. PNA Ge & eo | 2 PURE Zs wa USEPUL FORMULAS IN RADIOGRAPHY 1) FILM DENSITY: : / OD = 106 10. Where . O.D= Optical Density « IT LO =. Original Intensity Of Light On The Film IT = Transmitted Intensity Of ight Through Film, 2) GEOMETRIC UNSHARPNESS : UG =FxT Where. UG D F eemetric Unsharpness Effective Focal Spot Size Of Source T= Thickness Of The Object + Gap Between Object & Film D_ = Source To Object Distance e 3) EQUIVALENT PENETRAMETER SENSITINIIY (EPS): Where, T = IQI Thickness In Inches H = Hole Diameter In Inches X= Object Thikiness In Inches 4 ~ Diag: Hole n- 1% a gpecinaet 4) %* SENSITIVITY FOR WIRE TYPE IQU: %y SENSITMITY ~ SMALLEST DIAMETER OF WIRE SEEN ON RADIOGRAPH x 199& 5) EXPOSURE: Exposure (E) =f xT Where, I= mA or Curie (Ci) iensity : T= Exposure Time 6) EXPOSURE CORRECTION FROM H& D CURVE: 1 E Where E= Anti Log of LogExposure stom H &D Curve M= mA- min He 5} 7) MILLIAMPERAGE - TIME RELATION : ‘ Mo= 12 Where, M=Milliamperage (mA) MOT T=Exposure Time 8) CURIE - TIME RELATION : Al= 72 Where, A= Curie (Ci) Al Tt T = Exposure Time 9) MELLIAMPERE - DISTANCE RELATION : Where, M= mA D= Focus to Fitm Distance = DE Where , A= Curie ( Ci} D = Source to Film Distance se 811) INVERSE SQUARE LAW : _ = Be ‘Where, I = Radiation Intensity : nD DF D = Distance from Source OR Source to Film Distance 12) TIME - DISTANCE RELATION : TM = DE Where , T= Exposure Time T2 bp? D = Source to Film Distance (SFDFFD) & fe 13) EXPOSURE FACTOR + EF=IxT Where , EF= Exposure Factor | Dp (From Exposure Chart ). 1 = Curie T = Exposure Time 2 MAVI D = Source to Film Distance - i (SFDFED ) I> bebe PaleyRLEVEL Il (PROBLEM: 1) What will be the depth of the defect from film side, iftwo radiographs of the same specimen of 30 mm thickness were taken by shifting the tube head of X-ray machine by 20 mm by using 350 mm sfd ? The source side marker shift was [Smm & the shift in the flaw observed was 7.5 mm, Ans :- 15mm 2) Calculate the radius of the lead container for Ir 192, 50 Ci. source. The maximum radiation leak on the surface of the container acceptable is is 20 mi/hr. There is a free space of 20mm diameter at the center of the container. Ans :- 102 mm 3) A discontinuity was found by radiography in a 70.0 mm thickness weld joint.. The SED was 300 mm. A second exposure was made with the source shifted to 100 mm. Parallel to the plane of the film. Tt was noted that the discontinuity image moved by 15 mm compared to original exposure. Determine the approximate distance of the flaw fiom the surface of the job ? Ans :- 30mm 4) What will be the radiation level on the surface of the S.S. vessel if a Co 60 source is Positioned at the center of the vessel. The source strength was 20 Ci & the outside diameter of the vessel was 2000 mm. The thickness of the vessel was 25.0mm (The HVL of SS. is 12.5 mm) Ans :- 650 mR/hr 5) In the above example if the source is kept at the center of pipe OD 100 mm & thickness 12.5 mm & the pipe is positioned at the certre of the vessel, what will be the radiation level on the outside surface of the vessel ? Ans :- 325 mR/hr ©) A steel plate of 25 mm thickness is adiographed with Ir 192 source using Agfa D7 film for Density 2.0. The exposuro time given was 8 minutes. If the lead plate is to be raciographed for the same density using same film after 75 days, what will be the exposure time? If the thickness of lead plate is 12.5 mm Ans :- 8.0 minutes 7) The radiograph of 2 inches thickness of steel plate weld is taken using D7 film for density 2.0 using 80 thou thick IQI. The smallest hole of IQI visible on the