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Germany (German: Deutschland, German pronunciation: [ˈdɔʏtʃlant]), constitutionally the Federal

Republic of Germany (German: Bundesrepublik Deutschland, About this soundlisten (help·info)),[f] is a
country in Central and Western Europe. It borders Denmark to the north, Poland and the Czech Republic
to the east, Austria and Switzerland to the south, France to the southwest, and Luxembourg, Belgium,
and the Netherlands to the west.

Federal Republic of Germany

Bundesrepublik Deutschland (German)

Flag of Germany

Flag

Coat of arms of Germany

Coat of arms

Anthem: "Deutschlandlied"[a]

(English: "Song of Germany")

EU-Germany (orthographic projection).svg

Show globe

Show map of Europe

Show all

Location of Germany (dark green)

– in Europe (light green & dark grey)

– in the European Union (light green)

Capital

and largest city

Berlin[b]

52°31′N 13°23′E
Official language

and national language

German[c]

Further information

Ethnic groups (2017)[2][3]

76.4% Germans

3.4% Turks

2.6% Poles

1.7% Russians

15.9% Other

Religion (2018)[5][6]

56% Christianity

38% No affiliation[d]

5% Islam

1% Other

Demonym(s) German

Government

• President

Frank-Walter Steinmeier

• Chancellor

Angela Merkel

• President of the Bundestag

Wolfgang Schäuble

• President of the Bundesrat

Dietmar Woidke

• President of the

Federal Constitutional

Court

Andreas Voßkuhle
Legislature

• Upper house

Bundesrat

• Lower house

Bundestag

Formation

• Holy Roman Empire

2 February 962

• German Empire

18 January 1871

• Weimar Republic

9 November 1918

• West and East Germany[e]

1949–1990

• Basic Law adopted

8 May 1949

• Reunification

3 October 1990

Area

• Total

357,386 km2 (137,988 sq mi)[7] (62nd)

Population

• 30-09-2019 estimate

Increase 83,149,300[8] (19th)

• Density

232/km2 (600.9/sq mi) (58th)

GDP (PPP) 2019 estimate

• Total

$4.444 trillion[9] (5th)

• Per capita

$52,559[9] (16th)

GDP (nominal) 2019 estimate

• Total

$3.863 trillion[9] (5th)

• Per capita

$46,653[9] (16th)

HDI (2018) Increase 0.939[10]

very high · 4th

Currency Euro (€) (EUR)

Time zone UTC+1 (CET)

• Summer (DST)

UTC+2 (CEST)

Driving side right

Calling code +49

ISO 3166 code DE

Internet TLD .de

Germany includes 16 constituent states, covers an area of 357,386 square kilometres (137,988 sq mi),[7]
and has a largely temperate seasonal climate. With 83 million inhabitants, it is the second-most
populous country in Europe after Russia, as well as the most populous member state of the European
Union. Germany is a very decentralised country. Its capital and largest metropolis is Berlin, while
Frankfurt serves as its financial capital and has the country's busiest airport.

Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity.
A region named Germania was documented before AD 100. Beginning in the 10th century, German
territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire. During the 16th century, northern German
regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation. After the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire,
the German Confederation was formed in 1815. The German revolutions of 1848–49 resulted in the
Frankfurt Parliament establishing major democratic rights. In 1871, Germany became a nation state
when most of the German states unified into the Prussian-dominated German Empire. After World War I
and the revolution of 1918–19, the Empire was replaced by the parliamentary Weimar Republic. The
Nazi seizure of power in 1933 led to the establishment of a dictatorship, World War II, and the
Holocaust. After the end of World War II in Europe and a period of Allied occupation, two new German
states were founded: West Germany and East Germany. Following the Revolutions of 1989 that ended
communist rule in Central and Eastern Europe, the country was reunified on 3 October 1990.[13]

Today, Germany is a federal parliamentary republic led by a chancellor. It is a great power with a strong
economy; it has the largest economy in Europe, the world's fourth-largest economy by nominal GDP,
and the fifth-largest by PPP. As a global leader in several industrial and technological sectors, it is both
the world's third-largest exporter and importer of goods. As a highly developed country with a very high
standard of living, it offers social security and a universal health care system, environmental protections,
and a tuition-free university education. The Federal Republic of Germany was a founding member of the
European Economic Community in 1957 and the European Union in 1993. It is part of the Schengen Area
and became a co-founder of the Eurozone in 1999. Germany is also a member of the United Nations,
NATO, the G7, the G20, and the OECD. Known for its long and rich cultural history, Germany has
continuously been the home of influential people in the arts, sciences and humanities. Germany has
many World Heritage sites and is among the top tourism destinations in the world.