1st Year Curriculum

2.1.1.2- OBJECTIVES:
A). KNOWLEDGE & UNDERSTANDING:
At the end of the 1st year BDS course in Anatomical Sciences the
undergraduate student
is Expected to:
1. Know the normal disposition of the structures in the body while clinically
examining a patient and while conducting clinical procedures.
2. Know the anatomical basis of disease and injury.
3. Know the microscopic structure of the various tissues, a pre-requisite for
understanding of the disease processes.
4. Know the nervous system to locate the site of lesions according to the
sensory and or motor deficits encountered.
5. Have an idea about the basis of abnormal development, critical stages of
development, effects of teratogens, genetic mutations and environmental
hazards.
6. Know the sectional anatomy of head neck and brain to read the features in
radiographs and pictures taken by modern imaging techniques.
7. Know the anatomy of cardio-pulmonary resuscitation.

B). SKILLS
1. To locate various structures of the body and to mark the topography of the
living anatomy.
2. To identify various tissues under microscope.
3. To identify the features in radiographs and modern imaging techniques.
4. To detect various congenital abnormalities.

2.1.1.3- AN OUTLINE OF THE COURSE CONTENT:

1. General anatomy: Introduction of anatomical terms and brief outline of
various systems of the body.
2. Regional anatomy of head & neck with astrology of bones of head & neck,
with emphasis on topics of dental importance.
3. General disposition of thoracic, abdominal & pelvic organs.
4. The regional anatomy of the sites of intramuscular & intra vascular
injections, & lumbar puncture.
5. General embryology & systemic embryology with respect to development
of head & neck.
6. Histology of basic tissues and of the organs of gastrointestinal, respiratory,
Endocrine, excretory systems & gonads.

2.1.1.4- SEMESTER I:

Course work:
GROSS ANATOMY I:::
1. Introduction to Gross anatomy:
a. Introduction to anatomy body planes & movements
b. Skeletal system-bones.
1. Axial Skeleton
2. Appendicular Skeleton
3. Functions of bone
4. Classification on the basis of shape, development, region and structure.
5. General concepts of development & ossification of bones
6. Parts of bones
7. Blood supply of long bones
8. Applied Anatomy of bones

c. Joints
1. Structural classification
2. Regional classification
3. Functional classification
4. Characteristics and classification of Synovial joints
5. Movements of Synovial joints
6. Anatomy of joints with reference to dislocation, sprain and inflammation
d. Muscle
1. Parts of a muscle
2. Classification
3. Blood supply and nerve supply of muscle
4. Neuromuscular junction
5. Applied anatomy of muscle with reference to spasm, paralysis, atrophy
and regeneration.
e. Cardiovascular system
1. Introduction to C.V.S
2. Types of circulation
3. Anastamosis
f. Introduction to Lymphatic system
1. Lymph node
2. Lymph capillary
3. Functions

2. Gross Anatomy Head and Neck: Face and Scalp

a. A brief account of Scalp (blood supply & nerve supply.
b. Muscles of Facial expression
c. Blood supply and nerve Supply of face.
d. Description of Anatomical Regions of head (Temporal, Infratemporal,
Pterygopalatine, Parotid)
e. Description of Muscles of Mastication
f. Tempomandibular joint
g. Oral Cavity
h. Tongue
i. Palate.

Neuroanatomy I:
1. Introduction to nervous system
Description of Structure & function of neuron and neuroglial cells, Nerve
fibers and peripheral nerves.
2. Central Nervous System
Description of central nervous system and meninges, spinal cord, medulla,
pons, cerebellum, mid brain

Histology I:
1. Introduction to Body Tissues
A Brief description of Cell structure, Epithelial tissue, Connective tissue,
Cartilage & Bone, Muscles & Circulatory system
2. Neural Tissue
Description of Neural Tissue (Neuron, Neuroglia, Ganglia), cerebella cortex,
cerebral cortex.
3. Immune System
Description of Immune system and Lymph tissues (Tonsils, Thymus, Spleen).

Embryology I:
1. Male & female reproductive systems.
2. Cell Division and Gametogensis
3. Fertilization, cleavage, blast cyst formation and implantation
4. Development during second week
5. Development during third week
6. Embryonic period
7. Fetal period
8. Fetal membrane (amniotic cavity, yolk sac, allantoids, umbilical cord and
placenta)
9. Introduction to Genetics and Teratogenesis

LAB WORK:
Head and Neck Dissection: Introduction to Osteology of Skull and Vertebrae
Histology Methods of Study: Epithelial and Connective Tissue
Histological Methods of Study: Nervous and Lymphatic Tissue
Histological Methods of Study: Salivary Glands and Tongue
Histological Methods of Study: Endocrine Glands

2.1.1.5- SEMESTER II:

Course work:
GROSS ANATOMY II:
1. Triangles of Neck
Description of Cervical fascia, Triangle’s & Their Divisions, Contents of
Anterior Triangle, Contents of post Triangle. Sub-Mandibular region Great
Vessels of the neck.
2. Deep structures of Neck
Description of Deep structures of Neck (Pharynx, Larynx, Thyroid glands,
Cervical Plexus, Brachial Plexus, Trachea / Oesophagus, Pre-vertebral region.)
3. Orbital, cochlear and Nasal Cavity
Description of Ear, Eye and orbital cavity, Nasal cavity, Para-nasal air sinuses
4. Thorax and Abdomen
Brief description of Thorax (Lungs, Heart, and rib cage) brief description of
Abdomen (Liver, Stomach, Intestine, Kidney, and Spleen).

NEUROANATOMY II:
1. Cerebral Cortex and Associated Structures
An account of Structure and organization of cerebral hemisphere, Motor
areas, Ventricular system & C.S.F. formations.
2. Cranial Nerves
Description of Cranial nerve Nuclei, Olfactory and Optic nerve, Occulomoter/
Trochlear / Abducent, Trigiminal nerve, Facial Nerve, Vertibulocochlear Nerve,
Glossopharyngeal Nerve, Vagus, Accessory and Hypoglossal nerve.
3. Thalamus and Hypothalamus
Thalamus and Hypothalamus, Autonomic nervous system, Blood Supply of
Brain, Dural Venous Sinuses.

HISTOLOGY II:
1. Glandular Epithelium and Endocrine Glands
Description of Glandular Epithelia (Extxinsic Digestive gland, Salivary Glands,
Pancreas, Liver, Gall bladder), Description of Endocrine Glands (Thyroid
gland, Parathyroid gland, Adrenal gland, Pituitary Gland, Pineal Gland).
2. Oral Mucosa and Oral Cavity
Description of Oral mucosa and associated structures (Tongue, Teeth, Gums,
Pharynx, Hard palate, Soft palate and lips.)
3. Esophagus, stomach
4. The respiratory system:
5. Nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, larynx and trachea, Bronchi and lungs

EMBRYOLOGY II:
1. Development of Head & Neck, Branchial Apparatus
a. Bronchial apparatus
b. Tongue
c. Thyroid
d. Pituitary
e. Upper respiratory system
f. Development of face and palate and a brief overview of development of
teeth.
2. The digestive system
3. The respiratory system
4. The cardiovascular system
5. The musclo-skeleton system
a. Development of skeleton
b. Development of muscles

6. Special Senses
7. Development of nervous system

LABWORK:
Head and Neck Dissection: Face and Scalp
Head and Neck Dissection: Oral Cavity and Associated Structures
Head and Neck Dissection: Triangles and Deep structures of Neck

CLINICAL PROCEDURES:
a) Intramuscular injections: Demonstration on a dissected specimen and on a
living person of the following sites of injection.
Deltoid muscle and its relation to the axillary nerve and radial nerve.
Gluteal region and the relation of the sciatic nerve.
Vastus lateralis muscle.

b) Intravenous injections & venesection: Demonstration of veins in the

dissected specimen and on a living person
1. Median cubital vein
2. Cephalic vein
3. Basilic vein
4. Long saphenous vein

c) Arterial pulsations: Demonstration of arteries on a dissected specimen and

feeling of pulsation of the following arteries on a living person.
Superficial temporal
Facial
Carotid
Axillary
Brachial
Radial
Ulnar
Femoral
Popliteal
Dorsalispedis

d) Lumbar puncture: Demonstration on a dissected specimen of the spinal

cord, cauda equina & epidural space and the inter vertebral space between
L4 & L5.

2.1.1.5- RECOMMENDED BOOKS

Latest editions of the books recommended should be consulted.
• ANATOMY
GRAY’S ANATOMY to be used as a reference book
Netters Atlas of Anatomy.
CLINICAL ANATOMY BY SNELL
CLINICALY ORIENTED ANATOMY BY K.L.MOORE
RJ LAST’S Anatomy – McMinn
• HISTOLOGY
1. JANCQUERA TEXTBOOK OF HISTOLOGY
2. COLOURD ATLAS OF HISTOLOGY BY DEFIERO
• NEUROANATOMY:
SNELLS NEUROANATOMY.
• EMBRYOLOGY:
1. LANGMAN’S EMBRYOLOGY
2. CLINICALY ORIENTED DEVELOPMENT ANATOMY BY K.L.MOORE

2.1.2- PHYSIOLOGY
2.1.2.1- GOAL:
The broad goal of teaching undergraduate students in Physiology aims at
providing the student comprehensive knowledge of the normal functions of
the organ systems of the body to facilitate an understanding of the
physiological basis of health and disease.
2.1.2.2- OBJECTIVES:
A. KNOWLEDGE & UNDERSTANDING:
At the end of the course, the student will be able to:
1. Explain the normal functioning of all the organ systems and their
interactions for well-coordinated total body function.
2. Assess the relative contribution of each organ system towards the
maintenance of the ilieu interior.
3. List the physiological principles underlying the pathogenesis and
treatment of disease.

B. SKILLS
At the end of the course, the student shall be able to:
1. Conduct experiments designed for the study of physiological phenomena
2. Interpret experimental and investigative data
3. Distinguish between normal and abnormal data derived as a result of tests
which he /she has performed and observed in the laboratory.

2.1.2.3- SEMESTER I:
Basic Concepts Clinical / Applied Concepts

General Physiology / Cell

Functional organization of human body Abnormalities of the cell & its
organelles
Homeostasis
Control system in the body
Cell membrane and its functions
Transport through cell membrane
Genetics
Blood
Composition and General Functions
Plasma proteins
Red Blood Cell (Erythropoisis) Anemia
Haemonglobin & Blood Blood indices in various disorders
Indices, Iron metabolism, Fate of Hb
White Blood Cells Leucopoiesis, Leucocytosis
Leucopoiesis, functions Platelets Thrombocytopaenia
Haemostasis Clotting disorders (Haemophilia etc)
Blood Groups Blood Grouping / Cross
Blood Transfusion & Complications Matching & Significance immunity
Reticuloendothelial systems, spleen

Basic Concepts Clinical / Applied Concepts

Nerve and muscle

The neuron-structure & functions
Properties of Nerve Fibers Nerve conduction studies
Physiology of action Potential EMG
Including compound action potentials
Conduction of Nerve impulse, Nerve Nerve Injury
Degeneration and regeneration
Synapses
Structure of the muscle
Skeletal muscle contraction Rigor Mortis & Contractures
Isometric and isotonic contraction
Smooth muscle contraction
Neuromuscular transmission Myasthenia Gravis
Excitation-contraction coupling Motor Unit
Neuromuscular Blockers
Cardio Vascular system
Introducing to heart & circulation Correlation of cardiac cycle with ECG &
heart sounds
Physiology of cardiac muscle
Action potential in atrial & ventricular
Muscle and pacemaker potential
Regulation of cardiac functions
Cardiac impulse-origin & propagation Significance of Apex beat/
abnormalities
Cardiac cycle-various events
ECG-Recording & interpretation ECG interpretation in cardiac muscle
Abnormalities and cardiac arrhythmias
Arrhythmias-mechanism of Development Flutter, Fibrillation-Ectopics
Functional types of blood vessels Haemodynamics of blood flow
Local control of blood flow Conduction defects
Systemic circulation,
Characteristics and control
Regulation of peripheral resistance
Arterial pulse Jugular venous pulse
Arterial blood pressure (short/long Term regulation) Radial / other pulse
Cardiac output (Regulation / measurement) Heart sound/murmurs
Hypertension, types & effects
Venous return & regulation Sounds Clinical evaluation of heart
Coronary circulation And murmurs Ischemic Heart disease Heart failure
Pulmonary circulation Echocardiogram
Cerebral circulation Types of shock
Cardiovascular changes during exercise
LABWORK:
1. To study the different part of a microscope.
2. Methods of drawing blood for experimental purpose.
3. Study of Neubauer chamber
4. To determine the total erythrocyte counts in human blood.
5. To determine the total WBC count in human blood.
6 To study the differential leukocyte count.
7. To study the osmotic fragility of RBC’s.
8. Estimation of Hb in human blood by Sahli’s Heamoglobinometer.
9. To determine the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
10. Determination of blood groups.
11. To determine the bleeding time.
12. To determine the clotting time.
13. To determine prothrombin time.

2.1.2.4- SEMESTER II:

Basic Concepts Clinical / Applied Concepts
Gastrointestinal Tract
Structure and General Functions
Enteric nervous system (Gut Brain)
Mastication, Swallowing and their control Dysphagia, achlasia of esophagus
Functions and movements of Stomach Examination of abdomen Peptic Ulcer,
Pancreatitis
Small intestine Gastric function tests
Functions and movements of large Intestine
Hormones of GIT
Vomiting and its pathway Vomiting and its effects
Defecation and its pathway Diarrhoea, Constipation
Functions of Liver Jaundice, Liver function tests

Nervous System

Organization of Nervous System

Classification of nerve fibers
Properties of Synaptic transmission
Neuro transmitters and neuropetides
Types and function of sensory Receptors Receptors & Neurotransmitter
(applied aspect)
Functions of spinal cord, ascending tracts
Reflex action / muscle tone Interpretation of Reflexes
Muscle spindle / muscle tone UMN / LMN Lesion – features and Localization
Tactile, temperature and pain Injuries and diseases of spinal
Sensations structure of cerebral Cortex Cord, Analgesia System
Sensory Cortex Disorders of cranial nerves
Motor Cortex
Motor pathways, pyramidal & extra Pyramidal) Hemiplegia / Paraplegia
Basal ganglia, connections and functions of Vestibular Apparatus / Regulation
of Parkinsonism and other lesions Sleep Disorder
Posture & Equilibrium
Reticular formation
Physiology of sleep / EEG
Physiology of memory Higher mental function
Assessment

Basic Concepts Clinical / Applied Concepts

Respiratory System

Organization / functions of Respiratory Tract.

