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Unsupervised Machine Learning: What is, Algorithms,

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What is Unsupervised Learning?
Unsupervised learning is a machine learning
technique, where you do not need to supervise the
model. Instead, you need to allow the model to
work on its own to discover information. It mainly
deals with the unlabelled data.

Infórmate Unsupervised learning algorithms allows you to

perform more complex processing tasks compared
to supervised learning. Although, unsupervised learning can be more unpredictable
compared with other natural learning methods.

In this tutorial, you will learn:

What is Unsupervised Learning?

Example of Unsupervised Machine Learning
Why Unsupervised Learning?
Types of Unsupervised Learning
Clustering
Clustering Types
Association
Supervised vs. Unsupervised Machine Learning
Applications of unsupervised machine learning
Disadvantages of Unsupervised Learning

Example of Unsupervised Machine Learning

Let's, take the case of a baby and her family dog.

/
 (/images/1/030819_1030_Unsupervise1.png)

She knows and identifies this dog. Few weeks later a family friend brings along a dog and
tries to play with the baby.

(/images/1/030819_1030_Unsupervise2.png)

Baby has not seen this dog earlier. But it recognizes many features (2 ears, eyes, walking on
4 legs) are like her pet dog. She identifies the new animal as a dog. This is unsupervised
learning, where you are not taught but you learn from the data (in this case data about a
dog.) Had this been supervised learning, the family friend would have told the baby that it's
a dog.

Why Unsupervised Learning?

Here, are prime reasons for using Unsupervised Learning:

Unsupervised machine learning finds all kind of unknown patterns in data.

Unsupervised methods help you to find features which can be useful for categorization.

/
 It is taken place in real time, so all the input data to be analyzed and labeled in the
presence of learners.
It is easier to get unlabeled data from a computer than labeled data, which needs
manual intervention.

Types of Unsupervised Learning

Unsupervised learning problems further grouped into clustering and association problems.

Clustering

(/images/1/030819_1030_Unsupervise3.png)

Clustering is an important concept when it comes to unsupervised learning. It mainly deals

with finding a structure or pattern in a collection of uncategorized data. Clustering
algorithms will process your data and find natural clusters(groups) if they exist in the data.
You can also modify how many clusters your algorithms should identify. It allows you to
adjust the granularity of these groups.

There are different types of clustering you can utilize:

Exclusive (partitioning)
In this clustering method, Data are grouped in such a way that one data can belong to one
cluster only.

Example: K-means

Agglomerative
In this clustering technique, every data is a cluster. The iterative unions between the two
nearest clusters reduce the number of clusters. /
Example: Hierarchical clustering

Overlapping
In this technique, fuzzy sets is used to cluster data. Each point may belong to two or more
clusters with separate degrees of membership.

-31% -19%

price drop

-26% -39%

Here, data will be associated with an appropriate membership value. Example: Fuzzy C-
Means

Probabilistic
This technique uses probability distribution to create the clusters

Example: Following keywords

"man's shoe."
"women's shoe."
"women's glove."
"man's glove."

can be clustered into two categories "shoe" and "glove" or "man" and "women."

Clustering Types

Hierarchical clustering
K-means clustering
K-NN (k nearest neighbors)
Principal Component Analysis
Singular Value Decomposition
Independent Component Analysis
/
Hierarchical Clustering:
Hierarchical clustering is an algorithm which builds a hierarchy of clusters. It begins with all
the data which is assigned to a cluster of their own. Here, two close cluster are going to be in
the same cluster. This algorithm ends when there is only one cluster left.

K-means Clustering
K means it is an iterative clustering algorithm which helps you to find the highest value for
every iteration. Initially, the desired number of clusters are selected. In this clustering
method, you need to cluster the data points into k groups. A larger k means smaller groups
with more granularity in the same way. A lower k means larger groups with less granularity.

The output of the algorithm is a group of "labels." It assigns data point to one of the k
groups. In k-means clustering, each group is defined by creating a centroid for each group.
The centroids are like the heart of the cluster, which captures the points closest to them and
adds them to the cluster.

