420 N I mm- ' multi-strand tendon. Fig. VIII-47 shows beam geometry
and post-tensioning data. The anchorage device is classi-
analysis. Diagonal member "4" has been added to make
the system stable. However, the truss geometry has been
A = 2 = 1,203111111
s 0.85x420N Imm Add 1 013 stirrup at loaded face (=258 mm2). fied as a special anchorage device and the supplier has fur- selected such that this member carries (almost) no force.
Provide 5 013 stirrups @220mm (=1,290 mm2). The reinforcement arrangement IS shown 111 nished technical information including acceptance test
Fig. (VIII-46). data (Sections 3.3 and 4.2, Fig. VIII-8). 6.5.3 Reinforcement Requirements
This reinforcement must be arranged such that its cen-
troid coincides with the corresponding tensile force in the bearing plate The maximum bursting force under factored load is
strut-and-tie model. The resultant tensile force due to 225 x 225 312 kN. The required bursting reinforcement is:
bursting and tendon curvature is located ahead of the local 3
zone nodes (Fig. VIII-45) at: A = 3l2xl0 N = 874111m 2
s 0.85 x 420 N Imm 2
294 kN x 457 mm + 64 kN x 716 111m 503
z=
294kN+64leN
= mm ------ o
o
co
Use 4013 stirrups (1,032 mm2 )
Required additional spalling reinforcement to resist

n
2% of the largest factored tendon force:

A = 0.02x2,009xlo;N =113111m 2
s 0.85x420Nlmm2
350 .1
100 5 - 013 stirrups @ 220 If tendon: 12-12.7 mm strands Gr 1860 MPa
Add 1 013 stirrup at loaded face (=l42mm2 )
jacking force: 1,674 kN (0.76 fs)
I 1 •
• 1
anchorage force: 1,542 kN (0.70 fs) 6.5.4 Bursting Reinforcement in Thin Direction
concrete: fci=24 MPa
~ - - - -- The bursting force in the thin direction of the member
~ f::::=' : =- is obtained from Eq. (5.l):
1--- ~ ::.--

~
Fig. VIII-47
V--- Precast Beam
P" x (l-~) = 1.2 x 1,674 x (1- 225) = 179 leN
4 h 4 350
013 ...............
--.... 6.5.2 Strut-and-Tie Model
Where h is now the width of the bean1 and b is the
For this example it has been assumed that reaction

\
width of the bearing plate in the corresponding direction.
force and vertical tendon force component essentially can-
cel each other and can be neglected. With a load factor of
1.2 the factored tendon force is:
\ f--- P u =1.2 x 1,674 = 2,009 kN.

L 013 back-up

-
bar (typ)
40++--400-
-12.0 MPa
Fig. VIII-46 I
Cantilever Beam Anchorage Zone Reinforcement J
~--/-;/

E
I LO
co
p-/--- -,
~ ........ Ol member
. . . . . . . . __ J Ol
number force [kNJ

o
908 kN
1 312
I 2
3
-313
-1,145
I 4 3
I 5 -963
-2.3 MPa tension positive

b) System for Computer Analysis

a) Strut-and-Tie Model

Fig. VIII-48
Precast Beam Strut-and-Tie Model

34 35
,----------------------------------------------------------------------

Post-Tensioning Institute post-Tensioning Institute

Chapter VIII ANCHORAGE ZONE DESIGN Post-Tensioning Manual. 6'"Edition post-Tensioning Manual. 6'"Edition ANCHORAGE ZONE DESIGN Chapter VIII

Required lateral bursting reinforcement: Fig. VIII-SOb shows a refined model with fan shaped 6.5.6 Approximate Check of Compressive Stresses
3 struts, which increase in width symmetrically to their cen- A convenient approximate method for checking com-
A = 179x10 N =SOlmm 2 1101 kN
s 0.8Sx 420 N / 111m2 ----t- terlines. The fan shape accounts for the dispersal of the pressive stresses at the critical interface between local and
compressive stresses. As the strut width increases the com- general zone is based on the assumption that the stresses
... Use 6 013 cross ties (= 774 mm 2 ) 1 pressive stress decreases. The critical section at the local disperse at a 1:3 ratio, as shown in Fig. VIII-SOc. The effec-
Fig. VIII-49 shows the reinforcement arrangement. 1 zone-general zone interface passes through the point tive width of the compressive strut then increases at the
The contribution of local zone spiral confinement rein- 1
where the tendon axis intersects the end of the confined rate of 2:3 with the distance from the bearing plate.
forcement to resist general zone bursting forces is negligi- region (local zone)(3).
For the present example the effective strut width at the
ble and has been disregarded. For this example the upper strut controls and the criti- end of the confined region is:
cal concrete stress under factored loads is (Fig. VIII-SOb):
2
3 w= 22S mm+-x28S =4lS mm
35 5 - 013 @ 160mm 1, = 1,14Sx10 N = 14.3 MPa 3
- I------j. I ea 3S0 mm x 229 mm
Therefore, the concrete compressive stress under fac-
This stress must be not greater than the available con- tored load is:
a) Uniformly Stressed Struts crete design strength, which is:
3

¢ fen = 0.8S X 0.7l fea = 2,009 X 10 N = 13.8 MPa

i
41S mmx3S0 mm
= 0.8Sx 0.7 x 24MPa = 14.3MPa ~ 14.3MPa
The stress obtained from the approximate method is
1 1101 kN .. Concrete strength O.K. within 4% of the strut-and-tie model result.
----t-
1

1013 (typ)

Fig.VIII-49
Precast Beam Anchorage Zone Reinforcement ---L-
1 908 kN

6.5.5 Concrete Compressive Stresses

The critical compressive stresses normally occur at the
interface between local and general zone. At this location
285
the higher acceptable compressive stresses for confined
concrete change to the smaller acceptable stresses for confined region

unconfined concrete.
After the strut-and-tie model geometry has been estab- b) Fan-Shaped Struts
lished and the strut forces have been determined, compres-
sive stresses can be checked by associating a width with
the compression members. A convenient way to do this is
to divide all strut forces by some acceptable reference 1
stress (Fig. VIII-SO). For critical narrow members the stru,t
widths are equal to the member width. If the strut dimen-
sions thus determined fit within the boundaries of the -1 3:-._--/ I
1
member its compressive resistance is adequate.
Under unfactored loads a reference stress of O.S f~i is
appropriate. Under factored loads the reference stress typ-
.
I
1
ically is asswned to be the nominal concrete strength mul-
285
tiplied by the <jJ-factor.
confined region 1
For the present example the bearing stress below the (= length of local
1
bearing plate has been used as the reference stress to obtain zone spiral)
the strut widths (Fig. VIII-SOa). Such a model requires that
the bearing stresses are within acceptable limits for uncon- c) Approximate Method
fined concrete. For tendon anchorages this condition nor-
mally is not satisfied and further refinement is necessary. Fig. VIII-50
Check of Compressive Stresses

36 37
,----------------------------------------------------------------------

Post-Tensioning Institute post-Tensioning Institute

Chapter VIII ANCHORAGE ZONE DESIGN Post-Tensioning Manual. 6'"Edition post-Tensioning Manual. 6'"Edition ANCHORAGE ZONE DESIGN Chapter VIII