Functions of Lungs (respiratory & non Respiratory) Types of respiratory
(intrapleural, pressure, pneumothorax, effusion)
Mechanics of breathing Atelactasis
Protective reflexes
Lung volume and capacities Obstructive / restrictive lung Diaseases (FEV1 /
FVC)
Dead space
Diffusion of gases (gas law, composition)
Ventilation / Perfusion Abnormal
Ventilation / Perfusion
Transport of CO2 in blood
Regulation of respiration Respiratory
(Nervous / Chemical)
Abnormal breathing Asphyxia
Hypoxia—types and effects Hypoxia, Cyanosis, dyspnoea
Physiology of Cyanosis Artificial respiration
Physiology of high altitude, space deep Oxygen Therapy
Sea diving
Oxygen dept Caission’s disease
Basic Concepts Clinical / Applied Concepts

Physiology of speech Abnormalities of speech

Thalamus—Nuclei & Functions Hypothaiamus & limbic system. Thalamic
syndrome Lesion of Hypothalamus
limbic system.
Cerebrospinal fluid Regulation of body temperature function of Skin.
Hydrocephalus
Automatic nervous system
Physiology of aging
Special senses
Physiology of taste Olfaction / taste obnormalistis

Endocrinology

General principles (classification, Acromegaly, Giantism

Machanism of action, feed back control) Biosynthesis, transport, metabolism,
action And control of secretion of hormones of; Hormonal Assay
Hypothalamus
Anterior Pituitary Dwarfism
Posterior Pituitary Panhypopituitarism
Thyroid gland Sheehan’s syndrome
Parathyroid, Calcitomin Diabetes insipidus
Adrenal Medulla Syndrome, of inappropriate ADH Secretion
Adrenal Cortex Myxeodema, Creatinism, Thyrotoxicosis
GIT Pheochromocytoma
Pineal gland Cushing’s syndrome, Cohn’s
Thymus Adrenogenital Addision’s diseases, Syndrome

Basic Concepts Clinical / Applied Concepts

Kidney and Body Fluids Diabetes Milletus
Description of The body fluid compartments, Hypoglycemia
Glomerular filtration and its control, Tubular Zollinger Ellison Syndrome
processing and urine formation, Countercurrent Hypoglycemia
mechanism, Control of extracellular fluid osmolality,
Regulation of Acid-Base balance, Micturition and
kidney diseases
Integument and Temperature Regulation
Skin and its functions, Body temperature regulation.

LABWORK:

To study the effects of different regent on RBC’s.

To records the blood pressure in human blood.
To test the visual acuity.
To test the color vision.
To test sense of smell.

To test sense of Taste.

Hearing test for deafness.

Nervous System
Examination of superficial reflexes
Examination of deep reflexes
Examination of sensory, motor system
Clinical Examination of cranial nerves

Cardiovascular System
Frog’s Heart
Recording of normal cardiogram and affect of temperature
Effect of drugs on cardiac contractility
Effect of lons on cardiac contractility
Properties of cardiac muscle in frogs heart (Demonstration)
Heart Sounds – auscultation of normal sounds/murmurs

2.1.2.5- ANNEXURE FOR PHYSIOLOGY

Recommended books
1. Textbook of Medical physiology by Arthur C. Guyton.
2. Review of Medical physiology by Ganong.
3. N.M.S textbook of physiology.
4. Physiology by Sherwood.

BOOKS FOR REFERENCE:

i) Berne & Levey; Physiology, 2ND edition
ii) West-Best & Taylor’s, Physiological basis of Medical Practise, 11Th edition

EXPERIMENTAL PHYSIOLOGY:
Rannade; Practical Physiology,
Ghai; a text book of practical physiology
Hutchison’s; Clinical Methods

2.1.3- BIOCHEMISTRY:
2.1.3.1- AIMS AND SCOPE OF THE COURSE IN BIOCHEMISTRY:
The major aim is to provide a sound but crisp knowledge on the biochemical
basis of the life processes relevant to the human system and to
dental/medical practice. The contents should be organised to build on the
already existing information available to the students in the pre-university
stage and reorienting. A mere rehash should be avoided.
The chemistry portion should strive towards providing information on the
functional groups, hydrophobic and hydrophilic moieties and weak valence
forces that organize macromolecules. Details on structure need not be
emphasized.
Discussion on metabolic processes should put emphasis on the overall
change, interdependence and molecular turnover. While details of the steps
may be given, the student should not be expected to memorise them. An
introduction to biochemical genetics and molecular biology is a must but
details should be avoided. The exposure to antivitamins, antimetabolitess
and enzyme inhibitors at this stage, will provide a basis for the future study
of medical subjects. An overview of metabolic regulation is to be taught by
covering hormonal action, second messengers and regulation of enzyme
activities. Medical aspects of biochemistry should avoid describing
innumerable functional tests most of which are not in vogue. Cataloguing
genetic disorders under each head of metabolism is unnecessary. A few
examples, which correlate genotype change to functional changes, should be
adequate.
At the end of the course the student would be able to acquire a useful core of
information, which can be retained for a long time.

2.1.3.2- SEMESTER I:

Course work:

Introduction of Biochemistry:
Biochemistry of the Cell
(a) Introduction to cell (Biochemical point of view)
(b) Scientific methods to study the cell Biochemistry
(c) Biochemical composition of the cell
Biochemistry of the Cell and Body Fluids:
(a) Ionization of water & weak acids, Bases
(b) Concept of pH, and pH scale
(c) Dissociation constant & titration curve of weak acids, the concept of pK
values
(d) Buffers, their mechanism of action
(e) Henderson-Hesselbalch Equation
(f) Blood buffers
(g) Types of particles, solution, solute types, concentration units, biochemical
behavior of water, viscosity
(h) Importance of selectively permeable membranes.
(i) Chemical bonds:
Covalent bonds, dative bonds, polar bonds, dipoles, chelates compounds,
ionic bonds, hydrogen
bonds, vander waal’s forces of attraction.
(j) Physio-biochemistry
Osmosis, Osmotic pressure, surface tension, viscosity & their importance
related to body fluids
diffusion and filtration, phago and pinocytosis. Dialysis, Surface tension,
Donnan’s equilibrium

2. Carbohydrates:
(a) Definition, biochemical function and classification
(b) Structure and functions of Monosaccharides, and their derivatives
(c) Disaccharides, their important examples
(d) Oligosaccharides, their important combination with other macromolecules
(e) Polysaccharides, their important examples and biochemical role
(f) The biochemical importance of carbohydrates

3. Proteins:
(a) Definitions, Biomedical importance and classification of proteins
Based on
Physiochemical properties
Functional
Nutritional
Structural
(b) Amino acids, their structure, properties and functions
(c) Classification and nutritional significance of amino acids and essential
amino acids
(d) Dissociation, titration and importance of amino acid in pH maintenance
(e) Structure of proteins and their significance
(f) Separation of proteins e.g. salting out, Electroresis, Chromatography,
Centrifugation
(g) Immunoglobulins and its biomedical significance
(h) Plasma proteins & their clinical significance

4. Nucleotide and Nucleic Acid:

(a) Chemistry and structure of nucleotides and their biochemical role
(b) Nucleotides, structure, their derivatives and their biochemical role
(c) Synthetic derivatives of purine and pyrimidines, their role in health and
disease
(d) Nucleic acids, their types, structure and functions

5. Lipids:
(a) Definition, biomedical function
(b) Classification of lipids
(c) Phospholipids, Glycolipids, Sphingolipds and their Biochemical
significance.
(d) Fatty acids, chemistry, classification and biochemical function
(e) Essential fatty acids
(f) Eicosanoids, their classification and functions in health and disease
(g) Steroids, Sterol e.g Cholesterol, their chemistry, functions and clinical
Significance
(h) Lipid peroxidation and its Significance
6. Biological Membrane:
(a) Biochemical composition
(b) Biochemistry of cell membrane, chemical composition, importance of
Lipid and proteins in
membranes, chemistry of signals and receptors
(c) Biochemistry of membrane transport mechanism, active transport,
Passive transport, simple and
facilitated diffusion

7. Enzymes:
(a) Introduction, definition, mechanism of catalysis
(b) Coenzymes, co-factors
(c) Isoenzymes, their clinical importance
(d) Factors affecting enzymes activity, Michaelis-Menten Equation, Line
weaver burk equation (plot)
and their application in enzyme kinetics.
(e) Enzyme inhibitors and their classification and biomedical importance
(f) Application of enzyme in clinical diagnosis and therapeutic use
(g) Characteristics energy of activation

Labwork
1) Identification of Carbohydrate.
2) Identification of Polysaccharides.
3) Identification of Reducing and non-reducing sugars.
4) Detection of unknown carbohydrate I.
5) Detection of unknown carbohydrate II.
6) Detection of unknown carbohydrate III
7) Identification of protein (by precipitation reactions)
8) Identification of protein (by colour reactions).
9) Detection of Amino acid in proteins (I).
10) Detection of Amino acid in proteins (II).
11) Detection of Amino acid in proteins (III).
12) Detection of unknown proteins (I).
13) Detection of unknown proteins (II).
14) Detection of unknown proteins (III).
15) Identification of lipid.
16) Identification of Cholesterol.

2.1.3.3- SEMESTER II:

Course work:
1. Biochemistry of Digestive Tract:
a) Introduction of digestion and absorption
b) Introduction, composition, functions, daily secretion, stimulants and
depressants of:
– Saliva
– Gastric Juice & HCL
– Pancreatic Juice
– Bile Juice
– Succus Entericus
c) Digestion and absorption of carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids and
lipids.
d) Biochemical disorders of GIT, e.g. achlorhydria, peptic ulcers, Lactose
intolerance, cholelithiasis and
related disorders.
2. Bioenergetics
a). Exergonic and endergonic reactions,
b). Coupled reactions, NAD+/NADH, FAD/FADH2, NADP/NADPH2, coenzyme A
c). Oxidative phosphorylation
d). Respiratory/ electron transport chain mechanism.
3. Carbohydrate Metabolism
a). Glycolysis
b). Gluconeogenesis
c). Glycogenolysis
e). Cori cycle.
f). T.C.A. cycle
g). HMP-Shunt
4. Amino acid metabolism
a).Transamination
b). Oxidative deamination
c). Ammonia toxicity
d). Urea cycle.
e). Glucogenic and ketogenic amino acids.
f). Some diseases of amino acid metablism (Phenyl ketonuria & Alkaptonuria)
5. Lipid metabolism
a). Beta-oxidation of lipids
b). Ketone bodies as fuels and in diabetes
c). Cholesterol metabolism
d). Role of lipoproteins
6. Endocrinology
a). Nature and classification of hormones
b). Mechanism of action
c). Individual Hormones and their abnormalities.
7. Prophyrins & Hemoglobin:
(a) Chemistry and biosynthesis of prophyrins and its disorders (porphyrias)
(b) Structure, functions and types of hemoglobin
(c) Oxygen binding capacity of hemoglobin, factors affecting and regulating
the oxygen binding capacity
of hemoglobin
(d) Degradation of heme, formation of Bile pigments, its types, transport and
excetion
(e) Hyperbilirubinimea, their biochemical causes and differentiation, Jaundice
and its types
(f) Heamoglobinopathies (HP-S, Thalasemia etc) and their biochemical
causes
8. Vitamins:
(a) Introduction, classification
(b) Chemistry, Biochemical Functions, Deficiency manifestations, daily
allowances and sources of water
soluble and fat-soluble vitamins
(c) Hypervitaminosis
9. Mineral & Trace Elements:
Classification and Biochemical role of:
a. Macro minerals (Na,K,Ca, CI, PO4)
b. Micro minerals (Fe,Zn,Mg,Se,I,Cu,Cr,Cd.Mn)

Labwork:
1) Milk Analysis I (for residue).
2) Milk Analysis II (for filtrate).
3) Simple Physical examination of urine.
4) Urine Analysis: normal constituents of urine.
5) Urine analysis: Abnormal constituents of urine
6) Estimation of glucose in Urine I.
7) Estimation of glucose in Urine II.
8) Estimation of glucose in Urine III.

Demonstration:
1) Paper electrophoresis charts/clinical data evaluation
2) Glucose tolerance test profiles
3) Serum lipid profiles
4) Profiles of hypothyrodisim and hyperthyrodisim
5) Profiles of hyper and hypoparathyrodism
6) Profiles of liver function 0
7) Urea, uric acid creatinine profile in kidney disorders
8) Blood gas profile in acidosis/ alkalosi

2.1.3.4- RECOMMENDED TEXTBOOKS:

1. Harper’s Biochemistry, R.K. Murray et. al
2. Basic and Applied Dental Biochemistry, Williams and J.C. Elliot.
3. Textbook of Biochemistry Vol I & II by Mushtaq Ahmed
4. Lippincoat’s Illustrated Reviews: Biochemistry
5. Textbook of Modern Biochemistry Vol I and II by Mukhtar Ahmed
6. Textbook of Biochemistry by Chatergee.

2.1.4- SCIENCE OF DENTAL MATERIALS

The science of Dental material has undergone tremendous changes over the
years. Continued research has led to new material systems and changing
concepts in the dental field. Interlinked with various specialized branches of
chemistry, practically all engineering applied sciences and biological
characteristics, the science of dental material emerged as a basic sciences in
itself with its own values and principles.
2.1.4.1- AIMS:
Aim of the course is to present basic chemical and physical properties of
dental materials as they are related to its manipulation to give a sound
educational background so that the practice of dentistry emerged from art to
empirical status of science, as more information through further research
becomes available. It is also the aim of the course of dental materials to
provide with certain criteria of selection and which will enable to discriminate
between facts and propaganda with regards to claims of manufacturers.
2.1.4.2- OBJECTIVES:
To understand the evolution and development of science of dental material.
To explain purpose of course in dental materials to personnel’s concerned
with the profession of the dentistry. Knowledge of physical and chemical
properties. Knowledge of biomechanical requirements of particular
restorative procedure. An intelligent compromise of the conflicting as well as
co-ordinating factors into the desired Ernest. Laying down standards or
specifications of various materials to guide to manufacturers as well as to
help professionals. Search for newer and better materials, which may answer
our requirements with greater satisfaction. To understand and evaluate the
claims made by manufactures of dental materials.
2.1.4.3- SCOPE:
The dental materials is employed in mechanical procedures including
restorative dentistry such as prosthodontics, endodontics, periodontal,
orthodontics and restorative materials. There is scarcely a dental procedure
that does not make use of dental materials in one form or another and
therefore the application of dental material is not limited to anyone branch of
dentistry. Branches such as minor surgery and periodontics require less use
of materials but the physical and chemical characters of materials are
important in these fields.

