| 12 \us— > HAND WRITTEN NOTES:- OF | ECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING -: SUBJECT:- ICROWAVE ENGINEER |f . Micotowave tb ArbacDucttor —— Res 2. Micwwave components i Whlane Tee ws E-plane Tee @ Dixectional coupler | Mogic Tee IE Rod Race In- Fewodte devices (drolaton, Gy xroton Cinrcur0or ton) 3 pLwove tubes Too cavily Ki tron Malti ceavity nee Reflex Wystron THT (Toravelling wave tube? BUA (Backiwand wove oxcibledor) | Hagnetoon | 4. Solid Stale devices uM Tunnel Gunn Avalon he txansit time device Gmeaty, rRapatt aAnARittT) | > PRanomelatc amplifier MASER + Casfly Reronatos 8 Peoave communication Tesmestodal communication wave measurement 10 wove onfenne |} Sebeiiudese ay# Antadaction = = = ire é att }—~ s00 MH. bo gooGkk Bet devices con re Hefe ublo 108i G=ag | a=f ¥- Fate where $= 300 Mz then A = SEI = Im Seo m0 ¥ =3006Hs then A= 3x10% — tin Boo xc? : Pao thes Re a Bexar ~ OPO = Micxowaves ane co called because Wey ase defined io tema of heise wavelength. Advantage of Mics ocvanes tl. Ancneased Bondioidth—ovas lability. 2 Dinechivity of antenna increases Beam width «A Disec tivity ot a = corral eet ee x So high gon & dineclve antenna cin be designee é Piscctad rone entity at microwave oa B Fading effect F mehiabibity Due L Gine ef sight L9S) pecpogeton g high fee thene is kin fadding effect 4 micxowcove “eammuinicast¥oi & mone neltable x Repeaters one placed of SO kwVelemelay & Radas , : 3. Commercial & industdal abbliatens ux of poreQT. a | the $= bo T — v-high Phase vertation 14 negligible —> then Dambed pbaxometens ore Uted $ high 1 — high Phase vasiatfon i veou xy high - = then distoobuled Poxcameteu ase Used. is Googe, Ihewe ix negligible phase vaniation acuos ents | 60 Oamped pasamecders CR, t&c) om simple is ai eabe * When A id amale thexe is high phase Vesdation acsong We Sree ae ee te elernents. ; Band Designation veee— dhstitute of Blecduical & Electonics Engincesing Lond fred: Ronge eS 1! 2 6He e 2-4 GHz x 4-8 Ge K, @-18 GHa ee 12-1@ GHz 18-97 GHe Ke. 2-40 Gz = eaea4. Microccave —Giponen| FP the Pred on con't be used fon pllawing srecaons in pice mange then 1 Eduibment i not aveilable “to mendume tolal volt § tolal cussent at the post of Nilo 2 Shot cht & chen ckt- axe Difficult fo ochieve ovex broadband of fared. B Rckve devce guch ag panes reanats aPreduently Gil ook hive Akabilihy fos Stuttering Rees (S-baxametess)CP Rebels of S Matin | : His a sure materi of se nxn, Bhae 1 i ro 8 ponte 2 Principle diagonal efements xepoesent seflection cneMrcients ef sesbeckve ports’. fom perfecly matched Nig , al the Sragonal clemerd.z P ONE geno. ise Si'= Ses = Syn- S20 S mateix 16 a zymmelsical motsex foo cciprrcall Mls Sai i Sys= Sa, che $I os mactnny bee eS 18s) - (1) ee as =| Se Sé Si Sh - Eee © Zeno facbely- G4 atakes that Jain of predud of.s cach. tenn of ony prow Cox column) roulliplied by — complex tonjugele of org ahex sa Con column) iA ger: Sas Su SS + SoS + Sy S45 +S, SA -0 4p,=e HP ony of the fole—an reference —blane-ane moved a away non tbe qurclion By em electaonic distance BL then each of the coefficient of S-mataix will be . multiblied a faclon of evipt ; plied by a fo @ | WePlane Tee — | field divided \ Cussrent divided | el \ Shunt dunction MagneticSe | : Sayt 2x3, ix perfectly matched. chs = VE = = 4h = ph “eS Siece -symmetsical matsix x Ry > Saar Saa “Ge Sa= Sa, S][s*] - [1] Se-Sa--b 8 S.=-S.-4 -|% -% Ye =a] \, e «| % Yeo M1- [sll] 1 eo “a lv, ; | eee, Vals Moa Eimear te v5 Nor 3M. - by +42v, —o@ Mn Soa aN 1 Mba = J. vi, + $V @@ Pond @ tt fonfecdly matohed 2 ig also called 3d8 shltten. 5 Piso ~ clin tenle (rh 2) axe T dame phase P tp i fren te font @ only. Chse @ me Ny. Can Se Myeo (ore a Vyeo. Via = Vi =O | PR, = P= at Nev= Sg Ry = Oly = Plfo Scented fonts ne out of phase ty two" if ~ ip is pen to one of collinear poo. Pie a) 1 D-flone T Mo oa . i - i por eae Elecluic $Id divided E plane Fe 2— { Ly a durded | Series Shinclionent (sI[sJ- (4) Sa= Sa Ses* Sai Salven Vo vo ‘a “ee || Ya hs [RS 2 ta - Yea} | a Ves "a -Ys ofl % a \ Nev = + pve Noa 1 es | = we Nag eM) — va V8 - N= On = Pat ole fe _ 0% = Pla Pare a. at aceen) = ote ty enotched can ces 0 eee St op eae ey 1 Op bom . ~ oe CE -axm) only i o gip* & : | ade spbiles- & Gwe 2 Vi = Miai=o Bic Rae HP Ng =o sae 2 Ry = 0 =Pee Su So 8 Sy su a Sa, Ss. Sag Say SS. Sse Sin Sia Sia Sun * All fun ponte — ane perfectly matched). B= Sse 2 Sk.- Sco - ~ at Ab i called Mase Tee Sa= Ss, = + es Sy = XG Sua ~ -5 x Ham port @ & €-am fork @ axe isolated pasts Sou = Sig-© * Sia- Sa Sia= Sq =o oo fm collinean fous (1 6a] one S- fo 2» 2 isolated — fords t& te 2 © ae ans o 8Be Mixeor ® ip ab ) 4 r cia A 7) i ‘ is N TL} mtd’ tT. Sa Osea anc tom Fe Que Teco matched Hybud ‘Tee axe connected thowagh too Wplare ams to fom a 6 font dewce SP Hmaabl power 1% fed inlo port t , the Ip powen (ih muro) incthexs Spode ra nemely Ya 4? will be acspechvehy Fe A) 0,4,0,00 B—-1,0 ,4,2,° 2 1,0,1, 0,28are = a Cintunfisence’ = = re dy Ay Sted Woucleagth * Tp te poet Sp faa No. Op ‘ consecutive Ponts ' 24 3s 2 1&3 4 = 5 2 8&4 1 + 3 41 2 sou el S- zs 5 af * Ril Sous pods ane ite: 2 rnatched : ~ 1 & 3 ee ‘mololed pow | Se- Sa - 0 2 2w me olold pods Ser Garo& wha <4 pe eee 2 Sy, Z e { {sl} SF akOm 8 Saeko) /y) eee Se [Sua- Vann | ~ MN ie a Pred zenpitive device. ip to pont Rath Travelled Palle ete eee \ 5 Aiffexence denen = gilda lo fhe oat Aas 0 past Sg), ° is) > ) 23h p ‘lp fom eg os upto @ a Aad an 2) 5 A9 hy s olp aon Shy ") 2 ss oe i x i 8/0 p20 ) ob ny HEatechional Coupler 2 Bolomee Ameao blaee @)T= vlog | "%, \ EV) teal Rao T= % 7 movmmalty. or rote “2 le eRe + 10 lor. 7 Boe = ayrreloaital Secipearal rehoonk 2A SRST SI NN NS 6 nm nema= Tee ole divecttonal coupler 3—_ : 5s nage rt R. oF een Mie a WZZZTTIM ~VILTZIZTTZD Seco! 5 odes oe Sp Be too Role = odd mulhble of — /, = Gory ag, Re 6. 1,278.4, 2 —- take nao a ee. age e777} ae = Patt tscvelbed by = A+B+C4A Path drovelled By 2= AHCH RHR * foth dgfenexe =o ‘ alee Phase dEferncoce =O . Pols BRP decreed By = AtOTE Bit trond by Oo = At crerc+A Bi dfhenence = SC = AVfy Phase Aiffenence bho Va on Aub 32oO~ 2&y ane itchbed fpox hs Pa= pve py bs a B= Ve 2 w ® sav ® ae __@ “fee Pp © id oo ek My mabkched as Saaj de se a ee Gites cb 22 - e)- I" emt joo! o-000t 3 fo a. ' oor oot oo pb: eon | jon a sk i R = ce roky, % Do tology, | Q-oo! = os - %v* ii = & : = = Nolet yo! c=oley,, a ee | Pag ‘GoGo — me tot ho Cc = hod& : oi Ge Py. 39 ‘2 “a wif sfesite “TDevicess— : : + fovile 1s 6 non-metallic matodal Gates thon that of redal. a Digests contledt «~~ (Gn = 48112 Pelative — permenbiltdy Vou O78 onder of axide bewed ane hay gyenerral comporition som Meo.’ Fes0s We Zn, Mn, Cas Ni « fevile find abblreations So no. oof “Hipove devices S aeduce seflected power ter rocdalation burbs me, 0 aoitching Sede eles | Vie. High meniatiui i con he pio leo GH 4 festa fave one imp: fecperly schich 1 uzgal ab frome Boxed), Ye non. svecifrocal pacheoty =o «= : no pee pie weve along %* oxia is aloesd | _ foobeap thorough feoside Jaca in a ony then — at of polarization . hia Sy with distance ,thig phenomena Known 34 = eg le. re ay i ree oo bilectes © % independent sf di sed; ould By wie Tewgh fonste. sed , to OR CY Rete Brien Gye @ 3 Grertatos: BH te a doe fot deve Bac selative phase: diffnene ef tes Ban tronsmission from fart © to pot @ an® no phase ahft fas. txansmittion foom @ to® Reape! cor Secpevcal d deves beviceay mox attenuation | = ee HET Yees tag tin af baton 7& Wo to mesistive cad then peataive cand oll ~absomb Apa ' AQ Give of pelaxire te ca (Re then, FO call bass it ba oickkea {=e 5 I tw Re Sf Naas ‘ us > x \ absemb eee es ts jii @® Qeclehe feo Loo feet device hich — frrovidle very matt amount af atlmuation — Yor xmiaion shoo poo D to pol® But feouide, mex: attenuation You xminion Pom @ to ® Wis oainement 14 Ver much desinable when we acant- fe match — kounce with vasdable (sad When tmlatas ia insented bh genenctor, & lend. Genaw B reaped God wilh geno Aittenuahdo £. oeflection from Road ane combletely gabscnb by itctedos: cithout occa the genenstor Ip. “Bene gencreton offreans Be Umatched for all head in Yooune cxf tclolon —s= that theme no ae TH Qo) & clip poases: due % vosaton in Coad BSE Efecite od ose foppered at bolh end to seduce the attenuccttion — dealo fos, moot -sadt ee te Uincnsdy Fase) Faas Gectotos —— Qt i iAfmnectional proave device in which power fp iteieiiigt eat be cated Ob, oe canrcdeta he Oe ee diection Ceithen tn cleckatme 0% counten -clockeise) = Grallotns one eed 6 bomomelbdc an, dunned diode, Sige Pupreiees | etek duplexes odon neg re0 —s. . nisin ee Sie Per | i aS A Gaon deck ine 5 Receivin ~ (sl- io hac ome So 2 o 9° co“They ane used fom veal and amplification in proms Gaed monye Cen High fred.) Virmitatinn of conventional dube—> e eee: capocitence effect 6 eed idaconce Hfect 3 “Txonsient time epfect feoduct CoBe) Ne= velscihy ge Zrvt = We uy v G= 1-6 e10' m= 9-1 wo! Ke 7 “Wee 0 59 OF INE Mise U.= De vollege (ual )NV Steot N< Ne 7 Per é @ eee = pee Co) found =a dime token by em fo seach ae eo ercde to celhade T ahold be comparable to % — Gober edocs. cobacitence effect F; "7 f — Lee yea \ Q—- att o ie $2 very Bigh Ze = Very bes -y Ped Son L ua a- Ef f effect crx tat olen ot ne eduad ae oth 1 m Qued es am, abunsting effect dip voltage ber due = va duc te Cam, Cg Bored seactoncee Sue 9 = Teter: eteclngle Cabactlonce . ie called Qete thie is avljected & mx RF te voltage © vittowvel | towered) s _geb 8 Catcher ss gap)ak eleslg we -Fe M=e) va) : a ~ @& obec kave a—s lightly one the oeference when roto gh) ie Sack canbe by lect. ib i mubjected do max: RF Wve elke & Bence “em foovel towns @ gop 8 otk velocity smaller then Bs Te =e, s aso cenit af thie achion Crelos Codes mation) fo Ranchi Qin . gpraduadt inch togelbey az they Asawel don the. dsaft+ aPice Boor vr ; = “the fuleating etneam af e peutes thaough gap # {¢ give amplification in lp Cavity +The dene of = paing Arsrough be gap 8B oa cyclic, eu Nime fe. e@ beam contais an AC cusxent medulbted. S aa 7 Suncking * Occur cersorent n only once fen cajcle centoed ceount sePenace © Ml | 3 a ge en toe ; it oP trench cyde = 0-4} o= *.2,3, 4,5 r= no of comblebe decanait eydee Phase change = [pk Qu Pe 1 1 > 2er- 5 — “@) 1 Quonfitad ve anaes ai ef shoo cenithy Kyatoron nome Qiontitative onalysia con be descodbe under God csines Ou) tions—- §,&. Beam is omume to fave unicfooim density jp TeMsEH ind Beam ct ae , Spoce chesge effec Coremtoml mnutual s:ebullion , bho change careers) 14 neg Qigible. 3 Megoitude ef Puce yeignel jip i auume to fe | NI | much amaller tran dC eee voltege, thert-ta \ Re-entiant Gvities ¢— ‘ 0 nt —— J very vey igh L— & c —> very very amalld | sao se | OD B B= phone conslont l= 2X - | oe G = east @ TE &(%) bept | \ey ene -= Moduler fory -2— P Sealers + lee van te t, — VCE Y= modulated vebocihy Vice [29 rw) Vv Cb) - Average vale of RE Aignal Wn Blea) €,-£, veo- [Eker] —o ge Anansi Mine —4,-to de gap toemit time = x —S We = 0-593 x10%]ve a ® e \ , ewe > - es | Vy Sinwt: dt = Vv, Sin oe Sin \» tet 9 /ag, = Vy Sin Sle Sinftote + 8) = Safa Beam coupling gS la coe Sfrdient- y yaee Se_foe %2)—© pt © *O va) = | [vst BAY Sir Cott Gla)] Ge . ‘ae ~ (== [ie BM Stn (ote + Via)] ty po bee bem] ve) = Ww BM Si ie o Gott BY] } r |: t= tert - & ae as wt. - ot. ~ 89 Bu Sto (ot. = Pao - v. [1 “ave ial eae Loensit time ee 2 veto ve [. +o Sin (ot, Pola) |] I he ak Te = "hy = de txcmait timeae txonalt male ta - ny «Te [: —LM Sin Wt - o)| GD ‘Ve Tract angle 4 aM Octet) = WT. [ = BY Sidiot - By | watta-t) = 9, - BM 6, sin wot, - S99 Bundhing parnincten te é Ve w Cty-£,) =+@. — * Sth Get, - Sajy) heute helen of _tassunt hat cslehor savy —- ie Te = ue.) ie + + BG eis. ae a= ia At Bt, << at Te At = [pdt Gre a =>I, , Tce) I= re | ty= e+ 2+ Ts = +t2-%-© wtp- Wt - oT, @ Wta= ota~ Oy -&faba — Ye ~—BE= cakcher covily axsivall angle: @ ees —— G2 we aeve of beam casment fa) an a fun. @P catcher cont axsival onale in teams of bunching pascime tens a. on ye 7 a posses — 4) Be te = Se = So ee SS ae nee on pp (Ses FT 4 4c Se De i> wo aDHounle—sentes expansion —of ig Chis) 2— G= d+ = londanwt, +h, Sisrty | Cy iMe| Gi= tee 2 24, In (Mx) GA [Nakty —C-To)] Magnitude of fundamental cemberent | induced 7 Bla Beam coupling coefficient of ep cavity a 4 f= 6 - Soe Ba ideally deo ae oo] I<) = 0-58 x= 1-@4) ©. = 200- Ma Gon mem ei @r=! tomce L Basi mex: bower, Sip %= 1 Shd Oe act we Some Ne BM ool AV, QVo NoP a 2 tent —— BY a oman & ; = F688 me Lophimum = — sen @y) fe Sip pose. and beam Orracdiin = Mor bunching should occu approximately mmidiooy bo catches “Saids CGtchex gap) the phate of the catcher hp weliege must be meiinlein tp Such oprenay that We bunch es. 05 they pau thewugh the grid encounter a actarding phase fo tet ie KE ts teandexcd -into “aby op catcher covihy. atchen geid the When oro of cc emenge faom J Rave iy velocih, : and axe Jin ally collect: d by collect (Ansde plate) . : ' s cht af catcher cavity ve si, . = . SK... Rey Re soe oa Rang = Resintance of wall of cavihy Re, - Geow fonding mesintonee . B@ Reu= Rell Reno Re Raye ed, shunt resistancea @ a [den pe =e ee ST v= Re phone an e = medians Moa Boe. to below pwave ange covi sresone tone Gq be — sepresented Ryo Gambed const} Stesonant ca When the Opeaating sfaed. ters |e NHE Cpe seange) Both fo several tens af L&C must be reduced don min vele % ordes f matintatn sesonance at- chewing freq. Ahenefane Re-entoont cevitier ane deigmed — fox using in Wystran and other peove devices Re - ent=ont cavity % one jo which metalli Poandawy extends soto te intexios of the cavity | Sen ad of er © F* sesonant ref. dice edn. a fun 1} Bow an infinite. no- of 2)? sous Value of feed. fs thie Aybe of ce- enfoert zon abbot on infirite 7° ef exon ant and eott—of onciationa - . covihy a4indeed voleage Pac = Vo To yn, - Sec = Coins Va ec QV_ Te We B15, 00 BX 2 Foto TOD Ron 2Ve To = a QB. ICVTS “Roe Vole Ve T. Gos PaCS Be Ver | dan ee efficiency =! Ma = No Timex? = i= 0-58 fo *= LBM 201 | Meosdttec® anon aFh ficiencyi Sem - OS ay, - tual conductance —— sn | \ Toinde | a ; at Bee. ap. te TO) = 28 HT, Ox SP Te TS VOX 7Power QatiaPle pacer =e Ip Powe e = Taina Vala = NS! _ WARS, = = Pswo [Re Boon Coading condu ue ny Sucka Go - te: SS [A -RGaOn | ER Yoo coviky Hy-teton 0 following fponarmeters No= \ooo volts To= 25a 2 = een Jap spacing fo either covity ya Abacing bho hee covily L= Len ekeckive Abuot Wpedence excluding she beam Ueasting Rew = So *S d ind A) ict Tip gab voltage fo que max vwllage ab va. BD fod voltage gin oegteching we Bear Yording inthe convity a, oe n of exp pee Beam oa p) Cake. ae Qecuching conductance. & eae Abad vag lecling it waa Gushfy ip peteencting calcu Von & ob Vip cavity lp cavity ce te ei Reyne RevllRe Ren = meal Aboot sesistance . e clude, eal choy Coad. ; Ahurt swesistorce toeluding load.MW © Tas KIS, Maz 0-593 wic8]oo | ax. Mex eg x 107 Migec. Q- st 2Srelswxic? 