radiograph has a diameter of 160 thou. What is the sensitivity achieved 2 Ans :- 4% (4-27) Deolalijkar! RT Level MI /Problems 1 Soe8) Appmoximate radiographic equivalent factors for steel & lead for Co 60 are | & 2. Exposure time for 25 mm thickness of lead at 200 mm sfd is 20 minutes. Find out ‘exposure time for radiography of 200mm of steel thickness at 100 mm sf HVL of steel = 25 mm) Ans 20 minutes 9) Ifa Ir 192 source is used, the radiation level at 3 meter observed was 800 mR /hr, What will be the strength of source ? Ans :-15 Ci 10) A 35 Ci source of Ir192 is used at a distance of 20 feet from workmen .The dose rate received by the workmen must be 3.0 mr/ hr. At what distance the worker should stand to receive this dose ? Ans :~ 262 ft Deolalijkar/ RT Level 111 (Problems 2i | SENSITIVITY CALCULATIONS Q.1. On job of t” thickness smallest wire visible was 10 thou dia. Calculate sensitivity? Q2. On job of 2” thickness a penetrameter of 80-mil thickness was visible and the Smallest hole dia (visible) was 160 mil, What is the sensitivity? Q.3. In the above problem what is the equivalent sensitivity? Q.4. Calculate equivalent sensitivity ofa Yadiograph with 2-4T sensitivity? Q.5. A radiograph with above sensitivity shows 4T hole diameter = 80 mil. What is the job thickness? Q.6. A radiograph has 4-1T sensitivity. If penetrameter thickness = 20 thou. What is the job ‘’?. Os me Q:7. A job of ? =1” was radiographed three times with different penetrameters. The requirements of code was as per J. Bused on equivalent sensitivity concept which other radiographs are acceptable? Q8. A radiograph had 4% Eq, Sensitivity and penetrameter “T° = 60 mil and job ‘t= 1.5". What size hole must be visible in the radiograph? Eq, Sensitivity = 100/¢ Txi/2 Or Eq. Sen, = 1% x H% 2 © Aas eb a) ob OL Co be «< SEN CAL-2 25-2) co] ) +B pls .a®& Radiography Practice Questions Questions: Ge en Se : 1. X-Ray Testing parameters are: usd ; a. mA-3 time- 80sec SFD- Find out missing parsmeter to get similar radiograph * Gt bbe 2 , i, oy? BOE a mAs Gow! sense ned Tors . Gamma Ray Testing parameters are 3 4 oe ble 22) Tome time-60 sec SFD. a, Source Strength == 30cuirl_~— ime] Smin SEDMO"~ Find out missing parameter to get sitcitar radiograph, Ay Source Strength 23 curri mes by 9 Suse SFD-60" De Source Strength - 20 cui time- 20 yg $FD-80" Find out the ceometric unsharpness for sanrge.size-2mm:, source to object distance ~ | meter; thickness —25 mm, COS M* 97. uo? ga¢ Find out the geometric unsharpness for: A Oe BW Source Size ~ 1.5 mum; Thickness of component ~ 30 mm; Source to object distance -.3 meters. If this geometric unsharpness is {9 b= reduced to 9.15 maim, what should be the gource io onject distance if other parameters axe the same? vF @ Soue Eigd out the geometric unsherpréss tor X-Ray testing with focal soot - 25 44, Bonu: Source to film distance = 380 mni thickness 1”. If thie unsharpres erated up 10 0.3."Ean source 19 film: distance be reduced and Hf yes. how acl? For the same’ exposur. n eurent can he reduted? ene an, Gamma Ray Testing with 50 cu want to pur lead shfelding at what would be the lead thickness? Whai would be the conecete thickness a a Gistence of 20'to achieve same level? . Bnyt Pee What would be the concrete wall thickness Of a room of inside dimensions IS°XIS°X1S° using 50 currie Co@o source with payoramic beam so that outside room intensity, of radiation will be 25 mR/Hr? Refer to enciosed exposure chart and characteristic curve for answering following questions. Restrictions on mc setting are — mex current — 25 mA; exposure time ~ 30 sec to 3 min. s. Whet would be the tube current w radivgraph 9.3" thiek pla with lowest possible voltage and time? Ms 3 mab. b. Wheat would be the iowest exposwe time to radiograph 0.2 steel thickness with 140 kV voltage? PZ win, ¢. IfUgis to be reduced to half, how much source to ghject distance need to be increased? 