International Journal of Thermal Sciences 127 (2018) 312–320

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International Journal of Thermal Sciences

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ijts

A novel heat sink design with interrupted, staggered and capped fins T
a c,∗ b b
Hamed Mousavi , A. Ali Rabienataj Darzi , Mousa Farhadi , Mohamad Omidi
a
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Mazandaran of Science and Technology, Babol, Iran
b
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Babol Noshirvani University of Technology, Babol, Iran
c
Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T

Keywords: In present study, radiation and natural convection heat transfer from vertical finned heat sink is investigated
3D simulation numerically. Present 3D simulation is verified with available experimental data in the literature for continuous
Natural convection finned heat sink. The studied cases consist of 10 various configurations of interrupted, staggered and capped
Radiation finned heat sink to find the optimum configuration. Heat dissipation from heat sink by the natural convection
Fin
and the radiation heat transfer mechanisms are separately estimated for each case. Average temperature and
Heat sink
mean Nusselt number on heat sink are calculated at given heat fluxes. Results show that decreasing the fin space
less than 3 mm in the staggered-fins configuration does not improve cooling procedure. Also, it was observed
that although Capped fins enhance the heat transfer rate, they have higher weight than regular continuous fins.
Moreover, it was concluded that L-shape cut-capped fins have the lowest temperature without increasing the
weight which implies the fact that they are of better performance in comparison to the other designs.

Nomenclature
A Area, m2
F Surface view factor
g Gravitational acceleration, σ
m/s 2
H Heat sink length, m
k Thermal conductivity, W/mK μ
L Fin length, m
Nu Nusselt number
P Pressure, pa
S Fin space, m
T Temperature, K
u,v,w Velocity, m/s
W heat sink width, m
h Convective heat transfer
coefficient, W/m2K
1. Introduction
Nowadays, electronic devices are essential components of industrial
Greek symbols
systems and human's life. They produce a large amount of heat that
ε surface emissivity
must be dissipated to the medium that is air in most applications. So,
coefficient
they must be equipped with an effective removal of heat dissipation
Stefan-Boltzmann
system for a reliable operation and safe temperature. It becomes as
constant
critical issue by increasing the required heat flux due to need of higher
β Thermal expansion speed, multifunctioning and higher power dissipation in recent years.
coefficient, 1/K Natural convection and radiation can dissipate the heat without
Dynamic viscosity, kg/ consuming additional energy against forced convection. Heat sinks with
m·s extended surfaces especially at upward horizontal or vertical orienta-
ν kinematic viscosity, m2/ tion have been vastly used for this purpose [1–4].
s There is a large number of papers in the literature that deal with the
ρ Density effect of fins on enhancement of forced, mixed and natural convection
Subscripts heat transfer at various geometries and applications [5–10]. Bocu and
m mean Altac [11] performed a 3D numerical study on natural convection
rad radiation within enclosure with different configurations of cylindrical pin fins.
t total The enclosure was heated from one lateral wall while it was cooled
w wall from opposite lateral wall. Their result showed that heat transfer from
heated wall increases by increasing the number of fins, fins length and
also Rayleigh number. Moreover, they found that staggered config-
uration of fins found out to be the best configuration. Cordoba et al.
[12] carried out an experimental and numerical study of natural

∗
Corresponding author. Department of mechanical engineering, University of Mazandaran P.O. Box: 416, Babolsar, Iran.
E-mail addresses: h.m.ourimi@gmail.com (H. Mousavi), a.rabienataj@umz.ac.ir, ar.darzi@yahoo.com (A.A. Rabienataj Darzi), mfarhadi@nit.ac.ir (M. Farhadi),
Omidi.m1991@stu.nit.ac.ir (M. Omidi).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2018.02.003
Received 1 January 2017; Received in revised form 3 February 2018; Accepted 5 February 2018
1290-0729/ © 2018 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.
H. Mousavi et al. International Journal of Thermal Sciences 127 (2018) 312–320