1-88 +10 Qa ima al ae ieee Sie’ ® = Sele 0-559 ic G2 ot. Vo Nps Rewsce wre = 96-5 volt O- 452 ¥hoO s) fee “ly, = Tointd Le Rone To tn.d.ed = 21 B.D Tantueo a 2r esr 10% ~o-Isa wo Se ms = BSS ARen = Povo IR Gy 4 fy = Me = @.596 = @c VW a * “y= See - SR eRe ere | fae Vere DP) Ga= Ss [Ao - acr.0i0] 5a = Eure [c asa)®— 0-958 wan ] en mS Ge = 28-@ riot mbho Ry eel Sa = by Mo. = belt wto® Mult cavity —Klystoion s— I fos, Dighes evesalll goin generally axe used) 4n cage of too cavity K ; ; 9 B 5A neapicible bje of malR density oF SS in heen ey fous rouse omplificalion —Powcvess ~ . < analysed thet when Diph-powen klystoon tubes ane anally 2 densily of beam 7 Soage pias ae tsefullion ef @ Ccbosg. chge effect) must OC considion vs ves te Rey = Lae ae a covity Klystseen pace chaosWhen en bestentote (amott change fr moment sf et) in e Been KR S dens comat of a dc power 4+ PRE pevtusbation, “cause By= eo buockes - &) P= de 2 charge denally £- instantaneous charge dengihy Moe de © velocity d= Ipstantancous | veloc ly pen tusbation Bo= Mig, = de phase constant flan fey. oor BS [EE Rediced plasma fred, ae ek Pp . © ahace change seduchion sfaclon vases from == O- | plasma freddy is a Qned. at which e will seeds Miah e-) See Placme free} applies only dso teh’ of Hhvite diamelen. The prachrcal = * Sea of fwite Arametes ane faclord zed by scduced plana fered tuner Senaihy T= PY = Na Droit = Protar* tote! - Voter = [- +P) LY +ve] Fhotas ~ | - Fe PeV. +9 + PV { Psa P. w<< Ve Pur regligitle Thetee = - RY Pev,4 pv,De cuswient. density che PVs we Anatontoneous RF Convector cusorenb densihy | Qe A foun cavity klystsion haa a falosing pamela Beam voltage Va = Is k Volt Bear cunment to = by Arb | Obenating freq. f= 1OGHs de e- c aoe aenaity Poe 1S Chet : RE change censih Pa 107% ofp | Nebocity perurbation | Cole v= 10° mM] 0c A)-pc e velscik < B) Dc phese comtant c) jplasme face} D) reduced plazma Pred “for R= 04 ‘ 2) DC beam cusrent densit uo #) dnstanteneouz Beam cunrent denaig . “ 6) we OS % pio Vo oFly Pio® Macc ® Pe- y> Sif = @ & mio? sed|,, % vem Fesaeo" ores) "| tp = esq P10" p_ 10 Bee i PAL e108 x05/ 6 8-854 woldt &o) Ye Rp Oe Bui eI0® = O-Séh w108 sod he i QD Toe PS. = Fe Alt < & ; PH J = puspu = we rowy mi — oF we JOS Te. OH Algs rs O|p cscrent gop paces of hoo ee kiystowon { sohen apace charge is cdnsidened. 4] Ile RMS value of RF Aignal | ESTE RTE Sa ee litle. = iE moet.rary Dae A kao’ cavity Hystown Baa the ‘pling atone Beam voltane—p,~ do kvll- ¢ Beam cusmient To= 2 Amp CE Cheating “for f= 66m, Beam coubling coefficient By= Ble 1 R= tofye dc |e chawge densily Shunt xesstance of the city — Rsy> Joke tobed zhund seria tance Faelading fend Reye= Soka > I, | =1ov Lens] = Gle— A) Planina fred. p= ar mio? aden 8) Reduced Aplorsine Prec. fo - se D) Anduced vollage in ele cowidy LY ]p power delivered to Gad O oicess ‘Gain G) elecloane eWiciencs 7 & i) 2) Anduced — cusxenl in Op cov jo 4 a Senens & lk & (8 xl = 03565 Amb D) Vena = Tond x Rou = © 8565 © Gorxto8 = 10-#0 Kole £) Ruy = Trea Ren = = 389 \cuwalt SEES TT erirsnenaenaeemmraante eo seinem eeFf )Rarsea gate ae Ap= Fouts = 383 210 (Redag = elegy [3.63 pics] = 55: & de: S) SfPicieney OM) - RuFT _S-82 ~10? ieee “See Tan Soe k £5. 9 ese = fours _covi \ omaL Sioa = pi, - be (ES | Ve tq. Git i ah a WIP Rot fan Bie, coil; Hiystown — Wo = lokw ®) Pca Peed, Ie o-# Amb g) Seduced fleame q= han induced eu y= B= 1 Dy induced volte Po= S10 > Cim3 sis Qv Cams) 2) EBese, Rone to k0 “? Rew = Ss KD - PPE = 0-997 wit mdf, A) ip = \E8 ped lec B) qe o598 pIol md (gee ' tjehop 2 2 Myinduced = A BS [a a Wey eka Oo. = 6365 Arn Vy = luna Raw" < SI8 kv a fur = Mey Rom = G03 kwalt f 3 ie ee 2 ee ior yh toni? wm 4 ame E)ep power aelived & hy | Roa Rs we jo “ying! Rene GS) Racer grr Box Fac ee Roa IMI/ pat Rog tamed Ap- S938F10 “Yass = S06 wo# Teo catty Aystron a on Qictllatay se Bor Golchew ee es @® L | wat = oe yg += sem a o& = deansit wae Sa = mismatch bio cavifies + feedback beth fee onalched cavily 8=0 : «= ann - “| x - Fyne of coat of ary oacitloton Tero * con be commented into Ores | each coun | Feeding back 9 fot of cedcher Op into the Bunchen Prober pre 40 cn fo aoitinfiy the Boaktheuen cuilesia. The cxitenta foor oxci. i- . 4 «48h = ann 4 ©: Mg = deta! phor thift 19 xeaonalen ¢ £6 cable Agansit angle “ME toc setonalon cactlote to Ame bhate 9-0. | & Ben teanatl degle [#=_aen= Me, | 4% then oxcilteton to cuntety exciton [ee Son 2on -Mip| i# batime imp. condition.2 wv Re tex Ele ator &— hae SH RE lp ‘ focusing” a mg a Pfetln No | | SS Ve . Ve. > Vig Vp Rebelo vollage EN a Vo = de beam vellage = Seam =| 2 5 y {ee 5 ce e V< V5 a Vo = 0-543 x10° IVa . ar mela during Apple“ So eee ee 6 pee NON MS Vy —., nepelfow 7 [( ‘oo oe eeNe mode: oP chose 544 1% ———— ge hkaa SZ ne oP comblele transite cy rT Wage : Nos < Vor == = Wo cov Hy atsenn osciWatax is usually not consfoeuched Sz when arcilfation 16: Vesded the —stexonance fed, | of each cowty and feedback Pat phase Shift must de seadjusted fos. a ve feedback and to aatiafy Baskhausen cattoda » Reflex Kystson i a single — cowihy Rly-storon * that overcome jhe ditadvankege of foo couly Klysloon osc Operoting puinciple of seflex _klystron = 2° injected Gum the cathode i ‘Firat velocily 7 etcd By cov vollage. Beme © accelleried by accelerating field enter the sefelfen apace with gpreate, velodh, than those wits unchanged velocity while some “e~ deaccelenated by vetooding Field “enter the ebellter ‘segfion oth lcs Velo. 2° A the es tusined ancund xy b it 2 : ‘ by svcfeMer voltage (Ve) er Pau Tough cavity gab. tn punch. that hee ones pen ceyde- On thein selunn yeusney the bunched e “pemes Ihnouch The cavi qe duscng atts or = Yield” and qve ef im ke to is Aromogne tic. Energy fictd REToke — cavi. - 7. 2 Then ax Saintes Op en ia taken forom the casi eS ane Yinalty callecled By woald of the co ky of othe grounded meld hoot of the dube~ GP) & + © bow them othe e gun ia acceDesated towenda cavity. @ften basing the gap in the cavily pa ol fowands chen plate — cahich wot igh ve potential Vas “The em neven seach ab sebetlen pate be of -ve field. and schon back — Yowsaod) geb: under Auitable condition ‘re > Gve moxe energy to the gap then they took oom the gap sn thei found journey and oscWedions exe pia 2ustained + & obich pbauex though gap @hen Re wine Beno ix called) sefenence 2 - thi @ moc desand siebeWer, fate 2 get oeflectad back hy -ve " Nollage on gehelten pled= 4 paxes Though the gq 2 e@ gohich a sience 4ve mox- RF vollage fa called 3 e moe deebex fo sicellers Sbace and te aly beck. ince this 27 move coils gree tex velocity ie Ve = Vo a © which experience «ve mor RF Nollage 16 colted Qte = . it expesdence me fasdecd 3 an 2 it penchoate amallen sehelles apace with Tow velsci by ty ve Ae" | 2a | & boncl! ane Qosim using ateverue jousiney hich 4 NJ tramater ren emengy fo gap to sustain oxilloton Consibey ae spend enengy jo accelerating Ye < & guin enengy in Ff aeledig them ee EEE SN ANAT| ee ee dees fo th BS Gat pouille Fine you & fo_seteon fo he go), ree eee re a ae that existing : aceok he: gob will apply max: selarclatio: do them. This Sher gap voltage 74 -He-mar hu Sauxe |e & gve mow erengy to | gap- Oo fp Neko afeatin Ne mode ef obealfon-, Siu 7h Ba 188k etme HL Nolet Emefken he mode longer will be the Mp boon but dam eanlien made higher wlages CW £Ve ) ane neduined 0 mode _2 kB we widely used. 2 Mothes yen) = we» BY Sor (2i-%y)] —e Eledesc Qild E> Vpt¥e+¥Sinot —_@ L —as LE \ ® tat, Ve vt) —O fat, z= © @, O46 = aml 9 [MprVo] vo) T= tg-t, = Round tsdb tsonaib} Hime gt —Qmt yy. [ 1 +-BM aes VL +Ve | QV. t ee dowinsit ime saCeo't, 2510)] | ie eee eee es ICH ein} = mt ai) I ; eS Re tannit onal: J Alp \£ >T.