2.1.4.4- SEMESTER I
Course work:
1) Introduction to the Science of Dentistry.
Structure of teeth & their arrangement according to their functions in oral
cavity, oral disease, prevention and treatment.
2) Properties used to characterize materials.
Physical, chemical, thermal & biological properties.
3) Gypsum and its products as used in Dentistry, including Investment
Plasters.
Composition, manufacturing process, classification, manipulation, setting
characteristics, uses advantages & disadvantages.
4) Impression materials.
Classification chemical composition uses manipulation handling, clinical
techniques, advantages and disadvantages.
5) Waxes.
Classification chemical composition, properties, handling characteristics,
uses, advantages & disadvantages.
6) Metal & Alloys, including Base Metal Casting Alloys, Gold & Gold alloys,
Wrought Alloys.
Physical structure, properties, biological considerations, classification, uses,
advantages & disadvantages, cross comparison.
7) Dental prosthesis, partial and complete.
Classification of partial denture design, introduction to complete denture,
components, surveyor & surveying procedure, clasp designs, cast clasp v/s
wrought wire clasp, difference between cast partial / acrylic partial & fixed
partial denture.
8) Polymers, including Denture Base Polymers, Denture Lining Materials,
Temporary Crown & Bridge resins.
Chemistry of polymers, polymerization reaction, composition of denture base
polymers / lining materials / crown & bridge resins, methods & stages of
polymerization, uses, advantages & disadvantages.

Labwork
1) Manipulation & slab exercise of soft hard plaster
2) Manipulation, Impression taking with alginate, elastomers impression
composition, model base making exercise.
3) Handling of waxes, wax carving exercise.
4) Wire bending exercise, alphabet clasps designing.
5) Partial Dentures,
6) Surveyor, How to do surveying, Various types of clasp design according to
gauges, wax up setup.

2.1.4.5- SEMESTER II:

Coursework
1) Laboratory Procedure of making Dental Prosthesis.
Study of model / surveying, denture base & clasp designing, separating
media, curing process, faults &
precautions.
2) Ceramics.
Composition, physical & Chemical properties, uses in dentistry, instruments
& equipment, baking
process, advantages, comparison with acrylic resins.
3) Artificial Teeth.
Type, advantages & disadvantages, comparison with porcelain teeth.
4) Casting Procedure. Its application in Dentistry.
Equipment & instruments, detail knowledge of the process and materials
used.
5) Dental Plaque and its related diseases of hard and soft tissues of the Oral
Cavity.
Brief discussion of plaque and its related diseases, prevention, role of
fluoride.
6) Classification of Cavity Design.
Classification of various cavity designs, brief discussion on cavity preparation
in consideration of the
material used.
7) Restorative Materials, including Direct & Indirect Materials.
Amalgam, composite resin, glass ionmers, ceramic & metal inlays & veneers,
full coverage metal and ceramic crwons.
8) Acid Etching and its applications in Restorative Dentistry.
Etching of enamel, dentine, glass inomer, porcelain, metal uses in preventive
dentistry, such as, fissure sealents, process and materials used advantages
and disadvantages.
9) Dental Cements.
Classification, chemical composition, manipulation, handling characteristics,
advantages and disadvantages, specific usage, such as, sublining, lining,
luting and restorative cements.

Labwork
1) Demonstration of Casting and continue acrylic finishing & polishing.
2) Demonstration and use of ceramic. Fabrication of crowns and bridges.
3) Partial Denture Class I & II.
4) Partial Denture Class III & IV with modification of all three classes.
5) Demonstration of restoration Handling & manipulation exercise of
Amalgam, Glass Ionomer & Dental Cements.
6) Demonstration of Acid Etching. Composite resin, handling & manipulation
exercise.

2.1.4.6- Recommended Books

1. Restorative Dental Material by Robert G. Craig and John M. Power.
2. Phillips science of Dental Materials. By Kenneth J. Anusavice.
3. Chemistry of Dental Materials by Mc Cabe
4. Notes on Dental Materials by M. C. Comb
5. Dental Chemistry by William and Cunnigham

2.1.4.7- LIST OF DENTAL INSTRUMENTS

1. INSTRUMENTS QUANTITY SPECIFICATION
2. BOWLS 2 Rubber & Silicone
3. SPATULA 2 Plaster & Alginate
4. PLIERS 4 Lat, Round, Adams, Cutting
5. PLASTER KNIFE 1
6. WAX CARVER 1
7. WAX KNIFE 1
8. GLASS SLAB 1 4.5” X 5” X 0.4”
9. FLASKS 2
10. PRESS 1
11. TEETH STRIP 1 C/D: Shade H3, Size 3
12. PROTECTIVE EYE GLASSES 1
13. FACE MASKS 50
14. GLOVES 50 pairs
15. PENCIL 1
16. RUBBER
17. STEEL SCALE (6”) 1
18. SCOTCH TAPE 1
19. LOG BOOK 1
20. SCISSORS 1
PHOTOGRAPHS 4

2.1.5- PAKISTAN STUDIES:

a. The role of sufis and saints in the spread of Islam in the subcontinent.
b. Shah Waliullah and Tehrik – I – Mujahidin.
c. The war of Independenc 1857.
e. The Aligarh Movement.
e. The Aligarh Movement.
f. The Muslim League.
g. The Nehru report and Quaid-I-Azam 14 points.
h. The Ideology of Pakistan. The initial problems faced by newly independent
Pakistan.
i. Pakistan and the Muslim World.
j. TheKashmir problem.
k. The U.N.O.

2.1.6- ISLAMIYAT
a. The fundamental pillars of Islam.
b. The Holy Qur’an: Sura-e-Furqan.
c. Hadith-e-Nabvi.
d. Uswa-e-Husna.
e. Ashra-e-Mubshra.
f. The Meccan period and life in Medina.
h. The Rashida Caliphate.
h. The Rashida Caliphate.

