ELE 351-ELECTRICAL ENERGY

CONVERSION

INTRODUCTION
Chapter 1 -Topics to be Covered
 Rotational Motion
 The Magnetic Field
 Faraday’s Law -- Induced Voltage from a Time-
Changing Magnetic Field
 Production of Induced Force on a current carrying
wire present in a magnetic field.
 Induced Voltage on a Conductor Moving in a
Magnetic Field
Transformer

 Transformer changes Electrical Energy from one

voltage level to Electrical Energy at another voltage
level.
 Example:
• In generation produce low voltage, typically 11, 13 or 15 KV.
• Step up the voltage for transmission, typically 110, 220, 500
or even 700 KV.
• Close to the city step it down to 11 kV and finally 415 V or
220 V.
 Why do we step the voltage up at the generation and
then step it down close to the distribution?
Transformer, Generator, and Motor
 The principle for operation of transformers and machines is
through the magnetic field. Therefore, we study them
together.
 Why to use Generators?
• Electric Power is clean and efficient energy source that is
easy to transmit over long distance.
 Why to use Motors?
• It does not need constant ventilation and fuel like internal
combustion engine, environment friendly.
 Why transformers?
• Reduce energy loss between point of electric power
generation and point of its use.
Fundamentals of Rotational Motion

 Rotational motion
• All the electrical machines rotate about an axis
called SHAFT of the machine
• This rotation is called +ve if it is Counter Clock Wise
and –ve if it is Clock Wise.
 Angular position θ
• It is object’s angle w.r.t. a reference point, similar to
distance in linear motion.
Angular Velocity  and Angular
Acceleration 
Linear velocity v  dr/dt
m  rad / sec, 1 rev  2 rad
Angular velocity   d /dt
m
 in rad then   rad/sec fm  rev / sec
2
commonly  is rpm m
nm   60 or
 m  angular velocity in rad/sec. 2
f m  angular velocity in rev/sec. n m  f m  60 rev / min
n m  angular velocity in rev /min. (rpm)

Linear acceleration : a  d/dt

Angular acceleration :   d/dt rad/sec 2
Torque, 

 In linear motion when force increases the velocity

will increase.
 In angular motion when Torque increases the

angular velocity ω increases.

 The greater the torque on the object, the more

rapidly it will move.

 Torque can be loosely called as “Twisting Force”
on an object.
Torque, 
 If line of action pass to the
right or left of axis, the disc
will rotate.

 = (force applied) x
(perpendicular distance)
 = F r sin θ
= r F sin θ

Units: (N-m) or (lb- feet)

Newton Law of Rotation

 In Linear motion: F = ma
• F: Net force applied to the object (Newton or lb)
• m: Mass of the object (kg or Slug)
• a : Resulting acceleration (m/sec² or ft/sec²)

 In Angular motion:  = J
• : Net torque applied (N-m or lb-ft)
• J: Moment of inertia (kg-m2 or slug-ft2)
• : Angular acceleration (rad/sec²)
Work & Power
 In linear motion work is application W  F dr
of a force through a distance
• If the force is collinear with direction W  Fr
of motion
Units: joule (SI) or foot-lb (English) W   d
 In angular motion work is application
of torque through an angle. If torque W  τθ
is constant, P  dW dt
 Rate of change of work is power.  d ( Fr ) / dt
• Units: joules/sec (watts) or  F
 dr 

foot lb/sec, or Horse Power (HP)  dt 
 Fv
Power
• For constant torque, the P  dW / dt
power at the shaft of the d  d 
 ( )    
machine is given by: dt  dt 
P  
• Torque is commonly measured by Newton-meter or
pound-feet, speed in revolution per minute, and
power either in watts or in horse power.
• It is important to know (lb  ft )n( r / m )
the appropriate P( watts) 
7.04
conversion factors. (lb  ft )n( r / m )
• 1 hp=746 watts: An P( hp ) 
5252
important conversion 2
factor to memorize. P( watts)  ( N .m.)n( r / m ) 
60