| 1 Wlte-t, = Oo! + ew 92 Sir (wt, ®ia)] . Banching _pwsemelen She wing. 2 Ve [ets fo= Of + SB col Sy). 1 Gin | Og or Sa© Mysto is Ve Notes The bundhigg. fpaxometex of reflex ys e = wits es heck Fou Sancing parameo off boo conthy Hiycloen, ‘ar Ieee Qounien series _ exbanaion : . Qty = bee 6s/ We 250 volt | ® > Netrdieed = 200V Ning = boing * Pon ~ QAT. WnCd Rew ae | Pp are eRe! i Row = Rep all Rell (Ra= =] X= BM 6 a, | = 1x80 (onanyt-Wa) Beeoo = mr = 1-838 eek 164 | Me X= ee Too= o5F Boot = = ibis mA Bm wo 5B 15157 " eRe VBUROSE ig.u gy Qwawt Ng, ee -Place 2 lnedinen &- GB. SBRb soit” Rel Riystrre isa tow ~ power gtrecatoo of 10-500 ot frat Senge sf Sta. efficiency ts about So-GO% Wis Ape is widely uted fo Laboratory. Ex proove measurements and fp ptwoove oweeivenc ex Crea? arcilatesr > commence , midany and ats bonne dobhles siaden aw well ac miatialer ~ 4H is ured ax aigral Sousce in proce gereredoont TEA Se juxed- ax Saoy. | modikated geci@ledasrs ip Pextable prose Qnki as fred. ton be vasiied Sy change — Seheller —vollage Yea. 2 is uxed ac Pump oxci@aton — fear parcunctetic omBeing Rip remgnel Gatrate f Helix Clow o-saamid We wm [a0c fon ef: ve 990 Vor 1-8 wie? MIke: Var = avw® mace . ‘Difference bla “Tee covily on “Ywoo covihy | blyat ctapn beam i4_ moving Paro pots ene bal RF is Sleationan sf ® We ane casing covihy snesone tom w Aliso Covihy xesonatan ig Oo m*esonent device + GBW= conslt Se do tex BW we have to seduce Gain his ” % nanwroie band am}, ¥ TWEE TCTravedting “Maye - Tube) uae Mteruator 1 Vip» Phe wlodhy com RF Fp, wave shurclune) arial dechuic fred Auntank anial vel ecihy _Hysboton § TMT TAT woe beam & RF At toervellting in Same wih neo! fee velocity a We ame using Helix Glota @ow Aroucdu ne) Wes 74 a non neaonant clevie - GBW is nok comdant Bo we 1 Be without Com) promising Gain, can yw ‘Ths is Lxcad Bond amp"Cheatin of THT (Gualtfelive. Anolis. 7) Snteacton shace fo THT tube Ie extended To fe the Foteachon bho Beam and RE signal. The ¢- beam oe e < y eit RE signal oven Pu Geng lh o: rem The ee cond? ee 2 oe keam QQ ee signal is that Both CRE fiekd P by traveling Gn same da? with ream) same velocihy. As the velocity of RF field tk greater then “velocity of © then Fintaoction tuo then) can) take — place when RE fick) ts selowded by some! means. Gike Helix Galous cove Stourdone) RE freld will produce clectak FretQ ct the centwe of helix. RF Field feavel with — velodhy of Goh But oesullone arial edace Pretd fanvel ith 9 xetoded veloity due. Ss Mhen the vcleSh, af e- beam ovelllitg thoiouh te ek objncaches the Sete of Melectsic™ fick) thol ie | Me-Yp] the intmachion take lace bho them. th sony that on an average — beam deliverred #5 RF wave. / Whco seuilkant ona deetsse Bits iz ceo: We 5 velocity of Swill nematn unaffected this axe sales pidesence — cleckuon =» When arial checks field & 4ve , em will accelencded thm ane called thle electam. CU >) * Wher onial chechsic Pietd ie —ve , Field will rehard the velocity of 2” theeane calfed) curly e°. Ho tie ylochy of e- te modblated. * Wilh ead) cache of onic cleclaie Reld one bunch F< fas Ccrmnent dalation)#5 to bunch coil countered sielandleh) Feld), 20 —__ debivend energy fo RP uve in helix mith Auccemive ~ eycle enegy — goes on Ning . aati), ((69) Mathematcal CQuantitative ) Arollyais Slow “toave Moucdune - Bey VOCS cincumfererce of relix= 0d Someten of bedi - 4 p= pitch Y= hhelis, angle sesultoot aia wlocthy [Phyve velocity - Vp= Ye Siny - wy 7 = Ve = Se i08 mM Jace Me ; 7 Ap wot p | VieNre = te leant Pp? << 1d" a MWe Pitch foo Aiedectaie medium (i — Jvvn EE, (P? + 117d?) Vor? Ron cose ful gain© \= axiat steclen ferd Yo cen = Paopagetion constant a arial wove Bon Phare constant © ec y*="2) [ ape -Y) iV Ye Ze Peto @ RVo tran eq? haa foun moots Seo Mew ar Lo~ Ife pyres To c 2 TMT goin fenoincter seo [EE] + i‘ faom ete ee | Meboe 2 fous pechagetin constant Y feo Spel] —> Bomennd cae — [usefulYas fee 8 ip rm | ‘ wd ~~ Joxnucnd wave Ya: TR [1-¢] @) =-JRe [> hy] su, SNe) coave Op power gain in checiBel <= vee you Rips ming [MO : [OO886, Ap -FA-on eure Nc dB el i iN = ckt Geng fr elec Lacnic wavelenglts = 20 Re ae V(t)= elp voltage ab eng @ Wove ec\n_ fo TT vw = Yo o™ 3 oo is) expl ck i] exp [uptor)] » THT % caboble of FA croxmous Bondwidts fle main aplication 3 ox medium om high poser cmp elke: continuous wave (ew) oa juked wave te THT ane capable of much higher WHEY duty cycle then klystsion cer magnetsieng — and thas ae thus | ted fh abblication where this Feafunca 4 seulred w drifiall velouly of em 1% alightly greater than that of antad RF Peld CPhowe velocity). “The eats inibial velociky of e7 in beam Balance the *clandation due to energy being given to RF field» &f the clicleclaie — Conshant TOT HLL —Sediice ji e The Pesmaific oscillation Be oges EPPiiency of con be seduced By FeStag Ih gba wall of the stor dy) “aqduoday” which act “os altenua tose. | AM tho fhe} the gen i bpd by Ree Cagh. Becltoutn _Diagsaen, cc Hex CGalro wove xbercin) Cop) diagerem ae urefal in designin a delix - Once B i “prme Wp con be calealated Computed) “from Sa ae le Jou given dimension of helix Que THT cbexcler under falloning —_ boxometon — ‘Beam voltage Vo= Skv- Reem cusnent: Io- Somfl chan. impedence of the helix © Zo= to cht Qength N=50 feed $= 1062 ddemtine — A) Gatn pasomclex C | B) Op powercefip in JB - © A four — prchogation cons BD) Write down the voHoge edn of TuyAges A) ce ae Ve 2G mio? B) Ape -954 »47-3NC dB Ria way -59 dB rah ge 34-5 C high grin) ¢ DPS Srl San 2 Ae = Pe = y= 1-98 2109 9000. fae [ye = 0.593 PIO MlZec i = -49-03 4+ j1952 WQ-03 4 § 1952 § 1849.95 51930, D)® Backward Have Oxcillatas or : ee — me L * BO i @ yonve continuous wave Cew). Oscillator with exceltent- tuning copablity and foie} coverage seinge wat operates undesr the peinciple of beam Rr Yrtd inbsaaction. generally Using helix (aloo wave ourctune) An genenal abbensance B00 Looks Like a Shorter and \iitckes “TWiT * Unttke the TXT ,gwWo doesnt have an alfenuadox along Yhe tube As a cimpification the oxcilflotion nay be oceusing ble of 2eflexton from an ienpenfer tly tesminaked collec End (Anode end) of the helix thene is a Feedback and — ojp is collected foiom + Cailkode End of ae dewoasds which sefleton took place 2B). helix te extenfinlly © non sesonant Absuclase , 80 & very high : Ring cathod a (2) =) (ts Beam } y BM is Grtted Oy infsaclion blz the Beam $ slow wove atouckee- 40 incsease this iptxacton 6wo ae sing Gthode hich senda out o Hollow Beem wil mox inkensihy near to helix[gue A belical “rior has 50 tuans fom. >- calculate — A) Axial phase velocity — 8) Ansda voltage | ol upnee Ja ee, 4 Sa | . | ste py TO ena : | | eT Cioncum ference : | Ve- Sat calles : t ah opet | -- F | : So Won pitch= deem | O= Aen = Orteo ——- ee a Nip= afivt” » L. » t— ; Bo” Blur 0-9 es | — Vp= 0-954 wiot Miser e) p= Va- 05a i Wo Voz 2854-9 volh Mograbaon 2 consde - —> covikiesSheek _ch_magnelic ile = = ——Mannete 2 - a) Fad = Elechoons Jiio ables de B-o % es 2 “~ Smotl 8 = b Ss, at Cesta moepcic ; field @-Be 7 , ~*~ 8 Be d Ve = de voltage Wy HO-SABrIONPS Mec . met _ Be . Phase difference bho adjacent _onade cavilies —- a= aon Nn ne ne. of cavities ne) n=6 : = ae atomede dominant mode ARenent blo adjacent —cavilies we phase = onYe 2h oN < bench fegdle sre bunth [hse covtly spoke