maximum heat transfer rate occurs at special fin space which varies by

1/Ra1/5. Goshayeshi et al. [21] stated that there is an optimum fin
spacing for maximum heat transfer from vertical heat sink. Similar re-
sults were reported by Fahiminia et al. [22].
Ahmadi et al. [23] carried out an experimental and 2D numerical
study on heat transfer from continuous and interrupted fins. They in-
vestigated the effect of fin interruption and fin spacing on the heat
transfer. Their results indicated that thermal efficiency of heat sink
increases by interrupting the fins and there is an optimum interruption
length. Naserian et al. [24] conducted an experimental and numerical
study on natural convection heat transfer from different arrays of V-
type fin. They achieved an optimum configuration by investigating the
effects of the fin shape and the fin gap on the heat transfer coefficient.
In an experimental and numerical investigation, Mehrtash and Tari
[25] studied the natural convection heat transfer from heat sink with
rectangular fin at different inclination angles. They concluded that the
optimum inclination angle is vertical arrangement and the fin height
affects the heat sink performance especially where the fin spacing is
higher than the optimum value. They [26] later presented a correlation
for heat transfer as function of fin length and tilt angle at different
Rayleigh numbers ranging from 0 to 2 × 108.
There are a few works on the vertical heat sink by implementing
interrupted fins with various configurations. The main objective of this
study is related to finding the optimum fin configuration by inter-
rupting, staggering, capping and cutting fin. Continuity, Momentum
and energy equations are solved to simulate the three dimensional flow
and heat transfer for 10 cases of various fin configurations. A com-
parison is performed between present study and experimental data
available in the literature [23] for heat sink with continuous fins which
reveals an acceptable agreement. Results are depicted in form of velo-
city and temperature contours, average temperature of heat sink, mean
Nusselt number and the radiation to total heat dissipation (Qrad/Qt)
ratio plots versus different heat fluxes. Also, the weight of each heat
Fig. 1. Schematic of computational domain.
sink is considered as an important factor.

2. Governing equations

The treated problem is a three dimensional vertical finned heat sink

convection inside cubic cavity. They considered the left and right ver-
with length of 305 mm and width of 101 mm. The computational do-
tical walls as hot and cold walls and other walls as adiabatic surfaces.
main with length, width and height of 1200, 300 and 150 mm is shown
They found that the convective flow has stable pattern at Rayleigh
in Fig. 1. Heat sinks with 10 different configurations of fins are located
numbers from Ra = 1.7 × 108 to Ra = 6.3 × 108 .
at the center of domain. Fig. 2 shows those heat sinks as follows: 1-
Rabienataj et al. [13] performed a 3D numerical study on en-
continuous fins (CF) 2- interrupted fins (IF) 3- staggered interrupted
hancement of mixed convection inside a cubic square by adding fins
fins with s = 8 mm (S8IF) 4- staggered interrupted fins with s = 5
and nanoparticles. After having performed a 2D numerical study, they
(S5IF) 5- staggered interrupted fins with s = 3 (S3IF) 6-staggered in-
came to this conclusion that the secondary flow above the hot wall at
terrupted fins with s = 2 (S2IF) 7-capped fins (CPF) 8- cut capped fins
high Richardson numbers, which corresponds to the dominance of
with s = 3 mm (CCF) 9- cut capped fins with longer space at top (CCF2)
natural convection, could not be predicted. Also their results indicated
10- L-shaped cut capped fins (LCCF).
that adding fins augments the heat transfer at high Richardson num-
The height and thickness of fins are 18 mm and 3 mm, respectively.
bers. Charles and Wang [14] performed an experimental study on
Table 1 gives the properties of considered heat sink and air.
natural heat transfer from heat sink with rectangular, trapezoidal and
The continuity, momentum, and thermal energy equations for a 3-D
inverted trapezoidal fins. They found that the heat transfer coefficient
laminar flow can be expressed as follows:
of inverted trapezoidal fins is 25% and 10% higher than the trapezoidal
Continuity equation:
and rectangular ones, respectively.
The effect of fin geometry and fin array were vastly investigated ∂u ∂v ∂w
+ + =0
experimentally and numerically by researchers on the enhancement of ∂x ∂y ∂z (1)
natural heat transfer from the vertical fins [15–19]. Goshayeshi and
Ampofo [20] numerically studied the natural convection heat transfer Momentum equations:
from horizontal and vertical heated surface with rectangular fins. Their
∂u ∂u ∂u ∂p
results indicated that the vertical plate with vertical fins has the best ρ ⎛u
⎜ +v +w ⎞=− ⎟ + μ∇2 u
heat transfer rate among the investigated cases. They found that the ⎝ ∂x ∂y ∂z ⎠ ∂x (2)

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H. Mousavi et al. International Journal of Thermal Sciences 127 (2018) 312–320

Fig. 2. Schematics of heat sinks with different configurations of fins.