2nd Year Curriculum

2.2- Second Professional B.D.S:2.2.1- PATHOLOGY:2.2.1.1- Aim:At the end of
the course the student should be competent to apply the scientific study of
diseaseprocesses, which result in morphological and functional alterations in
cells, tissues andorgans to the study of pathology and the practice of
dentistry.2.2.1.2- Objectives:Enabling the student1. To demonstrate and
apply basic facts, concepts and theories in the field of Pathology.2. To
recognize and analyze pathological changes at macroscopically and
microscopical levels and explain their observations in terms of disease
processes.3. To Integrate knowledge from the basic sciences, clinical
medicine and dentistry in the study of Pathology.4. To demonstrate
understanding of the capabilities and limitations of morphological Pathology
in its contribution to medicine, dentistry and biological research.5. To
demonstrate ability to consult resource materials outside lectures, laboratory
and tutorial classes.2.2.1.3- SEMESTER I:Course work:1. CELL INJURY:a. Terms
necrosis, ischemia, hypoxia, infarction and gangrene. b. Sequence of the
ultrastructural and biochemical changes which occur in the cell in response
to the following: IschemiaImmunological injury-eg. Asthma / SLE
/Anaphylactic reactionPhysical agents: eg. RadiationGenetic defects- eg.
Thalassemia / haemophiliaNutritional deficiencyInfectious agentsViruses: eg.
Hepatitis / Aids / HIV infectionsFungi: eg. StaphylococcusParasites: eg.
Malariac. Irreversible and reversible injury. d. Apoptosis and its significance.
e. Necrosis and its types. f. Exogenous and endogenous pigment deposition
g. Dystrophic and metastatic calcification along with clinical significance. h.
Metabolic disorders LipidProteinCarbohydrate2. INFLAMMATION AND
MEDIATORS OF INFLAMMATIONa) Describe the role of inflammation in the
defense mechanisms of the body.b) Describe the vascular changes of acute
inflammation and relate these to the morphological and tissue effects.c)
Describe the process of chemotaxis, opsonization and phagocytosis.d)
Describe the role of cellular components in inflammatory exudate.e)
Differentiate between exudate and transudate.f) List the important chemical
mediators of inflammationg) Describe the pathway of Archidonic Acid
metabolism.h) Discuss the role of products of Archidonic acid metabolism in
inflammation.i) Describe the mechanism for development of fever, with
reference to exogenous and endogenous pyrogens.j) Describe chronic
inflammation including granulomas.k) Describe granuloma , its type and
causes.l) Describe the systemic effects of acute and chronic inflammation
and their possible outcomes.m) Describe the signification of ESR.3. WOUND
HEALINGa) Describe the differences between repair and regeneration.b)
Describe wound healing by first and second intention.c) Discuss the factors
that influence the inflammatory reparative response.d) Compare wound
contraction with cicatrization.e) Describe the formation of granulation tissue.
f) Describe the complications of wound healing.4. DISORDERS OF
CIRCULATIONa) THROMBO-EMBOLIC DISORDERS AND THEIR MODALITIES:1.
Explain the pathogenesis of thrombosis.2. Describe the possible
consequences of thrombosis.b) DISORDERS OF THE CIRCULATION AND
SHOCK1. Define edema, ascites, hydrothorax and anasarca.2. Describe the
pathophysiology of edema with special emphasis on CHF.3. Describe the
pathogenesis of four major types of shock (Hypovolemic, cardiogenic,
vasovagal and septic) and list their causes.4. Describe the compensatory
mechanisms involved in shock.5. NEOPLASIADescription of Neoplasia
Characteristics of bengin and malignant tumors, Spread of tumours, Pre-
disposing factors, etiology carcingenesis, classification, Skin tumours Bengin
Malignant.6. GENETICSDescription of hereditary and related disorders
Labwork1. Histopathological presentations: Necorsis, Acute Inflammation,
Chronic Inclammation, Granulation tissue, Granulomatous inflammation,
Fatty Change. 2. Study of Microscope 3. Sterlization methods 4. Simple
Staining methods 5. Culture Medias 6. Gram staining 7. Zeihl Nelson staining
8. Histopathological presentations: Beningn Tumour (leiomyoma ), Malignant
Tumour (leiomyosaecema), Sq. cell Ca, Papillioma, Basal Cell Ca, 9. Serology
(widal test) 2.2.1.4- SEMESTER II:CourseworkBlood DisordersIntroduction to
Hematopoietic System Red cell disorder Anemia’s , White cell disorder,
Leukemia’s, Platel disorders, Bleeding disorders, Blood transfusion Blood
groups, Blood ChemistryImmunologyDescription of Antigen, Antibody,
Complement, Immune responses, Adverse immune reaction, HLA Tissue
transplantation.Systemic DisordersDescription of G.I.T. Disorders (Oral
lesions, Infections, Ulcerations, tumours, Congenital defects), Liver Disorders
(Jaundice, Hepatitis Lab, Investigation), Bones & JointsDisorders
(Osteomyelitis, Paget’s disease, Bone tumours), Circulatory System Disorders
(Arterioscleroses, Hypertension, IHD, Rheumatic fever), Nervous System
Disorders (Meningitis, Facial nerve palsy), Respiratory System Disorders
(Pneumonia, tuberculosis, Tumours), Hormonal disease (Diabetes Mellitus,
Thyroid, Pituitary).THE ORAL CAVITY:a. Predisposing factors (pipe smoking, ill
fitting denture, alcohol abuse, irritant foods) of leukoplakia.b. Clinical and
morphological features of oral cancer.c. Benign and malignant tumours of
salivary glands.d. Clinical and morphological features of plemorphic
adenoma.Labworka. Study of Blood Culture & Sensitivity b. Study of
Anaerobic bacterial culture c. Study of Total Leukocyte Count & Differential
Leukocyte Count d. Study of Blood Grouping methods e. Study of Bleeding
Time & Clotting Time f. Study of Blood transfusion, Blood groups g. Study of
micro-organisms: Staphylococci, Streptococci, Corynebacterium diphtheria,
M. Tuberculosis, Clostridium, Plasmodium. h. Urine examination i. Stool
examination j. Study of Blood Chemistry 2.2.1.5- RECOMMENDED BOOKS
Basic Pathology BY Robbin & Kumar2.2.2- Microbiology2.2.2.1- AIM:To
introduce the students to the exciting world of microbes. To make the
students aware of various branches of microbiology, importance, significance
and contribution of each branch to mankind and other fields of medicine. The
objectives of teaching microbiology can be achieved by various teaching
techniques such as :a) Lecturesb) Lecture Demonstrationsc) Practical
exercisesd) Audio visual aidse) Small group discussions with regular feed
back from the students.2.2.2.2- OBJECTIVESA. Knowledge and Understanding
At the end of the Microbiology course the student is expected to :1.
Understand the basics of various branches of microbiology and able to apply
theknowledge relevantly.2. Apply the knowledge gained in related medical
subjects like General Medicine and General Surgery and Dental subjects like
Oral Pathology, Community Dentistry,Periodontics, Oral Surgery,
Pedodontics, Conservative Dentistry and Oral medicine in higher classes.3.
Understand and practice various methods of Sterilisation and disinfection in
dental clinics.4. Have a sound understanding of various infectious diseases
and lesions in the oral cavity.B. SKILLS1. Student should have acquired the
skill to diagnose, differentiate various oral lesions.2. Should be able to select,
collect and transport clinical specimens to the laboratory.3. Should be able to
carry out proper aseptic procedures in the dental clinic.2.2.2.3- SEMESTER I:
Course work:1. GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY:a. History, Introduction, Scope,
Aims and Objectives.b. Morphology and Physiology of bacteria.c. Detail
account of Sterlisation and Disinfection.d. Brief account of Culture media and
Culture techniques.e. Basic knowledge of selection, collection, transport,
processing of clinical Specimens and identification of bacteria.f. Bacterial
Genetics and Drug Resistance in bacteria.2. IMMUNOLOGY:a. Infection –
Definition, Classification, Source, Mode of transmission and types of
Infectious disease.b. Immunityc. Structure and functions of Immune systemd.
The Complement Systeme. Antigenf. Immunoglobulins – Antibodies – General
structure and the role played in defense mechanism of the body.g. Immune
responseh. Antigen – Antibody reactions – with reference to clinical utility.i.
Immuno deficiency disorders – a brief knowledge of various types of
immunodeficiency disorders – A sound knowledge of immuno deficiency
disorders relevant to dentistry.j. Hypersensitivity reactionsk. Autoimmune
disorders – Basic knowledge of various types – sound knowledge of
autoimmune disorders of oral cavity and related structures.l. Immunology of
Transplantation and Malignancym. Immunehaematology2.2.2.4- SEMESTER II:
Coursework1. SYSTEMATIC BACTERIOLOGY: I. Pyogenic cocci –
Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Pneumococcus, Gonococcus, Meningococcus
– brief account of each coccus – detailed account of mode of spread,
laboratory diagnosis, Chemo therapy and prevention – Detailed account of
Cariogenic Streptococci.II. Corynebacterium diphtheriae – mode of spread,
important clinical feature, Laboratory diagnosis, Chemotherapy and Active
immunisation.III. Mycobacteria – Tuberculosis and LeprosyIV. Clostridium –
Gas gangrene, food poisoning and tetanus.V. Non-sporing Anaerobes – in
brief about classification and morphology, in detail about dental pathogens –
mechanism of disease production and prevention.VI. Spirochaetes –
Treponema pallidum – detailed account of Oral Lesions of syphilis, Borrelia
vincentii.VII. Actinomycetes.2. VIROLOGY: a. Introductionb. General
properties, cultivation, host – virus interaction with special reference to
Interferon.c. Brief account of Laboratory diagnosis, Chemotherapy and
immuno prophylaxis in general.d. A few viruses of relevance to dentistry.i.
Herpes Virusii. Hepatitis B Virus – brief about other typesiii. Human
Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)iv. Mumps Virusv. Brief – Measles and Rubella
Viruse. Bacteriophage – structure and Significance3. MYCOLOGYa. Brief
Introductionb. Candidosis – in detailc. Briefly on oral lesions of systemic
mycoses.4. PARASITOLOGY:a. Brief introduction – protozoans and helminthsb.
Brief knowledge about the mode of transmission and prevention of
commonly seen parasitic infection in the region.2.2.2.5- RECOMMENDED
BOOKSMicrobiology Lipincott’s Illustrated ReviewsMedical Microbiology
(Jawetz, Melnick & Adelberg)2.2.3- PHARMACOLOGY2.2.3.1- GOAL:The broad
goal of teaching under graduate students in pharmacology is to inculcate
rational and scientific basis of therapeutics keeping in view of dental
curriculum and Profession.2.2.3.2- OBJECTIVES:A). KNOWLEDGE At the end of
the course the student shall be able to:i) Describe the pharmacokinetics and
pharmacodynamics of essential and commonly used drugs in general and in
dentistry in particular.ii) List the indications, contraindications; interactions,
and adverse reactions of commonly used drugs with reason.iii) Tailor the use
of appropriate drugs in disease with consideration to its cost, efficacy, safety
for individual and mass therapy needs.iv) Indicate special care in prescribing
common and essential drugs in special medical situations such as
pregnancy, lactation, old age, renal, hepatic damage and immuno
compromised patients.v) Integrate the rational drug therapy in clinical
pharmacology.vi) Indicate the principles underlying the concepts of
“Essential drugs”.B). SKILLS: At the end of the course the student shall be
able to:1) Prescribe drugs for common dental and medical ailments.2) To
appreciate adverse reactions and drug interactions of commonly used drugs.
3) Observe experiments designed for study of effects of drugs.4) Critically
evaluate drug formulations and be able to interpret the clinical
pharmacology of marketed preparations commonly used in dentistry.2.2.3.3-
SEMESTER I:Course work:1. General Pharmacology:a. Definition of drug and
drug nomenclature. b. Branches / Divisions of Pharmacology c. Active
principles of drug and Pharmacology d. Dosage forms and doses of drugs. e.
Absorption of drugs and processes involved in drug absorption f. Factors
modifying absorption of drugs. g. Transport of drugs across cell-membrane h.
Bioavailability, its clinical significance and factors affecting bioavailabiliy i.
Drugs reservoirs, distribution and redistribution of drugs, plasma protein
binding. j. Pro-drug, Biotransformation of drugs, enzyme induction, enzyme
inhibition and entero-hepatic circulation k. Plasma half-life of drugs, steady
state concentration, its clinical mportance and factors affecting it. l.
Excretion of drugs. m. Mechanism of drug action. n. Dose response curves,
structure-activity relationship. o. Factors modifying action and doses of
drugss. p. Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and Receptors 2. Drugs
Acting on Autonomic Nervous systemCholinergic DrugsCholine Esters•
Anticholine-esterases• Cholinimimetic Alkaloids• Anti Muscarinic• Non
catecholamineAnti- Cholinergic Drugs• Anti Muscarinic • Non catecholamine
Sympatholytics / Antiadrenergics• Alpha Adrenergic Blockers• Beta
Adrenergic receptor Blockers3. Autocoids and Anti-inflammatory Agents:
Introduction to anti-inflammatory agents and autocoids.4. Diuretics:
Introduction to diuretics and related agents5. Cardiovascular System:
Treatment of Congestive Heart Failure & Cardiac Glycosides, Anti- Anginal
agents, Anti Hypertensive, Anti Arrhythmic, Coagulation & Anti-coagulants,
treatment of Anemia, treatment of Hyperlipidemia.6. Gout and Rheumatoid
ArthritisTreatment of gout and rheumatoid arthritis7. AnalgesicsIntroduction
to non-narcotic analgesicsLabwork1. Weight & Measures, Interconversion 2.
To prepare & Dispense 90 ml of 0.05% KmnO4 solution. 3. To prepare &
dispense 120 ml of 1:4000 KMnO4 solution 4. To prepare & dispense 100 ml
of .01% KMnO4 from stock. 5. To prepare and dispense 90 ml of Carminative
Mixture. 6. To prepare and dispense 3 doses of Bismuth Kaolin 7. To prepare
& dispense 90 ml Castor Oil Emulsion. Each 30 ml Contains 4 ml of Oil.
2.2.3.4- SEMESTER IICourseworkAntimicrobial Agents:Introduction,
Antiseptics & Disinfectants, Folate Antagonists, Penicillin, Cephalosporins,
Macrolides, Quinolones, Tetracyclines, Chloramphenicol, Aminoglycosides,