covily abokes 8 hy 6 3 ; S Qualitative analysig ——~ , Withoul any magnebc field em deeds in es ine foom cathode to omode, under elechaic Pidd in seediok dinection. C@ ‘o’) -When ‘the megneic field is abplied rete en RRNAi mel to cathode unfoys reaable 2" - ~ GO Ssavel Tr cjowulan -palh op Madias Ro = When egnetic Field de Brom cathode fo cine CC® e geadye- pe ftouch] the Surface ef concde RQ methine back do cathsde. Qn atl B= Be C7 wi achain back bo cathode, Fon megnelas fo auatained oscillation — hme. dif bio adjacent anode shald — be ™ Caince T-mede is dominant Fe <€ co mode) cen to Be Aloo down in baerence of escitation Cee signet) Ths towinsfering enexgy te oad Wation Si = fevou ane with Lemme - ae of e fe ibe dourney from Scatbod fo cinode eats, at to RF field catted. ess. thee es Moves fom cathad fo anode velucihy C19) » due to tangential pp feted changes and Velodty of S meducer. So ntowncfera fo RF field fakes energy fee the Re Pietd and xehunn with velocity - Auch 25 axe called ei coume fe ti eae a ‘back hecir Back heating? con be hs ates ears Ake betes Tt ; we Te-e- which emit a itle ater than 'o! iA cabled Qote <™ © fo be tn comet pom position he move Porter pecan ther reference 2. and ae Ceaaly e) tony fo aloo Down _ to faut ond to ctchup | ‘a! fie! tes to codtcal F mney netic fade. Bary eit -.npoeteoaaeeeThus a cloud of Povouscable. €° th Sonn RD <3 which fe centoied axcind seference e- , one Rom each foo anode cavifies- “Thus fhe poke Ao “fom Aocute- siotate with angles Nelucidy too pole per cycle - g casorerponds to A C7) | phase focusing ect of there favourable ‘impo + cS) manne enexgy Yo RF ord Mation 40 that oaciations ae auidained:” Noe Rating 2 Change node voltage eau fp chanye in ombital velodty of 2 a the ste af which energy 1 toransfere lo anade tens, sesonatos and thus change the fi fore]. oP oxcitiiation, thin is cabled Pred Npahig Mia will cher 4 con her prevented by presiding constant 2ubbly (%). \ . treat: Pulling > Megoctron ic use table te foed Vasfation due to change io Oseael impedence this take Jace reganlon of wether this " Vasjations ane purely monetive cx xeactive vasfatie eleyex| iragnelono . frat: verictieng one Miore pevere fon seocdive Vaataliones thx feed. voodations ane cabled fred. pullin: coused Oy cad impedence ~ vastatton wefleded into” cavity “resonatass fred: belligg cen He huevented -By uate ciaculatax. Hode “luring. tb Mognebson => Steey ehfect_ ae fF — low Ze very Rex high $ — high Ze t ;Bie oP magnetson shave ight end mone coubled cavihy sresonatas, ~ event diff, maded of — oberation ave poaible oxcitlifating Pore}: x cosrerbing — fo SGP. modes ase not Ee ate: else to jena] ansthent So that BEST made one ane 3 cm W mode oaclla ton which % noxmad — foo tpanticules; magneton could Aburioualy became & 8-O5 em, BT mo oxcitla tion * glechaic and magnelic fed adjusted) fo he fox we msde , would Ari QQ Aubpont pursioua soade fomard cestato extent, Aince ite foed. it ret toe fax distence the actu might be — axcilfations of acduce power at aE Ped. The mognebaen uri identical cava cavities to cinede oo ‘noownally a aloes ing do prevent ats Surbig — Stoobbing belp b achieve dorsinant mede Gowede} Gn _gnegnciaen,. hepeven 7 seephing Se foe Coe due lo sediahion and absoy effect 4a oising Aun megnetxon ag) 1A nck recfuireW Metheredicnt Rnalysix, ——* [re] q.so KV aS Moc = 13 Be + [avem)" bli] Was m ebm? Sse) 0-336 “lm? > Bec co Bo A= Befe ey wt fax onsite Fee ptedticed) ty” he wdauchine Onode DC voltage must be adjusted a ks thal ag oetation! veloc! 4 == comnesbond Yo (Sy Phase vdoctly | of field” To sloo aoove — Stouredine™ 1 x ee oe —Souw State —Levices acy 2 “Tussct _ Diode -— ~ ix a-ve scdstance Poe vu eam gn diode «this awe mesittance is created by turned effect off in PM Gur ‘Debing sf bs — pomd n- regione of tend diode is vey Aigh and deplection Cayen bavader ot gun Te vey fin on oder of wot | loSem. Coarically it i poxstle You those pantides Yo paas seem the banner if ond only FP they hove on = chal fo om gpentor than potential bardien, accharically however if borrier ix Cees than -F ene K an hee pasbablify tho paoticew a i ugh the potential Baanien even though oe! dont oe enough ke to pase over fame a addition to baaxier thinness There must also he / enegy slate on the -side from which perdtles ct funnel and allowed) emp Stote on ee thee side into which fantichs peneloaate thorough of dome Rp = magnétude of -ve sesistone JAC _elus ehh ot gh ed Rs Ls —s | mle est ge } =: bce Rie denote sesistonce & induclonce of fockaging kt of atunre) divde @ fe, |= ©ls | lap = R « Tan cop ¢ is usually measured ad valley point. * Wpicat values — Rp=-30N | Re=IQ, Ls= SeH ,C= 20pF . Ip-tomaR | =P, Sin = Rev lfists + Dia. Mo Ro . Voc Rn Zin = Ree Rn sg [abs— SeeGe + foc] Ve (ORC)? _ ee “ Bors, om QnRAC | Rs >, fom sdf sesonance fr i + =6 2 i Rec = # Tanne) diode com be connected eithen in parole! 020 To Ho sentstive Pond on Om armb —= BONE :omblificaftion \Rul= tal Fe Tekh ack a4 on 4cQletorKennel Bode sith, cteccu fades —= =e tunnel a z = aie “@ pyr Refeckin codffisen! R+Re 5 < R-Re Rep fp iP int= JRel e=2 cn oe & POE meflected power without incident pore ch act 04 97 ofa Wotton © A tumd divde con be crncdad te = peeeve cisculedor emake o -ve merittonce “omit 4§ the cinculetom 1% potas & tes “a wwe eal chan impedence. +e: [2=Re ), | ond om with wiintle ein com be built by telecking a -ve netithonce tunne) ~disde whore lip imbedence = co meat pot ~eduol do -Re & img pant in equal gee then seflextion celficicent jk=a fe fineat * Wn seflectad I. without — omy ip ok ack ot en onciaton vy Voonsfenned @° devices LTED] (4) | » TWheony & Vechnology of Aegnaistoors contt be abblied to TED — forr follaoing eesina — 1. “Punsistons 0) bot te. ere with in canduchtn bondwast allege ame fy Roope Valles one yew Koumen Natty my © MQ = Conctort ee 7? ) (a= 54) (ae erat Gre BP seme |m get abfiveot energy & jum), upper GA ne mere hh loon valley m= ——* — Ubbe volley | v- [oA enrel? eto} aeved eve mestalance angagion a nero R=bo _ hse we mpl = iscce constant f+ Berice + Qowrto -« AYooe | ' Sosjoo + Somsv yyo° | or = » Bowrwo + Soese = Gece Gr 26" + wWorso + So00 comstont- nee all ein ubpe valley oe = 9%, q = conttont a> «"e -vate, haw bfher q om | Volley and Bob the ove Aenaih bal elechads fan olyted! Pld and ef Aensity vex Cor clit is fasithes — tex fo ubben valley ond cas eal Te [F el § (oe Ver differential Conductivity g Aiffenentiake uxt £ a be rn ao de as » & do oT i [Ne 9 20 osoh+£ a] <0 A) Wee ae <0 Ci Amb. cond” Yor toontfenaed <> device tb There Ahold Be too valley conduction bend — fewer valley = Upper valley EPPechve macs of em in Cowen valley xhould be Bex than that in ubber valley. and the mobibity of e~ To Coeoes valley Should be greater Than that in uppex Avolley = &. Scheution energy bo bom orf lowe, valley 2 bettors of upper valley wnust be Zevon) times bsgor than jhenmal energy Co-0acey of xeom demb) this means that — e 3 The rebenation energy then bo conduct’on bonis Tie 4 become Sigh bin VoWeies inst Be smaller bond & valence Sc wilh bacakdown condudive Before < begéns to poin Powation energy othenwine tromsfex + UI biz hole - e~ Poe Se aaSi ; chi Mase Si & Ge- dont meet all these ent in ey Cort ne ag ep, Oia teaches. - Gof ek ae InP, Te satisfied there catenin GY “ [Andivm csnentde], GaP [ gallim phosphide ] & Inch [Anton Rntimonide | does} satirfied * “Dometo formalin these csitenia - Depitensy of chanye casnien: —— Pnede