Required lateral bursting reinforcement: Fig. VIII-SOb shows a refined model with fan shaped 6.5.6 Approximate Check of Compressive Stresses
3 struts, which increase in width symmetrically to their cen- A convenient approximate method for checking com-
A = 179x10 N =SOlmm 2 1101 kN
s 0.8Sx 420 N / 111m2 ----t- terlines. The fan shape accounts for the dispersal of the pressive stresses at the critical interface between local and
compressive stresses. As the strut width increases the com- general zone is based on the assumption that the stresses
... Use 6 013 cross ties (= 774 mm 2 ) 1 pressive stress decreases. The critical section at the local disperse at a 1:3 ratio, as shown in Fig. VIII-SOc. The effec-
Fig. VIII-49 shows the reinforcement arrangement. 1 zone-general zone interface passes through the point tive width of the compressive strut then increases at the
The contribution of local zone spiral confinement rein- 1
where the tendon axis intersects the end of the confined rate of 2:3 with the distance from the bearing plate.
forcement to resist general zone bursting forces is negligi- region (local zone)(3).
For the present example the effective strut width at the
ble and has been disregarded. For this example the upper strut controls and the criti- end of the confined region is:
cal concrete stress under factored loads is (Fig. VIII-SOb):
2
3 w= 22S mm+-x28S =4lS mm
35 5 - 013 @ 160mm 1, = 1,14Sx10 N = 14.3 MPa 3
- I------j. I ea 3S0 mm x 229 mm
Therefore, the concrete compressive stress under fac-
This stress must be not greater than the available con- tored load is:
a) Uniformly Stressed Struts crete design strength, which is:
3

¢ fen = 0.8S X 0.7l fea = 2,009 X 10 N = 13.8 MPa

i
41S mmx3S0 mm
= 0.8Sx 0.7 x 24MPa = 14.3MPa ~ 14.3MPa
The stress obtained from the approximate method is
1 1101 kN .. Concrete strength O.K. within 4% of the strut-and-tie model result.
----t-
1

1013 (typ)

Fig.VIII-49
Precast Beam Anchorage Zone Reinforcement ---L-
1 908 kN

6.5.5 Concrete Compressive Stresses

The critical compressive stresses normally occur at the
interface between local and general zone. At this location
285
the higher acceptable compressive stresses for confined
concrete change to the smaller acceptable stresses for confined region

unconfined concrete.
After the strut-and-tie model geometry has been estab- b) Fan-Shaped Struts
lished and the strut forces have been determined, compres-
sive stresses can be checked by associating a width with
the compression members. A convenient way to do this is
to divide all strut forces by some acceptable reference 1
stress (Fig. VIII-SO). For critical narrow members the stru,t
widths are equal to the member width. If the strut dimen-
sions thus determined fit within the boundaries of the -1 3:-._--/ I
1
member its compressive resistance is adequate.
Under unfactored loads a reference stress of O.S f~i is
appropriate. Under factored loads the reference stress typ-
.
I
1
ically is asswned to be the nominal concrete strength mul-
285
tiplied by the <jJ-factor.
confined region 1
For the present example the bearing stress below the (= length of local
1
bearing plate has been used as the reference stress to obtain zone spiral)
the strut widths (Fig. VIII-SOa). Such a model requires that
the bearing stresses are within acceptable limits for uncon- c) Approximate Method
fined concrete. For tendon anchorages this condition nor-
mally is not satisfied and further refinement is necessary. Fig. VIII-50
Check of Compressive Stresses

36 37
 Post-Tensioning Institute post-Tensioning Institute
Chapter VIII ANCHORAGE ZONE DESIGN Post-Tensioning Manual, 6m Edition Post-Tensioning Manual, 6mEdition ANCHORAGE ZONE DESIGN Chapter VIII

6_6 Box Girder Bridge with Internal Tendons

100 1175 a
16460 N
~

o o .",..- _ _ 1 r-
...
o
CIJ
Ol
CIJ
Ol o
...
LD _ -:/ ~ 1 f- 41838 kN <D

-%-305
-f
I
I
J
TT
a
...
CO
31620 kN.;..j...--.J--:-- -
I /'
/'
--I
- to
_-~- -~4-9-k-N-+
~

I I
II
31620kN I~? -
LD -I---'I-T~,-- - - ~- - -I1
-i -305 0
OJ 0:i
C')
o
co -......... ~
f- '""
LD
<Xl

::::: - - : : : . - - - J
v
'I 31620kN~~~
I -.........
I
"" 0:;:!~
j LD
CO " 1
I'-
1
1220 890 2615 3505 3505 2615 890 1220 -...L _ _ 1:;~70 kN
j
'------+
LD
OJ
A = 9.01 m2 1= 6.216 m4
Yt= 909 mm St= 6.839 m 3
Yb= 1,226 mm Sb=5.077 m 3 a) Strut-and-Tie Model b) System f or Computer Analysis

Fig. VIII-51
Box Girder Bridge with Internal Tendons Fig. VIII-54
Strut-and-Tie Model for Box Girder Web
6.6.1 Introduction
• The factored tendon forces are determined for a jack- stres~ed tendons ~re anchored off at 0.70 Apsf~. The
A four-cell box girder bridge (five webs) is post- ing force of 0.75 Aps xf~ and a load factor of 1.2. requITed cross-sectlOnal area for web bursting reinforce-
tensioned with three 27-15.2 mm strand tendons per web. ment then becomes:
• Stress resultants at the end of the general zone have
Geometry, post-tensioning data, and cross sectional prop-
been determined for the stresses acting on the top
erties are shown in Figs. VIII-51, VIII-52, and VIII-53.
flange, bottom flange, and for the two web portions
above and below the centroid of the tendon force 2
6.6.2 Vertical Strut-and-Tie Model for Webs A s.web 10,122 mm 4744 mm 2/ m
resultant. :=: :=:,
The construction of the strut-and tie model shown in 2.135 m
• The location of the bursting tie has been selected at
Fig. VIII-54 follows similar steps as those outlined for the This reinforcement is distributed uniformly over a dis-
approximately 0.6 h = 0.6 x 2,135 = 1,275 mm ahead
examples in Sections 6.3 and 6.4. The following consider- tance equal to the depth h of the member. The first tie is
of the bearing plates, where h is the depth of the box
ations also apply: placed about O.lh in front of the bearing plates
girder.
• The strut and tie forces shown in Figure VIII-54 are (Fig. VIII-57). The reinforcement requirement per unit
• The local zone nodes have been placed at approxi-
those acting on the complete box girder length:
Fig. VIII-52 mately 0.05 h "" 100 nun ahead of the bearing plates.
(5 girders x 3 tendons). Partial Plan View of Box Girder .. Provide 15 022 stirrups @ 150 mm each web
This gives an internal lever arm z equal to 0.55 h or
• The vertical tendon anchorage components and the 1,175 mm. (= 5,160 mm2/m/web).
reaction forces from gravity loads have been neg- 3
The web bursting forces ·shown in Fig. VIII-54a have A 1.2 x 5,270 x 10 N X 0.02 2
lected. It has been assumed that the reaction forces spall :=: 08 42 / 2 :=: 354 mm / web
been determined by computer analysis for the truss system .5x ON mm
from gravity loads act at the end diaphragm and rriiv__:27-15.2 mm strand tendon shown in Fig. VIII-54b. Note that a statically detenninate
below each web. The reaction forces are activated as Gr 1860 MPa (typ) 6.6.4 Spalling Reinforcement
jacking force @ 0.75 f's : system has been selected to make the results independent
the girder lifts off the falsework when the tendons o
co A nominal amount of reinforcement sufficient to resist
v 5270 kN/tendon of member stiffnesses. Alternatively the critical bursting
are stressed. It also has been assumed that the reac- 2% of the maximum tendon force has to be provided
anchor force @ 0.70 fs : force could be detennined graphically or by taking
tion forces will be of similar magnitude as the verti- 4920 kN/tendon (Section 5.4.2):
moments about node a.
cal tendon anchorage force components. The two
fei= 28 MPa .. Add 1 022 stirrup/web (774 mm2/web)
sets of forces will then more or less cancel each Fc = 31 MPa
6.6.3 Web Bursting Reinforcement
other.
The bursting forces shown in Fig. VIII-54a can be 6.6.5 Top Flange Bursting Force
• The centroid of all post-tensioning forces coincides
slightly reduced if one considers that only one tendon at a As the tendon anchorage forces spread out they also
with the centroid of the box girder cross section. This
time is stressed to 0.75 Apsf~ while all other already have to disperse horizontally in the top and bottom slabs.
leads to a uniform stress distribution at the end ofthe Fig. VIII-53
This generates horizontal bursting stresses in the slabs in
tendon anchorage zone. Box Girder Tendon Arrangement
addition to the vertical bursting stresses in the webs.