Anti-Tuberculous. Antiviral agentsCentral Nervous System:Treatment of
Parkinsonism, Epilepsy, CNS Stimulants, Antipsychotics, Antidepressants,
Opioid Analgesics, General Anesthetics, Local Anesthetics, Sedative
Hypnotics, Anxiolytics, Treatment of migraineRespiration:Description of
pharmacological agents used in the treatment of respiratory disorders.
Gastrointestinal System:Description of pharmacological agents used in the
treatment of gastrointestinal disorders.Antifungal Agents:Description of Anti-
protozoal agents, Anti-Helminthic agents, EndocrinologyIntroduction,
Pituitary and Hypothalamus, Thyroid & Antithyroid Drugs, Insulin & Oral,
Hypoglycemics, Paratharmone & Calcitonin, Androgens, Female sex
Hormones & Anti-Estrogens, Corticosteroids.DENTAL PHARMACOLOGY Anti –
septics, astrigents, obtundents, mummifying agents, bleaching agents,
styptics, disclosing agents, dentifrices, mouth washes, caries and fluorides.
2. Pharmacotherapy of common oral conditions in dentistryLab worka. To
prepare & dispense 90 ml Cod Liver Oil Emulsion. Each 30 ml containing 4 ml
Oil. b. To prepare & dispense 40 ml of Calamine Lotion. c. To prepare and
dispense 20 ml of Turpentine Liniment d. To prepare & dispense 4 powders of
Atropine diphenoxylate. e. To prepare & dispense 4 powders, each containing
0.6 mg Hyoscine. f. To prepare & dispense 15G of Sulphur Ointment. g.
Prescription Writing 2.2.3.5- RECOMMENDED BOOK:• Bertam G Katzung,
Basic and Clinical pharmacology • Review of Pharmacology Katzung •
Lauerence D.R. Clinical Pharmacology 8th ed. Churchill Livingstone •
Lippincott’s Illustrated Reviews Pharmacology • Basis of therapeutics and
pharmacology Goodman Gillmans 2.2.4- ORAL BIOLOGYOral Biology course
includes instructions in the subject of Dental Morphology, Oral Embryology,
Oral Histology and Oral Physiology.Introduction – Oral Biology – a composite
of basic Dental Sciences & their clinical applications.2.2.4.1- SKILLSThe
student should acquire basic skills in :1. Carving of crowns of permanent
teeth in wax.2. Microscopic study of Oral tissues.3. Identification of
Deciduous & Permanent teeth.4. Age estimation by patterns of teeth
eruption from plaster casts of different age groups.2.2.4.2- OBJECTIVESAfter
a course on Oral Biology,1. The student is expected to appreciate the normal
development, morphology, structure & functions of oral tissues & variations
in different pathological/non-pathological states.2. The student should
understand the histological basis of various dental treatment procedures and
physiologic ageing process in the dental tissues.3. The students must know
the basic knowledge of various research methodologies.2.2.4.3- SEMESTER I:
I. TOOTH MORPHOLOGYCourse work:1. Introduction to tooth morphology:
Human dentition, types of teeth, & functions, Palmer’s & Binomial notation
systems, tooth surfaces, their junctions – line angles & point angles,
definition of terms used in dental morphology, geometric concepts in tooth
morphology, contact areas & embrasures – Clinical significance.2.
Morphology of permanent teeth :• Description of individual teeth, along with
their endodontic anatomy & including a note on their chronology of
development, differences between similar class of teeth & identification of
individual teeth.• Variations & Anomalies commonly seen in individual teeth.
3. Morphology of Deciduous teeth :• Generalized differences between
Deciduous & Permanent teeth. • Description of individual deciduous teeth,
including their chronology of development, endodontic anatomy, differences
between similar class of teeth & identification of individual teeth. 4.
Occlusion :• . Definition, factors influencing occlusion – basal bone, arch,
individual teeth, external & internal forces & sequence of eruption. • .
Inclination of individual teeth – compensatory curves. • . Centric relation &
Centric occlusion – protrusive, retrusive & lateral occlusion. • . Clinical
significance of normal occlusion. • . Introduction to & Classification of
Malocclusion. II. ORAL EMBRYOLOGYCoursework• General human
development• The brachial apparatus• Development of face/tongue/thyroid
gland• Development of nasomaxillary complex• Development of palate•
Development of mandible and temporo mandibular joint• Development of
para-nasal sinuses• Development of salivary glands• Tooth development and
its associated structures• Development of cartilages and bones of facial
skeleton• Introduction of clinical anomalies related with all the above topics•
Introduction to Post natal facial growth.• Development of base of skullIII.
ORAL HISTOLOGYCoursework• Bone/cartilage (specially jaws) • Alveolar
bone • Periodontal ligament • Cementum • Tooth eruption and shedding IV.
ORAL PHYSIOLOGYCoursework1. Saliva :Composition of saliva – variations,
formation of saliva & mechanisms of secretion, salivary reflexes, brief review
of secretomotor pathway, functions, role of saliva in dental caries & applied
aspects of hyper & hypo salivation.2. Mastication :Masticatory force & its
measurement – need for mastication, peculiarities of masticatory muscles,
masticatory cycle, masticatory reflexes & neural control of mastication.3.
Deglutition :. Review of the steps in deglutition, swallowing in infants, neural
control of deglutition & dysphagia2.2.4.4- SEMESTER IIIII. ORAL HISTOLOGY
Coursework1. Oral mucous membrane 2. Dentine 3. Pulp 4. Enamel 5.
Temporo-mandibular joint clinical consideration 6. Endogenous
implants/changes during tooth movement/wound healing 7. Detailed
microscopic study of Oral Mucosa, variation in structure in relation to
functional requirements, mechanisms of keratinization, clinical parts of
gingiva 8. Dentogingival & Mucocutaneous junctions & lingual papillae. Age
changes & clinical considerations. 9. Salivary Glands : a. . Detailed
microscopic study of acini & ductal system. b. . Age changes& clinical
considerations. 10. TM Joint : a. . Review of basic anatomical aspects &
microscopiuc study & clinical considerations.11. Maxillary Sinus : a.
Microscopic study, anatomical variations, functions & clinical relevance of
maxillary sinus in dental practice. 12. Processing of Hard & soft tissues for
microscopic study : i. . Ground sections, decalcified sections & routine
staining procedures.13. Basic histochemical staining patterns of oral tissues.
IV. ORAL PHYSIOLOGYCoursework1. Calcium, Phosphorous & fluoride
metabolism :. Source, requirements, absorption, distribution, functions &
excretion, clinical considerations, hypo & hypercalcemia & hyper & hypo
phosphatemia & fluorosis.2. Theories of Mineralization :Definition,
mechanisms, theories & their drawbacks.Applied aspects of physiology of
mineralization, pathological considerations – calculusformation.3. Physiology
of Taste :Innervation of taste buds & taste pathway, physiologic basis of taste
sensation, agechanges & applied aspects – taste disorders.4. Physiology of
Speech :Review of basic anatomy of larynx & vocal cords..Voice production,
resonators, production of vowels & different consonants – Role of palate,
teeth & tongue.Effects of dental prosthesis & appliances on speech & basic
speech disorders.LABWORK• Tooth carving with proper dimensions on a wax.
• Histological slides.2.2.4.5- RECOMMENDED TEXT BOOKS• Oral Histology
(Development, Structure and Function), A.R.Tencate • Orban’s Oral Histology
& Embryology – S.N.Bhaskar • Oral Development & Histology – James &
Avery • Wheeler’s Dental Anatomy, Physiology & Occlusion – Major.M.Ash •
Dental Anatomy – its relevance to dentistry – Woelfel & Scheid • Applied
Physiology of the mouth – Lavelle • Physiology & Biochemistry of the mouth
– Jenkins • 2.2.5- Community Dentistry 2.2.5.1- Goal: To prevent and control
oral diseases and promote oral health through organized community efforts
2.2.5.2- Objectives: A). Knowledge: At the conclusion of the course the
student shall have a knowledge of the basis of public health, preventive
dentistry, public health problems in India, Nutrition, Environment and their
role in health, basics of dental statistics, epidemiological methods, National
oral health policy with emphasis on oral health policy. B). Skill and Attitude:
At the conclusion of the course the students shall have require at the skill of
identifying health problems affecting the society, conducting health surveys,
conducting health education classes and deciding health strategies. Students
should develop a positive attitude towards the problems of the society and
must take responsibilities in providing health. C). Communication abilities: At
the conclusions of the course the student should be able to communicate the
needs of the community efficiently, inform the society of all the recent
methodologies in preventing oral disease2.2.5.3- SEMESTER ICoursework1.
Concepts of Health and DiseaseConcepts of Health Disease and Illness,
Determinants of Health, Primary Health Care Activity and Underlying
Principals, Global Goals for Oral Health for the Year 2000, Criteria for A Public
Health Problem and Public Health Importance of Oral Disease, Impact of Oral
Disease with reference to Impairment Functional Limitation, Discomfort
Disability and Handicap.2. Principles of epidemiologyEpidemeology, Uses of
Epidemeology, Types of Epidemeological Studies, Indices – Criteria for an
Ideal Index. Protocol to conduct an Epidemiological Survey.3. Dental Caries
Etiology and Nature of Dental Caries Methods of Diagnosis Caries, used in
Epidemiology DMFT & DMFS limitation of DMFS, WHO Criteria for diagnosing
Dental Caries and Criteria for Treatment need.4. Periodontal DiseaseEtiology
and Natural History of Periodontal Disease continuous disease Model and
Burs Model of Progression of Periodontal disease what Epidemeology has
revealed about periodontal disease name of Indices used to Measure
Periodontal Disease and Periodontal Treatment need short coming of Russel
Perio Index, Ramfjord Perio disease indices, codes, dean’s index for fluorosis
WHO indices for malocclusion for TMJ disorders lesions of Oral Mucosa and
bone.5. Dental Disease and FluorideSampling types of sampling fluoride.
Mode of action of fluoride sources and metabolism or fluoride historical back
ground of water fluoridation, Fluoridation studies, advantages and
disadvantages of water fluoridation, alternative methods to water
fluoridation.2.2.5.4- SEMESTER IICoursework1. Surveys and Screening
Screening, aim and principles of screening difference between screening &
epidemiological surveys validity, sensitivity +ve and –ve predictive value,
Clinical trials various steps in conducting a clinical trial.2. Prevention of
Dental DiseaseTrends in dental caries in developed and under developing
countries, Studies showing correlation between sugar and dental caries, High
risk markers of caries, Fissure sealant, rationale for used cost effectiveness,
cost benefit, Strategy is to reduce sugar consumption in a community.3.
Health PromotionDescription of Health promotion & various types of Health
Promotion Activities.4. BiostatisticsStatistics types of means median mode
weighted mean variance, standard normal deviates, sampling error
probability.5. Dental AuxiliariesDental and non-dental auxiliaries,
classification problems with dental care in developing countries. Uses of
Health auxiliaries to provide a comprehensive O~ essential dental care to
rural community.6. Health EducationDescription of Health education and
principles followed to plan a dental health education program.Practical &
field assignments:A. Clinical Oral Examinationi Exercise on Models and
Extracted teethii Exercise on patients in out patients departmentiii
Examination of institutionalized population like school childrenB.
Questionnaire / interview studyi Designing a questionnaireii. Pilot testing the
questionnaireiii Data coding, processing and analysisC. Planning and
conducting a dental health education (D.H.E.) session:i. Designing D.H.E.
materialii Planning, conducting and evaluating (D.H.E) sessionsD. Chairside
preventive dental proceduresi High fluoride gel applicationii Fissure sealingiv
Plaque disclosingv Instructions about Oral Hygiene measures• Tooth
Brushing demonstration• Inter-dental cleaning• Chemical control of dental
plaque2.2.5.5- RECOMMENDED BOOKS:Community Dentistry By Brian Burt
2.2.6- PRE CLINICAL DENTISTRYThe preclinical dentistry include the following:
–1. Junior Operative Techniques2. Junior Prosthetic Techniques3. Orthodontics
Laboratory Procedures1. Junior Operative Techniquesi. Introduction to dental
operatoryii. Introduction to instrument used in cavity preparationiii.
Classification of dental cariesiv. Principles of Cavity preparationv. Cavity
preparation on plaster models/phantom headvi. Filling MaterialsLABORATORY
EXERCISES 1. Identification and study of handcutting instruments chisles,
gingival margin trimmers, excavators and hatchet. 2. Identification and use
of rotary cutting instruments in contra angle hand pieces burs (Micromotor)
3. Exercises on phantom head models which includes cavity preparation base
and varnish application matrix and wedge placement followed by amalgam
restoration a. Class I (5) b. Class I with extension (2) c. Class II (10) d. Class II
Mods (2) e. Class V and III for glass ionmers (4) f. Class V for amalgam (2) 4.
Polishing of above restorations. 5. Demonstration of Class III and Class V
cavity preparation. For composites on extracted tooth completing the
restoration. 6. Polishing and finishing of the restoration of composites. 7.
Identification and manipulation of varnish bases like Zinc Phosphate, Poly
carboxylate, Glass Ionomers, Zinc Oxide, Eugenol cements. 8. Identification
and manipulation of various matrices tooth separators and materials like
composites and modified glass ionomer cements. 2. Junior Prosthetics
Techniques:I. Introduction of impression and denture materialsII. Laboratory
proceduresa) Complete Denturesb) Arylic removeable partial denturec) Cast
partial dentured) Anterior crownse) Posterior crownsf) Bridgesg) Relining /
Rebasing proceduresh) Repairsi) Soldering and welding techniques.3.
Orthodontics Laboratory Proceduresi. Properties of wires used in
Orthodonticsii. Principles of wire bending including wire bending on wooden
blocks