donee toichsld Fidd £, oe rs B= Vo, 4 Ey, ‘ Chonge distention i unifoam electoic Sted ix uniform Ayplied field E> Fy, i Ajsbodbulion become 00 unifoam Bledaic Beeld become non uniforn. » When applied vollage 4 above tboexhold vale, high feld domain % foamed neo the celked. that sreduces the clectsic field aed of motertal CEince the charge deny & cectadc Pield sition the sanpe fecome non Uris 4 Ese Aomain) « Qo const voltage Van imnecse th- cledaic fill willin the aedmen ‘A’ must be combensaled by decease in dedaie Qld in sett of the diode. then high fel) domain dodfts wilh Casvcdien stxeom, acnow the electnade & duchess at anmle cankhtNe : (4) 2 March 2018" Speefleatly— th 3s Cas) » Mode ef oberalion > The conc Qenglh product (exe Pol) along with the fod celeimine the mode of opexation- 1. “Tansit time domain made [f= 107 Cr |xec. | 2 Delayed domain mode [10% <4 < 107 emer. ] 3 Quenched dornain made {= > Bx10F cmfrec | S LSA_mode _Cimiled space change accumulation mode) [wu PaQriot cmlsec | ~\sanait Tine, Vine taken by the diefole fo bevel Som cathod to Anode: or 4h is the ime bla fosrmertion of domain & absoubtion of the dhmein to 3000 Mer, Ey, xege 7 880M crmrHt PL= wT Om/ace. Z de - Biacing / Ent -}- Be Geers EGS tie Es me ’ ee . we < FL <10F em ee oa4. Touxinnid tine domeiin ede (Gunn mode [oavelling domain, “Fine feviad of otcillalion = Tronit time I mode.) w Wigh field demein is stable ay) ” eihedteh =10 7. (9) ® Tis mode mm bf low powen flow READ Diode | [Te Bove choot peuncrble off Inpalt diode con be under hood by scfextnce fo Qinut —fprcpored -ovalanche diode ve READ disde. a * A made af oodginal eean diode will © dhbficg profile & a 0c elechiie wo ditbdbution that exixts hen ce Ghoge 1 RG abblied acne the dvcde is shoan in the fig zs SOLS BEA © ; gas | Ghd! 3 ; diobulion al le le dibing 1° oa 9 Coon) ne to! 4 pai- PY aleuchwe. chee “Tre READ ducle i Jon oe = i Aoberatssbped acsabh align denotes very high deping ¥ i Bu sefers — intsiinaic matesial 1 The device consists of hoo seqion— é \ thin p-segion ot which ee muldipheadion occuisa~ j wlio, _sregion ik olse calted gic om _ovaloche aegonB Ton U Agyion thewoygh which — geneneded —heler muah chaatfh” fr moving tothe” — Bt -contarcl. = this eon is abe called Tdsingic man oé daft ragion Cozy © can he build in P?- 9 -f- ot aburchuse es gencated Poor avalanche — multi plfeadion aaah thoexsh “ake i agyon | Avalanche Multi : e When the RB voltage i well above — bunch though seliage CRench through vellage) the space change Rion always extend fxom nt p an > Akaough PBI oegion to i -pt fn ¥ Diether devi Yo hich = Te mox. field ehich occune ot ntp In. % vexy gb Caerveral 100 KVlem) therefore Casuries moving neon the figh field nt p an # gets — move into ont segioo & hole 7 Gt Bean cralnec i Hiswouched the about SkV fem. “Ten toon Yee daft egfon of Deng i => Taamit time % Avalanche —mul&iplalion facto , nearer ‘-(“hy) Vi obplied voltage vp — elie: vellage Covallanche oeckdan vollege) vo 3 6 fon Si m %& umerad no depending on, Sehr of ping rtp In time of a hole accoF tim ss pamne tea sare Goon owsrent Iytt) 6 Clee ees oy ae saat Ua n P| ion Y region Tp* de®) Sad she READ ode oxcillalar cendiste of ntpipr Abeuchme diode Noted in Revere Amection GF mounted in a prosve The imbedeme of arin ia matnly induchive bu matched 4o mainly capacitive impedence af Ndisde te f aS an AC wollage con he maintain ot a given Pred ww the ckt. ond detal Pield acai diode ia dum of DE Bike) Seid) Se bin fete! Teld! jcaate” Bueskdbion of ntp ave half of fc volieg eye othe field ix hen Ceousien Curencet Chole cusorend mo Beinont Hy dusting above Boectdown voltage Tat) % genenoled at pp an Gaoas. exbonentably . its See nee Ny wih Wine hy avalanche mill plication white the field x chow SR RE ES NESTE eesDe Ee te Ee Bele Cotte vente ee ees omen Een? aeempe ssborentill Bess Genet Et) ee cent at Sn oak ee a eee = tremeBione Zit Ss od ae ele = cycle peer de om 7 se pee SS Le) aa mH a = De Be od ch eR Genet a Bees ame jedi he hace change estan Peed ee teen Rt iqGehd ele ~ teu we Sat cee Wey hee a cmset Te) Bete Ot thee * :((06) By voy Yrorwit orgle ir An mpatt diode hos the sels fpascme tens Career dsuft velocihy — Vy= Smit mice daft aqjen tera L=6Nm Tro. cheating voltage Vo mam = 122¥ max eons caswent — Toma, = 2009 MA CAhiciency Ls Ih Beekdaon — vollage Vag = 0 A) Conbule max centinaous ave Ip power p walt 8 Resmant Yoe) in Gre n= Pui Re Raz We = © Yom ™ Tome. = O15 &© leo Soon’ Qs = sw qo a amis = (coe Cie OL Ang nw a vey nosy dus to cvalanche roulkipliation }aowrodTRAPATT. ZEZLLA S| gas alate 7 eS rath 8 ie ‘entocachion 1 “Gp dvaoging seidual chonge entraction Hine in tarned on and he cleclaic Mt poled A ceorent Whe sevunple Bal Cea thon Field i crniforun thorough out owalernhe Serenkdaon —veleqe Since the only, chiswe ‘ j qe e cue boreserne ie hc Hiemmal ye" in The disde ; Pike o Unecn capac Tae hostion off the Cero Aisin ‘thea eke frets aiete above breakdown — vollage When _auficfent na, of chamye caries anc genercibed Elecisdc field ux ckbowaed fhoughout the leblechion Leyes couuing voltage to + ecm toc. During ( - tbe time aor : | denze ham of eg & holes in deblelion Goyer Hhenefame Field 8 Aeithen dipreted 4 volleys Sesh Stean © to BD, . A lone dime 6 sePinecl to. See mwe frefpfosme A bot EB heuma i semoved) buk seriduad charge i of er sremaiuing 89 one nd) of deflebe. QaayenBen clesne ati bales en the choy cad. ST Re te maiduad Gage 1 semwed — wollage feom E bP. Yoon F fo G disde chore ub ogni We a Peed es AR point GS Ceranent goes apes oe ate beted — and valle tet in [We=Va sxemein cond ley 4 Moathematteal Analysis 3 — ede few 5, qua eae Piet Sea ee Weft] = Em : _ Ave aM, x — 2 > een és &s aA wat '' ep.) Ne ae te | Pivalenclse zene velocit oe \ J Avelenche zone — djuick Iy sweep accu most of Deoving Eade RAP pitied by o Bahl conduc plecme. of hlet des Whe apace cheney Aipseved. the an fo low Value. AL of deperdence of deft velosi ov the field Cticce Va= Pe 27 & bole coill! douft of sreloci Belewined dey Mow field & faansit tite af Carder ] Become ten mich fasgen. Dede, Oh comets ty “HanGe le tice bis jection + estat Kio) 1% utilized to obtain a eusrent pose asf fovounable for — oaci®lation,, * Mey ay MeO oe rl idion faecesBRITT 2 (Barnien Snjectec! Yoonitt fine clevce) BaZzzZZ Gee <= ee aq) ae Sy ea » Barr disdes axe Latest addition to family of achive i pwoave ode . they have long clap sxegion Almihx to Whose. of imprrr ices. ‘however carnign —foroversing the deaf srenion of eremt diode ane Greate De rinooei te ; injeclion. Yoon foxmend — bier Gurclion % attend of being extanckecd from —plasine, of an cwalrche oj oa " DifPerent aburcloe of BARITT diode — 1. Pein-p Ls - 2 pn—v-p a Gono ecial 4 metal —m- medal » fox p-n-v-p sar diode FR pm Jn ernit — holes ink Vsiesion There holes d2aft with — “e-tuniatron valacts Cys = va) thorough the ov negjon and ane callected ot P contact. 