A _ 18,908x1Q3 N 2xO.70+0.75 Fig. VIII-55 shows a strut-and-tie model for one half of
the synunetric top slab. Also shown are the shear and
s,web - 0.85 x 420 N / mm 2 x 5 webs x '< 3 x 0.75
moment diagrams based on the deep beam analogy
:=: 10,122 mm 2 / web (Section 5.5.3).

38 39
 Post-Tensioning Institute post-Tensioning Institute
Chapter VIII ANCHORAGE ZONE DESIGN Post-Tensioning Manual, 6m Edition Post-Tensioning Manual, 6mEdition ANCHORAGE ZONE DESIGN Chapter VIII

6_6 Box Girder Bridge with Internal Tendons

100 1175 a
16460 N
~

o o .",..- _ _ 1 r-
...
o
CIJ
Ol
CIJ
Ol o
...
LD _ -:/ ~ 1 f- 41838 kN <D

-%-305
-f
I
I
J
TT
a
...
CO
31620 kN.;..j...--.J--:-- -
I /'
/'
--I
- to
_-~- -~4-9-k-N-+
~

I I
II
31620kN I~? -
LD -I---'I-T~,-- - - ~- - -I1
-i -305 0
OJ 0:i
C')
o
co -......... ~
f- '""
LD
<Xl

::::: - - : : : . - - - J
v
'I 31620kN~~~
I -.........
I
"" 0:;:!~
j LD
CO " 1
I'-
1
1220 890 2615 3505 3505 2615 890 1220 -...L _ _ 1:;~70 kN
j
'------+
LD
OJ
A = 9.01 m2 1= 6.216 m4
Yt= 909 mm St= 6.839 m 3
Yb= 1,226 mm Sb=5.077 m 3 a) Strut-and-Tie Model b) System f or Computer Analysis

Fig. VIII-51
Box Girder Bridge with Internal Tendons Fig. VIII-54
Strut-and-Tie Model for Box Girder Web
6.6.1 Introduction
• The factored tendon forces are determined for a jack- stres~ed tendons ~re anchored off at 0.70 Apsf~. The
A four-cell box girder bridge (five webs) is post- ing force of 0.75 Aps xf~ and a load factor of 1.2. requITed cross-sectlOnal area for web bursting reinforce-
tensioned with three 27-15.2 mm strand tendons per web. ment then becomes:
• Stress resultants at the end of the general zone have
Geometry, post-tensioning data, and cross sectional prop-
been determined for the stresses acting on the top
erties are shown in Figs. VIII-51, VIII-52, and VIII-53.
flange, bottom flange, and for the two web portions
above and below the centroid of the tendon force 2
6.6.2 Vertical Strut-and-Tie Model for Webs A s.web 10,122 mm 4744 mm 2/ m
resultant. :=: :=:,
The construction of the strut-and tie model shown in 2.135 m
• The location of the bursting tie has been selected at
Fig. VIII-54 follows similar steps as those outlined for the This reinforcement is distributed uniformly over a dis-
approximately 0.6 h = 0.6 x 2,135 = 1,275 mm ahead
examples in Sections 6.3 and 6.4. The following consider- tance equal to the depth h of the member. The first tie is
of the bearing plates, where h is the depth of the box
ations also apply: placed about O.lh in front of the bearing plates
girder.
• The strut and tie forces shown in Figure VIII-54 are (Fig. VIII-57). The reinforcement requirement per unit
• The local zone nodes have been placed at approxi-
those acting on the complete box girder length:
Fig. VIII-52 mately 0.05 h "" 100 nun ahead of the bearing plates.
(5 girders x 3 tendons). Partial Plan View of Box Girder .. Provide 15 022 stirrups @ 150 mm each web
This gives an internal lever arm z equal to 0.55 h or
• The vertical tendon anchorage components and the 1,175 mm. (= 5,160 mm2/m/web).
reaction forces from gravity loads have been neg- 3
The web bursting forces ·shown in Fig. VIII-54a have A 1.2 x 5,270 x 10 N X 0.02 2
lected. It has been assumed that the reaction forces spall :=: 08 42 / 2 :=: 354 mm / web
been determined by computer analysis for the truss system .5x ON mm
from gravity loads act at the end diaphragm and rriiv__:27-15.2 mm strand tendon shown in Fig. VIII-54b. Note that a statically detenninate
below each web. The reaction forces are activated as Gr 1860 MPa (typ) 6.6.4 Spalling Reinforcement
jacking force @ 0.75 f's : system has been selected to make the results independent
the girder lifts off the falsework when the tendons o
co A nominal amount of reinforcement sufficient to resist
v 5270 kN/tendon of member stiffnesses. Alternatively the critical bursting
are stressed. It also has been assumed that the reac- 2% of the maximum tendon force has to be provided
anchor force @ 0.70 fs : force could be detennined graphically or by taking
tion forces will be of similar magnitude as the verti- 4920 kN/tendon (Section 5.4.2):
moments about node a.
cal tendon anchorage force components. The two
fei= 28 MPa .. Add 1 022 stirrup/web (774 mm2/web)
sets of forces will then more or less cancel each Fc = 31 MPa
6.6.3 Web Bursting Reinforcement
other.
The bursting forces shown in Fig. VIII-54a can be 6.6.5 Top Flange Bursting Force
• The centroid of all post-tensioning forces coincides
slightly reduced if one considers that only one tendon at a As the tendon anchorage forces spread out they also
with the centroid of the box girder cross section. This
time is stressed to 0.75 Apsf~ while all other already have to disperse horizontally in the top and bottom slabs.
leads to a uniform stress distribution at the end ofthe Fig. VIII-53
This generates horizontal bursting stresses in the slabs in
tendon anchorage zone. Box Girder Tendon Arrangement
addition to the vertical bursting stresses in the webs.

A _ 18,908x1Q3 N 2xO.70+0.75 Fig. VIII-55 shows a strut-and-tie model for one half of
the synunetric top slab. Also shown are the shear and
s,web - 0.85 x 420 N / mm 2 x 5 webs x '< 3 x 0.75
moment diagrams based on the deep beam analogy
:=: 10,122 mm 2 / web (Section 5.5.3).