3rd Year Curriculum

2.3- THIRD PROFESSIONAL B.D.S2.3.1- ORAL PATHOLOGY & MICROBIOLOGY
2.3.1.1- OBJECTIVES: At the end of Oral Pathology & Microbiology course, the
student should be able to comprehend – 1. The different types of
pathological processes, that involve the oral cavity. 2. The manifestations of
common diseases, their diagnosis & correlation with clinical pathological
processes. 3. An understanding of the oral manifestations of systemic
diseases should help in correlating with the systemic physical signs &
laboratory findings. 4. The student should understand the underlying
biological principles governing treatment of oral diseases. 5. The principles of
certain basic aspects of Forensic Odontology. 2.3.1.2- SKILLS 1. Microscopic
study of common lesions affecting oral tissues through microscopic slides &
projection slides. 2. Study of the disease process by surgical specimens. 3.
Study of teeth anomalies/polymorphisms through tooth specimens & plaster
casts.4. Microscopic study of plaque pathogens. 5. Study of haematological
preparations (blood films) of anaemias & leukemias. 6. Basic exercises in
Forensic Odontology such as histological methods of age estimation and
appearance of teeth in injuries.2.3.1.3- SEMESTER ICourseworka.
Developmental disturbances of Teethb. Pre malignant , Benign and Malignant
lesionsc. Salivary gland tumors and diseasesd. Odontogenic & non –
Odontogenic tumourse. Tooth wearf. Cariesg. Diseases of pulp and periapical
tissues2.3.1.4- SEMESTER IICourseworka. Spread of Infectionsb. Wound
Healingc. Diseases of bones and jointsd. Cysts of Jaws and Oral Cavitye.
ImmunologyPractical in Oral Pathology to include:1. Study of
Histopathological slides2. Study of Radiographs3. Histochemical Techniques
2.3.1.5- Recommended Books:• Oral Pathology, J.V.Soans, J.C.Southam•
Clinical Guide of Oral Medicine, P.J.Lamy & MAO Lenix• Essential of Oral
Pathology and Oral Medicine, R.A.Cawson, E.W.Odell2.3.2- ORAL MEDICINE
AND DIAGNOSIS:2.3.2.1- AIMS To train the students to diagnose the common
disorders of Orofacial region by clinical examination and with the help of
such investigations as may be required and medical management of oro-
facial disorders with drugs and physical agents. 2.3.2.2- SEMESTER I
Coursework1. Introduction: Significance of Oral Medicine: I. Oral diagnosis:
Histology, general health status, oral examination (including lips, oral
mucosa, floor of the mouth, teeth, gingival, occlusion, salivary glands, jaw
bones), examination of tempromendibular joint. Roentgenological
examinations, laboratory aids, analysis Treatment Planning and Patient
ManagementII. Immunity and its impact on oral health.III. Oral Infections:a.
Bacterial infections.b. Fungal infections.c. Viral infections.b). ORAL SOFT
TISSUE LESIONS;I. Classification;White lesionsPigmented lesionsUlcerative
lesionsVesiculo-bullous lesions.II. Pre-malignant lesions, Clinical features,
Diagnosis and management.III. Disorders of the tongue and lips. Clinical
features, diagnosis and treatment.IV. Diseases of salivary glands, xerostomia;
Clinical features,Diagnosis and management.V. Diseases of Jaw bones,
Clinical features, Diagnosis and Management.VI. Disorders of Tempro-
mandibuar joint: Clinical features,Diagnosis and treatment.VII. Disorders of
Teeth, Clinical features. Diagnosis and Treatment.VIII. Focal infection:
Significance diagnosis and management of effect cases.IX. Clinical features,
Diagnosis and treatment of pain;1. Dento-alveolar pain2. Neurological pains.
3. Psycho-somatic pain.4. Halitosis: Causes, Clinical features, diagnosis and
therapy.5. Allergy and drug reactions in dental practice: Clinical features,6.
Diagnosis and treatment of anaphylactic shock.X. Special consideration to
the dental problems of children and senior citizens.XI. Nutrition and Oral
Health.XII. Professional hazards in dentistry.2.3.2.3- SEMESTER IICoursework
a. ORAL MANIFESTATIONS OF SYSTEMIC DISEASES:I. Auto immune diseases
related to oral cavity.II. Oral aspects of systemic diseases and their dental
management.III. Particularly of cardiovascular diseases.IV. Disorders of
Respiratory System.V. Disorders of Gastrointestinal Tract.b. SEXUALLY
TRANSMITTED DISEASES:I. AIDS, oral manifestations, diagnosis and
management. Syphilis, oral manifestations, diagnosis and management. II.
Oral aspects of Gonococal Infections, diagnosis and management.c. Diseases
of Liver with special attention to the infectivity of the patients and mode of
its further spreads and control specific reference to universal precautions.
d.Diseases of Kidneys, special attention to patient on dialysis.e.Hormonal
disturbances.– Oral aspects of puberty, menstruation, pregnancy and
menopause.f. Oral aspects of skin diseases.g. Special considerations for
patients suffering from systemic disorders, like blood disorders requiring
blood examination prior to oral surgery.– Anaemia– Leukeamia– Bleeding
disorders.– Patients on anti-coagulant therapy, management.h. Oral
Malignancies, Diagnosis and management.– Patients on Radio therapy–
Patients on Chemo-therapyi. Methods of report writing2.3.2.4-
RECOMMENDED BOOKS1. Oral Medicine by W.R. Tyldesley 2. Burket’s oral
Medicine by Malcolm A. Lynch. 3. Oral Medicne and Pathology by Cawson and
Odel 2.3.3.1- SEMESTER ICourseworkIntroduction to period ontology 1.
Knowledge of health periodontium macro and micro anatomy and physiology
of periodontium.1. Gingiva2. Periodontal Ligament — Blood supply 3. Root
cementum — Nerve supply4. Alveolar bone — Lymphatic System5.
Dentogingival junction2. Epidemiology of periodontal diseases.a) Plaque
indexb) Debris indexc) PMA indexd) Gingival indexe) Sulcus bleeding indexf)
Periodontal destructive indexg) Community periodontal index or treatment
needs (CPITN)3. Etiology of periodontal diseasesA) Dental Plaque
Classificationa) Definition a) Supragingivalb) Composition b) Sub gingivalc)
Maturation d) Structure e) Plaque microbiology B) Dental Calculus Definition
a) Origin and compositionb) Mode of attachmentc) Mineralizationd) Clinical
significance of calculus4. Microbiology of plaque associated periodontal
diseases.5. Histopathogensis of plaque associated periodontal diseases.6.
Host response in periodontal diseases. Hypersensitivity reaction cell
mediated and hormonal immunity.2.3.3.2- SEMESTER IICoursework 7.
Periodontal pocket A) a) Definitionb) Soft tissue wall of periodontal pocketc)
Hard tissue wall of periodontal pocketd) Pocket contentB) Classification of
Periodontal pocketa) Suprabony pocketb)Infrabony pocket.C) Bone loss and
pattern of bone loss in Periodontal disease.8. PeriodontitisA) Adult onset
periodontitis (slowly progressional periodonitits)B) Rapidly progressive
periodontitisa) Early onset periodontitisi. Prepubertal periodontitis ii. Juvenile
periodontitisb) Adult onset rapidly progressional periodontitis.C) Necrotizing
periodontitis i. AIDs Relatedii. Non AIDs relatedD) Refractory periodontitis E)
Trauma form Occlusal Definitioni. Acute and Chronic traumaii. Primary and
secondary traumaiii. Consequences of trauma iv. Tissue response of trauma
F) Periodontal manifestation of systemic diseases(Different systemic
diseases are discussed with respect to periodontal manifestation)9. Tumour
and Tumour like lesions of the periodontium.10. Periodontal abscess and
treatment AcuteChronic11. Periodontium and AIDs12. Furcation Involvement
in periodontal diseases Classification Management 13. Periodontal
Consideration with:1. Orthodontics2. Endodontics3. Removable
prosthodontics4. Fixed Prosthodontics5. Implants14. GTR (Guided tissue
regeneration) Introduction, knowledge and the techniques.15. Diagnosis of
cause related Disease.a) History talking b) Examination of the Oral Cavityc)
Importance should be given to the periodontitisd) Different Diagnosise)
Plaque Recoginationi. Visualization with naked eyes.ii. Visualization with
disclosing agents.f) Treatment planningi. Mechanical control of dental plaque
– Motivation, education and instruction– Interdental cleaning (AIDs)– Scaling
and root planning with advantages and disadvantages.g) Chemical control of
dental plaquei. Chemotherapeutic agent for topical and systemic
administration.16. Re-evaluation of the cause related therapy, surgical
control of dental plaque.A) Aims and objectives of periodontal therapy.i. Local
Anaesthesia in periodontal Surgery.ii. Instruments for periodontal surgery iii.
Periodontal probing impact and radiographic interpretation.iv. Sterilization,
Universal precautionary measuresB) Indications and contra indications of
periodontal surgery. Surgical procedures.i. Curettage.ii. Gingivectomy with
different modalitiesiii. Flap Surgery with different modalitiesiv. Muco gingival
problem– Soft tissue graft– Pedical graft or displaced flap– Free gingival graft–
Crown lengthening procedure– Vestibular widening procedure– Frenectomy
17. Periodontal dressing18. Periodontal Suturing19. Periodontal treatment of
medically compromised patients20. Occlusal Analysisi. Diagnosis of Occlusal
traumaii. Occlusal Adjustment iii. SplintingClinical & Practical Work1.
Knowledge of the objectives of periodontal therapy. • Elimination of local
etiological factor• Elimination of periodontal pocket• Establishment of
normal Physiolocal architecture of periodontium• To be able to interpret•
Findings of medical and dental history and relate this to periodontal
diagnosis and treatment.2. To be able to secure a good dental history
pertaining to: a) Past Periodontal treatment.b) Present Oral hygiene habitsc)
Past present oral habitsd) Present of Hypersensitive teethe) Past extraction
(Reason)f) Past Restorative treatment, filling types, fixed/removal restoration
g) Past orthodontic treatmenth) Family Dental history3. Detailed clinical
examination and charting of the Periodontium i.e. accurate probing.• To be
able to recognize problems of an inadequate width and attached gingival.4.
Shallow vestibule • High muscle frenum attachmenta) Scaling manualb) Root
Planningc) Polishingd) Curettagee) Gingivectomyf) Epulus Removal (with
incisional and excisional procedure)g) Flap Surgery2.3.3.3- RECOMMENDED
BOOKS• CLINICAL PERIODONTOLOGY BY CARANZA• CLINICAL
PERIODONTOLOGY BY MANSON• A TEXTBOOK OF CLINICAL
PERIODONTOLOGY BY JAN LINDHE• PERIODONTOLOGY AND PERIODONTICS
MODERN THEORYAND PRACTICE BY SINGURD P. RAMFORD MAJOR M.ASH.
2.3.4- General Medicine2.3.4.1- Guidelines: Special emphasis should be
given throughout on the importance of various diseases as applicable to
dentistry. 1. Special precautions/ contraindication of anaesthesia and various
dental procedures in different systemic diseases. 2. Oral manifestations of
systemic diseases. 3. Medical emergencies in dental practice. A dental
student should be taught in such a manner he/she is able to record the
arterial pulse, blood pressure and be capable of suspecting by sight and
superficial examination of the body – diseases of the heart, lungs, kidneys,
blood etc. He should be capable of handling medical emergencies
encountered in dental practice.2.3.4.2- SEMESTER I:Coursework1.
Cardiovascular systemDescription of approach to patient with chest pain,
Angina, Myocardial Infarction, Congestive Cardiac Failure, Rheumatic fever,
Valvular Heart disease, Infective Endocarditis, Pulmonary hypertension /
corpulmonale, Pericarditis / Pericardial effusion, Hypertension, Peripheral
Vascular disease.2. Respiration:Introduction with respect to symptmatology,
Differential diagnosis of acute dyspnea, Differential diagnosis of chronic
dyspnea, Upper respiratory tract infections, Pneumonia, Bronchial Asthma,
COPD, Bronchiectasis, Pulmonary/extra pulmonary tuberculosis,
Bronchogenic carcinoma, Pleural effusion, Pneumothorax. 3.
GastroenterologyIntroduction to gastroenterology, GERD, Peptic Ulcer
Disease, Acute upper Gl bleed, Diarrhea. / Inflammatory bowel disease,
Malabsorption. 4. Liver & billiary tractIntroduction and Symtomatology,
Interpretation of LFT, Acute Hepatocellular Diesese, Chronic Hepatocellular
Disease, Amoebic & pyogenic liver abscesses, Drugs & Liver, Gallstones /
Cholecystitis, Pancreatitis 5. BloodAn approach to a patient with anemia, Iron
deficiency Anemia, Megaloblastic Anemia, Hemolytic Anemia, Aplastic
Anemia, Lympho-proliferative disorders, myelo-proliferative disorders,
Thrombocytopenia / Purpura, Bleeding / Coagulation disorders, Blood
transfusion / Anti coagulants. 2.3.4.3- SEMESTER II:Coursework1.
EndocrinologyAn account of Pituitary Hormones / Growth Hormone,
Hyperthyroidism / Evaluation of thyroid functions, Hypothyroidism, Para
Thyroids / Calcium Metabolism, Osteoporosis, Osteomalacia / DD of proximal
muscle weakness, Cushing Syndrome, Addison’s Disease, Diabetes: Clinical
feature, Diagnosis & Managements, Diabetes: Complications / Hypoglycemia.
2. Central Nervous System and Psychiatry Trigeminal Neuralgia / DD of Facial
pain, Facial palsy/ DD of facial asymmetry, CVAs / TIA / RIND, Epilepsy, Coma,
Meningitis, Headache, Anxiety states, Depression / Acute conversion
disorders, Psychosis.3. Infections Description of Malaria, Typhoid, HIV,
Sexually transmitted diseases, Toxin – mediated infections i.e. botulism;
tetanus; toxic shock synd; DD of locked jaw, Skin infections i.e. erysipelas,
cellulites, scabies, Acute gastro enteritis, Measles / Mumps / Rubella,
Management (Gen- Principles ) of animals bite (cat/dog/rat) rabies, Fever and
rash, Sepsis, Catheter – related infections.4. Renal diseasesEvaluation of the
patient with renal disease, Nephrotic syndrome, nephritic syndrome /
glomerulonephritis, ARF, CRF, UTI.5. RheumatologyAn approach to a patient
with arthritis, Gout, Infectious arthritis, Rh. Arthritis, SLF, Spondylo
arthropathies.6. GeneralDescription of Shock, CPR (Cardio pulomonary
Resuscitation), Electrolyte Balance, Acid/Base Balance, Bed side procedures,
Scurvy, Vitamin B deficiency. CLINICAL TRAINING:The student must be able to
take history, do general physical examination (including build, nourishment,
pulse, BP, respiration, clubbing, cyanosis, jaundice, lymphadenopathy, oral
cavity) and be able to examine CVS, RS and abdomen and facial nerve.
2.3.4.4- RECOMMENDED BOOKS:Text Book of Medicine by Parveen KumarText
Book of Medicine by David SonsText Book of Clinical Medicine by M. AliText
Book of Medicine by Hitchison2.3.5- GENERAL SURGERY:2.3.5.1- AIMS: To
acquaint the student with various diseases, which may require surgical
expertise and to train the student to analyze the history and be able to do a
thorough physical examination of the patient. The diseases as related to
head and neck region are to be given due importance, at the same time
other relevant surgical problems are also to be addressed. At the end of one
year of study the student should have a good theoretical knowledge of
various ailments, and be practically trained to differentiate benign and
malignant diseases and be able to decide which patient requires further
evaluation.2.3.5.2- SEMESTER I:Coursework1. Core Knowledge and Principles
of Surgery. 1. Physiological response to Surgical Trauma and homeostasis. 2.
Wound and its Repair. 3. Pathophysiology and Management of Shock
including fluid and electrolyte imbalance. 4. Investigation and treatment of
Infections and Parasitic Infestations of surgical Importance. 5. Hemorrhage
Blood Transfusion and their implications. 6. Management of Acutely injured &
critically ill patients including aspiration pneumonia and embolic
phenomenon. 7. Principles in the Management of common Skin and Soft
Tissue problems: Ulcers, Abscesses, Sinus & Fistulae, Swellings, Embedded
foreign bodies and Minor injuries. 8. Principles of Anaesthesia. 9. Nutrition of
surgical patients. 2. To deal with critical Situations: a. Cardiac Arrest.b.
Polytrauma with airway difficulty and circulatory instability.c. Uncontrolled
Extemal Hemorrhage.d. Sudden upper Repiratory Tract Obstruction.e. Patient
in Hypovolaemic or Septicemia Shock.f. Tension Pneumothorax.g. Cardiac
Temponade.h. Unconscious patient due to Head Injury.i. Patient with Gas
Gangrene and Tatenus.j. Bums2.3.5.3- SEMESTER II:Coursework I. • Head,
Face and Neck:a. Development abnormalities of face, palate, lip.b. Principles
of management of Head Injuries and its complications.c. Oral region
including tongue.d. Diseases of Salivary glands (Inflammation, Calculus,
Tumors)e. Neck lumps including Lymphatics Thyroid, Parathyroid.II. Chest
Wall & Thorax:a. Blunt & Penetrating Injuries and their Complications.b. Lung
abscess and Empyema Thoracis.c. Growth of cysts in the lungs.III. Gastro
Intgestinal Tract:a. Diseases causing Oesophageal Obstruction.b. Peptic Ulcer
disease & its complications.c. Tumors of Stomach.d. Conditions Causing
Acute Abdomen.e. Conditions causing Chronic Abdomen including malignant
lesions of small and large bowel.IV. Abdominal, Pelvic and Genital Traumas
and Hernias.a. Principles in management of abdominal trauma.b. HerniaV.
Liver:a. Traumab. Obstructive Jaundicec. Liver Abscessd. Hydated cyste.
Malignancy (Hepatoma & Secondaries)VI. Gall Bladder:a. Acute and chronic
Cholecystitisb. Cholelithiasis and its Complicationsc. MalignanciesVII.
Pancreas:a. Acute, Relapsing and Chronic pancreatitisb. Pancreatic masses
including (benign, malignant) neoplasiaVIII. Skin & Soft Tissues:a. Common
benign and malignant skin lesionsb. Wounds / Ulcers / abscesses /Sinuses /
Fistulaec. Soft Tissue LumpsIX. Orthopedics and Trauma:a. Common
Congenital Malformatios of Locomotive System.b. Bone Fracture & their