Table 1 ∂T ∂T ∂T ∂ 2T ∂ 2T ∂ 2T ⎞
Thermo physical properties of fluid and Heat sink. ρcp ⎛u
⎜ +v + w ⎞ = k⎛ 2 + ⎟
2
+ ⎜ ⎟

⎝ ∂x ∂y ∂z ⎠ ⎝ ∂x ∂y ∂z 2 ⎠ (5)
Property Air Heat sink
In above conservation equations, ρ is density of fluid, β is thermal
ρ (kg/m3) 1.225 2700 expansion, u, v, w are velocity in x, y, z directions, T is temperature, Cp
Cp (J/kgK) 1000 870 is heat capacity and k is thermal conductivity. Radiation heat transfer is
k (W/mK) 0.0242 200 calculated from following equation:
μ (kg/ms) 1.789 × 10−5 –
3
Qrad = σε (Tw4 − T∞4 ) ∑ Ai Fi4
i=1 (6)
Where σ is Stefan-Boltzmann constant, ε is the surface emissivity
coefficient and F is the surface view factor.
∂v ∂v ∂v The mean Nusselt number and convective heat transfer coefficient
u +v +w = v∇2 v + gβ (T − T∞)
∂x ∂y ∂z (3) are calculated as follows:
hH
Num =
∂w ∂w ∂w ∂p k (7)
ρ ⎛u⎜ +v +w ⎞=− + μ∇2 w
⎟

⎝ ∂x ∂y ∂z ⎠ ∂z (4) A
1
Energy equation:
h =
A
∫ hdA
0 (8)

314
H. Mousavi et al.
Fig. 3. Mesh independency of solution.
Where h is local convective heat transfer coefficient and A is total
surface area of base plate and fins. The ambient temperature is con-
sidered to be constant (300 K). The ambient temperature is considered
to be constant (300 K). Five different heat fluxes are applied on heat
sink (827, 1066, 1515, 1796 and 2066 W/m2).
3. Numerical procedure and validation
The set of differential governing equations are solved using com-
mercial CFD software Fluent 6.3. Momentum and energy equations are
solved by the QUICK differencing scheme. SIMPLE method and Body
force weighted scheme are implemented for pressure-velocity coupling
and pressure correction equation, respectively. The under relaxation
factors of 0.7,1 and 0.3 are applied for the velocity components,
thermal energy and pressure correction, respectively. Different non-
uniform grid sizes were tested to check the independency of solution
from the adopted grid size based on comparison of mean Nusselt
number and average temperature on hot surfaces. Fig. 3 indicates that a
grid with 823000 elements is sufficient for the present study. Con-
vergence of the solution was checked at each case, with the con-
vergence criteria of 10−6 for momentum and continuity and 10−9 for
energy equation.
The authors use parallel processing by a computer with 2.8 GHz i7
Intel processors which is scalable to 16 Gb of RAM. Each simulation run
takes about 4 h.
To validate the data, results are compared for CF case with two
experimental [23] and theoretical [27] investigations. Considering
Fig. 4, it can be seen that present results are in good agreement with the
theoretical ones. Moreover, this agreement is also acceptable for the
comparison with experimental results. However, a slight deviation is
seen in only one point which can be attributed to the presence of a 10-
percent uncertainty in the experiments.
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International Journal of Thermal Sciences 127 (2018) 312–320
Fig. 4. Comparison of the Temperature differences of present simulation with the ex-
perimental work [23] and theoretical equation [27] for heat sink with continuous fins.
4. Results and discussions
Present study provides a numerical analysis of natural convection
and radiation heat transfer from finned heat sinks. Moreover, the effect
of fin configuration on temperature of heat sink and the air flow in-
duced by natural convection has been discussed. The weights and heat
transfer areas are calculated for heat sinks with different fin config-
urations. In addition, the amount of heat transferred by radiation and
natural convection for different cases are estimated.
Fig. 5 shows the velocity magnitude of air at a plane parallel to base
plane (z = 12 mm). The air in contact with the hot surfaces of the heat
sink is heated and it moves up along the vertical fins which is due to
density difference (buoyancy force). It depicts that the velocity at upper
section is higher than the lower section of heat sink revealing that
heated air accelerates upward. The air velocity reduces by decreasing
the fin's distance for staggered fins. Staggered fins act like a dam on
path of accelerated air. However, it disturbs the boundary layer and it
may enhance the heat transfer rate. Having capped the fins, such as
adding fins on the surface, two phenomena opposite each other occur.
First, an additional no-slip condition is imposed to flow and reduces the
velocity. On the other hand, it extends the hot surfaces of heat sink that
warms and accelerates the air more than before. The predicted result
shows that capping the fins increases the velocity slightly, while cutting
them reduces it again. Also, Using L-shaped capped fins increases the
velocity effectively. It is also noted that the S8IF and CCF2 have the
highest and lowest maximum velocity magnitudes, respectively.
Fig. 6 shows the temperature contours on the heat sinks at heat flux
of 2066 W/m2 (64W). It depicts that the temperature of heat sink at the
bottom is less than the top counterpart for all cases. The bottom section
is in contact with cold air while the upper section is in contact with
heated air that moved from bottom. The thermal boundary layer grows
along continuous fin walls. Interrupting the fins disturbs the boundary
layer and can enhance the convection heat transfer. However, Fig. 6
shows that IF case has higher temperature in comparison with CF. It is
H. Mousavi et al. International Journal of Thermal Sciences 127 (2018) 312–320