38 39
 Post-Tensioning Institute ::1 post-Tensioning Institute
Chapter VIII ANCHORAGE ZONE DESIGN Post-Tensioning Manual, 6'" Edition post-Tensioning Manual, 6'" Edition ANCHORAGE ZONE DESIGN Chapter VIII

• The forces introduced into the top slab per web are A similar result is obtained from the deep beam 6.6.7 Bottom Slab Reinforcement 6.6.8 Reinforcement Arrangement
41,838 kN/5 webs = 8,367 kN/web. These forces are analogy. With the maximwn moment of 5,426 kNm The bottom slab strut-and-tie model shown in Fig. VIII-57 illustrates the general anchorage zone
applied to the slab at the location of the vertical tie (Fig. VIII-55b) and an intemallever arm of z = 1,930 mm, Fig. VIII-56 has been constructed in a similar manner as reinforcement layout in web and flanges. Also shown is the
force resultant at 0.6 h=1,275mm. the maximum tension tie force is: described in Section 6.6.5 for the top slab. The correspon- local anchorage zone spiral confinement reinforcement. .
• The shear diagram and moment diagram for the deep ding reinforcement requirement is: The end diaphragm is thin compared to the length of
== 5,426 kNm = 2811 kN
beam analogy were calculated by simple statics.
~II"" 1.93 m ' 5,371 x 10 N 3
2
the general zone. Therefore it does not affect the design of
• The stress resultant forces for the strut-and-tie model A == 2 == 7,047 mm 1m the general zone. Bursting reinforcement must be provided
s 0.85x420Nlmm x2.135m
were determined by integrating the stress diagram within the diaphragm as well as in the webs ahead of the
6.6.6 Top Slab Bursting Reinforcement
between points of zero longitudinal shear in the deep :. Provide 15025 @ 150 nm1 top & bottom diaphragm.
beam model. The rdnforcement requirement corresponding to the (6,800 mm 2/m).
tensile force calculated above is: local anchorage 15019 @ 150 mm (T&B)
• The intemallever arm was chosen as 0.55 times the dis- The selected reinforcement is about 4% short of the zone reinfo rcement
r
tance between the webs, z=0.55x3,505nun=1,930mm. A == 2,811 x 10 N
3

2
==7874mm2 required amount. This is considered acceptable for the
following reasons: ~
.I I
Fig. VIII-55c shows the geometry of the truss system s 0.85x420Nlmm ' -' -j
representing the strut-and-tie model for computer analysis.
It is recommended to use statically detenninate systems to
This reinforcement is to be distributed over a length
equal to h = 2.135 m, resulting in
1) The strut-and-tie model could be refined by repre-
senting the forces introduced at the web-bottom slab "f-,-i:-=-~-=--_ --1I
avoid the difficulty of having to assess stiffness properties
for the members. In Fig. VIII-55c dash-dotted lines indi- 2
3688 mm 2 I m
A == 7,874 mm ==,
junction by two equal forces at the quarter points of
the web width. Each force would then be one-half of J)t-i-.-- __ -~
~-J3---.-
cate zero-force members, which have been added to make 2.135 m 4,915 kN and would more accurately represent the
the system stable. The reSUlting tie forces are shown in Fig.
s
distribution of these forces over the width of the slab. I
:. Provide 15 019 @ 150 mm top & bottom .~
VIII-55a. The maximum tension force is 2,819 kN.
(= 3,786 mm2/m).
This refinement would reduce the bursting forces. f-- IL
2) The applied tendon forces did not take into account . _____
~J
. I
that the tendons will be stressed individually and that
305 1930 Pjack applies only to one tendon, while the other
15025 @ 150 mm (T&B) II
~~----~-------+----~ stressed tendons are anchored off at a lower force. ~ /' 150221[ @150mm
o (each web)
C\I
C\I
3082 Fig.VII/-57

r
8367 kN Box Girder Anchorage Zone Reinforcement
r
I en 1580
1930

I <0

--]
L()
o
L()
342 kN
I
~t
(')

4573 342
I
(')
(')
"<t
4915 kN
I
'- -
......... z l
z ......... ~ J
L()
I -'" - <0
L()

8367 kN
I
"<t
"<t
C\I 00
<0
, C\I
C\I

I I
/
C\I

I
L()
o
L()
(')
I
I
z
-'"
en
='
""'--1-
,
--
.
- -
.........
~

-1
,
338 kN en
<Xl

4577 338

I
L
\ ......... ~
l
00
C\I
C\I

sym z
-'" I ,
2539 kN/m
;:::.
(')
L() \ I ,
shear [kN] moment [kNm]
__ )l-i 2457 kN

a) Strut-and-Tie Model b) Deep Beam Model c) System for

Computer Analysis sym. 4915 kN
L
--- . . . . . - - =t=-=--]-
~--- 2457 2457
_ -L __ ~I ___ -1
2007 kN/m
Fig.VII/-55
shear [kN]
Box Girder Top Slab Anchorage Zone Design
a) Strut-and-Tie Model b) Shear Diagram for Deep Beam Model

Fig.VII/-56
Box Girder Bottom Slab Anchorage Zone Design

40 41
 Post-Tensioning Institute ::1 post-Tensioning Institute
Chapter VIII ANCHORAGE ZONE DESIGN Post-Tensioning Manual, 6'" Edition post-Tensioning Manual, 6'" Edition ANCHORAGE ZONE DESIGN Chapter VIII

• The forces introduced into the top slab per web are A similar result is obtained from the deep beam 6.6.7 Bottom Slab Reinforcement 6.6.8 Reinforcement Arrangement
41,838 kN/5 webs = 8,367 kN/web. These forces are analogy. With the maximwn moment of 5,426 kNm The bottom slab strut-and-tie model shown in Fig. VIII-57 illustrates the general anchorage zone
applied to the slab at the location of the vertical tie (Fig. VIII-55b) and an intemallever arm of z = 1,930 mm, Fig. VIII-56 has been constructed in a similar manner as reinforcement layout in web and flanges. Also shown is the
force resultant at 0.6 h=1,275mm. the maximum tension tie force is: described in Section 6.6.5 for the top slab. The correspon- local anchorage zone spiral confinement reinforcement. .
• The shear diagram and moment diagram for the deep ding reinforcement requirement is: The end diaphragm is thin compared to the length of
== 5,426 kNm = 2811 kN
beam analogy were calculated by simple statics.
~II"" 1.93 m ' 5,371 x 10 N 3
2
the general zone. Therefore it does not affect the design of
• The stress resultant forces for the strut-and-tie model A == 2 == 7,047 mm 1m the general zone. Bursting reinforcement must be provided
s 0.85x420Nlmm x2.135m
were determined by integrating the stress diagram within the diaphragm as well as in the webs ahead of the
6.6.6 Top Slab Bursting Reinforcement
between points of zero longitudinal shear in the deep :. Provide 15025 @ 150 nm1 top & bottom diaphragm.
beam model. The rdnforcement requirement corresponding to the (6,800 mm 2/m).
tensile force calculated above is: local anchorage 15019 @ 150 mm (T&B)
• The intemallever arm was chosen as 0.55 times the dis- The selected reinforcement is about 4% short of the zone reinfo rcement
r
tance between the webs, z=0.55x3,505nun=1,930mm. A == 2,811 x 10 N
3

