CHICAGO MANUAL OF STYLE

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Print Books with Single Author

Weisman, Alan. The World Without Us. Toronto: Harper Collins, 2007.

Print Books with Two Authors

Prior, Robert and Thomas Wilson. The First World War. 3rd ed. London: Cassel, 2003.

Print Books with Three or more Authors

Buchanan, Alison E., John Smith, and Heather Davis. Deciding for Others: The Ethics of Surrogate Decision
Making. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003.
Hutchins, Chris, Amy Lewis, Sean Smart, Carol Tan, and Mark Cullen. Astronomy: A Guide to the Stars. New
York: W.W. Norton and Company, 2007.

Print Books with corporation/ association/committee as Author

American Psychiatric Association. Practice Guidelines for the Treatment of Patients with Borderline Personality
Disorder. Arlington: American Psychiatric Association, 2001.

Scholarly Journal
Latimer, Jeff, and Laura Casey Foss. "The Sentencing of Aboriginal and Non-Aboriginal Youth Under the Young
Offenders Act: A Multivariate Analysis." Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice 47,
no.3 (2005).

Magazine Article
Petrou, Michael. “Syria Exposes Hollowness of Today’s British Labour Party.” Maclean’s. September 5, 2013.

Newspaper Article
McKenna, Barrie. “Green Acres: the Soaring Value of Canada’s Farmland.” Globe & Mail. September 5, 2013.

Person as website author

Mabillard, Amanda. “Romeo and Juliet Study Guide.” Shakespeare Online. Last updated November 15, 2011.
http://www.shakespeare-online.com/playanalysis/.

Organization as website author

“Two Million Syrians are Now Refugees.” Oxfam Canada. Published September 3, 2013.
http://www.oxfam.ca/news-and-publications/news/two-million-syrians-are-now-refugees.

Online Books
Esquith, Rafe. Teach Like Your Hair’s on Fire: The Methods and Madness Inside Room 56. New York: Penguin,
2007. Google Books. books.google.com/books?isbn=1101201916.

E-Books
Gladwell, Malcolm. Outliers: The Story of Success. New York: Little, Brown & Co., 2011. Kobo edition.

Online encyclopedia
Ford, D.C. “Karst Landform.” In Canadian Encyclopedia Online. Accessed September 13, 2013,
http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/articles/karst-landform.

Online image
Joubert, Beverly. “African Elephant (Loxodonta Africana).” Photograph. Accessed September 17, 2013.
http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/mammals/african-elephant/.

Article, Online newspaper

Ptashnik, Victoria. “Ottawa Lawyer Accused of Misappropriating $500,000 Living in Paris for its ‘Medical
Facilities.’” Toronto Star, April 17, 2013. www.thestar.com.

Article, Online journal

Noyes, Alexander. “Securing Reform? Power Sharing and Civil-Security Relations in Kenya and Zimbabwe.”
African Studies Quarterly 13, no. 4 (2013): 27-52. http://www.africa.ufl.edu/asq/v13/v13i4a2.pdf
 Two phases in Planning Research Design

Theoretical Phase - conceptualization of an experimental design

Experiment Phase – you do the actual experimentation, dominant phase, heart of the
project

Theoretical Phase
Formulation of the Experimental Design

Identification of the subject

Identification of the variables

Identification of the controls

Identification of the experimental and control groups

Experimental Phase
Do the actual experimentations
Identification materials, devices and instruments to be used in an experiment
Set-up of the devices along with strict quality control of the subject for the experimentation
Choosing of an appropriate statistical model for the analyses of the date collected

Research

A process of arriving at dependable solutions to problems through a planned and systematic

collection, analysis, interpretation and synthesis of results.

As a process, it implies something sequential

Basic Research – add to a body of knowledge with no practical end in view

Applied Research – pursued in order to solve a problem and whatever knowledge is gained
into practical use.