Comp-lications.c. Sports injuries and afflictions of Tendons and Bursae.d.
Bone and joint Infections.i. Arthritis.ii. Bone and Cartilage Tumours.X.
Vascular and ;Nerve Disorders:a. Vascular afflictions.b. Varicosities.c. Deep
venous thrombosis.d. Peripheral nerve Injuries.• Essential Skill to be
acquired:1. Provide First Aid: BASIC LIFE SUPPORT.2. Collect samples of blood,
urine, sputum, pus swab etc.3. Understand the principles of pre-operative
preparations, Sterilization /Disinfecting techniques.4. Understand principles
of wound care, Skin Suturing and Suture Removal, Incision and Drainage of
Superficial Abscesses, Excision of Small Soft Tissue Lumps, Needle Biopsies,
Aspiration of localized fluids, etc.5. Have Observed common surgical
procedures, treatment of Fracture / Dislocation and Methods of General /
Local Anesthesia.6. Have observed instillation of Chemotherapy and
principles of Radiotherapy.Skills to be developed by the end of teaching are
to examine a routine swelling, ulcer and other related diseases and to
perform minor surgical procedures such as draining an abscess, taking a
biopsy etc. 2.3.5.4- Recommended books:Text Book of General Surgery by
Baileys LoveLecture Notes on Surgery by Harold EllisClinical methods in
General Surgery by BrownsClinical methods in General Surgery by S. DAS
Clinical PostingsAPART FROM THE ABOVE-MENTIONED SUBJECTS THE
STUDENTS ARE REQUIRED TO COVER AND SIMILARLY EXECUTE TASKS IN
THEIR RESPECTIVE CLINICAL POSTINGS IN THE FOLLOWING DEPARTMENTS.
2.3.6- PROSTHODONTICSI. Partial Denturesa) Definitionsb) Applied Anatomy
and Physiologyc) Oral manifestations of local and systemic disordersd)
History General and oral examinatione) Evaluationf) Diagnosis and treatment
planning, prognosisg) Bio-mechanics of oral cavity and contributory factorsh)
Classificationi) Study cast, master cast, working cast.j) Components: Outline
of support, retention, bracing and reciprocation, connectors.k) Surveying,
Design of partial denturesl) Mouth rehabilitation/Odontoplastym) Impression
techniques and modificationsn) Construction of wax pattern and casting
procedureso) Trial of metal frame workp) Maxilo mandibular relations: Use of
face bow,articulation techniques including split cast techniquesq) Selection
of artificial teethr) Arrangements of teeths) Processing and finishing
procedurest) Insertion and post insertion counseling and follow up2.3.7-
ORAL AND MAXILLOFACIAL SURGERY1. BASIC PRINCIPLES OF SURGERYi)
Introduction, History and Diagnosis and treatment planningii) Sterilization,
instruments and armamentariumii) Sterilization, instruments and
armamentariumiv) Bone Removal, Haemostasis, debridement and suturing.v)
Post Operative care and nutrition, Prevention of infection, Antibiotics and
cross-infection2. LOCAL ANAESTHESIAi) Introduction, types and
Pharmacology.ii) Indications and contra-indications,iii) Surgical Anatomyiv)
Administration techniquesv) Complications and management3. EXODONTIAi)
Introductionii) Indications and contra-indicationsiii) Principles and application
of forceps extractioniv) Principles and application of elevatorsv) Surgical
removal of erupted/broken down roots teethvi) Complication of extraditionvii)
Management of complications4. Prevention And Management of Medical
Emergencies5. Introduction to Dental Ethics and Law, Forensic Dentistry6.
General Anaesthesia and Sedation in Dentistry7. Impacted Wisdom tooth
Surgerya) Introduction and Aetiologyb) Indications and contra-indicationsc)
Surgical Techniquesd) Complications of impacted wisdom tooth Surgery and
its management2.3.8- OPERATIVE DENTISTRY1. Dental Caries– Etiology–
Pathogenesis– Prevention2. Examination, Diagnosis, and Treatment Planning–
Examination and Diagnosis– Caries– Erosion, Attrition, Abrasion, cracked
tooth, others– Treatment sequencing, placement and repair/replacement–
Selection of restorative materials– Restorative failure– Postoperative
problems3. Principles of cavity design & preparation– Basic principles,
instrumentation and nomenclature– Introduction to lasers– Preparations–
Dental amalgam– Tooth colored restorative materials4. Sterilization and cross
infection control5. Isolation, Operator and the environment– Instruments and
equipment– Control of the operating field– Soft tissue management-Esthetic
considerations
4th Year Curriculum
2.4- FINAL YEAR B.D.S2.4.1- ORTHODONTICS2.4.1.1- COURSE OBJECTIVE
Undergraduate programme in Orthodontics is designed to enable the
qualifying dental surgeon to diagnose, analyse and treat common
orthodontic problems by preventive, interceptive and corrective orthodontic
procedures. The following basic instructional procedures will be adapted to
achieve the above objectives.2.4.1.2- SEMESTER I:Coursework1. Introduction
a. Definitions and Terminologiesb. Typesi. Preventiveii. Interceptiveiii.
Correctivec. Aims and needs for Orthodontic Treatment2. Growth and
Developmenta. Basic concepts and definitionsb. Variables affecting growthc.
Prenatal and postnatal craniofacial growthb. Methods of studying growthc.
Theories of growthd. Clinical application of growth and development in
orthodonticse. TMJ Development3. Occlusiona. Normal Occlusionb. Andrews
Six Keys of Occlusion4. Diagnostic Aids in Orthodonticsa. Historyb. Clinical
Evaluationi. Extraoral examinationii. Intraoral examination’c. Radiographsi.
Periapical Xraysii. Orthopantomogramiii. Occlusal Xraysiv. Cephalometric
Xray(1) Identifying relevant anatomical structures and landmarks(2) Tracing
(3) Analysesd. Tooth mass and size analysesi. Cast analysisii. Bolton Analysis
iii. Mixed Dentition analysisf. Formulation of problem list5. Dental Radiologya.
Roentgen Anatomy of teeth, jaws and T.M.Jointsb. Variations within normal
limits, and abnormalitiesc. Different types of X-Rays machinesd. Varieties of
X-Ray Films: Extra Oral, Intra oral, Bite wing and Occlusal filmse. Film taking
and exposure proceduresf. Film development techniquesg. Indications and
uses of dental radiologyh. Interpretation of filmsi. Radiation Hazards6.
Development of dentition and occlusiona. Prenatal development of dentition
c. Features of Primary dentitiond. Mixed dentition periode. Permanent
dentition perioda. Dimensional changes in dental archb. Variations in
development including size, form, number and position of teethc. Factors
affecting development.7. Malocclusiona. Definitionsb. Classification8.
Etiology of Malocclusiona. Local factorsc. Heredityd. Environmental Factors9.
Preventive and Interceptive Orthodonticsa. Diagnosis and Management of
Habitsb. Space supervisionc. Space maintainersd. Space regainerse. Serial
Extractions10. Bone metabolisma. Normal Structure of Periodontal Ligament
and Boneb. The role of bone in eruption and stabilizationc. Effects of
Orthodontic forcee. Factors affecting tooth movement11. Biomechanicsa.
Concepts, Types and Control of Anchorageb. Types of Wires and Alloys used
in orthodonticsc. Ideal properties of Orthodontic wires and comparison of
different alloys2.4.1.3- SEMESTER II:Coursework12. Retention and relapsea.
Concepts of retention and relapseb. Occlusal Stability and factors related to
retentionc. Strategies of management.13. Removable appliancesa.
Functional appliancesi) Typesii) Indicationsiii) Constructionb. Introduction to
various extraoral appliances for tooth movementc. Expansion appliances14.
Fixed appliancesa. Introduction and background of different systemsb.
Indications and drawbacksc. Components and its accessoriesd. Edgewise and
Straight Wire systemse. Bonding and Banding materials15. Treatment
Planninga. Non-skeletal problems including Class I malocclusion, crowding,
spacing, crossbite, open bite, deepbiteb. Skeletal problemsc. Class IIi)
Division 1ii) Division 2d. Class IIIe. Extractions in Orthodonticsf. Adjunctive
treatment goals and principles16. Surgical Orthodonticsa. Indications17. Cleft
Lip and Palatea. Etiology & Clinical FeaturesPractical and Clinical
Orthodontics1. Wire bending exercises includinga. Adams claspb. Labial Bow
c. Canine retractord. Cantilever and Z springe. Arch wire fabrication2. Making
of removable appliances3. A comprehensive orthodontic case presentation of
a non-skeletal malocclusion.4. History5. Examination6. Cast analysis7. Ceph
Analysisa) Diagnosisb) Suggested Treatment Planc) Mixed dentition analysis
8. Fixed Appliance2.4.1.4- Recommended Books• Contemporary
Orthodontics, Profit• Introduction to Orthodontics, Lura Mitchell’s• Hand Book
of Orthodontics, Robert-E-Moyers2.4.2- ORAL AND MAXILLOFACIAL SURGERY
“To produce a graduate who is competent in performing extraction of teeth
under both local and general anaesthesia, prevent and manage related
complications, acquire a reasonable knowledge and understanding of the
various diseases, injuries, infections occurring in the Oral & Maxillofacial
region and offer solutions to such of those common conditions and has an
exposure in to the in-patient management of maxillofacial problems.”
2.4.2.2- OBJECTIVES: A) Knowledge & Understanding: At the end of the
course and the clinical training the graduate is expected to – 1. Able to apply
the knowledge gained in the related medical subjects like pathology,
microbiology and general medicine in the management of patients with oral
surgical problem. 2. Able to diagnose, manage and treat (understand the
principles of treatment of) patients with oral surgical problems. 3. Knowledge
of range of surgical treatments. 4. Ability to decide the requirement of a
patient to have oral surgical specialist opinion or treatment. 5. Understand
the principles of in-patient management. 6. Understanding of the
management of major oral surgical procedures and principles involved in
patient management. 7. Should know ethical issues and communication
ability.B). Skills: 1. A graduate should have acquired the skill to examine any
patient with an oral surgical problem in an orderly manner. Be able to
understand requisition of various clinical and laboratory investigations and is
capable of formulating differential diagnosis. 2. Should be competent in the
extraction of teeth under both local and general anaesthesia. 3. Should be
able to carry out certain minor oral surgical procedures under L.A. like
frenectomy, alveolar procedures & biopsy etc. 4. Ability to assess, prevent
and manage various complications during and after surgery. 5. Able to
provide primary care and manage medical emergencies in the dental office.
6. Understanding of the management of major oral surgical problems and
principles involved in inpatient management. 2.4.2.3- SEMESTER I:
Coursework1. Introduction, definition, scope, aims and objectives.2.
Diagnosis in oral surgery:(A) history taking (B) Clinical examination ©
Investigations.3. Principles of infection control and cross-infection control
with particular reference to HIV/AIDS and Hepatitis.4. Principles of Oral
Surgery –a) Asepsis: Definition, measures to prevent introduction of infection
during surgery.1. Preparation of the patient2. Measures to be taken by
operator3. Sterilisation of instruments – various methods of sterilisation etc.
4. Surgery set up.b)Painless Surgery:1. Pre- anaesthetic considerations Pre-
medication: purpose, drugs used2. Anaesthetic considerations – a) Local b)
Local with IV sedations3. Use of general anaestheticc) Access:Intra-oral:
Mucoperiosteal flaps, principles, commonly used intra oral incisions.Bone
Removal: Methods of bone removal.Use of Burs: Advantages & precautions
Bone cutting instruments: Principles of using chisel & osteotome.Extra-oral:
Skin incisions – principles, various extra-oral incision to expose facial
skeleton.a) Submandibular b) Pre auricularc) Incision to expose maxilla &
orbitd) Bicoronal incisionControl of haemorrhage during surgeryNormal
HaemostasisLocal measures available to control bleedingHypotensive
anaesthesia etc.Drainage & DebridementPurpose of drainage in surgical
woundsTypes of drains usedDebridement: purpose, soft tissue & bone
debridement.Closure of woundsSuturing: Principles, suture material,
classification, body response to various materials etc.Post operative carePost
operative instructionsPhysiology of cold and heatControl of pain – analgesics
Control of infection – antibioticsControl of swelling – anti-inflammatory drugs
Long term post operative follow up – significance.5. Exodontia: General
considerationsIdeal Extraction.Extractions in medically compromised
patients.Methods of extraction –(a) Forceps or intra-alveolar or closed
method.Principles, types of movement, force etc.(b) Trans-alveolar, surgical
or open methodIndications, surgical procedure. Dental elevators: uses,
classification, principles in the use of elevators, commonly used elevators.
Complications of Exodontia –Complications during exodontiaCommon to both
maxilla and mandible.Post-operative complications –Prevention and
management of complications.Impacted teeth:Incidence, definition,
aetiology.(a) Impacted mandibular third molar.Classification, reasons for
removal,Assessment – both clinical & radiological6. Surgical procedures for
removal.Complications during and after removal,Prevention and
management.Maxillary third molar,Indications for removal, classification,
Surgical procedure for removal.Impacted maxillary canineReasons for canine
impaction,Localization, indications for removal,Methods of management,
labial and palatal approach,Surgical exposure, transplantation, removal etc.
7. Pre-prosthetic Surgery:Definition, classification of procedures(a) Corrective
procedures: Alveoloplasty, Reduction of maxillary tuberosities, Frenoctemies
and removal of tori.(b) Ridge extension or Sulcus extension procedures
Indications and various surgical procedures(c) Ridge augmentation and
reconstruction.Indications, use of bone grafts, HydroxyapatiteImplants –
concept of osseo integrationKnowledge of various types of implants and
surgical procedure to place implants.8. Diseases of the maxillary sinusa.
Surgical anatomy of the sinus. b. Sinusitis both acute and chronic c. Surgical
approach of sinus – Caldwell-Luc procedure d. Removal of root from the
sinus. e. Oro-antral fistula – aetiology, clinical features and various surgical f.
methods for closure. 9. Disorders of T.M. Jointa. Applied surgical anatomy of
the joint. b. Dislocation – Types, aetiology, clinical features and
management. c. Ankylosis – Definition, aetiology, clinical features and
management d. Myo-facial pain dysfunction syndrome, aetiology, clinical
features, management – e. Non surgical and surgical. f. Internal derangement
of the joint. g. Arthritis of T.M. Joint. 10. Infections of the Oral cavitya.
Introduction, factors responsible for infection, course of odontogenic b.
infections, spread of odontogenic infections through various facial spaces. c.
Dento-alveolar abscess – aetiology, clinical features and management. d.
Osteomyelitis of the jaws – definition, aetiology, pre-disposing factors, e.
classification, clinical features and management. f. Ludwigs angina –
definition, aetiology, clinical features, management and g. complications. 11.
Benign cystic lesions of the jaws –a. Definition, classification, pathogenesis.
b. Diagnosis – Clinical features, radiological, aspiration biopsy, use of
contrast c. media and histopathology. d. Management – Types of surgical
procedures, Rationale of the techniques, e. indications, procedures,
complications etc. 2.4.2.4- SEMESTER II:Coursework12. Tumours of the Oral
cavity –a. General considerations b. Non odontogenetic benign tumours
occuring in oral cavity – fibroma, papilloma, c. lipoma, ossifying fibroma,
mynoma etc. d. Ameloblastoma – Clinical features, radiological appearance
and methods of e. management. f. Carcinoma of the oral cavity – g. Biopsy –
types h. TNM classification. i. Outline of management of squamous j. Cell
carcinoma: surgery, radiation and chemotherapy k. Role of dental surgeons
in the prevention and early detection of oral cancer. 13. Fractures of the jaws
–a. General considerations, types of fractures, aetiology, clinical features
and b. general principles of management. c. mandibular fractures – Applied
anatomy, classification. d. Diagnosis – Clinical and radiological e.
Management – Reduction closed and open f. Fixation and immobilisation
methods g. Outline of rigid and semi-rigid internal fixation. h. Fractures of the
condyle – aetiology, classification, clinical features, principles i. of
management. j. Fractures of the middle third of the face. k. Definition of the
mid face, applied surgical anatomy, classification, clinical l. features and
outline of management. m. Alveolar fractures – methods of management n.
Fractures of the Zygomatic complex o. Classification, clinical features,
indications for treatment, various methods of p. reduction and fixation. q.
Complications of fractures – delayed union, non-union and malunion. 14.
Salivary gland diseases –a. Diagnosis of salivary gland diseases’ b.
Sialography, contrast media, procedure. c. Infections of the salivary glands d.
Sialolithiasis – Sub mandibular duct and gland and parotid duct. e. Clinical
features, management. f. Salivary fistulae g. Common tumours of salivary
glands like Pleomorphic adenoma including h. minor salivary glands. 15. Jaw
deformities –a. Basic forms – Prognathism, Retrognathism and open bite. b.
Reasons for correction. c. Outline of surgical methods carried out on
mandible and maxilla. 16. Neurological disorders –a. Trigeminal neuralgia –
definition, aetiology, clinical features and methods of b. management