2
==7874mm2 required amount. This is considered acceptable for the
following reasons: ~
.I I
Fig. VIII-55c shows the geometry of the truss system s 0.85x420Nlmm ' -' -j
representing the strut-and-tie model for computer analysis.
It is recommended to use statically detenninate systems to
This reinforcement is to be distributed over a length
equal to h = 2.135 m, resulting in
1) The strut-and-tie model could be refined by repre-
senting the forces introduced at the web-bottom slab "f-,-i:-=-~-=--_ --1I
avoid the difficulty of having to assess stiffness properties
for the members. In Fig. VIII-55c dash-dotted lines indi- 2
3688 mm 2 I m
A == 7,874 mm ==,
junction by two equal forces at the quarter points of
the web width. Each force would then be one-half of J)t-i-.-- __ -~
~-J3---.-
cate zero-force members, which have been added to make 2.135 m 4,915 kN and would more accurately represent the
the system stable. The reSUlting tie forces are shown in Fig.
s
distribution of these forces over the width of the slab. I
:. Provide 15 019 @ 150 mm top & bottom .~
VIII-55a. The maximum tension force is 2,819 kN.
(= 3,786 mm2/m).
This refinement would reduce the bursting forces. f-- IL
2) The applied tendon forces did not take into account . _____
~J
. I
that the tendons will be stressed individually and that
305 1930 Pjack applies only to one tendon, while the other
15025 @ 150 mm (T&B) II
~~----~-------+----~ stressed tendons are anchored off at a lower force. ~ /' 150221[ @150mm
o (each web)
C\I
C\I
3082 Fig.VII/-57

r
8367 kN Box Girder Anchorage Zone Reinforcement
r
I en 1580
1930

I <0

--]
L()
o
L()
342 kN
I
~t
(')

4573 342
I
(')
(')
"<t
4915 kN
I
'- -
......... z l
z ......... ~ J
L()
I -'" - <0
L()

8367 kN
I
"<t
"<t
C\I 00
<0
, C\I
C\I

I I
/
C\I

I
L()
o
L()
(')
I
I
z
-'"
en
='
""'--1-
,
--
.
- -
.........
~

-1
,
338 kN en
<Xl

4577 338

I
L
\ ......... ~
l
00
C\I
C\I

sym z
-'" I ,
2539 kN/m
;:::.
(')
L() \ I ,
shear [kN] moment [kNm]
__ )l-i 2457 kN

a) Strut-and-Tie Model b) Deep Beam Model c) System for

Computer Analysis sym. 4915 kN
L
--- . . . . . - - =t=-=--]-
~--- 2457 2457
_ -L __ ~I ___ -1
2007 kN/m
Fig.VII/-55
shear [kN]
Box Girder Top Slab Anchorage Zone Design
a) Strut-and-Tie Model b) Shear Diagram for Deep Beam Model

Fig.VII/-56
Box Girder Bottom Slab Anchorage Zone Design

40 41
I----------------------~~~

:T <_ ..
Post-Tensioning Institute Post-Tensioning Institute
Chapter VIII ANCHORAGE ZONE DESIGN Post-Tensioning Manual, 6- Edition Post-Tensioning Manual, 6" Edition ANCHORAGE ZONE DESIGN Chapter VIII

6.6.9 Compressive Stresses The following options are available: 6.7 Cantilever Bent with Loop Tendons
Frequently the check of compressive stresses can be 1) Increase tendon anchorage spacing from 460 mm to
6250
omitted, provided the anchorage spacing is sufficiently 490mm.
3810 610 1830
large and that there is no abrupt change in cross section. In 2) Increase diaphragm thickness from 800mm to
the present case, considering the small thickness of the end \
900mm.
diaphragm and the small anchorage spacing, a check of the bearing plate
3) Increase width of web flare from 610mm to 630mm. 280 x 280
compressive stresses is required.
4) Increase concrete cylinder strength at time of tendon
A convenient expedient for this check is illustrated in tendons: 19 x 12.7mm strands
stressing from 28 MPa to 30 MPa. LO
Gr 1860 MPa
Fig. VIII-58. An effective bearing surface can be deter- C\l
LO

mined by assumIng the compressive stresses spread out at ~ack= 2,800 kN

f'ci = 28 MPa
a 1:3 angle. In reality the compressive stresses disperse
more rapidly than this. However, near the anchorages the Tendon T1 is stressed first and
prior to erection of bridge girders.
stress distribution is very non-linear and the 1:3 angle
Consider construction stage
gives a better approximation of the peak compressive "Stressing Tendon T1" only.
stress(3). With this approach the effective concrete area at
the end of the diaphragm is:
(115 2 x 70) Elevation
3 2
Anel = 1,768 x 610 - 3 x = 1,047 X 10 mm
4
Fig VIII-59
Using a load factor of 1.2 and considering that the ten-
dons are not stressed simultaneously, the maximum con-
crete stress in the web immediately ahead of the end
LO
C;;
+----/-- ~1
-- ~ :~:.:
....... --l 6.7.1 Introduction
Cantilever Pier Geometry and Stressing DatCl.

A box girder bridge is supported on a cantilever pier.

Loop tendon T] is stressed prior to erection of the box
girder. Tendons T2 and T3 are stressed after loads from the
diaphragm is:
>
I Fig. VIII-59 shows geometry and tendon stressing data. box girder have been transferred to the supporting pier. In
this example, only the construction stage stressing of ten-
1.2x(5,270+2x4,920)xl0 3 N
I ~
The post tensioning layout for the tendons is shown in
fea = 3 2 = 17.3 MPa Fig. VIII-60. The geometry is complex and requires evalu- don T] is considered.
1,047 x 10 mm
The available concrete strength perAASHTO Standard
o
CD
"<t
> I ation of the force transfer in several directions.
6.7.2 Horizontal Load Path at Loop
Specifications for Highway Bridges: I A strut-and-tie model for the flow of forces at the loop
¢v f'ei = 0.85x 0.7x28 MPa = 16.7 MPa I anchorage is shown ill Fig. VIII -61 a. The radial deviation
force along the loop is:
.'. The concrete stress under factored loads at the face
of the diaphragm is approximately 4% over the avail- ~ = 2,800 kN = 3 809 leN / m
able concrete strength and the design should be ~
-1111----1- C') R 0.735 m '
Fig. VIII-58
o
revised. Compressive Stresses in Box Girder Anchorage Zone co
C') 25% of this force has to be tied back into the region of
the structure outside of the tendon curvature (Section
5.6.4). This requires a steel area per unit length of:
3
As >
-
0.25 x 3,809 x 10 N / m = 3 778
2'
2 /
mm m
0.6x420N/mm
Elevation
The reinforcement requirement per 90 0 turn with a
radius ofR=735 mm is:
. mm 2 n 2
As =3,778 - - xO.735mx-=4,360 mm
m 2
This 25% tie-back reinforcement requirement controls
over the strength requirement to tie back the 933 leN force
shown in Fig. VIII-61a.
:. Provide 14016 stirrups per corner (5,600mm2).

