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ABSTRACT
Manual Ceramic Tile inspection process is tedious if human operator is employed to look for defective tiles
and their elimination. The plain ceramic tiles often have the following types of defects viz Cracks, Blobs and
pin holes [1]. The fatigue of human operator deteriorates the quality of the tile being produced. In this paper a
novel and simple automatic tile defect identification and elimination system is proposed. The proposed
system is built around MATLAB and ARDUINO. The systems performance is evaluated in terms of accuracy
and time taken for detection. The Proposed system promises superior performance when compared to the
other existing system
Copyright © 2016 International Journal for Modern Trends in Science and Technology
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Chromato-Structural Defect Detection [4] and the reduce the effect of noise in the images. The
accuracy of detection was very low. median filter is an effective technique that can
suppress isolated noise without blurring the sharp
III. PROPOSED METHOD edges. Edge Detection Specifically, the median
filter replaces a pixel by the median of all pixels in
the neighborhood
D. Edge Detection
Edge detection is the most common approach for
detection of meaningful discontinuities in intensity
values occurring in the image. There are many
ways to perform edge detection. However, the most
Image Processing Techniques: edge detection techniques can be classified into two
A. Image Acquisition groups, Laplacian and gradient. The Laplacian
The images of tiles are acquired using a digital technique uses a second order derivative of the
camera. A distance of 1.5 meters is maintained image to search zero crossing in the image for edge
between the tile surface and the camera lens to detection. On the other hand the gradient method
ignore the texture of the tiles in the images detects the edges by looking the maximum and
captured by camera. For experimental purposes, a minimum in the first order derivative in the image.
12 mega-pixel digital camera is used to capture the
images of tiles. Edge detection techniques have four common steps
B. Contrast Enhancement 1. Smoothing: suppressing the noise to the
Many times the images taken are very dark due to maximum extent without disturbing the true
Poor illumination, lack of dynamic range of the edges.
imaging sensor or due to wrong setting of the lens. 2. Enhancement: applying a filtering operation to
Using contrast stretching, the contrast of the pixels enhance the edge quality in the image.
of the image is enhanced to obtain an image with 3. Detection: identifying which pixels should be
an enhanced contrast which represents an retained as edge pixels and which should be
appropriate and reliable image for feature discarded.
extraction. Contrast stretching increase the 4. Localization: Identifying the exact location of an
dynamic range of the intensity level in the edge in the image. This step requires edge thinning
processed image. The proposed method used and linking operations.
Adaptive histogram equalization technique for In the proposed method Prewitt edge detector is
contrast enhancement of the images. Adaptive used for edge detection.
histogram equalization divides the image into E. Segmentation
multiple local regions, and then histogram Thresholding is an intensity-based segmentation
equalization is performed in each local region. It is technique in which a threshold value is selected
the most common technique for contrast and the object of interest is extracted from a
enhancement in the images. The poor contrast background. A threshold value is selected to
images don’t provide good results because it differentiate the pixels into two groups, one having
becomes difficult to identify the difference in the an intensity level lower than threshold value and
intensities of defects and background surface of another group have pixels those have higher
tile. After contrast enhancement the images of tile intensity value than the threshold. If a single
become ready for the further processing steps of threshold value is applied to an image, it is known
the processing approach. as global thresholding and if a threshold value
C. Noise Removal depends on the neighboring pixels and varies
Noise it the disturbance created in the image, it accordingly, it is known as local thresholding. The
may be due to low contrast, movement of the expression defines a thresholding operation.
camera on the object and wrong setting of camera F. Morphological operations
lens etc. The noise increases the some unwanted Morphological operations are very useful to
pixels in the image. This leads to false detection of remove the unwanted pixels from the image.
region of-interest in the image. Image filtering Morphological operations take a binary image and
operations are performed on the images to a structuring element as input and perform the set
suppress the noise in the images. In our proposed operation such as intersection, union, complement
method we use median filter and wiener filter to and inclusion to produce the output results.
Advantages:
1. The Proposed method is able to detect the
defects more accurately and efficiently within
a very less time.
2. The Proposed method is able to identify
IV. RESULTS OF PROPOSED METHOD defects like Blobs, Cracks and even Pin Holes
on a plain ceramic tile surface.
3. The proposed method is also able to reject the
defective tile.
REFERENCES
[1] Yadraj meena, Dr.Ajay Mittal, “Blobs and Cracks
Detection on plain Ceramic Tile Surface”.
International Journal of Advanced Research in
Computer Science and software Engineering volume
3, Issue 7, July 2013.
[2] H.Elbehiery, A. Hefnawy, and M. Elewa “surface
Defects Detection for Ceramic Tiles Using Image
Processing and Morphological Techniques”.
International Journal of Computer, Electrical,
Automation, control and Information Engineering
Volume:1,No:5,2007.
[3] Rashmi Mishra, Ms. Dolly Shukla. “A Survey on
Various Defect Detection” International Journal of
Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT)- Volume
10 Number 13-Apr 2014.
[4] C.Boukouvalas, J Kittler, R Marik, M Mirmehdi and M
Petrou University of surrey “Ceramic Tile Inspection
For Colour and Structural Defects