2 Hep Der UeTovere 4 tow) Can vou use the same chant to find out MAM with this distance? prrride To achieve the film density of 3.0 on film NDT 55, the setting is don To reduce the exposure time, we want to change the film to NDT Exposure will be reduced by what vale? Be Which of the film is stowest and which is the fastest? 0-3 NDT 91 film is best suitable for density range: While using 1a density cbserved is 2.0 which need te be increased to 3.3. Exposure necd to be increased by a factor of 2 gy& ‘A- WELD SIZE OR EFFECTIVE THROAT, E, in, ‘A- WELD SIZE OR EFFECTIVE THROAT, E, mm AS ‘Statically Loaded Structures/ 183 1-18 OR GREATER ANAK 1. TODETERMINE THE MAXIMUM SIZE OF DISGONTINUITY PERMITTED IN ANY 1} ONT OR WELD SIZE, PROJECT A HORIZONTALLY 708. tse 2. TODETERMINE THE MINIMUM CLEARANCE ALLOWED BETWEEN 7m | EDGESOF DISCONTINUITIES OF ANY SIZE GREATER THAN OREQUAL TO 3;2in, PROJECT 8 VERTICALLY 70. a se > we * 4 4 L we we 18 a ow iw Es nn” er cINiNcHES 28 OR GREATER s9max 1. TO DETERMINE THE MAXIMUM SIZE OF DISCONTINUITY PERMITTED IN ANY 25} JOINTOR WELD SIZE, PROJECT A HORIZONTALLY TO B. 2, TO DETERMINE THE MINIMUM CLEARANCE ALLOWED BETWEEN EDGES OF DISCONTINUITIES OF ANY SIZE GREATER THAN. 2 OF EQUAL TO 2 mm. PROJECT B VERTICALLY Toc. 1. 16 2 13 9 2B 32 3 a CINMILUMETERS: (C- MINIMUM CLEARANCE MEASURED ALONG THE LONGITUDINAL AXIS OF THE WELO BETWEEN EDGES OF POROSITY OR FUSION TYPE DISCONTINUITIES ( LARGER OF ADJACENT OISCONTINUITIES GOVEANS), OR TO AN EDGE OF AN END OF AN INTERSECTING WELD. (C=38-26) Figure 8.5— Weld Quality Requirements for Elongated Discontinuities as Determined by Radiography for Statically Loaded Structures (see 8.15.3.2)uw Dynamically Losded Structures] 199 12 aR 2 1. TO DETERMINE THE MAXIMUM SIZE DISCONTINUITY PEAMITTED IN ANY JOINT OR WELD SIZE, PROJET A HORIZONTALLY TOE, 1-14 F 2, TO DETERMINE THE MINIMUM CLEARANCE ALLOWED 4 § BETWEEN EDGES OF DISCONTINUITIES OF ANY SIZE, us PAQJECT 8 VERTICALLY TO C. og te | #3 af 2300 4 85 84 wr gz | < 4 1 4 14 i Joy oy i wt mae eee CININcHES 3 TO DETERMINE THE MAXUM GE OSCONTINUTTY PERMITTED IN ANY JOINT OF| WELD SIZE, PROJECT A HORIZONTALLY TO 8. 22 | 2, 70 DETERMINE THE MINIMUM CLEARANCE ALLOWED 4 5 BETWEEN EDGES OF DISCONTINUITIES OF ANY SIZE, ge PROJECT B VERTICALLY TOG. ou at i 1 239 4 3 = Boek 4 52 < ol a ° 1 1 ij L ! J a a eT cieaumerERs (© -MINIMUM CLEARANCE MEASURED ALONG THE LONGITUDINAL AXIS OF THE WELD BETWEEN EDGES OF POROSITY OR FUSION-TYPE DISCONTINUITIES. (LARGER OF ADJACENT DISCONTINUITIES GOVERNS) " ‘Note: Adjacent discontinuities, spaced less than the minimum spacing required shall be measured as one langth equal to the sum of the total length of the discontinuities plus the length of the space between them and evaluated as a single discontinuity Figure 9.7— Weld Quality Requirements for Discontinuities Gecurring in Tension ‘Welds (Limitations of Porosity and Fusion Discontinuitles) (see 9-25.2.1) 15200/ Dynamically Loaded Structures SY te 7. TO DETERMINE THE MAXIMUM SIZE DSOONTINUTTY PERMITTED IN ANY JOINT OR WELD SIZE, PROJEGT A HORIZONTALLY TO. 1:14 | 2. TODETERMINE THE MINIMUM CLEARANCE ALLOWED 4 we BETWEEN EDGES OF DISCONTINUITIES OF ANY SIZE, By PAQJECT 8 VERTICALLY