Fig. VIII-60
Cantilever Pier Tendon Layout

42 43
. )
I----------------------~~~

:T <_ ..
Post-Tensioning Institute Post-Tensioning Institute
Chapter VIII ANCHORAGE ZONE DESIGN Post-Tensioning Manual, 6- Edition Post-Tensioning Manual, 6" Edition ANCHORAGE ZONE DESIGN Chapter VIII

6.6.9 Compressive Stresses The following options are available: 6.7 Cantilever Bent with Loop Tendons
Frequently the check of compressive stresses can be 1) Increase tendon anchorage spacing from 460 mm to
6250
omitted, provided the anchorage spacing is sufficiently 490mm.
3810 610 1830
large and that there is no abrupt change in cross section. In 2) Increase diaphragm thickness from 800mm to
the present case, considering the small thickness of the end \
900mm.
diaphragm and the small anchorage spacing, a check of the bearing plate
3) Increase width of web flare from 610mm to 630mm. 280 x 280
compressive stresses is required.
4) Increase concrete cylinder strength at time of tendon
A convenient expedient for this check is illustrated in tendons: 19 x 12.7mm strands
stressing from 28 MPa to 30 MPa. LO
Gr 1860 MPa
Fig. VIII-58. An effective bearing surface can be deter- C\l
LO

mined by assumIng the compressive stresses spread out at ~ack= 2,800 kN

f'ci = 28 MPa
a 1:3 angle. In reality the compressive stresses disperse
more rapidly than this. However, near the anchorages the Tendon T1 is stressed first and
prior to erection of bridge girders.
stress distribution is very non-linear and the 1:3 angle
Consider construction stage
gives a better approximation of the peak compressive "Stressing Tendon T1" only.
stress(3). With this approach the effective concrete area at
the end of the diaphragm is:
(115 2 x 70) Elevation
3 2
Anel = 1,768 x 610 - 3 x = 1,047 X 10 mm
4
Fig VIII-59
Using a load factor of 1.2 and considering that the ten-
dons are not stressed simultaneously, the maximum con-
crete stress in the web immediately ahead of the end
LO
C;;
+----/-- ~1
-- ~ :~:.:
....... --l 6.7.1 Introduction
Cantilever Pier Geometry and Stressing DatCl.

A box girder bridge is supported on a cantilever pier.

Loop tendon T] is stressed prior to erection of the box
girder. Tendons T2 and T3 are stressed after loads from the
diaphragm is:
>
I Fig. VIII-59 shows geometry and tendon stressing data. box girder have been transferred to the supporting pier. In
this example, only the construction stage stressing of ten-
1.2x(5,270+2x4,920)xl0 3 N
I ~
The post tensioning layout for the tendons is shown in
fea = 3 2 = 17.3 MPa Fig. VIII-60. The geometry is complex and requires evalu- don T] is considered.
1,047 x 10 mm
The available concrete strength perAASHTO Standard
o
CD
"<t
> I ation of the force transfer in several directions.
6.7.2 Horizontal Load Path at Loop
Specifications for Highway Bridges: I A strut-and-tie model for the flow of forces at the loop
¢v f'ei = 0.85x 0.7x28 MPa = 16.7 MPa I anchorage is shown ill Fig. VIII -61 a. The radial deviation
force along the loop is:
.'. The concrete stress under factored loads at the face
of the diaphragm is approximately 4% over the avail- ~ = 2,800 kN = 3 809 leN / m
able concrete strength and the design should be ~
-1111----1- C') R 0.735 m '
Fig. VIII-58
o
revised. Compressive Stresses in Box Girder Anchorage Zone co
C') 25% of this force has to be tied back into the region of
the structure outside of the tendon curvature (Section
5.6.4). This requires a steel area per unit length of:
3
As >
-
0.25 x 3,809 x 10 N / m = 3 778
2'
2 /
mm m
0.6x420N/mm
Elevation
The reinforcement requirement per 90 0 turn with a
radius ofR=735 mm is:
. mm 2 n 2
As =3,778 - - xO.735mx-=4,360 mm
m 2
This 25% tie-back reinforcement requirement controls
over the strength requirement to tie back the 933 leN force
shown in Fig. VIII-61a.
:. Provide 14016 stirrups per corner (5,600mm2).

Fig. VIII-60
Cantilever Pier Tendon Layout

42 43
. )
--------------

Post-Tensioning Institute Post-Tensioning Institute

Chapter VIII ANCHORAGE ZONE DESIGN Post-Tensioning Manual, 6" Edition Post-Tensioning Manual, 6" Edition ANCHORAGE ZONE DESIGN Chapter VIII

6.7.3 Horizontal Load Path at Stressing Anchors
A strut.and·tie model at the stressing anchorages is
shown in Fig. VIII·61b. The following was considered in
the construction and evaluation ofthis model:
• The tendon anchorages are widely spaced and, there·
fore, will create horizontal tensile forces at the
loaded edge in addition to the bursting forces ahead
of the individual anchorages (see Section 5.6.6).
• The length of the general zone is equal to the width
of the member (h =1,830mm).
• At the end of the general zone the stress distribution
in the horizontal direction is uniform (3,672 kN/m).
Fig. VIII·6lb shows two strut·and·tie models. The
basic model shown in the bottom half is adequate to visu·
alize and determine the tension force at the loaded face.
This force may be determined either by drawing the force
polygon at node b, as shown in the figure, or may be cal·
culated by summing moments about node c, assuming an
internal lever arm z = 0.5h = 915 mm.
T = 3,360 kNx (457 -305)mm = 560kN
d the plane of the loop is also effective in resisting the loop
ege 915112112
r--
(Q
The corresponding reinforcement requirement: The 560 kN tension force along the loaded edge would The reinforcement to resist this splitting force is pro·
3 not be recognized with Guyon's approach. vided by the tie·back reinforcement calculated in Section
A > 560 X10 N 1,568 mm2 6.7.2. The vertical legs of the 2 x 14016, which are posi·
0.85 x 420 N / 112m2 Total reinforcement requirement:
sl -
tioned in front of the loop, provide 5,572 mrn 2
The refined strut·and·tie model, shown in the top half
As = Asl + As2 = 1,568 + 608 = 2,176 mm 2 (Fig. VIII·63). The remaining steel area will be covered by
the vertical edge tie T2 reinforcement.
of the plan view in addition captures the horizontal burst· :. Use 2 x 4019 @ 150 mm spacing (2,272mm2).
ing force at distance e = 305 mm ahead of the bearing The reinforcement required to \esist the edge tensile
plate. The strut·and·tie model gives a bursting force of 6.7.4 Vertical Load Path at Cantilever force T2 is (Fig. VIII·62):
217 kN, resulting in a reinforcement requirement of:
Fig. VIII·62 shows a simplified strut·and·tie model for A = 1,188 kN = 3 328 mm 2
3
the distribution ofthe tendon force in the vertical direction. 0.85x0.42 kN /mm 2
A s2 > 217xl0 N _ 608 2 s,edge '
- - 112m
0.85 x 420 N / 112m2 • The self weight of the cantilever and the small ten·
:. Provide 6 022 stirrups (4,644 mm2).
don inclination have been neglected.
It is noted that the bursting force obtained from the The reinforcement arrangement is shown in
• Tensile edge force T] has been obtained by integrat.
strut·and·tie model is much less than the more conserva· Fig. VIII·63. The required total amount of reinforce·
ing the tensile stresses in the stress diagram at the
tive Guyon's symmetrical prism approach (Section 5.4.1). ment is 7,392 + 3,328 = 10,720 mrn 2. Provided is
end of the anchorage zone. The inclination of strut C
Eq. (5.1) would predict a bursting force of: 12022 +4 x 7016= 10,244mm2.
can be found from the force polygon shown in Fig.
T =. 4P" x (1 - 2eb)
bl/rst
VIII·62. The 5% deficiency is acceptable since the straight
addition of the reinforcement required for vertical edge
• At node a the inclination of the compressive strut
tension force and for loop splitting force is conservative. In
was chosen arbitrarily such that it halves angle (J.,
= 3,360 kN X(l- 280mm ) = 553 kN reality, the edge tension reinforcement extending through
4 2x305mm between the tension ties joining at the node.
The splitting force perpendicular to the plane of the splitting force.
loop is given by Eq. (5.8):
It is noted that with massive concrete members, such as
T . = P" x 7T: = 1.2 x 2,800 x 7T: = 2 639 kN the cantilever bent presented in this example, ignoring the
spill 4 4 ' concrete tensile strength leads to very conservative results.
~
-'" 0.5h=915
For example, the 1,189 kN tensile force at the end of the
C\l The required loop bursting steel area is: anchorage (Fig. VIII·62) will require a relatively large
0 C\l
r-- 305 0.05h=91
co (Q