Fig. 5. Streamlines and velocity contours on the plane z = 0.012 m for a) CF b) IF c) S8IF d) S5IF e) S3IF f) S2IF g) CPF h) CCF i) CCF2 j) LCCF.

due to decreasing the heat transfer area caused by interrupting fins. It
can be understood that the disruption of the boundary layer by inter-
rupting fins in this case cannot compensate the decrement of heat
transfer area. Staggering like interrupting fins intensifies the disruption
of boundary layer. In addition, reducing the fins distance intensifies the
disruption of boundary layer and increases the heat transfer area but it
reduces the flow velocity as depicted in pervious figure. The tempera-
ture contours show that decreasing the fin distance less than 3 mm
increases the temperature that is not favorable. On the other hand,
Adding cap to fins increases the heat transfer area without changing the

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H. Mousavi et al. International Journal of Thermal Sciences 127 (2018) 312–320

Fig. 6. Temperature contour on the heat sink a) CF b) IF c) S8IF d) S5IF e) S3IF f) S2IF g) CPF h) CCF i) CCF2 j) LCCF.

volume of heat sink. It can be seen that adding continuous cap to fins
decreases the temperature of heat sink effectively. By cutting the cap of
fins, the temperature decreases much more and it intensifies by using L-
shaped fins. It can be seen that the S8IF and then S2IF have highest
temperatures at the top of heat sink and the LCCF has the lowest
temperature. The CCF2 has more uniform temperature rather than
other cases along the heat sink.
Fig. 7 illustrates the variation of mean Nusselt number on the hot
surface of heat sinks versus different heat fluxes with various fin con-
figurations. It points out that mean Nusselt number increases with the
increase of heat flux. It also has an identical trend for all cases. In
general, extended surfaces increase the heat transfer area and

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H. Mousavi et al. International Journal of Thermal Sciences 127 (2018) 312–320

Fig. 7. Mean Nusselt number versus heat flux.

subsequently enhance the natural convection heat transfer. Interrupting

fins increases the mean Nusselt number. As mentioned before, the
boundary layer is disturbed by interrupting the fins and then it leads the
convection heat transfer to empower. The Nusselt number increases and
then decreases by reducing the fin distance. As it was mentioned before,
the highest Nusselt number belongs to S8IF due to having the highest
velocity magnitude. It also can be observed that adding cap to staggered
fins decreases the Nusselt number considerably. Although cutting the
capped fin increases the Nusselt number again, it is still less than CF.
Moreover, lowest Nusselt number belongs to CCF2 that has the lowest
velocity magnitude. It was also concluded that the L-shape capped fins
enhance the natural convection suitably.
It should be mentioned that Nusselt number is not proper factor for
evaluating the total heat transfer from heat sinks, because it represents
only the natural convection heat transfer but not the radiation.
Analyzing the radiation heat transfer is a complicated issue, because
according to Eq. (6), it is a function of heat transfer area, temperature
(with power of 4) and surface view factor. Although velocity is not Fig. 8. (a) Variation of radiation to total heat transfer versus heat flux. (b) Variation of
important in the radiation against natural convection, increasing the radiation to convective heat transfer versus heat flux.
heat transfer area changes the surface view factor. Fig. 8 depicts the
variation of radiation ratio versus heat flux. It can be seen that the
radiation ratio reduces at higher heat fluxes. It reveals that the domi-
nant heat transfer mechanism at high heat fluxes is convection. S8IF has
moderate radiation ratio among the investigated cases despite having transfer is major mechanism.
the maximum Nusselt number and temperature (Figs. 6 and 7). It is due The most important parameter in heat sink design is the tempera-
to having low heat transfer area in comparison with other cases. CPF is ture to avoid from overheating. Fig. 9 illustrates the mean temperature
one of the highest radiation ratios while it has the lowest Nusselt of heat sinks versus heat fluxes for various configurations of fins. It
number due to low air velocity. It should also be described that LCCF indicates that the average temperature increases approximately linearly
case has the lowest radiation ratio while S2IF has the highest one. It can with heat flux for all cases. It can be observed that the S8IF has max-
be observed that the portion of radiation in heat transfer of heat sink imum average temperature while minimum one belongs to LCCF.
changes from 27.5% to 36% as the radiation to convection heat transfer It can be seen that staggered fin with large distance does not de-
ratio changes from 0.4 to 0.6. It reveals that the convection heat crease the temperature while staggered fins with short distance (up to

