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CH 5 C
CH 5 C
This Lecture
Classical methods: direct extensions of time-domain SP
Parametric (superresolution) methods
Main Resource: Krim / Viberg paper
Antennas and Propagation Slide 2 Chapter 5c
Array Signal Processing
Narrowband signal:
Signal received at origin
Signal on the array:
Narrowband Assumption
Changes in s(t)
appear simultaneously on array
Signal
Ant. Coords
Multiple signals
Source covariance
Noise covariance
Projection Operators
Estimating DOAs
Find θm for each of the incoming signals
Given a finite set of observations {x(t)}
Note: In practice have only estimates
Estimating Signals
Recover signals s(t) once DOAs known
Definitions
Coherent signals
Signals that are scaled/delayed versions of each other
Consistency
Estimate converges to true value for infinite data
Statistical efficiency
Asymptotically attains CRB (lower bound on covariance matrix of any
unbiased estimator)
Spectral
Form a function of parameter of interest (DOA)
Sweep that function with respect to some parameter
Identify peaks
Typically a 1D search. Find DOAs independently
Parametric
Simultaneous search of all parameters
Higher accuracy
Increased complexity
Linear beamformer θ0 =
steering
angle
Power
θ1 θ2
θ0
For a ULA
Example
L=10 Elements, λ/2 spacing
Resolution of standard ULA approximately 100º/L = 10º
(Obtain from HPBW expression)
Advantages
Simple
Robust
Disadvantages
Resolution is limited
Interference of close-by arrivals
Strong side lobes
Revised problem
Solution
Advantage
Provides much narrower main beam. How?
Nulls directions that are near look direction
Disadvantages
Sacrifice some noise performance
Also, can be unstable (consider inverse)
Resolution still depends on aperture size and SNR
Music spectrum:
Parameters:
L = 10
d = λ/2
M = 200 samples
Problem
Signals are correlated with each other
P is no longer full rank
MUSIC spectrum will not exhibit peaks
Example?
Multipath
Introduces a unique phase shift for each steering vector (or source)
Can treat as another sample of the same signal
But phase shift introduces decorrelation
Idea
Related to FB averaging
Form multiple looks of sources by shifting the array
This shifts each steering vector (source) by a different phase
Relative phases in each steering vector
are preserved (shift invariance)
Parametric Methods
Fully exploit the underlying data model
Powerful, but in general require multi-dimensional search
Exception: For ULA can exploit model without search
Variants
ML (deterministic or stochastic)
Subspace fitting
Root MUSIC
ESPRIT
Assume
Zero-Mean, White Gaussian Noise
pdf of observed signal (complex Gaussian)
Idea
Find DOAs / signals that make observed x(t) as likely as possible
Minima satisfy
How do we minimize?
Acceleration method
Find an initial guess with spectral method
Followed by local optimizer
ESPRIT
Estimation of Signal Parameters by Rotation Invariant Techniques
Uses the shift-invariance property of A
Shift property of A
Tasks
Solve for Ψ How do we solve this?
Spectral-based Methods
Beamforming (Bartlett, Capon)
Subpace-based Method (MUSIC)
Parametric Methods
Directly exploit underlying signal model
DML
ESPRIT