----,
4571 kN C')
T"
l!l C') amount of reinforcement, yet the maximum concrete ten·
A 2,639 leN . = 7,3921121122
~f-660 sile stress of 2.2 MPa is well below the cracking strength.

"!-J
'-
l!l
0
C')
s,split = 0.85 x 0.42kN / 112m2
However, it is prudent to ignore the concrete tensile
2240 ~ top:
strength due to its unreliability and the potential for can·
,---1 -'2700
I
l!l
en
r--
0
(0
refined model
crete cracking :fi:om other load cases.
oC')
co 1-'
I
---i f- 0
(Q
l!l
sy~.

6----~ ~
2700
l!l
en
r--
bottom: 1-------2495 - - - - - - 1
basic model
distance to centroid of loop
- b 3300]1 -5.7 MPa
~r-660
0
co note: factored loads I
T"
I 1830
- - _
- - - - --r- -.--1---
C=7869kN

/
~~
~

660 kN
C;:t::-=,
C\I
---- ----
T2 = 1188 kN
/
0./2/ T"
(Q
o
C\l
1120
node a node d oriented to coincide with
centroid of reinforcement

a) At Loop b) At Live Ends

Fig. VIII-61
.. P

C
Horizontal Strut-and-Tie Model for Cantilever Pier with Looped Tendon

Fig. VIII-62
Vertical Strut-and-Tie Model for Pier Cantilever with Looped Tendon

44 45
--------------

Post-Tensioning Institute Post-Tensioning Institute

Chapter VIII ANCHORAGE ZONE DESIGN Post-Tensioning Manual, 6" Edition Post-Tensioning Manual, 6" Edition ANCHORAGE ZONE DESIGN Chapter VIII

6.7.3 Horizontal Load Path at Stressing Anchors
A strut.and·tie model at the stressing anchorages is
shown in Fig. VIII·61b. The following was considered in
the construction and evaluation ofthis model:
• The tendon anchorages are widely spaced and, there·
fore, will create horizontal tensile forces at the
loaded edge in addition to the bursting forces ahead
of the individual anchorages (see Section 5.6.6).
• The length of the general zone is equal to the width
of the member (h =1,830mm).
• At the end of the general zone the stress distribution
in the horizontal direction is uniform (3,672 kN/m).
Fig. VIII·6lb shows two strut·and·tie models. The
basic model shown in the bottom half is adequate to visu·
alize and determine the tension force at the loaded face.
This force may be determined either by drawing the force
polygon at node b, as shown in the figure, or may be cal·
culated by summing moments about node c, assuming an
internal lever arm z = 0.5h = 915 mm.
T = 3,360 kNx (457 -305)mm = 560kN
d the plane of the loop is also effective in resisting the loop
ege 915112112
r--
(Q
The corresponding reinforcement requirement: The 560 kN tension force along the loaded edge would The reinforcement to resist this splitting force is pro·
3 not be recognized with Guyon's approach. vided by the tie·back reinforcement calculated in Section
A > 560 X10 N 1,568 mm2 6.7.2. The vertical legs of the 2 x 14016, which are posi·
0.85 x 420 N / 112m2 Total reinforcement requirement:
sl -
tioned in front of the loop, provide 5,572 mrn 2
The refined strut·and·tie model, shown in the top half
As = Asl + As2 = 1,568 + 608 = 2,176 mm 2 (Fig. VIII·63). The remaining steel area will be covered by
the vertical edge tie T2 reinforcement.
of the plan view in addition captures the horizontal burst· :. Use 2 x 4019 @ 150 mm spacing (2,272mm2).
ing force at distance e = 305 mm ahead of the bearing The reinforcement required to \esist the edge tensile
plate. The strut·and·tie model gives a bursting force of 6.7.4 Vertical Load Path at Cantilever force T2 is (Fig. VIII·62):
217 kN, resulting in a reinforcement requirement of:
Fig. VIII·62 shows a simplified strut·and·tie model for A = 1,188 kN = 3 328 mm 2
3
the distribution ofthe tendon force in the vertical direction. 0.85x0.42 kN /mm 2
A s2 > 217xl0 N _ 608 2 s,edge '
- - 112m
0.85 x 420 N / 112m2 • The self weight of the cantilever and the small ten·
:. Provide 6 022 stirrups (4,644 mm2).
don inclination have been neglected.
It is noted that the bursting force obtained from the The reinforcement arrangement is shown in
• Tensile edge force T] has been obtained by integrat.
strut·and·tie model is much less than the more conserva· Fig. VIII·63. The required total amount of reinforce·
ing the tensile stresses in the stress diagram at the
tive Guyon's symmetrical prism approach (Section 5.4.1). ment is 7,392 + 3,328 = 10,720 mrn 2. Provided is
end of the anchorage zone. The inclination of strut C
Eq. (5.1) would predict a bursting force of: 12022 +4 x 7016= 10,244mm2.
can be found from the force polygon shown in Fig.
T =. 4P" x (1 - 2eb)
bl/rst
VIII·62. The 5% deficiency is acceptable since the straight
addition of the reinforcement required for vertical edge
• At node a the inclination of the compressive strut
tension force and for loop splitting force is conservative. In
was chosen arbitrarily such that it halves angle (J.,
= 3,360 kN X(l- 280mm ) = 553 kN reality, the edge tension reinforcement extending through
4 2x305mm between the tension ties joining at the node.
The splitting force perpendicular to the plane of the splitting force.
loop is given by Eq. (5.8):
It is noted that with massive concrete members, such as
T . = P" x 7T: = 1.2 x 2,800 x 7T: = 2 639 kN the cantilever bent presented in this example, ignoring the
spill 4 4 ' concrete tensile strength leads to very conservative results.
~
-'" 0.5h=915
For example, the 1,189 kN tensile force at the end of the
C\l The required loop bursting steel area is: anchorage (Fig. VIII·62) will require a relatively large
0 C\l
r-- 305 0.05h=91
co (Q

----,
4571 kN C')
T"
l!l C') amount of reinforcement, yet the maximum concrete ten·
A 2,639 leN . = 7,3921121122
~f-660 sile stress of 2.2 MPa is well below the cracking strength.