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about 4 °C and 6.7 °C at heat fluxes of 1515 W/m2 and 2066 W/m2,
respectively.

5. Conclusion

In this study, the natural convection and radiation heat transfer are
investigated from vertical heat sinks with various configurations of fins
to find the preferred design among the investigated cases. The con-
tinuity, momentum and energy equation are solved for different heat
fluxes. Results are presented in form of streamlines, velocity magni-
tudes, temperature contours, mean Nusselt numbers, average tem-
perature of heat sinks and the radiation to total heat transfer ratio. The
mean temperature and weight of heat sinks at identical volume are the
most important parameters for evaluating the performance of heat
sinks. The predicted results illustrated that interrupting and staggering
fins with large distance is not efficient for decreasing the temperature.
Also, decreasing the fins' spacing up to 3 mm reduces the mean tem-
perature, but it may increase the temperature at shorter space. The
novel design of heat sink by using cut-capped fins (LCCF) is the best
heat sink that has the lowest mean temperature without increase in the
weight. It is more efficient at higher heat fluxes. Moreover, fabricating
Fig. 9. Average temperature versus heat flux.
LCCF is a little harder than others. It should be considered that for such
application (electronic devices), even small temperature decreases can
be promising results to avoid overheating of such devices.

Table 2
Comparison of the area, weight and mean temperature for different heat sinks.

case A (m2) weight (N) Area ratio weight ratio Tm (oC) Tm (oC)
A − Acf wt − wtcf (1515 W/m2) (2066 W/m2)
⎛
⎜ × 100⎞
⎟
⎛
⎜ × 100⎞
⎟
Acf wtcf
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠

CF 0.1165 6.064 0 0 68.34 93.29

IF 0.0978 5.142 −16.12 −15.22 69.99 95.55
S8IF 0.08363 4.551 −28.27 −24.96 71.33 98.86
S5IF 0.095412 4.958 −18.16 −18.25 67.58 91.45
S3IF 0.11233 5.578 −3.64 −8.04 67.22 90.57
S2IF 0.121 5.895 3.78 −2.81 70.69 95.12
CPF 0.1414 7.088 21.29 16.86 67.5 90.47
CCF 0.13872 6.589 18.98 8.63 66.8 89.13
CCF2 0.1331 6.397 14.11 5.46 65.22 87.33
LCCF 0.1294 5.999 11.02 −1.09 64.3 86.92

3 mm) can properly improve the cooling of heat sink. Capped-staggered
fins and cut-capped fins improve the heat transfer rate and decrease the
temperature significantly. Although there is a small difference between
CCF2 and LCCF, the LCCF is 6% lighter than CCF2 and this is the second
important parameter after the temperature in the heat sink design.
Table 2 gives the heat transfer areas, weights, Area ratio, weight ratio
and mean temperatures of heat sinks exposed to heat fluxes of 1515 W/
m2 and 2066 W/m2. It can be found that S8IF has lowest weight and
lowest heat transfer area with highest temperature, while CPF has
highest weight and heat transfer area the lowest temperature belongs to
LCCF which seems to be the best configuration of fins. LCCF heat sink in
comparison with classic heat sink decreases the mean temperature
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