including surgical. c. Facial paralysis – Aetiology, clinical features. d. Nerve
injuries – Classification, neurorhaphy etc. 17. Cleft Lip and Palate –a.
Aetiology of the clefts, incidence, classification, role of dental surgeon in the
b. management of cleft patients. c. Outline of the closure procedures 18.
Medical Emergencies in dental practice –Primary care of medical
emergencies in dental practice particularly –(a) Cardio vascular b)
Respiratory © Endocrine(b) Anaphylactic reaction (e) Epilepsy (f) Epilepsy19.
Emergency drugs & Intra muscular I.V. Injections –Applied anatomy, Ideal
location for giving these injections, techniques etc.LOCAL ANAESTHESIA:a.
Introduction, concept of L.A., classification of local anaesthetic agents, ideal
b. requirements, mode of action, types of local anaesthesia, complications. c.
Use of Vaso constrictors in local anaesthetic solution – d. Advantages, contra-
indications, various vaso constrictors used. e. Anaesthesia of the mandible –
f. Pterygomandibular space – boundaries, contents etc. g. Interior Dental
Nerve Block – various techniques h. Complications i. Mental foramen nerve
block j. Anaesthesia of Maxilla – k. Intra – orbital nerve block. l. Posterior
superior alveolar nerve block m. Maxillary nerve block – techniques.
GENERAL ANAESTHESIA –a. Concept of general anaesthesia. b. Indications of
general anaesthesia in dentistry. c. Pre-anaesthetic evaluation of the
patient. d. Pre-anaesthetic medication – advantages, drugs used. e.
Commonly used anaesthetic agents. f. Complication during and after G.A. g.
I.V. sedation with Diazepam and Medozolam. h. Indications, mode of action,
technique etc. i. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation j. Use of oxygen and
emergency drugs. k. Tracheostomy. 2.4.2.3- Recommended Books:a. Minor
Oral Surgery by Geoffrey L. Howe. b. An outline of Oral Surgery Part-I and II
by Killey, Seward and Kay. c. Killey’s Fractures of Middle third of the facial
skeleton d. Killey’s Fracture of the Mandible e. Medical problems in Dentistry
by Scully & Cawson f. Contemprary Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery by Patterson,
Ellis & Tucker. g. Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery by LASKIN h. Oral and
Maxillofacial Surgery by Kruger. i. Local Anaesthesia in Dentistry G.L. Howe,
Whitehead j. General Anaesthesia & Sedation in Dentistry by Hill, Morris k.
Oral Medicine by W.R. Tyldesley l. Burket’s oral Medicine by Malcolm A.
Lynch. m. Oral Medicine and Pathology by Cawson and Odel n. Oral &
Maxillofacial Surgery by John Peddler 2.4.3- PROSTHODONTICS-2.4.3.1-
SEMESTER I:CourseworkI. Complete dentures.a) Definitions.b) Applied
Anatomy and Physiologyc) Peripheral tissue attachment of denture bearing
area.d) Tongue forme) Salivaf) Systemic disorders and applied pathology.g)
Evaluation of patients.h) Identification of patientsi) General conditions.j)
Muscle tone and muscular development.k) Osmotic balancesl) Oral lesions
with skin manifestationsm) Psychiatric evaluation of patientsn) Oral condition
of denture bearing areao) Ridge form and relations.p) Oral mucosa: resistant
and non resistant tissuesq) Alveolar bone resorption.r) Face formss)
Fundamentals of Denture retention and contributing factorst) Mouth
preparation including preprosthotics Surgery2. Impression Proceduresa)
Objectives of impression.a) Theories and techniquesb) Impression
techniques: minimum pressure, definite pressure, selective pressure
impression.c) Pascal’s law and its corollaries, atmospheric pressure,
intermolecular attraction, interfacial, surface tension d) Impression
Techniques: primary, wash and secondary impressions, impression trays,
impression materials.e) Factors responsible for physical retention,
physiological, mechanical, surgical and psychological factors.f) Stabilityg)
Maxillo-mandibular relations.h) Occlusal and Rest vertical relations.i)
Horizontal relations.j) Centric and Eccentrio relations.k) Articulators.l)
Theories of articulation.m) Protrusive records condylar path.n) Lateral
records.o) Hanau’s formula.p) Facebow, arbitrary and kinematics.q) Hinge
axis.r) Semi adjustable and acron type articulators.s) Selection of teeth,
arrangement of teeth Factors responsible for size, shape, colour, shade,
position and relationship of teeth.s) Selection of teeth, arrangement of teeth
Factors responsible for size, shape, colour, shade, position and relationship of
teeth.• Curve of Spee.• Curve of Wilson.• Monson curve.t) Occulusion and
articulation,u) Phoneticsv) Trialw) Insertionx) Post-insertion follow up.Crown &
Bridge: (Fixed prosthodontics)A) Principles of Fixed prosthodonticsa)
Definitions:b) Applied Anatomy and Physiologyc) Oral manifestations of local
and systemic disordersd) History: General and oral examinatione) Evaluation
f) Diagnosis and treatment planning, prognosisg) Bio-mechanics of oral
cavity and contributory factors B) Crowna) Material considerationsb) Types of
crownsc) Indications and contra indications (Advantages and disadvantages)
d) Principles of tooth preparations and laboratory procedurese) Impression
techniquesf) Temporary and provisional restorationsg) Cementation of
temporary crownsh) Try in Occlusal adjustmentsi) Final cementation including
material conditionj) Post insertion follow upk) Post insertion complications
and their management.2.4.3.2- SEMESTER I:Coursework3. Immediate
Dentures and Replacement Denturesa) Classification and types (partial,
complete).b) Indications and contra indicationsc) Objectivesd) Clinical and
laboratory procedurese) Multi disciplinary approach including care during
surgeryf) Insertion, follow up and maintenance.4. Implantologya) Types of
implantsb) Endosseousc) Sub periosteald) Endodontic implants.e) Osseo
integration and Bio compatibility.f) Limitation of implants.g) Prosthodontic
Options.h) Clinical and laboratory procedures5. Maxillo Facial Prosthetics.a)
Classification of congenital and acquired defects.b) Principles governing
treatment and management of patients presenting with various defectsc)
Obturatorsd) Cleft palate prosthesise) Speech aid prosthesesf) Facial
prosthesesg) TMD splintsh) Bite Raising appliancesi) Occlusal splintsj)
Arthralgia and Myalgia splintsk) Splints and Stents.6. Occlusion including
TMD/MPDa) Theories and Principles of Occlusion.b) Occlusal Traumac)
Concept, Aetiology, Treatment planning and options7. Gerodontologya)
Principles and procedures relating to the management of medically
compromised patientsb) Effects of medicationc) Medical conditions having
oral manifestationd) Xerostormiae) Root cariesf) Geriatric Nutritiong)
Principles of prosthodontic procedures in geriatric patientsCrown & Bridge:
(Fixed prosthodontics)1.). Over Denturesa) Definitionsb) Applied Anatomy
and Physiologyc) Oral manifestations of local and systemic disordersd)
History General and oral examinatione) Evaluationf) Diagnosis and treatment
planning, prognosisg) Bio-mechanics of oral cavity and contributory factorsh)
Classifications and typesi. Partial and completeii. Removable and Fixediii.
Transitional or Diagnostics and permanent definitive.iv. Tooth supported, root
supported, implant supportedi) Indications contra indications, advantages
and disadvantagesj) Steps of procedures and follow up.2.). Precision
Retained DenturesIntra Coronal, Extra Coronal and Intra radicular
attachments.3). Relining, Rebasing and RepairsGeneral indications and
principles and Procedures.2.4.3.3. Recommended BooksA) Removable Partial
Dentures.a. MacCraken’s Removable partial denturesb. Boucher’s treatment
of partially edentulous patients by Gavin P Renner.c. Miller’s Removable
partial dentures,d. Designing Removable partial dentures by John Walter.e.
Atlas of Removable partial dentures by Davenport.B) Fixed Prosthodonticsa.
Planning and making crowns and bridges by B. G. Smith.b. Contemporary
fixed prosthodontics by Rossential and Fujimoto.c. Fundamentals of crown
and bridge by Shillenberg.d. Tillman’s Principles of crown and bridge.e. Atlas
of Tooth preparation for crown and bridge by Shillenberg.C) Complete
Denture Prosthodonticsa. Boucher,s Prosthodontic treatment for edentulous
Patients by Dicky and Zarb, .b. Atlas of complete dentures by John Hobkirrc.
Syllabus of complete dentures by Heartwell and Rahn.d. Immediate and
Replacement dentures by Anderson and Storer.e. Fenn’s Clinical dental
prosthetics by MacCraken.f. Complete Dentures Prosthodontics by Basker
and Devenpot.D) Miscellaneousa. Atlas of implantology by Norman Kranin.b.
Dental laboratory techniques by Morrow, Rudd and Eissman.c. Occlusion by
Ramfjord and Ash.d. Management of Temporomandibular Disorders by
Okeson.2.4.4- OPERATIVE DENTISTRY2.4.4.1- SEMESTER I:Coursework.1.
Radiology & Radiography a. Periapicalb. Bitewingc. Occlusald. OPG2.
Restorative materialsa. Amalgamb. Applied Chemistryc. Mercury hazards &
hygiened. Composite resinse. Applied Chemistry,f. Acid etching,g. Enamel &
Dentine bonding,h. Restoration of Class III & IVi. Posterior Compositej.
Composite Veneersk. Cementsl. Ca(OH)2m. Glass Ionomersn. Zinc
Phosphateso. Zinc Oxide Eugenol and othersq3. Discoloration of teeth
4.Inlays and OnlaysPaedodontics1. Child management in dental practice2.
Prevention of Dental Diseasea) Prenatal Counselingb) Oral prophylaxisc)
Fluoride administrationd) Dietary managemente) Diet counselingf) Home
care3. The Acid etch Technique in caries prevention4. Pit & Fissure Sealants &
Preventive resin restorations5. Radiology6. Problem of Pain & Sedation
Endodontics– History– Clinical examination– Therapeutics2. Clinical
Classification of pulpal & periapical disease– Reversible pulpitis.– Irreversible
pulpitis.– Acute apical periodontitis.– Acute apical abscess– Chronic apical
periodontitis3. Local Anesthesia4. Instruments5. Internal Morphology &
Access opening6. Pulpectomy – diagnostic & working length, cleaning filing,
shaping7. Bio-mechanical canal preparation etc.8. Irrigants & intra canal
medicamentsCrowns1. Terminology, Indications & Contra indications2.
Diagnosis & Treatment Planning3. Basic Principles of preparation4. Procelain
Jacket Crowns Indications & Contraindications, Clinical assessment, and steps
of preparation.5. Procelain Fused to metal crowns Indications,
Contraindications Clinical assessment Steps of preparation6. Full Crowns
Indications, Contraindications, Clinical assessment, Steps of preparation7.
Fluid control & soft tissue management8. Electrosurgery Indications, Contra
indication & Technique2.4.4.2- SEMESTER I I:Coursework5.Restoration of
Pulpless teeth ( Post and Core)6. Pin Retained restorations7. Bleachinga.
Internalb. External5. Veneersa. Porcelain.b. Compositec. Metal6. Restorative /
Gingival Interface7. Management of medically compromised patients with
special reference to HIV and Hepatitis8. Implant supported restorations9.
OcclusionPaedodonticsa. Periodontal disease in childrenb. Injury to the
primary & permanent teethc. Pulp therapy for the primary & young
permanent teethApexificationApexogenesisd. Restorative dentistry for the
primary dentitione. Anesthesiaf. Oral habitsg. Space maintenance in the
primary dentitionh. Treatment planning & interceptive orthodonticsi.
Rampant cariesj. Fluoridesk. Treatment of handicapped childrenEndodontics
1. Root canal sealers & obturation.2. Failures in endodontics3. Surgical
Endodontics & Re-treatment4. Endo – perio lesions5. Internal, external
resoption6. Radiographic Analysis.7. Dental emergency8. Sterilization and
asepsis9. Traumatic injuriesa. Crown fractureb. Root fractureqc.
Displacementd. AvulsionCrowns1. Post & Core crowns2. Impressions &
Impression materials3. Clinical Procedures4. Laboratory Technique for5.
Porcelain veneers6. Inlays Onlays.7. CAD-CAM8. OcclusionGeriodontology1.
Management strategies for the dental care of the elderly.2. Dental and oral
diseases and disorder in the elderly.3. Range of psychological and social
factors involved with geriatric patients.4. Distinguish between normal and
abnormal consequences of aging.5. Excessive tooth wear.6. Root dental
caries.7. Recession of the gingival tissues and the special difficulties of
providing removable prostheses.2.4.4.3Recommended Books:1. Art and
Science of Operative Dentistry 2. Fundamentals of Operative Dentistry –
Submit & Schwartz 3. A Manual of Paediatric Dentisty- Endlow and Rock 4.
Inlays, Crowns and Bridges- Kantorwitz 5. Harty’s Endodontics in Clinical
Practice 6. Principles and Practice of Endodontics- Torabinejad 2.4.5-
BEHAVIOURAL SCIENCES2.4.5.1- GOAL:The aim of teaching behavioural
sciences to undergraduate student is to impart such knowledge & skills that
may enable him to apply principles of behaviour –a) For all round
development of his personalityb) In various therapeutic situations in
dentistry.The student should be able to develop skills of assessing
psychological factors in each patient, explaining stress, learning simple
counselling techniques, and improving patients compliance behaviour.
2.4.5.2- OBJECTIVES:A) KNOWLEDGE & UNDERSTANDING:At the end of the
course, the student shall be able to:1) Comprehend different aspects of
normal behaviour like learning, memory, motivation, personality &
intelligence.2) Recognise difference between normal and abnormal
behaviour.3) Classify psychiatric disorders in dentistry.4) Recognise clinical
manifestations of dental phobia, dental anxiety, facial pain, orofacial
manifestations of psychiatric disorders, and behavioural problems in
children. Addictive disorders, psychological disorders in various dental
departments.5) Should have understanding of stress in dentistry and
knowledge of simple counselling techniques.6) Have some background
knowledge of interpersonal, managerial and problem solving skills which are
an integral part of modern dental practice.7) Have knowledge of social
context of dental care.The student shall be able to:1) Interview the patient
and understand different methods of communication skills in dentist –
patient relationship.2) Improve patient’s compliance behaviour.4) Diagnose
and manage minor psychological problems while treating dental patients.
2.4.5.2- INTEGRATION:The training in Behavioural sciences shall prepare the
students to deliver preventive, promotive, curative and rehabilitative
services to the care of the patients both in family and community and refer
advanced cases to specialised psychiatric hospitals. Training should be
integrated with all the departments of Dentistry, Medicine, Pharmacology,
Physiology and Biochemistry.2.4.5.3- PSYCHOLOGY:1. Definition & Need of
Behavioural Science. Determinants of Behaviour.2. Sensory process &
perception perceptual process- clinical applications.3. Attention – Definition –
factors that determine attention. Clinical application.4. Memory – Memory
process – Types of memory , Forgetting: Methods to improve memory,
Clinical assessment of memory & clinical applications.5. Definition – Laws of
learning Type of learning. Classical conditioning, operant conditioning,
cognitive learning, Insight learning, social learning, observational learning,
principles of learning-Clinical application.6. Intelligence- Definition: Nature of
intelligence stability of intelligence Determinants of intelligence, clinical
application7.Thinking – Definition: Types of thinking, delusions, problem
solving8. Motivation – Definition: Motive, drive, needs classification of
motives9. Emotions – Definition differentiation from feelings – Role of
hypothalamus, Cerebral cortex, adrenal glands ANS. Theories of emotion,
Types of emotions. Personality. Assessment of personality: Questionnaires,
personality inventory, rating scales, Interview projective techniques –
Rorshach ink blottest , RAT, CAT2.4.5.4- SOCIOLOGY:Social class, social
groups – family, types of family, types of marriages,communities and Nations
and institutions.2.4.6- ETHICSIntroduction: There is a definite shift now from
the traditional patient and doctor relationship and delivery of dental care.
With the advances in science and technology and the increasing needs of the
patient, their families and community, there is a concern for the health of the
community as a whole. There is a shift to greater accountability to the
society. Dental specialists like the other health professionals are confronted
with many ethical problems. It is therefore absolutely necessary for each and
every one in the health care delivery to prepare themselves to deal with
these problems. To accomplish this and develop human values Council
desires that all the trainees undergo ethical sensitization by lectures or
discussion on ethical issues, discussion of cases with animportant ethical
component.Course content:Introduction to ethics –– What is ethics?
– What
are values and norms?
– How to form a value system in one’s personal and
professional life?
– Declaration of Helsinki, WHO declaration of Geneva,
International code of ethics, D.C.I. Code of ethics.The patient as a person.
Right to be respectedTruth and confidentialityAutonomy of decisionDoctor
Patient relationshipProfession Ethics –Contract and confidentialityCharging of
fees, fee splittingPrescription of drugsOver-investigating the patient
Malpractice and negligenceResearch Ethics –Animal and experimental
research/humannessHuman experimentationHuman volunteer research-
informed consentDrug trialsEthical workshop of casesGathering all value
factorsGathering all value factors2.4.6.1- Recommended Books:• Law and
Ethics in Dentistry J. Sear