1. New information (no other researches)

2. Solution to existing problem (contributions)

3. Feasible (materials and methods)

4. Measurable (testing)

Types of Experimental Design

1. Pre-experimental
2. Quasi-experimental

3. True experimental
Pre-experimental Design

Basic experimental steps

There is no control group

The researcher studies a single group and does not make any comparisons between this
group and an equivalent non-treatment group.

Quasi -experimental Design

Subjects are not randomly assigned to the groups
 True Experimental Design

Most accurate type of experimental research

It uses statistical analysis to support or reject hypothesis

The only experimental design that can assess cause and effect relationships
Types of True Experimental Design
• Post-test Only Design
• Pre-test, Post Test Only
• Solomon Four-Group Design
• Factorial Design
• Randomized Block Design
• Crossover Design (Repeat Measures Design)

Post-test Only Design

• Two randomly assigned groups, experimental group and control group
• None of these groups are pretested 
• The treatment is applied to the experimental group and post test is carried out on both
group to measure the effect of the treatment
Pre-test, Post-test Only Design
• Experimental and Control group
• Both are pre-tested for the independent variable
• The experimental group receives the treatment
• Both groups are post-tested to investigate the effects of the independent variable on the
dependent one.
Solomon Four-Group Design
• Four Groups (two experimental and two control)
• Two groups pretested (one each)
• One pretested and un-pretested get treatment
• All four group receive the post-test
Factorial Design
• Two or more independent variables (factors ) are simultaneously manipulated to observe
their effect on the dependent variable.
• Allows to test two or more hypotheses in a single project
Randomized Block Design
• Intrinsic differences between subjects and possible differenced in experimental conditions
• Large number of experimental groups
Crossover Design or Repeated Measures Design
• Different orders of the treatment are randomly manipulated to the subjects in this design.

CITATIONS
Identifying a source of information for a direct or paraphrased quote

BIBLIOGRAPHY

is a list of the sources used in writing the paper, including those not specifically cited in the
paper
 Use citations

If you are stating facts or statistics

If you are providing someone else’ opinion

Do not need citations

If you are giving your own opinion or stating common knowledge

Sources of Related Literature

1. Print Books 7. Online Encyclopedia

2. Encyclopedia and dictionary 8. Online image

3. Scholarly Journals 9. Online newspaper

4. Magazine 10.Online journal

5. Newspaper article 11.Online magazine

6. Online book 12.Online e-book

Steps in Literature Review
1.Review the precise definition of the research problem.
2.
2.Formulate “search terms” (key words or phrases)
3.
3.Using indexes of general references, search for relevant primary and secondary sources
guided by the search terms
4. List a in a note of index card the bibliographical data of the pertinent information selected
as follows:
a. author
b. title
c. name of publication
d. date of publication (place/date)
e. pages of the article
5. Read the selected reading materials, take note and summarize key points.
6. Prepare a note card for easy retrieval and classification. Briefly list the following relevant
information:
-the problem
-the objectives
-hypothesis
-major findings
-conclusions

Organizing a Literature Review

A. INTRODUCTION
-defines and identifies the topic and establishes the reason for the
literature review
-points to general trends in what has been published about the topic
-explains the criteria used in analyzing and comparing articles
B. BODY OF THE REVIEW
-group the articles into thematic clusters or subtopics
-proceeds in a logical order from cluster to cluster
-emphasizes the main findings or arguments of the articles in your own words
C. CONCLUSION
-summarizes the major themes that emerged in the review and identifies
the area of controversy
-pinpoints the strengths and
weaknesses
-concludes by formulating questions that need further research within a topic
Experimental Design
- is a way to carefully plan experiments in advance so that your results are objective and
valid

Experimentation - test or series of runs in which purposeful changes are made to the input
variables of a process or system so that we may observe and identify the output value.

Experimental design should:

1. Describe how participants are allocated to experimental groups. A common method is

completely randomized design, second is randomized block design.
2. Minimize or eliminate confounding variables which can offer alternative explanations for
experimental results.