"!-J
'-
l!l
0
C')
s,split = 0.85 x 0.42kN / 112m2
However, it is prudent to ignore the concrete tensile
2240 ~ top:
strength due to its unreliability and the potential for can·
,---1 -'2700
I
l!l
en
r--
0
(0
refined model
crete cracking :fi:om other load cases.
oC')
co 1-'
I
---i f- 0
(Q
l!l
sy~.

6----~ ~
2700
l!l
en
r--
bottom: 1-------2495 - - - - - - 1
basic model
distance to centroid of loop
- b 3300]1 -5.7 MPa
~r-660
0
co note: factored loads I
T"
I 1830
- - _
- - - - --r- -.--1---
C=7869kN

/
~~
~

660 kN
C;:t::-=,
C\I
---- ----
T2 = 1188 kN
/
0./2/ T"
(Q
o
C\l
1120
node a node d oriented to coincide with
centroid of reinforcement

a) At Loop b) At Live Ends

Fig. VIII-61
.. P

C
Horizontal Strut-and-Tie Model for Cantilever Pier with Looped Tendon

Fig. VIII-62
Vertical Strut-and-Tie Model for Pier Cantilever with Looped Tendon

44 45
 Post-Tensioning Institute
Chapter VIII ANCHORAGE ZONE DESIGN Post-Tensioning Manual, 6'h Edition

7 REFERENCES
(1) American Association of State Highway Transporta-
140'16 $0'220(6 total)
tion Officials (AASHTO), "Standard Specifications
140'16 for Highway Bridges", Sixteenth Edition, 1996.
(2) Post-Tensioning Institute (PTI) , "Acceptance Stan-
dards for Post-Tensioning Systems", PTI, 1999.
.,.
~A (3) Breen, IE., Burdet, 0., Roberts, C.L., Sanders, D.H., i

Wo1lmann, G.P., "Anchorage Zone Reinforcement for l'

,I
Post-Tensioned Concrete Girders", NCHRP Report I
';
356, Transportation Research Board, Washington, ", ~.

note: D.C., 1994.

additional surface (4) American Concrete Institute (ACI) 318-99, "Building
crack control
reinforcement Code Requirements for Reinforced Concrete", Amer-
not shown ican Concrete Institute, 1999.
(5) Rogowsky, D.M., Marti, P., "Detailing for Post-Ten-
Elevation sioning", VSL International, Berne, Switzerland,
1991.
(6) Hawkins, N.M., "The Bearing Strength of Concrete
Loaded Through Rigid Plates", Magazine of Concrete
Research, Vol. 20, No. 62, March 1968, pp. 31-40.
~22 (typ)
(7) Hawkins, N.M., "The Bearing Strength of Concrete
$0'16 (typ) Loaded Through Flexible Plates", Magazine of
Concrete Research, Vol. 20, No. 63, June 1968,
pp.95-102.
(8) Post-Tensioning Institute (PTI) , "Post-Tensioning
Manual", 5th Edition, 1990. '
(9) Federation International de 1a Precontrainte (FIP) ,
"Recommendations for Acceptance and Application
of Post-Tensioning Systems", March 1981.
(10) Roberts, c.L., "Behavior and Design of the Local
Anchorage Zone in Post-Tensioned Concrete", M.S.
Thesis, The University of Texas at Austin, May 1990.
Section A
(11) Sanders, D.H., "Design and Behavior of Anchorage
Zones in Post-Tensioned Concrete Members", Ph.D.
Dissertation, The University of Texas at Austin,
Fig. VIII-63 August 1990.
Cantilever Pier Anchorage Zone Reinforcement
(12) Sch1aich, 1, Schafer, K., Jennewein, M., "Toward a
Consistent Design of Structural Concrete", PCI Jour-
nal, Vol. 32, No.3, May-June 1987, pp. 74-151.
(13) Collins, M.P., Mitchell, D., "Prestressed Concrete
Structures", Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New
Jersey, 1990. ~~.
}
(14) Foster, S.l, Rogowsky, D.M., "Bursting Forces in
i
:j
Concrete Panels Resulting from In-Plane Concen- i
trated Loads", Magazine of Concrete Research, 1
'!
(accepted for publication). i
(15)Libby, lR., "Critique of a Post-Tensioned Roof Slab
'I
.',

Failure", Concrete International, Vol. 7, No. 10, Octo- !

ber 1985, pp. 28-32. :1
i
I

j'

. ~.
46
 Post-Tensioning Institute
Chapter VIII ANCHORAGE ZONE DESIGN Post-Tensioning Manual, 6'h Edition

7 REFERENCES
(1) American Association of State Highway Transporta-
140'16 $0'220(6 total)
tion Officials (AASHTO), "Standard Specifications
140'16 for Highway Bridges", Sixteenth Edition, 1996.
(2) Post-Tensioning Institute (PTI) , "Acceptance Stan-
dards for Post-Tensioning Systems", PTI, 1999.
.,.
~A (3) Breen, IE., Burdet, 0., Roberts, C.L., Sanders, D.H., i

Wo1lmann, G.P., "Anchorage Zone Reinforcement for l'

,I
Post-Tensioned Concrete Girders", NCHRP Report I
';
356, Transportation Research Board, Washington, ", ~.

note: D.C., 1994.

additional surface (4) American Concrete Institute (ACI) 318-99, "Building
crack control
reinforcement Code Requirements for Reinforced Concrete", Amer-
not shown ican Concrete Institute, 1999.
(5) Rogowsky, D.M., Marti, P., "Detailing for Post-Ten-
Elevation sioning", VSL International, Berne, Switzerland,
1991.
(6) Hawkins, N.M., "The Bearing Strength of Concrete
Loaded Through Rigid Plates", Magazine of Concrete
Research, Vol. 20, No. 62, March 1968, pp. 31-40.
~22 (typ)
(7) Hawkins, N.M., "The Bearing Strength of Concrete
$0'16 (typ) Loaded Through Flexible Plates", Magazine of
Concrete Research, Vol. 20, No. 63, June 1968,
pp.95-102.
(8) Post-Tensioning Institute (PTI) , "Post-Tensioning
Manual", 5th Edition, 1990. '
(9) Federation International de 1a Precontrainte (FIP) ,
"Recommendations for Acceptance and Application
of Post-Tensioning Systems", March 1981.
(10) Roberts, c.L., "Behavior and Design of the Local
Anchorage Zone in Post-Tensioned Concrete", M.S.
Thesis, The University of Texas at Austin, May 1990.
Section A
(11) Sanders, D.H., "Design and Behavior of Anchorage
Zones in Post-Tensioned Concrete Members", Ph.D.
Dissertation, The University of Texas at Austin,
Fig. VIII-63 August 1990.
Cantilever Pier Anchorage Zone Reinforcement
(12) Sch1aich, 1, Schafer, K., Jennewein, M., "Toward a
Consistent Design of Structural Concrete", PCI Jour-
nal, Vol. 32, No.3, May-June 1987, pp. 74-151.
(13) Collins, M.P., Mitchell, D., "Prestressed Concrete
Structures", Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New
Jersey, 1990. ~~.
}
(14) Foster, S.l, Rogowsky, D.M., "Bursting Forces in
i
:j
Concrete Panels Resulting from In-Plane Concen- i
trated Loads", Magazine of Concrete Research, 1
'!
(accepted for publication). i
(15)Libby, lR., "Critique of a Post-Tensioned Roof Slab
'I
.',

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