K-mean clustering further defines two subgroups:

Agglomerative clustering
Dendrogram

Agglomerative clustering:
This type of K-means clustering starts with a fixed number of clusters. It allocates all data
into the exact number of clusters. This clustering method does not require the number of
clusters K as an input. Agglomeration process starts by forming each data as a single cluster.

This method uses some distance measure, reduces the number of clusters (one in each
iteration) by merging process. Lastly, we have one big cluster that contains all the objects.

Dendrogram:
In the Dendrogram clustering method, each level will represent a possible cluster. The
height of dendrogram shows the level of similarity between two join clusters. The closer to
the bottom of the process they are more similar cluster which is finding of the group from
dendrogram which is not natural and mostly subjective.

K- Nearest neighbors
K- nearest neighbour is the simplest of all machine learning classifiers. It differs from other
machine learning techniques, in that it doesn't produce a model. It is a simple algorithm
which stores all available cases and classifies new instances based on a similarity measure.
/
It works very well when there is a distance between examples. The learning speed is slow
when the training set is large, and the distance calculation is nontrivial.

Principal Components Analysis:

In case you want a higher-dimensional space. You need to select a basis for that space and
only the 200 most important scores of that basis. This base is known as a principal
component. The subset you select constitute is a new space which is small in size compared
to original space. It maintains as much of the complexity of data as possible.

Association
Association rules allow you to establish associations amongst data objects inside large
databases. This unsupervised technique is about discovering interesting relationships
between variables in large databases. For example, people that buy a new home most likely
to buy new furniture.

Other Examples:

A subgroup of cancer patients grouped by their gene expression measurements

Groups of shopper based on their browsing and purchasing histories
Movie group by the rating given by movies viewers

Supervised vs. Unsupervised Machine Learning

Parameters Supervised machine Unsupervised machine learning
learning technique technique

Input Data Algorithms are trained using Algorithms are used against data
labeled data. which is not labelled

Computational Supervised learning is a Unsupervised learning is

Complexity simpler method. computationally complex

Accuracy Highly accurate and Less accurate and trustworthy

trustworthy method. method.

Applications of unsupervised machine learning

Some applications of unsupervised machine learning techniques are:

Clustering automatically split the dataset into groups base on their similarities
Anomaly detection can discover unusual data points in your dataset. It is useful for
finding fraudulent transactions
/
 Association mining identifies sets of items which often occur together in your dataset
Latent variable models are widely used for data preprocessing. Like reducing the number
of features in a dataset or decomposing the dataset into multiple components

Disadvantages of Unsupervised Learning

You cannot get precise information regarding data sorting, and the output as data used
in unsupervised learning is labeled and not known
Less accuracy of the results is because the input data is not known and not labeled by
people in advance. This means that the machine requires to do this itself.
The spectral classes do not always correspond to informational classes.
The user needs to spend time interpreting and label the classes which follow that
classification.
Spectral properties of classes can also change over time so you can't have the same class
information while moving from one image to another.

Summary

Unsupervised learning is a machine learning technique, where you do not need to

supervise the model.
Unsupervised machine learning helps you to finds all kind of unknown patterns in data.
Clustering and Association are two types of Unsupervised learning.
Four types of clustering methods are 1) Exclusive 2) Agglomerative 3) Overlapping 4)
Probabilistic.
Important clustering types are: 1)Hierarchical clustering 2) K-means clustering 3) K-NN 4)
Principal Component Analysis 5) Singular Value Decomposition 6) Independent
Component Analysis.
Association rules allow you to establish associations amongst data objects inside large
databases.
In Supervised learning, Algorithms are trained using labelled data while in Unsupervised
learning Algorithms are used against data which is not labelled.
Anomaly detection can discover important data points in your dataset which is useful for
finding fraudulent transactions.
The biggest drawback of Unsupervised learning is that you cannot get precise
information regarding data sorting.

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