TOC, ge 7 ga ae ow | 8 & Ee 4 <5 we 4 i 1 i \ | i L wat 2 2i@ 8 see cmones . ia 1. TO DETERMINE THE MAXIMUM SIZE DISCONTINUITY PERMITTED IN ANY JOINT OR WELD S12, PROJECT A HORIZONTALLY TO, az | 2, TODETERMING THE MINIMUM CLEARANCE ALLOWED 4 £ BETWEEN EDGES OF DISCONTINUITIES OF ANY SIZE, WE PROJEGT 8 VERTICALLY TOC. o8 at | g a i) re + & dg owl a 8 6b | opi bb dt oa ae CIN MILLIMETERS, G- MitiiUM Cl EARANCE MEASURED ALONG THE LONGITUDINAL @XIS OF THE WELD. BETWEEN EDGES OF POROSITY OR FUSION-TYPE DISCONTINUITIES. (LARGER OF ADJACENT DISCONTINUITIES GOVERNS) * THE MAXIMUM SIZE OF A DISCONTINUITY LOCATED WITHIN THIS DISTANCE FROM AN EDGE OF PLATE SHALL BE 1/8 in.(3 mm), BUT A 178 in, DISCONTINUITY MUST BE 1/4 in.(6 vn) OR MORE AWAY FROM THE EDGE. THE SUM OF DISCONTINUITIES LESS THAN 1/8 in. IN SIZE. ‘AND LOCATED WITHIN THIS DISTANCE FROM THE EDGE SHALL NOT EXCEED 9/16 in (6 mm). DISCONTINUITIES 1/16 in.{1.6 mm) TO LESS THAN 1/8 in. WILL NOT BE RESTRICTED IN OTHER LOCATIONS UNLESS THEY ARE SEPARATED BY LESS THAN 2 L (L BEING THE LENGTH OF THE LARGER. DISCONTINUITY); IN WHICH CASE, THE DISCONTINUITIES SHALL BE MEASURED AS ONE LENGTH EQUAL TO THE TOTAL LENGTH OF THE DISCONTINUITIES AND SPACE AND EVALLIATED AS SHOWN, IN FIGURE | Figure 9.8—~ Weld Quality Requirements for Discontinuilies Occurring in Compression Welds (Limitations of Porosity or Fusion Type Discontinuities) (see 9.25.2.2)NDT Ma pagero exit, Pune RT -LEVEL Ill(PROBLEMS: y "see pa Ge <> "8 3 A Radiography is taken with following conditions ve Thk - 20 mm , Sfd - 500 mm , Source - Ir 192 , Source size - 1.5 mm, \ Exposure - (E) 50 Gi - mint , Density -2.0 , Film Used « Agfa D7 oT i i 1 - 2 fk WSK29 " = eZ» . _ + J What is the “Ug’ in the above cramps? ip éo 2 ug tt Ve a 5 2 i Swat isthe Exposure time if 10 Ciis used? aay) Geb ve, Th f et Oh. ref t BR! TM SmLg I 5 orftror Detter definition SFD is increased to 1000 mm in the above example j i; what is the exposure time ?(Refer No.2) Te 20 ma * ¥ : a | ° Bye : Kea £, sa’su 2 eo at the Ci used is 20 what is the exposure time’ Pte FET wn Fn we ae. les. os | me Foe eT BRE! Sisto of steel if tanium is to be radiogrephed what ig the equivalert stest | thickness required 2 CEW tuten tem item «oy : + UR oF SrTe yet density 2.5 whet is the exposure time if | 1.8 8 log exposure for Density 2.5 is 2.1? (Ref 2) IDg exposure for Density 2.0 is ley 6 tag > et * ion o3 . SAME Oma pre ag serGonat willbe n ° Te bar tite adove (Sr.No,3} sxampig? ww «EAD Loon) - “G5 ae BY 2} How meny HVLS/TVLS are required to reduce radiatic: O.1mntihe 2 (Ref 2) intensity to ‘ i Bae ob yee 4 4 r ‘S})what will be raciation intensity at increased SFD 2 (Ref Sr No 3 Nh vr, ey 4 Selet asy seme Av pr ss | & 19) D4 (Agta) film is used, how much exposure is reauired lo get Density 2.0 fog Elfor Agfa D7 is 1.8 & Log £2 for Agia D4 1g 2 36 > (Ref 7) ee “3.5 . ot Be EP 20% 2 IA ee ( ; BHS- 25-195 - Oy yy RE DE Wd mine he SW ° ore, ay Ss Mas oss ww yyy BNE ceEXPOSURE CHART Radiation: X-RAY Material: STEEL Film: CRONEX® WRT ag FILM Film Density: 2.0 Distance: 36 inches Processing: Automatic processor: 9: immersion time using “CROW! ; Autodeveioper (XIAD) at 88°F, or equiva- lent development. Screens: Lead .005" F/.010" 8 Equipment: 300 Kv Cp levelnpe: 1,000 800 600 400 300 200 100 60 60 40 30 20 MILUAMPERE—MINUTES (MAM) 1234 66 7 8 91041121904 ~ THICKNESS (INCHES) 10~ CHARACTERISTIC CURVES CRONEX® NDT S1, 75, 70, 65, 55, 45, 35 : FILMS ! eee Exposure: 200 Kv V/2 Wedge Processing: 95 seconds dev. immersion al 86°F in “CRONEX” NDT Autoceveloper (XIAD}; or equivalent develooment. Screen: Lead .005" F/.010"B except as indicated. 