4 The diode exhibits a -ve sextstance bio ow 2 ar Ww Chlimun teonait angle is 9 Gm a Thee axe much Qee noky then IMPATT £ TRAPATT diste an no ovedenche muliipication involved Major dizadantages are seeledivedy Masso BK) and fowder ofp imited 4o few moxitt . — BARITT ane fodmosily used foo amplification shether +P oucitken fox wxci@afion blz of theirs lave efficiencyrrathematical — onalysis Asiticad vol att ee me Yoousp OrcUss . Ve= qn ] &E5 Racakdabn “voltas ~ bseakdtown cledaie freld | fa = Yb Su Ans €s Que Typeal Si grant diede foe the folocieg AbeciPtention. aecktve dieleclade conslt Aonax Canc No= 32> 10% |md leat Eg 125 = L= 8mm find coaticad voltage boeakdousn voltage 2 bacakdasn electoufield Sie y= ant S65 = Vento » 3-ari0"* ~ CqotsS)? Dulas © 19.5 > 8osn 10” e Ve = bhe kv : Vea= 8% 9 = 2-96 kv Eyg= [Ved = ge = Brig® = 37r10" VipPhente rer Anes MN ixmone that see a non Cine O% indudance) 0%, « time Ke desived >* je fir eabacitance fief | fan be uted opto ' Fastomebsic excite Be subdevided 1) Raswcunebate orn 2 oxcille Unlike | te prseve tubes, founnsittors F leners Spacimelsc diode! bh of a wel xeachive = One of the ee “ feotuxe oft own iA tied i ubiddes Yo AX helt plate a 5ti pseve tube eapec pomp eo aoa Bieos le c By fu. ' ¢ \ye a eee es, (ie fo obtain wt omptficeabios “ap plebogs are pulled bast whew Fe chose f volfeaye — Gre ak mea. bie a elecksic Ped} big the Plater, if $futene of energy to bull tee a expercli shire plate C= EsA energy =bey® v=, E=t.a8 a = ents Berous ht feetto p q at geo voltage plete Weta onigiued AH excl. alppal . eclechsical eremqy ot cap ga = fy, eile ee pletes ane Acherote, aul, omp Wikecle*of yo Newsre - + heweves as anh While Axuccenme cycle tre by Aave sntect weull Heice vtpte Tnfint hee} merfutnet mone Oye fuer 8 te plete Se ad Ultimately foo Srefluas inPiraiky gah” Ike = Putte a Pijde cwoulg abo be nce aver edbhe fue only: Woncclor’ died tamed woth) ened h- erchre ae o of ee is ah if Seuclaces fa unis at 40) fo Meher ‘ta reef et AN o i he | oa pokes aes fred (=) bitte bulk optoBiswenelode —_Aablistien “=. = AL is ce that uses ev ron- Linens, steactance (capacitance om Inductance) om a time waves seactance Yboxd - wmelase i@ derived pum BL tem axes ince cabacitance 0% indudance which i ao seochve 7, meter con be ured to pacduce cof: : inductive excite Hon. faxomebsic pectation tan be subdivided - into — Rasorneboic “amblification | & oscilla tions. Unlike the puoove tubes, dranzitlae & lacenr, parameksic - disde 12 0 seaclive nolwe & thus enexates a vex &mall mount of — ohmon nose C thermal noise), of te de “end Panlune of! Wie pemamelnic a i teat hee en Ac whelhex than a Bo powes subby trove dubes do dn the i ae quantum amb! Qasen & maser in cohich an Ac oe subply is wacd AL psesent solid sate vaxcchoa disde is most widely used pasometafe omnf. oe pomp ded tp Shs Ns Roomelate dace tasically depends on possiblity of incmeorny fhe enengy of the aignal at one face| Manley RQ Revere ola fiow gent bY ———_____,-______ a gille" = up i ) leu me th i] a Qs yp { Manley cnc) stele tion ae Usespal iv Rm portible Seaoneibives taal (foe Io By by \ non —hrcan, ia oagtiqible + powres, i : i < ety How Wu Sey cab seme ie } at pump ig edual fo power Peowtyg te cap at chen fon, thaowala mo inlnaction. Manley &, Rowe extabliak, a powers 20 Vp Paces ot JoS BYD, Sip a olke, — foeduencias- ji mfp 2 nfsoe &. oO are: 5 Prony o +o oo: —(e) Sterdoxref oom futo Or Rim Piiudes seal pow © rd Rea ey tre nou- Vin cca ebaci tors 1 a Hored), of eee) i Be Ho Ro, Sy Babe olin afer oe \ B2S7 COMI a See Stoo tise volley G CXg Wp ix a : the neo inca cal. on faser je -ve- foo ce fon 2 Power Plousk ead neala tune Senths ae sn s+ Op ja at fred. Pp tf) enichs od Thee fred j-< | eS tice si { — fe Ps & ea ig) - thew Soom edn ©i \o dis defined of satio of i cob: at @ fraf Qyrf) to that absorb By ce at Pred. BQ. Q, — we fo = -Ve i hon eb cht is caked Rho called o8- enodullatos: (Bfet\ (row ae = Ba | | ub conven br S af the Afq foced- iA the Aum Olp Pref. then Pow edo. @ elivexed) 9), @ 1Lm. 99 fe Dy! then power Oy hed at 4 = 4 Lbs =k : ue) iB i i | ws “jensd? = Mle Chi > eip cht which cee not sreirioe extemal | exctetion iA Called idler ckt e-%) : Te tip powcr much ford medbine % Aden cht. 8 & 0lp poser mutt move ot fas the signal cht. j Ne Resithnce panemelate ornht Mf systeook (noms! fist oy LR 2 + Boni}Cond? coils the . os Aignal &idter fred ation at both poe of occur, Mihen the mode Srelow — orci Uhlic device fehaves cd & ve mesintence $e 2543; Hay) ee Pati — f= Ps &) Rowen Gain by Banduxdts aaa SH a | f; (goin) Sy ~ gern - 2098 a = te ye os Bo= 0103 4 of entae Pad, Neseias Band “Roenefaiic mb", ©) Nojge By. P= Sime os uc Lis * reese 1]e_ Ranametodc Ami ae { Des —— Degenerate -poromebaic amb ar agcillatar i& defined ag a = sesidhence ook coil signed Fore: i4 efual 4, Fdlea Sued i Aa be a4 Qe | . 4g safe then this is calted pon-degenexativa pasametese amp. j > Wh $-2:'€ g-99, power Atsccansferr Prom bump fo idler 4 edual. fo fpowe: transfer from bomb fo 4ignal i 4 at this cond” gn # Sde. aa “Sr, Rep | 245 3+27aRs Sige Sidebore! | To Ry | Ry - sesittence fou groeeeden. | : Focae tt Tee Double Sidebord) : “ER - ) i less Fac, — 398 to ] Encad Band Pascmebsic Ambit. i Beek. om} bes arson 60. to provide Bondoith « laxge os sof of centee “ff we use tacovelling wove ; Yihe Hawke fox pansmcdsic om? Be Vybrcal Tey“ea In Parcmeboite anh ermploy — & —roulli glager A LPF coils ji Aitable abunt vareclox dhisde. ® By embleging eoeees Porecl. ahbithy , wore fquoe & lp power cam be improved.. \» Cary Resonator ¢ — 34h ae went tat Gey -s(@ gr Gy ) Tramp — mst e501"Ley} CH Dac, 49,3... = Noe of fll cycle vaxiation in § dimcchin. W=1,253,4,} = No of fl) eyok variation in sadbial cSio/ P- aaa = No of half cycle variation in axial obo? TEs ek iG or | doeninent meade ectangulon i resonates: TE, Ths _ cixculen covily setoncton ™,. fos sard N TE; fin cd = 90 Gle the Gasert sernant Peed of a rechongulon covity tee Seivretes of dimensun — G= cm d= 3cm b= cm Hw 4. cfir-Grayy]” ~ "lay y+ OY] oat la salt ~ Seid =—s¥ = Gon, Seema coystal deledox. 40 that olp ‘to Adquaae of Tp vellege at that position of probe fx the position of byob ip move cleng the waveguide bt ibs @pee ee ole voltae Yoratpasdtional to stand wave batten inside the coaweqquide ae Eins eee lp ves VSWR «Slatted tine will have seine chen. tmbadence od the rain Qine i onnlome aac et =~ -@ a Als Cength is SlghHy greater that half the woveleng oY tox fhe openalion, ° 9 & VSWR Meher . ©) $e vst < 10 _ i ° eo Voor mctes cant be used 9 measurement of veg, = than 10 due to for of Accuracy. - &) Double Minimum Method +- = bi Bs vswe s10 — C bgh v5!R) ° Bee Gl SriR ef a tromamiaion aystem — cbenafi Sade. ysisr, = As. _ FI TEde-d, ]* at 10GHe ouume TE, wove txancmison inide a waveguide of dimension 9 = tem, B= BScm , seni distance mesiuved bis toice min. power point ib Imm on o Alotted Cine dg-8.= tmm =O. cm ae a _ mee wes [eed] A, ee = Bae = Sen: = fF tom cod Tee A.= do= cm | Agee 3286. »- Gig)’ yswer 2526 jog — W % Ob cmwe Measuaament of — Ruwen—2— Ie low power mecaterement [0.01 mo — 10 me] Bolometey Technjque for of femb it consiat: of — Basxweten Crve temp bolometer ite nests bance oy which unbalance fo each foveal balan © ZS pweve powess % bsdportional fo (E,- a) 8. Yon medium power [fame te to watt] Bie. dmpedose TT ech nidue thermomeles 3. Nigh _powex L to wstt to So wal] [Glosiinedscic Mattmmell Te nidue | C Slow mcen) (ay f\ er iG ee Se ik Ximble Aemb. ensive device chore aerislone eee of mediatiity) 0% thenmialea (ve temp. coetPiser Bolometer ts a Acluese Laur device when pwave ot on hoidgd a ‘bby is ennp~ RkE DEAT a Sete Re sate of Ql om Iaec = K- Apeafic heat col (gm Gee p- shecific gaevihy amend B- poses meentuned fo wall p Measusement of Poed. & Coviky Wave_ Meter > \ VoOOCO Oe fe $ [ey GG) Dominant msde Too A nostmalhy ured tp wove meter. hove ears, She. mass puitoble made i4 TEo biz of its highe> duality acho. Mie duobity fodtox of tev te seve emul ip Vaccumacy af much es 1% to o-vos 7 - Mreze ane of too types — $ “Teenamtaton cath, — whidh baw only — those signed? spores You hid they ore erbedd. tuned. s 2 Nosomplion cavihy* = if altenucdes those signed Porcefe I SOQCHCHOCSSOHSCOOOS foo which they” one dubed. tuned.