70 55 ‘ NOT 75/65 | 45 36 en Not 7s et vey CRONEX we NOTS screens) jf oe DENSITY o NOT or (st) CRONE Nor saerecre 1 2 3 z 5 3 : LOG RELATIVE EXPOSUAEBoGAUEATIEL ExyyuE ci RED ANTISS4 UF SacARNN, J .0 Soey bb oNbee o¢ ay 7 ; i : t ; WADI APEN =~ : cdl fo stcces" oil f Ao ’ ‘ Sitt eaeuts 8 . a 10 SSS 20 30 iow o¢cny Cunve + [Fry s0uRCC wo. an-aiee’ =f ; IT 30.0 comes ra : a (LIBRAIO 2-6 np oh il cee ; a0 ae re oe ne LO ‘ SUAPSEO HIME - ons i 1 \ oo caw vay Hh1 -a.s A radiegrnph hack he ay ie Chem Fe Sarah, £ Tob UH 25" | Tecwique = Sst Source sizes Zen m™mH . Saleulate minimum Source. abject distince. R Tob A! teams, Tob P= vomm Teck nique DWP, Soure sze= 2mm Cokcudate minimum Source objet ciutonce Las : 3 eo AS =» 2D o . Sop+d tad Pemehrameter T= Job “t= 7 qono | t= 0-2 6.0t ~ : 4 Per 2 00DRadiographic Testing (RT) Level Ill Refresher Course Day 1 Questionnaire |. The approximate wavelength range of X-rays is (in Angstrom units) a) 0.75 to 150 b) 11025 , Q 0.110 100 s? - 0.0005 to 1 10 — 8 a 2. The penetrating power of X-ray beam is govemed by @ radiation wavelength ) beam current ©) period of exposure d) film-focus distance 3. When a gamma ray or an X-tay of energy 1.02 MeV passes near a heavy nucleus the result is pair production 3) Compton effect ) Photoelectric effect 1 4) Rayleigh scattering 4. The particle aspect of electromagnetic radiation is emaphasized in a) photoolectric.effect b) X-ray diffraction ©) Neutron decay d) Compton effect © Botha anid: 5. Unlike X-rays or gamma rays, alpha and beta rays are charged particles photons ©) neutral particles 4) mesons 6. As the energy of incident radiation increases a), scattering angle increases ') scattering angle decreases penetration power increases d) all of the above 7. The basic absorption faw that a monocnergetic radiation of intensity fo obeys when it passes through a material of thickness x is 24-10-03 ff | ede xt poucled © kowad Deolalikar RT LIE DenRadiographic Tesung (R01) Level IM Refresher Course Day | Questionnaire fo log Bey & ®O x =(1/U/ log e(/0/7) fo o) ¥= Bon, a xe 4) ¥ = 4.606 log 2 8, If the radiation intensity of a X-ray machine is 240 rads per hour at 5 m, the distance at which it reduces to 15 rads per hour is a) 40m ® 20m c) 3m d) 15m 4. The attenuation process in which the photon energy is spent in knocking the electron out from its orbit and giving kinetic energy to it is referred as 2) Compton effect Photoelectric process ©) Rayleigh scattering 4) Pair production 10. The process which contributes more to seattering of X-rays or gamma rays by reducing its energy and distodging of atomic orbital electrons is known as @ Compion process D) Photoelectric process ©) Pair production process @) None of the above 11, X-ray photons, alpha and beta particles loose their ertergy primarily due to i ve 8) fonieation process ~ fate phere’ b) thermionic process c) heat generation © absorption process 12. The ratio of broad bezm intensity (I + Is) to narrow beam intensity (I) at a matenal thickness is known as a) reduction factor build factor ©) photoeleciric factor Declathar RY Lit Day} 2ETi-03 2Radiographic Testing (RT) Level lit Refresher Course Pay 1 Questionnaire 4) both a and ¢ 13.The photo electric effect is characterized by @ emission of electrons ~ ) emission of high energy photons ©) emission of positron electron pairs 4) emission of light 14,The basic absorption law [ = lo exp (-px) does not include siege fellericay Yactiofinne build up factor Los Dettach rR { / A ) tenth value Layer thickness Car of Beedle ©) ‘ionization process 1 d) spectrum of radiation beware BY @) botha and d 15.The scattering process which dominates in the radiation energy range between 0.1 MeV and 10 MeV is +0 ; ~ paiy prea a) ghotoeictic process YD [MY Sh Pep > ® Compton process — 6-3 [G 3ttev 6) Pair production 4) None of the above 16.Electtons interact with matter by two general processes ‘8) phosphorescence and fluorescence b) reflection and refraction ¢) polarization and total internal reflection @ bremsstrahlung and ionization 17.Practical radiographic arrangement and testing are associated with es ® narrow beam geometry & ’b) broad beam geometry ©) compact goometrical arrangement 4) all of the above 18.The material which is used in most of the low voltage X-ray tubes to permit soft X-rays to emerge from the system refers to a) Silicon beryllium ©} cadmium d) lead glass Deolultkari RT LiitDav 20-10-0389. Radiographic Testing (RT) Level Ill Refresher Course Day 1 Questionnaire 19.Quantitatively, the amount of absorption and the total attenuation that occur when —— a high energy X-ray beam passes through an object depend on the a) atomic number of the object : b) density of the object ) thickness of the object © allofthe above 20,The basic principle of generation of X-rays in a high energy X-ray machine is similar to that of conventional X-ray tubes ; the difference mainly lies in a) the weight b) the distance between anode and cathode the electron acceleration techniques and emergence of X-rays the generation of characteristic X-rays 21. The probability of an absorption process which decreases as the photon energy increases above 0.1meV and higher refers to photo electric process \ O B Rampion proces ¢) Pair production & Rayleigh process 22. The nature of X-rays produced in X-ray machine is of a) monoenergetic Continuous range of energies with a high energy limit ©) discrete energies 4) continuous range of energies with a low energy li 23. When X-rays from a machine strike objects located near the specimen under inspection create secondary radiation which can & 4) cause an overall contrast improvement of the image ) high filament voltage €) poor heat dissipation @® geomety of the focal spot 37.A high order of vacuum should be maintained in the X-ray machine elements in order to a) encourage ionization of the gas in the tube ') permit ready passage of the electrons from cathode to anode c) prevent oxidation and provide electrical insulation between the electrodes d) both b and @ both a and c 38.The important factor which affects the duty cycle of X-ray tube is Deolatikar RI THF Rav 25-1002 6Radiographic Testing (RT) Level I Refresher Course Day 1 Questionnaire a) tube rating ) density and thickness of the specimen g) the distance between anode and cathode efficient heat dissipation 39-The name “self-rectified unit” in X-ray systems is commonly associated with a) a X-ray tube with direct connection to high voltage transformer k a X-ray tube connected through to high voltage transformer by a rectifier filter unit ©) finacs d) electrostatic generators mS 40.The principle metals used as target materials are allbul which one of the following @ tee ©) platinum d) germanium v uConts pum Meg - ae ancl wm “X' Rog Chon — wi anu - bocs ney x Keg \ ‘Rog - 4 apatgme - Woy — omday We cdasktona. vandew - en xf by alldibbon. Per em ASE waded. Anby lomA — 4p nds Seed cog, Map ~ Pray - 38 Hy os ae ieee oat a en ds. ‘ po soseanl Aid no sale Ns qe Nall ae v chine saotnpe - (ay ca Sp tod Be ra ores oe