* Mestusenent of nfedeme t= “a By using clolled fine Peyatal oa) aie el a oad imbedence powes adiuclmenl= om etHenua toa — thi es owe eae ell in Nein re ne = Sswer-t Reflection coeWPiient- = k= SEES w= 24cm ZZ, “A= Mawnitude ~ ; IES . With unkeouw» With Shoat Ckt Ghacilive PB Slarding wave paltern is albtain fos unknown fond. Qo Yunknaon dead 6 2eplaced by Abort cht 42 winimal Ah tore tome fowards fef}— impedence 4 i QP minimal ehrft towards befaw DC: Diechiona® Coupler. @ 9 9 Rolechometers accuswey” is high You low VSUR. % Mengusiernent of Drelectsic Constant 3- “YON Hippel METHOD” * taser 4 MASER. | MASER—— Micswvove cmpliftcation by Atinuleted emission of Radrotion taser — Tih amphficoton by stimuloled ewisioo of Redkadion “ah energy exe! “Tob enersy evel Ey hh Apter —_ bombing ookole ~ Ea= prcceat ey] ho Gost. = Ground enogy ed Gsound g- bw =hfP b= fplank’s coms tont f= G- Gay nto ee) eng 406 4. = 66G4 PIO Thee,we w These “device Woolking Taihu Aa tpex alee theomy © ents Voodous enexc ts — G10 hehe. dixectional— tobexent — power devices, wilh extremely ou NoKe fig, thence Werte ane used fox — genenaition fa al heaies of sachotion 6 Pind abblcations to mibrtary, medicine Zhace exblosceition eke. , communica dion , enial, at Revebz coserbonding fo» lifferen} asbite Pourers enengy Revele at extriemed, Si temp: by Teed _ additional erengy = can We Sahed 0% _atimulated Poor tis enengy uel to quantum theany the neceasamary enengy Pax ouaial Qed of ix tien i by (E=by]. Rambing ix dione at a Yforer} cosmesbonding fo sroey chffereribe bh quiound orm dob energy ~ Mews 7 \ Re emieion of enenqy if stimulated ab dexined Bred and stqnal ab “thie Bred. 14 “tue abnplifiecd. ~ Mey occu Beclically ne notte % added fo amblfied anal \hexe ix no scistance involved € ne e- asrearm. to Yooduce rthoet—eaize schol moixe. Cooling cs mover as the effect of meducing the one “Qevel ite noice figure ia inpsioved N Qu usin Yowwel ir wave gub ouby dlourckuxe instee Peas } cay Se an be increased): roatedal U1 sed) > Rromoni a | Hydougen ‘ fixed Cesium Ruby Crystalline often of A Aluminium iia (Als03 ] Bis Amenablea peeve. Communt cation Sy ate 3 = Sar Gilles >s00km — — ( (34) Sime S00 km ( troposphere he ATT rp Ensitts i Lnosphoie _prcpagalin sem —— dh= Radio. Boxizon do= cptical Dorian de casaection faclom Kk = kel dacds k>) daxdo kel dwods +s Aa the prove stedio horizon bend due to change "> nefaotdie index of otmasphere, s0dio hhosizon could be fer hon ox greater thon obbcall hootizon,NS Wbens saeéy Yoon the: Jouen elective “heh san’ obslade “ts enone than ils phytkal height” de to Casts cunvadune ~ 4 Prachion foreane) Aff ackico a) Booth cunvalone _F eel | A= distnce Sf obdocle Pao tovonvndting end km do= distance of obstade ‘form seceiving end km 74 lal ei by Qarcane) diffraction 7 | A 7s ofending fooher a of dec Povey ies seault segtsbdin pheae townsiten, fla core pecs Thnougih obslacde - UE es Rmadius of IY frcanel =or PF - focal. of cheradoo Cor) R= 1S? frcand sone clemcne (i eceetera e e < (ret)pe aw BAL Qeed——te-GH2—+the— absosiplion due to ? an fog Lrow may effect the Aignall iu’ At fred. <> Po Sie, absorption due. to aa x vapoun Q atmasphove axyger affects te orformance. Advontage of faker fred. is Bigher obmecduity - of antenna, bess he fant zone eee , seduced” focnsm)ller foo & faoge hoie hind 8w- 7 - = * & Disadvantage ix incnemed propagation hu , fading ond a noiAe feaxe - a 0 * be tog system Suffers from Yeading. Pading due fo atinochheu! ond can be seduced $ Re ieee greater allitle ¢ 03 Ning height at antenna) d & Yeading due fo onulfibath xXmiasion can be seduced by fred”, apace ox — bolestratfon : dhenity butt fating of sign Multipath — txensmiscivn 4n ghip to Bp chip ow shipto zhoxe comm. we wse fucd- divexail fox comm, [ te i nod mod bre fene' moot Zoe comm ein thin Comm mee wanlene =f aheclaus eos i Hie Come wticg APE Bred Bhecdeconnn 7] ground Beloo the dixect peity 4 gee a aerd ere 4, afk LOS comm. Ays the lst Aovexne) zone & ih smooth pefllech the ‘Phone App. ta dincdad % pipet! pected. weve ab Ms anteme will he two. en —et Rebeatent ane. chanackeoised by hoo’ dintenne, oo ee tao distection - xebentexs axe placed af sokm opasd- due to cuswatuxe od easily LOS Gmmunication Fang a Cay d= dtd, = 3:57 Wh +h] bs d= los mange (kms) he = eight of transmitting ont v na en . + Ba = height oof oe ectaes fox shandesd atin thee seflection r effective xadius of | te easth 1% His times of the achual seadius vf the ' east -- achul fine of aight comm. sage is d= dodg= tia[]BE+ Tex] kine fad __sbronth at _seceidny ontenna + ae es: | feen tS & = 88 {Pp heh» dA P= effective sediated powex in watt ee iMicsoesave Antenna Ree ae nea a (J) AWORN Antenna > ae This %& an, open ended wereguided ip te which the ober a Sour. «oth it looks — ike ends Played O= Slaxed angle =_blp — bh Jono -b = eof Caso Le =) bk o- “Yor! = GA" le Design conaidestedic es 0&6, ae biP poor beam width in € RH disechin axeo of hoa mouth [Nperkine Rover ]Note ioserantennos, “axe _ we extenalvdy wed of passive bart _@hexe modexate owes gains axe “et Dose ooge power gph hoxn dimentior, become rrohibi lily lange j whe that -Paxabolic seflechas would be doefoied ) 2 Pace Reblectosu | Rnabolaida ox pessove_dish antenna } = i ulibzes — geometaical optic fosin ciple- et ame = AnAe _ 4tkA ae at Re= Apestune Anes A= Achiol axex of moulb k= conttit thot defend on type oP antenna feed | [Pox dipole feed Kk=0:65) a Goa unk f mo? Ne [ ae D= Diameter dah [#4 Goay. cae quen > 08) ] i Dy= Apedure Ratio Beom Wath bier [St nulls [ SHEN] Beer width bio hell borer goints rani eoe-[o" = = we = 95 | wnt - Q s ee)S lens Antenna > = es cr) t- thickness of center, tena | nom) BY can be ured th tyh fof end of poave infect the Peed 2 af Rens antenna shards af Gite. but ite a used beyond — 3.6L at Qowen Paed. Venx aetenna become bulky ¢ § Keay . Sn ander fo hove ee effect. on the velocity o' P @ave thicknece, of center ae mush Bea akihenctebh ro of coavelengs Eee \aeeiny A Slot Aateana OL; a @ the sbt: axe cut IN a wovaguidle gadiotion take lace le Alot sadialorxs ane~ most used in Aix cxoft » Where hey ase made ef pant of Rist caaft bedy tuch a4 toil fin. . 5 Helcal Antenna > Caculealy polasiixed wave btation of — polarisahon et effect- Snare Stieceeedaneatenaamincediond5 oe. ai [ov Misorbih Zines # P Gowen tional per wine manixsion liner ave rot avilable i for ptwove Ye xachation fou joavelenghh. incx®aser af wavelenghh hiya Linh 3p enieatuna! 2 ars . ig 2 - wilh L- thicknew | SA geoue | "1 Subslnale i xrnerne blave: chaa Yinpedence : | Co fh | ¢ : wie over ground fos wise over grand \d- oe w [oes hol | ® > Given by (Fy Shielded tech Lines. > 429 hater ry) — AY is similan to 6 two canductos xmiasion Une fo ik con support —o Quo si’ - TEM msde. Diretsdbuted Panometens t= Med yy o = PeameabiGihy of conductos: @ = 88) Fis a Ei, pesmibvity of dielectak lab fe Pe -2-f£ -d[& -37 g ( Cad Ss Gaba he CMicsoxtsip discontinui ties) = |. ZZ) x 4 { Zoe SS RRR I eReIns Rr chemed oobing fil S>_ foscam in terme of 2: paxamelers ——— DBZ = (2u* 2.) Cua Zo) — AZo 4 Si = Gur 25) Gopt+2o) = Zia Zs, i az Az Sap « Gu +20) CZp~ Ze) = Zaz! hz j AY = (st Yu.) (Yo Yas) +¥i9 Yay Ay ea \ teens